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{{Short description|Port city in Galmudug, Somalia}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| official_name = Hobyo |
| official_name = Hobyo |
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| native_name = هوبيو |
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| other_name = |
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| other_name = |
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| nickname = |
| nickname = |
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| settlement_type = city |
| settlement_type = city |
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| motto = |
| motto = |
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| image_skyline = |
| image_skyline = |
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| imagesize = |
| imagesize = |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = |
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| image_flag = |
| image_flag = |
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| flag_size = |
| flag_size = |
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| image_seal = |
| image_seal = |
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| seal_size = |
| seal_size = |
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| image_map = |
| image_map = |
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| mapsize = |
| mapsize = |
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| map_caption = |
| map_caption = |
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| pushpin_map = Somalia |
| pushpin_map = Somalia |
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| pushpin_relief = yes |
| pushpin_relief = yes |
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| pushpin_label_position = bottom |
| pushpin_label_position = bottom |
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| pushpin_mapsize = |
| pushpin_mapsize = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Somalia |
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Somalia |
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| coordinates = {{coord|5|21|05|N|48|31|32|E|region:SO-MU|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|5|21|05|N|48|31|32|E|region:SO-MU|display=inline,title}} |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_name |
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States and regions of Somalia|Regional State]] |
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* {{flag|Galmudug}} |
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| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Galmudug}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|Region]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|Region]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Mudug]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Mudug]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|District]] |
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| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|District]] |
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| subdivision_name3 = [[Hobyo District|Hobyo]] |
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| government_footnotes = |
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| government_footnotes = |
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| government_type = District Council |
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| leader_title = Mayor (Gudoomiye) |
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| leader_name = Abdulahi Ali Fatax<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mudug24.com/2017/02/24/dhageyso-gudoomiyaha-hobyo-oo-ka-hadlay-shabaabka-u-dhow-magaalada-hobyo/|title=Dhageyso Gudoomiyaha Hobyo oo ka Hadlay Shabaabka u dhow magaalada Hobyo…|date=24 February 2017}}</ref> |
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| established_title = |
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| established_title = |
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| established_date = |
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| area_magnitude = |
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| unit_pref = Metric |
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| elevation_footnotes = |
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| population_note = |
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| population_total = 11,800 |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |
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| utc_offset = +3 |
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| timezone_DST = |
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| blank_name = |
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| footnotes = |
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| name = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Hobyo''' ({{Langx|ar|هوبيو}}; {{langx|so|Hobyo}}), is an ancient port city in [[Galmudug]] state in the north-central [[Mudug]] region of [[Somalia]]. |
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'''Hobyo''' ({{lang-so|''Hobyo''}}, also known as '''Obbia'''), is an ancient port city in [[Galmudug]] state in the north-central [[Mudug]] region of [[Somalia]] also known as The Heart of Somalia. Hobyo serves as the main pain port of [[Galmudug]] State. From the 13th to 17th-century Hobyo was ruled by the [[Ajuran Sultanate]]. However, in the late 17th century the [[Hiraab]] successfully revolted against the [[Ajuran Sultanate]] and established an independent Hiraab Imamate. <ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982">Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society., Philadelphia, 1982,</ref> According to Dr. Bernhard Helander of [[Uppsala University]], "the Imamate of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch."<ref name="Bernhard">{{cite web |first=Helander |last=Bernhard |title=The Hiraab Treaty |url=http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.3/snu-03.003 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224161113/http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.3/snu-03.003 |work=Somalia News Update |publisher=Dr. Bernhard Helander, [[Uppsala University]] |location=[[Uppsala]], [[Sweden]] |date=1994-01-19 |archivedate=2007-02-24 |accessdate=2009-03-31 |quote=The Imam of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch, the Mudulod. }}</ref> |
