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{{Short description|American company}}
{{Under construction|notready=true}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name =
| name = Aireon LLC
| logo =
| logo = Aireon logo.svg
| type = [[Private company]]
| type = [[Private company]]
| traded_as =
| traded_as =
Line 11: Line 11:
| key_people =
| key_people =
| industry =
| industry =
| products = Satellite phones, satellite data modems, SPOT Satellite Messenger(TM)
| products = Air Traffic Control Data, GlobalBeacon, and Aireon Alert
| services = Global Beach and Aireon Alert
| services = Space-Based ADS-B
| revenue =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| operating_income =
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| homepage = [http://aireon.com/ aireon.com]
| homepage = [http://aireon.com/ aireon.com]
}}
}}
⚫
'''Aireon''' is an American company based in [[McLean, Virginia]]. Founded in 2011, it manufactures, deploys, and operates a global aircraft tracking and [[Surveillance|surveillance system]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39637974|title=Malaysia Airlines to track planes with satellites|date=2017-04-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> utilizing satellite-based receivers to monitor the existing [[ADS-B]] transmissions of aircraft, for global air traffic surveillance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/aviation-week-space-technology/aireon-surveillance-payloads-see-first-ads-b-traffic|title=Aireon Surveillance Payloads See First ADS-B Traffic|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airport-technology.com/news/newsaireon-lvnl-collaborate-to-assess-space-based-adsb-in-dutch-airspace-5884797|title=Aireon and LVNL to assess space-based ADS–B|website=Airport Technology|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/06/26/aireon-launches-deploys-10-iridium-next-satellites-ads-b-payloads/|title=Aireon Launches, Deploys 10 More Iridium Next Satellites with ADS-B Payloads|date=2017-06-26|website=Avionics|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>

