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{{Short description|Fuzzy vascular coat on antlers}}
[[File:Velvet-antler.jpg|thumb|a fuzzy velvet antler during summer growth]]
[[File:Velvet-antler.jpg|thumb|A fuzzy velvet antler during summer growth]]


'''Velvet antler''' refers to the whole cartilaginous antler in a precalcified growth stage of the [[Deer|Cervidae]] family including the species of deer, elk, moose and caribou. Velvet Antler is not to be confused with only the [[Velvet (antler covering)|velvety "skin" on growing antlers]]. The entire velvet antler will be covered in hairs and, as the antler has not calcified or finished developing, the tines will still be rounded. Velvet antler preparations are sold in China as part of [[Traditional Chinese medicine]], and in the United States and some other countries as a dietary supplement.
'''Velvet antler''' is the whole cartilaginous [[antler]] in a precalcified growth stage of the [[Deer|Cervidae]] family including the species of deer such as elk, moose, and caribou. Velvet antler is covered in a hairy, velvet-like "skin" known as '''velvet''' and its tines are rounded, because the antler has not calcified or finished developing.

Velvet antler preparations are sold in China as part of [[traditional Chinese medicine]], and in some countries as a [[dietary supplement]]. Marketing claims of health effects are not supported by research, and the [[Food and Drug Administration]] has warned companies selling the products about false advertising.


== Industry ==
== Industry ==


Most of the world's supply of velvet antler comes from [[Sika deer]], [[red deer]] and [[Elk|elk or wapiti]], including a large deer ranching industry in [[New Zealand]]. New Zealand is the world’s largest producer of velvet, producing 450-500 tons of red deer velvet antler annually.<ref>(2015-09-15)[http://www.deernz.org/about-deer-industry/nz-deer-industry/deer-industry-statistics/velvet-production-and-pricing-trends#.VffOYcKFOM8 Velvet Pricing and Production Trends]. deernz.org</ref> China produces 400 tons of predominantly Sika deer velvet antler annually. Russia produces 80 tons annually. United States and Canada each produce 20 tons annually.<ref name="Kamen">Kamen, Betty PhD and Paul, The Remarkable Healing Power of Velvet Antler, Nutrition Encounter, Novato, California, 2003, p. 12-34</ref>
Most of the world's supply of velvet antler comes from [[Sika deer]], [[red deer]] and [[Elk|elk or wapiti]], including a large deer ranching industry in [[New Zealand]]. New Zealand is the world's largest producer of velvet, producing 450–500 tons of red deer velvet antler annually.<ref>(2015-09-15)[http://www.deernz.org/about-deer-industry/nz-deer-industry/deer-industry-statistics/velvet-production-and-pricing-trends#.VffOYcKFOM8 Velvet Pricing and Production Trends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214041359/http://www.deernz.org/about-deer-industry/nz-deer-industry/deer-industry-statistics/velvet-production-and-pricing-trends#.VffOYcKFOM8 |date=2015-12-14 }}. deernz.org</ref> China produces 400 tons of predominantly Sika deer velvet antler annually. Russia produces 80 tons annually. United States and Canada each produce 20 tons annually.<ref name="Kamen">Kamen, Betty PhD and Paul, The Remarkable Healing Power of Velvet Antler, Nutrition Encounter, Novato, California, 2003, p. 12-34</ref>


== Farming and ranching ==
== Farming and ranching ==


[[Moose]], [[elk]] and [[deer]] produce new antlers yearly (primarily males, except in caribou/reindeer). In New Zealand, deer are subject to local anesthesia and restrained during antler removal, and the procedure is supervised by licensed veterinarians.<ref>(2015-9-16), Removal, http://www.deernz.org/deerhub/deer-information/antlers/velvet/removal-0#.VfozssKh2M8, deernz.org</ref><ref name="deerfarming">(2015-9-16), Velvet Antler, http://www.deerfarming.com.au/DFH/DFH18-Velvet_Antler.pdf, deerfarming.com.au</ref> Typically, the antler is cut off near the base after it is about two-thirds of its potential full size, between 55 and 65 days of growth, before any significant calcification occurs.<ref name="deerfarming"/> The procedure is generally done around June in the Northern Hemisphere and December in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="Davidson">Davidson, Alison, Velvet Antler, New Century Publishers, Connecticut , 2000, p. 76</ref>
[[Moose]], [[elk]] and [[deer]] produce new antlers yearly (primarily males, except in caribou/reindeer). In New Zealand, deer are subjected to local anesthesia and restrained during antler removal, and the procedure is supervised by licensed veterinarians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deernz.org/deerhub/deer-information/antlers/velvet/removal-0|title=Removal &#124; Deer Industry New Zealand|website=www.deernz.org}}</ref><ref name="deerfarming">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deerfarming.com.au/deer-farming-handbook|title=Deer Farming Handbook|website=Deer Industry Association of Australia}}</ref> Typically, the antler is cut off near the base after it is about two-thirds of its potential full size, between 55 and 65 days of growth, before any significant calcification occurs.<ref name="deerfarming"/> The procedure is generally done around June in the Northern Hemisphere and December in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="Davidson">Davidson, Alison, Velvet Antler, New Century Publishers, Connecticut, 2000, p. 76</ref>