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Hobyo was founded as a coastal outpost by the [[Ajuran Empire]] during the 13th century.<ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.</ref> In the late 17th century the [[Hawiye|Hiraab]] successfully revolted against the [[Ajuran Sultanate]] who had been ruling Hobyo since the 13th century and established an independent [[Hiraab Imamate]].<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society'', Philadelphia, 1982. </ref> According to [[Bernhard Helander]] of [[Uppsala University]], "the Imam of Hawiye is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch."<ref name="Bernhard">{{cite web |first=Helander |last=Bernhard |title=The Hiraab Treaty |url=http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.3/snu-03.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224161113/http://www.etext.org/Politics/Somalia.News.Update/Volume.3/snu-03.003 |work=Somalia News Update |publisher=Dr. Bernhard Helander, [[Uppsala University]] |location=[[Uppsala]], [[Sweden]] |date=1994-01-19 |archive-date=2007-02-24 |access-date=2009-03-31 |quote=The Imam of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch, the Mudulod. }}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Ajuuran Empire and Hiraab Imamate period=== |
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Along with [[Mareeg]], Hobyo developed as a coastal outpost by the [[Ajuran Empire]] during the 13th century.<ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.</ref> |
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However, in the late 17th century the [[Hiraab]] successfully revolted against the [[Ajuran Sultanate]] and established an independent Hiraab Imamate<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> According to Bernhard Helander of [[Uppsala University]], "the Imam of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch."<ref name="Bernhard"/> |
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{{main|Ajuran Sultanate}} |
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Along with [[Mareeg]], Hobyo developed as a coastal outpost of various [[Sultan]]ates established by [[Somali people|Somali]] pastoralists between the 15th and 19th centuries.<ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.</ref> |
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Lee Cassanelli in his book ''The Shaping of Somali society'' provides a historical picture of the [[Hiraab Imamate]]. He writes: |
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However, in the late 17th century the [[Hiraab]] successfully revolted against the [[Ajuran Sultanate]] and established an independent Hiraab Imamate, which included Hobyo.<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> According to Dr. Bernhard Helander of [[Uppsala University]], "the Imamate of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch."<ref name="Bernhard"/> |
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"According to local oral tradition, the [[Hiraab Imamate|Hiraab imamate]] was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the [[Ajuran Sultanate]] and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> |
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Lee Cassanelli in his book ''The Shaping of Somali society'' provides a historical picture of the Hiraab Immate. He writes: |
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The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the [[Habar Gidir]] and [[Duduble]], a Fiqhi/Qadi of [[Sheekhaal]], and the Imam was reserved for the [[Mudulood]] branch who is believed to have been the first born. Once established, the Imamate ruled the territories from the Shabeelle valley, the Benaadir provinces, the Mareeg areas all the way to the arid lands of [[Mudug]].<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> |
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"According to local oral tradition, the Hiraab imamate was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the [[Ajuran Sultanate]] and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> |
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The agricultural centres of Eldher and [[Harardhere]] included the production of sorghum and beans, supplementing with herds of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, whilst the aromatic woods and raisins were the primary exports as rice, other foodstuffs and clothes were imported. Merchants looking for exotic goods came to Hobyo to buy textiles, precious metals and pearls. The commercial goods harvested along the [[Shabelle]] river were brought to Hobyo for trade. Also, the increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southerly cities such as [[Mogadishu]] further boosted the prosperity of Hobyo, as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their supplies.<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> |
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The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the [[Habar Gidir]] and [[Duduble]], a Fiqhi/Qadi of [[Sheekhaal]], and the Imam was reserved for the [[Mudulood]] branch who is believed to have been the first born. Once established, the Imamate ruled the territories from the Shabeelle valley, the Benaadir provinces, the Mareeg areas all the way to the arid lands of [[Mudug]], whilst the ancient port of Hobyo emerged as the commercial capital.<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> |
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===Sultanate of Hobyo=== |
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Hobyo served as a prosperous commercial centre for the Imamate. The agricultural centres of Eldher and [[Harardhere]] included the production of sorghum and beans, supplementing with herds of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, whilst the aromatic woods and raisins were the primary exports as rice, other foodstuffs and clothes were imported. Merchants looking for exotic goods came to Hobyo to buy textiles, precious metals and pearls. The commercial goods harvested along the [[Shabelle]] river were brought to Hobyo for trade. Also, the increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southerly cities such as [[Mogadishu]] further boosted the prosperity of Hobyo, as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their supplies.<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> |
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By the late 19th century, the Imamate began to decline. At the start of Colonialism in Somalia in 1884, shortly after the Berlin Conference, a young ambitious rebel called Sultan Kenadiid of the Majeerteen, managed to conquer Hobyo and established The Kingdom of Hobyo in 1884.<ref name="A Political Chronology of Africa">{{cite book|last1=Lea|first1=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC&q=hobyo|title=A Political Chronology of Africa|last2=Rowe|first2=Annamarie|date=2001|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=1857431162|page=378}}</ref> |