⚫
'''Aireon''' is an American company based in [[McLean, VA]]. Founded in 2011, it manufactures and deploys aircraft tracking and surveillance system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-39637974|title=Malaysia Airlines to track planes with satellites|date=2017-04-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> It utilises an automatic dependent surveillance broadcast network, installed in the space for the global air traffic surveillance.nce.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/aviation-week-space-technology/aireon-surveillance-payloads-see-first-ads-b-traffic|title=Aireon Surveillance Payloads See First ADS-B Traffic|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> In 2012, Aireon was registered as a separate company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airport-technology.com/news/newsaireon-lvnl-collaborate-to-assess-space-based-adsb-in-dutch-airspace-5884797|title=Aireon and LVNL to assess space-based ADS–B|website=Airport Technology|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/06/26/aireon-launches-deploys-10-iridium-next-satellites-ads-b-payloads/|title=Aireon Launches, Deploys 10 More Iridium Next Satellites with ADS-B Payloads|date=2017-06-26|website=Avionics|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Aireon project was launched in 2011 as a joint venture between [[satellite communications]] company [[Iridium Communications|Iridium Communications Inc]], Ansps of Ireland and [[Nav Canada]] to work on a surveillance system to track aircraft around the globe in real time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-aireon-to-offer-satellite-tracking-free-to-help-search-for-missing-planes-2014-9?IR=T|title=Free Satellite Tracking Will Improve Ability To Locate Lost Planes|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/10/25/aircraft-traffic-control-tech-aireon/|title=This Technology Will Make Missing Planes a Thing of the Past|last=Dillow|first=Clay|website=Fortune|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/aireon-launch-begins-new-era-for-satellite-based-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Launch Begins New Era for Satellite-Based Aircraft Surveillance|work=Flying Magazine|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref>Nav Canada invested $150 million to acquire 51% stake in the project. The company will be deploying all of its electrical satellite-based system in the space by 2018 to track aircrafts real time globally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/transport/caas-and-aireon-pair-up-to-improve-aircraft-tracking|title=CAAS and Aireon pair up to improve aircraft tracking|last=Ramchandani|first=Nisha|work=The Business Times|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/spacex-deploy-airplane-trackers-delicate-choreography/3675739.html|title=SpaceX Deploys Airplane Trackers in 'Delicate Choreography'|last=Presutti|first=Carolyn|work=VOA|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2017/03/06/aireon-successfully-launches-first-ads-b-hosted-payload-begins-testing-validating-data/|title=Aireon Launches First ADS-B Hosted Payload and Begins Testing and Validating Data - Via Satellite -|last=Spillane|first=Hayley|date=2017-03-06|work=Via Satellite|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Iridium Communications hosts the Aireon payloads on its constellation of Iridium NEXT low-orbiting communication satellites.
Aireon was launched in 2011 as a joint venture between [[satellite communications]] company [[Iridium Communications|Iridium Communications Inc]], [[Nav Canada]], [[NATS Holdings|NATS]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.executivebiz.com/2018/05/nats-buys-equity-stake-in-aireon-in-space-based-aircraft-surveillance-tech-push/|title=nats-buys-equity-stake-in-aireon-in-space-based-aircraft-surveillance-tech-push|date=17 May 2018}}</ref> [[ENAV]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airtrafficmanagement.keypublishing.com/2016/12/italys-stake-in-aireon-comes-under-fire/|title=italys-stake-in-aireon-comes-under-fire}}</ref> [[Naviair]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2014/06/30/aireon-completes-requirements-for-third-investment-from-nav-canada/|title=aireon-completes-requirements-for-third-investment-from-nav-canada|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> and the [[Irish Aviation Authority]] to work on a surveillance system to track aircraft around the globe, beyond the range of ground-based radar and [[ADS-B]] receivers, in real time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-aireon-to-offer-satellite-tracking-free-to-help-search-for-missing-planes-2014-9?IR=T|title=Free Satellite Tracking Will Improve Ability To Locate Lost Planes|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/10/25/aircraft-traffic-control-tech-aireon/|title=This Technology Will Make Missing Planes a Thing of the Past|last=Dillow|first=Clay|website=Fortune|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/aireon-launch-begins-new-era-for-satellite-based-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Launch Begins New Era for Satellite-Based Aircraft Surveillance|work=Flying Magazine|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref> Nav Canada invested $150 million to acquire a 51% stake in the project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/transport/caas-and-aireon-pair-up-to-improve-aircraft-tracking|title=CAAS and Aireon pair up to improve aircraft tracking|last=Ramchandani|first=Nisha|work=The Business Times|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/spacex-deploy-airplane-trackers-delicate-choreography/3675739.html|title=SpaceX Deploys Airplane Trackers in 'Delicate Choreography'|last=Presutti|first=Carolyn|work=VOA|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2017/03/06/aireon-successfully-launches-first-ads-b-hosted-payload-begins-testing-validating-data/|title=Aireon Launches First ADS-B Hosted Payload and Begins Testing and Validating Data - Via Satellite -|last=Spillane|first=Hayley|date=2017-03-06|work=Via Satellite|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>


