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{{Short description|Bantu language of Equatorial Guinea, northwest Gabon and neighbouring areas}}
{{distinguish|Fang language (Cameroon)}}
{{distinguish|Fang language (Cameroon)}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Fang
|name=Fang
|altname=Pangwe
|altname=Pangwe
|nativename=''Faŋ, Paŋwe''
|states=[[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Republic of the Congo]], and [[Cameroon]]
|states=[[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Cameroon]], and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|ethnicity=[[Fang people]]
|ethnicity=[[Fang people|Fang]]
|speakers={{sigfig|1.082|1}} million
|speakers={{sigfig|1.082|1}} million
|date=2006–2013
|date=2006–2013
Line 10: Line 12:
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]
|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
|fam4=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]
|fam5=[[Bantoid]]
|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]
|fam5=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone A|Zone A]])
|fam7=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone A|Zone A]])
|fam6=[[Beti language|Beti]]
|fam8=[[Beti language|Beti]]
|dia1=Southwest Fang
|dia1=Southwest Fang
|dia2=Ntoumou-Fang
|dia3=Okak-Fang
|dia4=Mekê-Fang
|dia5=Mvaïe-Fang
|dia6=Atsi-Fang
|dia7=Nzaman-Fang
|dia8=Mveni-Fang
|minority={{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<br>{{flag|Gabon}}
|iso2=fan
|iso2=fan
|iso3=fan
|iso3=fan
|glotto=fang1246
|glotto=fang1246
|map=Idioma fang.png
|glottorefname=Fang (Equatorial Guinea)
|glottorefname=Fang (Equatorial Guinea)
|guthrie=A.75,751
|guthrie=A.75,751
|map = Idioma_fang.png
|mapcaption = Idioma fang (Fang language) spread
}}
}}


'''Fang''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|ŋ}} is the dominant [[Bantu language]] of [[Gabon]] and [[Equatorial Guinea]]. It is related to the [[Bulu language|Bulu]] and [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]] languages of southern [[Cameroon]]. Fang is spoken in northern Gabon, southern Cameroon, and throughout Equatorial Guinea. Under President [[Francisco Macías Nguema|Macías Nguema]], Fang was the official language of Equatorial Guinea.
'''Fang''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|ŋ}}) is a Central African language spoken by around one million people, most of them in [[Equatorial Guinea]], and northern [[Gabon]], where it is the dominant [[Bantu language]]; Fang is also spoken in southern [[Cameroon]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], and small fractions of the islands of [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]. It is related to the [[Bulu language|Bulu]] and [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]] languages of southern [[Cameroon]].


Under President [[Francisco Macías Nguema|Macías Nguema]], Fang was the official language of [[Equatorial Guinea]], although in 1982, the [[1982 Equatorial Guinea constitution|Third Constitution]] once again replaced it with [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. Since then, each version of the Constitution has recognized Fang and other languages indigenous to the country as integral to the national culture, despite these languages not having official status.
There are many different variants of Fang in Gabon and Cameroon. Maho (2009) lists Southwest Fang as a distinct language. The other dialects are Ntoumou, Okak, Mekê, Atsi (Batsi), Nzaman (Zaman), Mveny, and Mvaïe.

There are many different variants of Fang in northern [[Gabon]] and southern [[Cameroon]]. Maho (2009) lists Southwest Fang as a distinct language. The other dialects are Ntoumou, Okak, Mekê, Atsi (Batsi), Nzaman (Zaman), Mveni, and Mvaïe.