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From 1900 to 1910, Hobyo was ruled by [[Yusuf Ali Kenadid]] who established the [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] in 1884. As with the [[Majeerteen Sultanate]], the [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army.<ref name="HOA">''Horn of Africa'', Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.</ref><ref name="NEAS">Michigan State University. African Studies Center, ''Northeast African studies'', Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.</ref> Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.<ref name="Ssarif">{{cite book|title=Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67|year=1986|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FlEAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> |
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Initially, [[Ali Yusuf Kenadid]]'s goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor [[Osman Mahamud]]. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavor, and was eventually forced into exile in [[Yemen]]. A decade later, in the 1880s, Kenadid returned from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] on a British ship with a band of [[Hadhramaut|Hadhrami]] [[musketeer]]s and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to establish a sultanate in 1884.<ref name="Metz">[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed., ''Somalia: a country study'', (The Division: 1993), p.10.</ref><ref name="Cassanelli"/><ref name="A Political Chronology of Africa"/> |
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By the late 19th century, the imamate began to decline. Faced with internal problems, the imamate also faced challenges from the imperialist forces as well as the Zanzibari sultan, and even the Portuguese in the earlier years. By then, a young ambitious rebel called Kenadiid managed to invade Hobyo with the aid of the Italians. However, after few years, he was disposed and overthrown by a former commander of the Imamate named [[Guuleed Faarax Jeex]] who put Hobyo back into the hands of the Imamate for a short period of time.<ref name="A Political Chronology of Africa"/> |
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[[File:Hobyo Sultanate Cavalry And Fort.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Sultanate of Hobyo]]'s [[cavalry]] and fort.]] In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy except the Dhulbahante.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jardine |first1=Douglas |date=1923 |title= Mad Mullah of Somaliland |quote=Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.}}</ref> Likewise, in late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the [[Italian Somaliland|Italians]], making his realm an Italian [[protectorate]]. His rival Boqor Osman would sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories.<ref name="Issa-Salwe3435">{{harvcoltxt|Issa-Salwe|1996|pp=34–35}}</ref> |
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Soon afterwards, the entire region was snapped up by the fascists Italians and it led to the birth of a Modern Somalia. However, the Hiraab hereditary leadership has remained intact up to this day and enjoys a dominant influence in national Somali affairs."<ref name="Lee V. Cassanelli 1982"/> |
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However, the relationship between Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a [[British Somaliland|British]] contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against the [[Dervish state|Dervish forces]].<ref name="Majsult">The Majeerteen Sultanates</ref> Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to [[Aden]] in Yemen and then to [[Eritrea]], as was his son [[Ali Yusuf Kenadid|Ali Yusuf]], the heir apparent to his throne.<ref name="Sheik-ʻAbdi129">{{harvcoltxt|Sheik-ʻAbdi|1993|p=129}}</ref> However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.<ref name=Gtsahos>{{cite book|last=Ismail|first=Ismail Ali|title=Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia|date=2010|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1426983740|page=xxiii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4urpVdlScAC}} </ref> |
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Following independence in 1960, Hobyo was made the center of the official [[Hobyo District]]. It was later incorporated into the autonomous [[Galmudug]] administration, which was established in 2006 |
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==Climate== |
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Hobyo has a [[hot arid climate]] ([[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system|Köppen]] ''BWh''). |
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{{Weather box |
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|metric first=yes |
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|single line=yes |
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|location=Hobyo |
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|temperature colour=pastel |
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|Jan high C=29.7 |
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|Feb high C=30.6 |
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|Mar high C=32.0 |
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|Apr high C=33.6 |
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|May high C=31.8 |
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|Jun high C=29.9 |
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|Jul high C=28.9 |
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|Aug high C=28.7 |
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|Sep high C=29.2 |
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|Oct high C=30.2 |
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|Nov high C=31.4 |
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|Dec high C=30.4 |
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|Jan low C=22.1 |
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|Feb low C=22.8 |
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|Mar low C=23.8 |
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|Apr low C=24.6 |
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|May low C=24.1 |
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|Jun low C=22.7 |
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|Jul low C=21.7 |
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|Aug low C=21.8 |
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|Sep low C=22.2 |