In September 2016, Aireon launched a partnership with [[FlightAware]] to provide space-based ADS-B to airlines and other aircraft operators with Qatar Airways as the launch customer.
In January 2017, Aireon launched and deployed carry ADS-B payloads through Iridium next satellites,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-sets-sept-30-for-third-iridium-next-launch/|title=SpaceX sets Sept. 30 for third Iridium Next launch - SpaceNews.com|date=2017-07-28|work=SpaceNews.com|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref> later in June, it launched another batch of satellites to plan its launch in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/35911-la-dsna-monte-a-bord-de-l-ads-b-satellitaire-d-aireon|title=La DSNA monte à bord de l'ADS-B satellitaire d'Aireon|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/195034/20170130/space-radio-developed-for-nasa-could-change-flight-tracking-worldwide.htm|title=Space Radio Developed For NASA Could Change Flight Tracking Worldwide|last=Times|first=Tech|date=2017-01-30|work=Tech Times|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref> ANSPs including Nav Canada, UK NATS, ENAV, IAA, Naviair, Isavia, CAAS of Singapore, ATNS of South Africa, DC-ANSP, and Seychelles (SCAA) have signed a Data Services Agreement with Aireon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/business/real-estate/article/FlightAware-moves-HQ-higher-into-the-sky-11748004.php|title=FlightAware moves headquarters higher into the sky|work=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aireon-iridium-commun-idUSKBN0TU2NB20151211|title=Aireon aims at Asia, LatAm as Iridium deploys satellites|date=11 December 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article158167114.html|title=Space X rocket with 10 Iridium satellites launches from Vandenberg|work=sanluisobispo|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gpsworld.com/spacex-launches-first-batch-of-iridium-next-satellites/|title=SpaceX launches first batch of Iridium NEXT satellites|date=2017-01-17|work=GPS World|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2017, Aireon launched and deployed its first [[ADS-B]] payloads on [[Iridium Next]] satellites. Seven launches followed the first launch.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aireon.com/2016/09/21/aireon-flightaware-globalbeacon/|title=Aireon and FlightAware Partner to Launch GlobalBeacon Airline Solution for ICAO Airline Flight Tracking Compliance|work=Aireon|access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2016/09/27/qatar-airways-launch-customer-flight-aware-aireon-flight-tracking/|title=Qatar Airways to be Launch Customer for Flight Aware, Aireon Flight Tracking|work=Via Satellite|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> The eighth and final launch in January 2019 completed the satellite 'constellation' and put the total in-orbit Aireon payloads at 75 (66 operational payloads and 9 spares).  <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-sets-sept-30-for-third-iridium-next-launch/|title=SpaceX sets Sept. 30 for third Iridium Next launch - SpaceNews.com|date=2017-07-28|work=SpaceNews.com|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/35911-la-dsna-monte-a-bord-de-l-ads-b-satellitaire-d-aireon|title=La DSNA monte à bord de l'ADS-B satellitaire d'Aireon|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/195034/20170130/space-radio-developed-for-nasa-could-change-flight-tracking-worldwide.htm|title=Space Radio Developed For NASA Could Change Flight Tracking Worldwide|date=2017-01-30|work=Tech Times|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/successful-fifth-launch-brings-aireon-sm-global-air-traffic-surveillance-system-closer-to-full-deployment-1019988116|title = Successful Fifth Launch Brings Aireon(SM) Global Air Traffic Surveillance System Closer to Full Deployment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://investor.iridium.com/2019-01-11-Iridium-Completes-Historic-Satellite-Launch-Campaign|title = Iridium Completes Historic Satellite Launch Campaign}}</ref>

National ANSPs including Nav Canada, UK NATS, ENAV, IAA, AAI, Naviair, Isavia, CAAS of Singapore, ATNS of South Africa, DC-ANSP, ASECNA, Seychelles (SCAA), COCESNA Honduras and PNG of Papua New Guinea have signed a Data Services Agreement with Aireon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aireon-iridium-commun-idUSKBN0TU2NB20151211|title=Aireon aims at Asia, LatAm as Iridium deploys satellites|date=11 December 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article158167114.html|title=Space X rocket with 10 Iridium satellites launches from Vandenberg|work=sanluisobispo|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gpsworld.com/spacex-launches-first-batch-of-iridium-next-satellites/|title=SpaceX launches first batch of Iridium NEXT satellites|date=2017-01-17|work=GPS World|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/asecna-aireon-provide-air-traffic-surveillance-africa/|title=asecna-aireon-provide-air-traffic-surveillance-africa}}</ref>