==Distribution==
According to ALCAM (2012), Fang is mainly spoken in northern Gabon and also in Equatorial Guinea. Dialects include Ntumu, Mvayn, and Okak. In Cameroon, Fang is spoken in the southern half of [[Dja-et-Lobo]] department (Southern Region) south of [[Djoum]]. It is also spoken in the southeast of [[Mvila]] department: south of [[Mvangane|Mvangan]], plus small isolated parts of [[Océan]] department between [[Lolodorf]] and [[Kribi]] where the Okak dialect is spoken. The other dialects, Mvayn and Ntumu, are spoken in [[Vallée-du-Ntem]] department.<ref name="ALCAM2012">{{cite book|editor-last=Binam Bikoi|editor-first=Charles|date=2012|title=Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM)|trans-title=Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon|volume=1: Inventaire des langues|language=fr|location=Yaoundé|publisher=CERDOTOLA|series=Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC)|isbn=9789956796069}}</ref>


==Corpus and lexicology==
==Corpus and lexicology==


Despite lacking any truly certain corpus of Fang's literary body, it is of note that linguists have, in the past, made attempts to compile dictionaries and lexicons for the Fang language. The two most notable ones to be either proposed or fully compiled were made by Maillard (2007){{refn|Ella, Edgar Maillard (2007-03). A Theoretical Model For a Fang-French-English Specialized Multi-Volume School Dictionary.}} and Bibang (2014). Neither created a direct Fang-English dictionary, but opted to separate the two languages via a third European language as a bridge for various loanwords.
Despite Fang's lack of any well-defined literary corpus, it is of note that linguists have, in the past, made attempts to compile dictionaries and lexicons for the Fang language. The two most notable ones to be proposed or fully compiled were made by Maillard (2007){{refn|Ella, Edgar Maillard (2007-03). A Theoretical Model For a Fang-French-English Specialized Multi-Volume School Dictionary.}} and Bibang (2014). Neither created a direct Fang-English dictionary, but opted instead to separate the two languages via third European languages (French and Spanish, respectively) as a bridge for various loanwords.


The translation efforts to English have been done through Romance languages: specifically, Spanish and French. The latter of the two languages would likely have had the most impact on the language, given the occupation of Gabon by the French during the existence of French Equatorial Africa (itself part of French West Africa), which lasted 75 years from 1885 to 1960. To a lesser extent, in São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese also likely has influenced the dialects of Fang present there, due to the country being occupied by Portugal for most of its the islands' history of habitation.
The translation efforts to English have been done through Romance languages: specifically, Spanish and French. The latter of the two languages would likely have had the most impact on the language, given the occupation of Gabon by the French during the existence of French Equatorial Africa (itself part of French West Africa), which lasted 75 years from 1885 to 1960. To a lesser extent, in São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese also likely has influenced the dialects of Fang present there, due to the country being occupied by Portugal for most of the islands' history of habitation.


==Phonology{{refn|Bibang Oyee, Julián-Bibang (2014). Diccionario Español-Fang/Fang-Español. Akal.}}==
==Phonology==
The phonology of Fang is listed below.{{refn|Bibang Oyee, Julián-Bibang (2014). Diccionario Español-Fang/Fang-Español. Akal.}}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


Fang has 7 vowels, each of which can have short or long realizations.
Fang has seven vowels, each of which can have short or long realizations.


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 46: Line 65:
|-
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i iː}} (ĩ)
| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}} ({{IPA link|ĩ}})
| {{IPA|u uː}} (ũ)
| {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}} ({{IPA link|ũ}})
|-
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|e eː}} (ẽ)
| {{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}} ({{IPA link|ẽ}})
| {{IPA|o oː}} (õ)
| {{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}} ({{IPA link|õ}})
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="font-size:larger;" |{{IPA|ɛ ɛː}} (ɛ̃)
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}} ({{IPA link|ɛ̃}})
| {{IPA|ɔ ɔː}} (ɔ̃)
| {{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}} ({{IPA link|ɔ̃}})
|-
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan="2" |{{IPA|a aː}} (ã)
|colspan="2" |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}} ({{IPA link|ã}})
|}
|}


[[Nasal vowel|Nasal vowels]] are allophones of the respective oral vowels, when followed by a nasal consonant {{IPA|[ŋ]}} or {{IPA|[ɲ]}}. Words can not start with {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}} nor {{IPA|[u]}}.
[[Nasal vowel]]s are allophones of the respective oral vowels, when followed by a nasal consonant {{IPA|[ŋ]}} or {{IPA|[ɲ]}}. Words cannot start with {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}} or {{IPA|[u]}}.