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|Oct low C=23.1 |
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|Nov low C=23.1 |
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|Dec low C=22.6 |
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|rain colour=green |
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|Jan rain mm=4 |
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|Feb rain mm=1 |
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|Mar rain mm=8 |
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|Apr rain mm=15 |
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|May rain mm=53 |
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|Jun rain mm=6 |
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|Jul rain mm=0 |
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|Aug rain mm=0 |
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|Sep rain mm=0 |
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|Oct rain mm=34 |
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|Nov rain mm=39 |
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|Dec rain mm=20 |
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| source= ''Climate-Data.org'', altitude: {{convert|3|m|ft|0|disp=or}}<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Hobyo - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/31540/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=25 September 2017}} </ref> |
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}} |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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Hobyo has a population of around 11,800 inhabitants.<ref name="tageo">[http://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm Somalia City & Town Population]. [http://www.tageo.com/index.php?show=about Tageo.com]. Retrieved on 2011-12-15.</ref> The broader Hobyo District has a total population of 67,249 residents.<ref name="Rdatp">{{cite web|title=Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)|url=https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|publisher=UNDP| |
Hobyo has a population of around 11,800 inhabitants.<ref name="tageo">[http://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm Somalia City & Town Population]. [http://www.tageo.com/index.php?show=about Tageo.com]. Retrieved on 2011-12-15.</ref> The broader [[Hobyo District]] has a total population of 67,249 residents.<ref name="Rdatp">{{cite web|title=Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)|url=https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|publisher=UNDP|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203029/https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|url-status=dead}} </ref> |
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==Transportation== |
==Transportation== |
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Hobyo has a |
Hobyo has a [[seaport]] which serves the town.<ref name="Icsti">{{cite web|title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure"|url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf|publisher=Government of Somalia|access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> |
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For air transportation, the city is served by the [[Obbia Airport]].<ref name="Wacoa">{{cite web|title=Obbia Airport (CMO)|url=http://www.world-airport-codes.com/somalia/obbia-5389.html|publisher=World Airport Codes| |
For air transportation, the city is served by the [[Obbia Airport]].<ref name="Wacoa">{{cite web|title=Obbia Airport (CMO)|url=http://www.world-airport-codes.com/somalia/obbia-5389.html|publisher=World Airport Codes|access-date=18 September 2013}} </ref> |
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In August 2019, Qatar initiated a project to build the port of Hobyo as part of the development agreements signed between Somalia and Qatar in December 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-19/qatar-plans-to-build-new-port-in-central-somalia-town-of-hobyo|title=Qatar Plans to Build New Port in Central Somalia Town of Hobyo|work=Bloomberg|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-qatar-launches-construction-work-in-central-somalia-port/|title=Qatar launches construction work in central Somalia port|access-date=20 August 2019|work=Middle East Monitor}} |
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</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Piracy off the coast of Somalia]] |
*[[Piracy off the coast of Somalia]] |
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*[[Essina]] |
*[[Essina]] |
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*[[Nikon]] |
*[[Nikon (Somalia)|Nikon]] |
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*[[Damo, Somalia]] |
*[[Damo, Somalia]] |
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*[[Gondershe]] |
*[[Gondershe]] |
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| Line 105: | Line 163: | ||
*[[Mosylon]] |
*[[Mosylon]] |
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== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== |
==Bibliography== |
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*{{cite book| first=Abdisalam M.| last=Issa-Salwe| author-link=Abdisalam Issa-Salwe| title=The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy | publisher=Haan Associates | year=1996 |location=London |isbn= 187420991X | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMOAQAAMAAJ}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Sheik-ʻAbdi |first=ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir |title=Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920) |publisher=Zed Books |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOhyAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0-86232-444-0}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4567188&fid=5792&c=somalia Hobyo, Somalia] |
*[http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4567188&fid=5792&c=somalia Hobyo, Somalia] |
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Latest revision as of 09:20, 22 October 2024
Hobyo
هوبيو | |
|---|---|
city | |
  Hobyo Location in Somalia | |
| Coordinates: 5°21′05″N 48°31′32″E / 5.35139°N 48.52556°E | |
| Country |  Somalia |
| Regional State |  Galmudug |
| Region | Mudug |
| District | Hobyo |
| Government | |
| • Type | District Council |
| • Mayor (Gudoomiye) | Abdulahi Ali Fatax[1] |
| Population | |
• Total | 11,800 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Hobyo (Arabic: هوبيو; Somali: Hobyo), is an ancient port city in Galmudug state in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia.