==Technology==
==Technology==
Through its ADS-B surveillance devices in the space, Aireon tracks aircraft’s position by eliminating the blind spots and delays by enabling the optimization of [[flight paths]] and [[altitudes]] from equipped aircraft to [[Air Traffic Management]] by relaying signals from all ADS-B equipped aircraft to controllers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/transport-and-tourism/qatar-airways-to-adopt-irish-backed-aireon-s-tracking-system-1.2809258|title=Qatar Airways to adopt Irish-backed Aireon’s tracking system|work=The Irish Times|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2012-07-04/aireon-will-add-ads-b-receivers-iridium-satellites-worldwide-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Will Add ADS-B Receivers to Iridium Satellites for Worldwide Aircraft Surveillance|work=Aviation International News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en}}</ref>
[[ADS-B]]-equipped aircraft transmit short data packets containing identification, position and other information. The system was intended to be used with ground-based receivers. Through its receivers in space, Aireon monitors these transmissions, providing coverage where there is no ground infrastructure, relaying signals from all ADS-B equipped aircraft to controllers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2012-07-04/aireon-will-add-ads-b-receivers-iridium-satellites-worldwide-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Will Add ADS-B Receivers to Iridium Satellites for Worldwide Aircraft Surveillance|work=Aviation International News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airtrafficmanagement.net/2017/07/sabs-aireon-launch-spacebased-adsb-conops/|title=Saudi Arabia's SANS, Aireon launch space-based ADS-B surveillance operational concept {{!}} Air Traffic Management {{!}} Air Traffic Management - ATM and CMS Industry online, the latest air traffic control industry, CAA, ANSP, SESAR and NEXTGEN news, events, supplier directory and magazine|website=www.airtrafficmanagement.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>

Iridium Communications hosts the Aireon payloads on its constellation of Iridium NEXT low-orbiting communication satellites.

Aireon's receiver data is also processed by [[FlightAware]] which has partnered with Aireon to provide data to airlines, other aircraft operators and the public.

Aireon's [[Airline codes#ICAO airline designator|ICAO designator]] is AEN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign ICAO 3LD Additions and Modifications (excluding U.S.) |url=https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Notice/N7340.668_foreign_ICAO_3LD_additions_mods_(22_Oct_2021)_Signed.pdf |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/aireon-space-based-global-tracking-1.5080893|title=New real-time tracking system locates planes anywhere in the world|last=Hanomansing|first=Ian|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=2 April 2019|access-date=3 April 2019}}


[[Category:Companies based in McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Companies based in McLean, Virginia]]

Latest revision as of 19:56, 7 December 2023

Aireon LLC
Company typePrivate company
Founded2011
Headquarters
McLean, Virginia
,
USA
ProductsAir Traffic Control Data, GlobalBeacon, and Aireon Alert
ServicesSpace-Based ADS-B
Websiteaireon.com

Aireon is an American company based in McLean, Virginia. Founded in 2011, it manufactures, deploys, and operates a global aircraft tracking and surveillance system[1] utilizing satellite-based receivers to monitor the existing ADS-B transmissions of aircraft, for global air traffic surveillance.[2][3][4]

History

[edit]

Aireon was launched in 2011 as a joint venture between satellite communications company Iridium Communications Inc, Nav Canada, NATS,[5] ENAV,[6] Naviair[7] and the Irish Aviation Authority to work on a surveillance system to track aircraft around the globe, beyond the range of ground-based radar and ADS-B receivers, in real time.[8][9][10] Nav Canada invested $150 million to acquire a 51% stake in the project.[11][12][13]

In September 2016, Aireon launched a partnership with FlightAware to provide space-based ADS-B to airlines and other aircraft operators with Qatar Airways as the launch customer.

In January 2017, Aireon launched and deployed its first ADS-B payloads on Iridium Next satellites. Seven launches followed the first launch.[14][15] The eighth and final launch in January 2019 completed the satellite 'constellation' and put the total in-orbit Aireon payloads at 75 (66 operational payloads and 9 spares).  [16][17][18][19][20]

National ANSPs including Nav Canada, UK NATS, ENAV, IAA, AAI, Naviair, Isavia, CAAS of Singapore, ATNS of South Africa, DC-ANSP, ASECNA, Seychelles (SCAA), COCESNA Honduras and PNG of Papua New Guinea have signed a Data Services Agreement with Aireon.[21][22][23][24]

Technology

[edit]

ADS-B-equipped aircraft transmit short data packets containing identification, position and other information. The system was intended to be used with ground-based receivers. Through its receivers in space, Aireon monitors these transmissions, providing coverage where there is no ground infrastructure, relaying signals from all ADS-B equipped aircraft to controllers.[25][26]

Iridium Communications hosts the Aireon payloads on its constellation of Iridium NEXT low-orbiting communication satellites.