====Diphthongs====
====Diphthongs====
Line 68: Line 87:
===Tone===
===Tone===


Fang distinguishes between 4 different tones, conventionally called: high, low, rising and falling. The former two are simple tones, while the latter are compound tones. One vowel in a sequences of vowels can be elided in casual speech, though its tone remains and attaches to the remaining vowel. {{refn|Bibang Oyee, Julián (1990). Curso de lengua fang. Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano}}
Fang distinguishes between at least five lexical tones, conventionally called: high, mid, low, rising and falling. One vowel in a sequences of vowels can be elided in casual speech, though its tone remains and attaches to the remaining vowel. {{refn|Bibang Oyee, Julián (1990). Curso de lengua fang. Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano}}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
In Fang, there are 24 consonants. The majority of them can become [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]:
In Fang, there are 24 plain consonants. The majority of them can become [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]:


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Alveopalatal consonant|Alveopalatal]]
![[Alveopalatal consonant|Alveopalatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Labial–velar consonant|Labial–velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
|-
![[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
|-align=center
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!{{small|plain}}
| {{IPA|p b}}<br /> {{IPA|mp mb}}
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA|t d}}<br /> {{IPA|nt nd}}
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| {{IPAlink|k͡p}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ɡ͡b}}
| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
!{{small|prenasal}}
| {{IPAlink|ᵐp}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ᵐb}}
| {{IPAlink|ⁿt}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ⁿd}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ᵑk}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ᵑg}}
| {{IPA|k ɡ}} <br />{{IPA|ŋk ŋg}}<br /> {{IPA|k͡p ɡ͡b}}<br /> {{IPA|ŋk͡p ŋɡ͡b}}
| {{IPAlink|ᵑk͡p}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ᵑɡ͡b}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-align=center
![[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
!{{small|plain}}
|
|
| {{IPA|t͡s d͡z}} <br />{{IPA|nt͡s nd͡z}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|d͡z}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
![[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|f v}}<br /> {{IPA|ɱf ɱv}}
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|s z}} <br />{{IPA|ns nz}}
!{{small|prenasal}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ⁿt͡s}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ⁿd͡z}}
|
|
| {{IPA|h}}
|-align=center
! align="left" |[[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|j}} <br />{{IPA|ɲj}}
| {{IPA|w}}<br /> {{IPA|nw}}
|
|
|-
|- align=center
! align ="left" |[[Flap consonant|Tap]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
!{{small|plain}}
| {{IPAlink|f}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|v}}
| {{IPAlink|s}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|z}}
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɾ}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
!{{small|prenasal}}
| {{IPAlink|ᶬf}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ᶬv}}
| {{IPAlink|ⁿs}} {{pad|1em}} {{IPAlink|ⁿz}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
!{{small|plain}}
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|-
!{{small|prenasal}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ᶮj}}
| {{IPAlink|ⁿw}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}



{{IPA|/h/}} is only used in interjections and loanwords.
{{IPA|/h/}} is only used in interjections and loanwords.
Line 138: Line 192:
The morpheme "gh" is pronounced as {{IPA|ɾ}} in the case of the word "Beyoghe" (the Fang term for Libreville); one of several changes to pronunciation by morphology.
The morpheme "gh" is pronounced as {{IPA|ɾ}} in the case of the word "Beyoghe" (the Fang term for Libreville); one of several changes to pronunciation by morphology.


It is also important to note that in Fang, at every "hiatus" (shock of two vowels, such as in Ma adzi, it is require to apply make the second word an aphetism, dropping the pronunciation of the {{IPA|a aː}} sound at the start of the second word, in order to make grammatically correct sentences.
It is also important to note that in Fang, at every "hiatus" (shock of two vowels), such as in "Ma adzi", it is required for one to make the second word an aphetism, dropping the pronunciation of the {{IPA|aː}} sound at the start of the second word (e.g. "Ma dzi").