Hobyo was founded as a coastal outpost by the Ajuran Empire during the 13th century.[2] In the late 17th century the Hiraab successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate who had been ruling Hobyo since the 13th century and established an independent Hiraab Imamate.[3] According to Bernhard Helander of Uppsala University, "the Imam of Hawiye is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch."[4]
History
[edit]Ajuuran Empire and Hiraab Imamate period
[edit]Along with Mareeg, Hobyo developed as a coastal outpost by the Ajuran Empire during the 13th century.[2]
However, in the late 17th century the Hiraab successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate and established an independent Hiraab Imamate[3] According to Bernhard Helander of Uppsala University, "the Imam of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch."[4]
Lee Cassanelli in his book The Shaping of Somali society provides a historical picture of the Hiraab Imamate. He writes:
"According to local oral tradition, the Hiraab imamate was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.[3]
The alliance involved the army leaders and advisors of the Habar Gidir and Duduble, a Fiqhi/Qadi of Sheekhaal, and the Imam was reserved for the Mudulood branch who is believed to have been the first born. Once established, the Imamate ruled the territories from the Shabeelle valley, the Benaadir provinces, the Mareeg areas all the way to the arid lands of Mudug.[3]
The agricultural centres of Eldher and Harardhere included the production of sorghum and beans, supplementing with herds of camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Livestock, hides and skin, whilst the aromatic woods and raisins were the primary exports as rice, other foodstuffs and clothes were imported. Merchants looking for exotic goods came to Hobyo to buy textiles, precious metals and pearls. The commercial goods harvested along the Shabelle river were brought to Hobyo for trade. Also, the increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southerly cities such as Mogadishu further boosted the prosperity of Hobyo, as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their supplies.[3]
Sultanate of Hobyo
[edit]By the late 19th century, the Imamate began to decline. At the start of Colonialism in Somalia in 1884, shortly after the Berlin Conference, a young ambitious rebel called Sultan Kenadiid of the Majeerteen, managed to conquer Hobyo and established The Kingdom of Hobyo in 1884.[5]
From 1900 to 1910, Hobyo was ruled by Yusuf Ali Kenadid who established the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1884. As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army.[6][7] Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.[8]
Initially, Ali Yusuf Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavor, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1880s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula on a British ship with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to establish a sultanate in 1884.[9][2][5]
In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy except the Dhulbahante.[10] Likewise, in late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his realm an Italian protectorate. His rival Boqor Osman would sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories.[11]
However, the relationship between Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against the Dervish forces.[12] Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.[13] However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.[14]
Climate
[edit]Hobyo has a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh).
| Climate data for Hobyo | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.6 (92.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.7 (83.7) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.5 (87.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
8 (0.3) |
15 (0.6) |
53 (2.1) |
6 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
34 (1.3) |
39 (1.5) |
20 (0.8) |
180 (7) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 3 metres or 10 feet[15] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
[edit]Hobyo has a population of around 11,800 inhabitants.[16] The broader Hobyo District has a total population of 67,249 residents.[17]
Transportation
[edit]Hobyo has a seaport which serves the town.[18]
For air transportation, the city is served by the Obbia Airport.[19]
In August 2019, Qatar initiated a project to build the port of Hobyo as part of the development agreements signed between Somalia and Qatar in December 2018.[20][21]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Dhageyso Gudoomiyaha Hobyo oo ka Hadlay Shabaabka u dhow magaalada Hobyo…". 24 February 2017.
- ^ a b c Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.
- ^ a b c d e Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society, Philadelphia, 1982.
- ^ a b Bernhard, Helander (1994-01-19). "The Hiraab Treaty". Somalia News Update. Uppsala, Sweden: Dr. Bernhard Helander, Uppsala University. Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
The Imam of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the first-born branch, the Mudulod.
- ^ a b Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001). A Political Chronology of Africa. Europa Publications. p. 378. ISBN 1857431162.
- ^ Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
- ^ Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.
- ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
- ^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p.10.
- ^ Jardine, Douglas (1923). Mad Mullah of Somaliland.
Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.
- ^ Issa-Salwe (1996:34–35)
- ^ The Majeerteen Sultanates
- ^ Sheik-ʻAbdi (1993:129)
- ^ Ismail, Ismail Ali (2010). Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia. Trafford Publishing. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-1426983740.
- ^ "Climate: Hobyo - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
- ^ Somalia City & Town Population. Tageo.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-15.
- ^ "Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)" (PDF). UNDP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ "Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure"" (PDF). Government of Somalia. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ^ "Obbia Airport (CMO)". World Airport Codes. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
- ^ "Qatar Plans to Build New Port in Central Somalia Town of Hobyo". Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ^ "Qatar launches construction work in central Somalia port". Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
Bibliography
[edit]- Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996). The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. London: Haan Associates. ISBN 187420991X.
- Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993). Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920). Zed Books. ISBN 0-86232-444-0.