Aireon's receiver data is also processed by FlightAware which has partnered with Aireon to provide data to airlines, other aircraft operators and the public.

Aireon's ICAO designator is AEN.[27]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Malaysia Airlines to track planes with satellites". BBC News. 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  2. ^ "Aireon Surveillance Payloads See First ADS-B Traffic". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  3. ^ "Aireon and LVNL to assess space-based ADS–B". Airport Technology. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  4. ^ "Aireon Launches, Deploys 10 More Iridium Next Satellites with ADS-B Payloads". Avionics. 2017-06-26. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  5. ^ "nats-buys-equity-stake-in-aireon-in-space-based-aircraft-surveillance-tech-push". 17 May 2018.
  6. ^ "italys-stake-in-aireon-comes-under-fire".
  7. ^ "aireon-completes-requirements-for-third-investment-from-nav-canada". 30 June 2014.
  8. ^ "Free Satellite Tracking Will Improve Ability To Locate Lost Planes". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  9. ^ Dillow, Clay. "This Technology Will Make Missing Planes a Thing of the Past". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  10. ^ "Aireon Launch Begins New Era for Satellite-Based Aircraft Surveillance". Flying Magazine. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  11. ^ Ramchandani, Nisha. "CAAS and Aireon pair up to improve aircraft tracking". The Business Times. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  12. ^ Presutti, Carolyn. "SpaceX Deploys Airplane Trackers in 'Delicate Choreography'". VOA. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  13. ^ Spillane, Hayley (2017-03-06). "Aireon Launches First ADS-B Hosted Payload and Begins Testing and Validating Data - Via Satellite -". Via Satellite. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  14. ^ "Aireon and FlightAware Partner to Launch GlobalBeacon Airline Solution for ICAO Airline Flight Tracking Compliance". Aireon. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
  15. ^ "Qatar Airways to be Launch Customer for Flight Aware, Aireon Flight Tracking". Via Satellite. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
  16. ^ "SpaceX sets Sept. 30 for third Iridium Next launch - SpaceNews.com". SpaceNews.com. 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  17. ^ "La DSNA monte à bord de l'ADS-B satellitaire d'Aireon". Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  18. ^ "Space Radio Developed For NASA Could Change Flight Tracking Worldwide". Tech Times. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  19. ^ "Successful Fifth Launch Brings Aireon(SM) Global Air Traffic Surveillance System Closer to Full Deployment".
  20. ^ "Iridium Completes Historic Satellite Launch Campaign".
  21. ^ "Aireon aims at Asia, LatAm as Iridium deploys satellites". Reuters. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
  22. ^ "Space X rocket with 10 Iridium satellites launches from Vandenberg". sanluisobispo. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  23. ^ "SpaceX launches first batch of Iridium NEXT satellites". GPS World. 2017-01-17. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  24. ^ "asecna-aireon-provide-air-traffic-surveillance-africa".
  25. ^ "Aireon Will Add ADS-B Receivers to Iridium Satellites for Worldwide Aircraft Surveillance". Aviation International News. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  26. ^ "Saudi Arabia's SANS, Aireon launch space-based ADS-B surveillance operational concept | Air Traffic Management | Air Traffic Management - ATM and CMS Industry online, the latest air traffic control industry, CAA, ANSP, SESAR and NEXTGEN news, events, supplier directory and magazine". www.airtrafficmanagement.net. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
  27. ^ "Foreign ICAO 3LD Additions and Modifications (excluding U.S.)" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
[edit]
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