==Phrases==

Although the Fang language does not have an official orthography, native speakers happen to use the extended Latin alphabet with specific accents. Due to the enormous geographic region it covers, and the large amount of Fang dialects, the following list may not be entirely accurate; one issue of note is the lack of marking for tones. Regardless, common phrases for the [[Oyem]] area of northern Gabon include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! Fang
|-
| Hello (to one person)
|M'bolo/Mbolo
|-
| Hello (to several people)
|M'bolani/Mbolo'ani
|-
| Hello (response)
| Am'bolo; Am'bolani
|-
|How are you?
| Y'o num vah?
|-
|response
| M'a num vah
|-
|Where are you going
| Wa kuh vay?; Wa ke vé?
|-
|I'm going home
| Ma kuh Andah
|-
|Are you okay?
| Onevoghe?
|-
|I'm going to school
| Ma ke see-kolo
|-
|I'm going for a walk
| Ma ke ma woolou
|-
|I'm hungry
| {{Lang|fan|Ma woh zeng}}
|-
|I'm sick
| Ma kwan
|-
|I understand French
| Ma wok Flacci
|-
|I don't understand Fang
| Ma wok ki Fang
|-
|I don't speak Fang
| Ma kobe ki Fang
|-
|What did you say
| Wa dzon ah dzeh?
|-
|I said...
| Ma dzon ah...
|-
|[[Holy cow (expression)|Holy cow]]!
| A tara dzam!
|-
|I want to eat
| Ma cuma adji/adzi
|-
|Thank you
| Akiba; Abora
|}



==See also==
==See also==
Line 218: Line 201:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* http://www.guinea-ecuatorial.info/Vocabulario_Castellano_Fang_Catala.html Vocabulario castellano-fang-catalán online
* [http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/ Bantulanyi]
* [http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/ Bantulanyi]
* [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Beti PanAfriL10n page on Beti (incl. Fang)]
* http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/1229
* http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/1229
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080630064631/http://monefang.com:80/parlons1.html Monefang, archived from the original (2008). Note: This site is mostly in French.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080630064631/http://monefang.com/parlons1.html Monefang, archived from the original (2008). Note: This site is mostly in French.


{{Languages of Equatorial Guinea}}
{{Languages of Equatorial Guinea}}
Line 230: Line 211:
{{Languages of Gabon}}
{{Languages of Gabon}}
{{Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe}}
{{Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe}}
{{Narrow Bantu languages|A-B}}
{{Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fang| ]]
[[Category:Fang (ethnic group)| ]]
[[Category:Beti languages]]
[[Category:Beti languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Languages of Equatorial Guinea]]

Latest revision as of 20:58, 4 December 2024

Not to be confused with Fang language (Cameroon).
Fang
Pangwe
Faŋ, Paŋwe
Native toEquatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, and São Tomé and Príncipe
EthnicityFang
Native speakers
1 million (2006–2013)[1]
Dialects
  • Southwest Fang
  • Ntoumou-Fang
  • Okak-Fang
  • Mekê-Fang
  • Mvaïe-Fang
  • Atsi-Fang
  • Nzaman-Fang
  • Mveni-Fang
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-2fan
ISO 639-3fan
Glottologfang1246
A.75,751[2]
Idioma fang (Fang language) spread

Fang (/ˈfɒŋ/) is a Central African language spoken by around one million people, most of them in Equatorial Guinea, and northern Gabon, where it is the dominant Bantu language; Fang is also spoken in southern Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and small fractions of the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is related to the Bulu and Ewondo languages of southern Cameroon.

Under President Macías Nguema, Fang was the official language of Equatorial Guinea, although in 1982, the Third Constitution once again replaced it with Spanish. Since then, each version of the Constitution has recognized Fang and other languages indigenous to the country as integral to the national culture, despite these languages not having official status.

There are many different variants of Fang in northern Gabon and southern Cameroon. Maho (2009) lists Southwest Fang as a distinct language. The other dialects are Ntoumou, Okak, Mekê, Atsi (Batsi), Nzaman (Zaman), Mveni, and Mvaïe.

Distribution

[edit]

According to ALCAM (2012), Fang is mainly spoken in northern Gabon and also in Equatorial Guinea. Dialects include Ntumu, Mvayn, and Okak. In Cameroon, Fang is spoken in the southern half of Dja-et-Lobo department (Southern Region) south of Djoum. It is also spoken in the southeast of Mvila department: south of Mvangan, plus small isolated parts of Océan department between Lolodorf and Kribi where the Okak dialect is spoken. The other dialects, Mvayn and Ntumu, are spoken in Vallée-du-Ntem department.[3]

Corpus and lexicology

[edit]

Despite Fang's lack of any well-defined literary corpus, it is of note that linguists have, in the past, made attempts to compile dictionaries and lexicons for the Fang language. The two most notable ones to be proposed or fully compiled were made by Maillard (2007)[4] and Bibang (2014). Neither created a direct Fang-English dictionary, but opted instead to separate the two languages via third European languages (French and Spanish, respectively) as a bridge for various loanwords.

The translation efforts to English have been done through Romance languages: specifically, Spanish and French. The latter of the two languages would likely have had the most impact on the language, given the occupation of Gabon by the French during the existence of French Equatorial Africa (itself part of French West Africa), which lasted 75 years from 1885 to 1960. To a lesser extent, in São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese also likely has influenced the dialects of Fang present there, due to the country being occupied by Portugal for most of the islands' history of habitation.

Phonology

[edit]

The phonology of Fang is listed below.[5]

Vowels

[edit]

Fang has seven vowels, each of which can have short or long realizations.

Vowel Phonemes
Front (short/long) Back (short/long)
Close i iː (ĩ) u uː (ũ)
Close-mid e eː (ẽ) o oː (õ)
Open-mid ɛ ɛː (ɛ̃) ɔ ɔː (ɔ̃)
Open a aː (ã)

Nasal vowels are allophones of the respective oral vowels, when followed by a nasal consonant [ŋ] or [ɲ]. Words cannot start with [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] or [u].

Diphthongs

[edit]

Diphthongs can be a combination of any vowel with [j] or [w], as well as [ea], [oe], [oa], [ua].

Tone

[edit]

Fang distinguishes between at least five lexical tones, conventionally called: high, mid, low, rising and falling. One vowel in a sequences of vowels can be elided in casual speech, though its tone remains and attaches to the remaining vowel. [6]

Consonants

[edit]

In Fang, there are 24 plain consonants. The majority of them can become prenasalized:

Labial Alveolar Alveopalatal Velar Labial–velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive plain p   b t   d k   ɡ k͡p   ɡ͡b ʔ
prenasal ᵐp   ᵐb ⁿt   ⁿd ᵑk   ᵑg ᵑk͡p   ᵑɡ͡b
Affricate plain t͡s   d͡z
prenasal ⁿt͡s   ⁿd͡z
Fricative plain f   v s   z h
prenasal ᶬf   ᶬv ⁿs   ⁿz
Approximant plain l j w
prenasal ᶮj ⁿw
Tap ɾ

/h/ is only used in interjections and loanwords. Words can not start with /ŋ/, except when followed by a velar consonant. /ɾ/ and /z/ also are restricted from word-initial position. /g/ and /p/ can only come in word-initial position in words of foreign origin, although in many of these cases, /g/ becomes realized as [ŋg].

The morpheme "gh" is pronounced as ɾ in the case of the word "Beyoghe" (the Fang term for Libreville); one of several changes to pronunciation by morphology.

It is also important to note that in Fang, at every "hiatus" (shock of two vowels), such as in "Ma adzi", it is required for one to make the second word an aphetism, dropping the pronunciation of the aː sound at the start of the second word (e.g. "Ma dzi").

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Fang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. ^ Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
  4. ^ Ella, Edgar Maillard (2007-03). A Theoretical Model For a Fang-French-English Specialized Multi-Volume School Dictionary.
  5. ^ Bibang Oyee, Julián-Bibang (2014). Diccionario Español-Fang/Fang-Español. Akal.
  6. ^ Bibang Oyee, Julián (1990). Curso de lengua fang. Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano
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