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
⚫
[[File:Velvet-antler-slices.JPG|thumb|Sliced velvet antler used in traditional Chinese soup]]


Velvet antler is a [[drug]] in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM) that classifies many similar substances from a variety of species under the [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese name]] 鹿茸; ([[pinyin]] Lu Rong) and the pharmaceutical name Cervi Cornu Pantorichum. The two common species used within the TCM system are [[Sika deer|Sika Deer]] and [[Red deer|Red Deer]]. Within the TCM system it is prescribed by a doctor to a patient in the use to treat yang deficiency syndromes.<ref name="Bensky">Bensky, Clavey, Stoger, Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica 3rd Edition, Eastland Press, Seattle, Washington, 2004 p. 766-770</ref><ref>Wu, Jing-Nuan, An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 2005 p. 170</ref><ref>Tierra, Michael L.Ac, OMD, AHG and Leslie L.Ac, AHG, Chinese Traditional Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica and Herbal Resource Vol II, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes Wisconsin, 1998 p. 202</ref>
Velvet antler has been used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM) that classifies many similar substances from a variety of species under the [[Chinese characters|Chinese character name]] {{lang|zh|{{linktext|鹿茸}}}}; ([[pinyin]]: ''lùróng'') and the commercial name ''cornu cervi pantorichum''.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/19401736.2015.1060475|title=Development of multiplex PCR assay for authentication of Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum in traditional Chinese medicine based on cytochrome b and C oxidase subunit 1 genes|first1=Lijun|last1=Gao|first2=Wei|last2=Xia|first3=Jinxia|last3=Ai|first4=Mingcheng|last4=Li|first5=Guanxin|last5=Yuan|first6=Jiamu|last6=Niu|first7=Guilian|last7=Fu|first8=Lihua|last8=Zhang|date=July 3, 2016|journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A|volume=27|issue=4|pages=2989–2992|via=CrossRef|doi=10.3109/19401736.2015.1060475|pmid=26287950 }}</ref> The two common species used in the TCM system are [[sika deer]] and [[red deer]] which are thought to be useful for treating [[Yin and yang|yang]] deficiency syndromes.<ref name="Bensky">Bensky, Clavey, Stoger, Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica 3rd Edition, Eastland Press, Seattle, Washington, 2004 p. 766-770</ref><ref>Wu, Jing-Nuan, An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 2005 p. 170</ref><ref>Tierra, Michael L.Ac, OMD, AHG and Leslie L.Ac, AHG, Chinese Traditional Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica and Herbal Resource Vol II, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes Wisconsin, 1998 p. 202</ref>


⚫
In Asia, velvet antler is dried and sold as slices, or as a powder which may be boiled in water, usually with other herbs and ingredients, and consumed as a soup.<ref name="Bensky"/> In the traditional commercial trade of Korea and China, whole stick antler velvet is divided into three sections based upon their supposed properties. Although there is an absence of uniform standardization, these sections are known as the wax piece (uppers or tips), the blood piece (middles), and the bone piece (bottoms): the wax piece may be marketed as a growth tonic for children, the blood piece supposedly for joint and bone effects, and the bone piece supposedly for calcium deficiency and geriatric needs.<ref name="Kamen"/><ref name="Davidson"/><ref name="DiSalvo"/> Early commercial activity in [[Russia]] between the 1930s and 1980s led to the production of an alcohol extract from deer antler velvet marketed under the Russian drug trade name ''Pantocrin'' (also pantocrine or pantokrin).<ref name="Yance">Yance, Donald, CN, MH, RH(AHG), Adaptogens in Medical Herbalism, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont 2013, p. 529-534</ref><ref>Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Far East Branch, "The Soviet Far East: The USSR's medicinal treasury, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1990</ref>
⚫
[[File:Velvet-antler-slices.JPG|thumb|sliced velvet antler that will be used in making a traditional Chinese soup]]


In the West, velvet antler is dried, powdered, and consumed in encapsulated form or via [[aqueous]] [[ethanol|alcohol]] [[extract]] as a [[dietary supplement]], for which it is monitored for potential manufacturing and advertising violations by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]]<ref name="fda2017">{{cite web|author1=Joseph Matrisciano, Jr.|title=Warning letter: Tobin's Royal Stag, Inc. dba Tobin Farms Velvet Antler |url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2017/ucm554024.htm|publisher=Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration|access-date=6 April 2018|date=19 April 2017}}</ref> and the [[Federal Trade Commission]].
⚫
In Asia velvet antler is dried and sold as slices or powdered. The powder or slices are then boiled in water, usually with other herbs and ingredients, and consumed as a medicinal soup.<ref name="Bensky"/> In the traditional commercial trade of Korea and China whole stick antler velvet is divided into three sections based upon their accepted benefits. Although there is an absence of uniform standardization, these sections are known as the wax piece or uppers and tips, the blood piece or middles, and the bone piece or bottoms: the wax piece is used as a growth tonic for children, the blood piece is used for joint and bone health, and the bone piece is used for calcium deficiency and geriatric therapies.<ref name="Kamen"/><ref name="Davidson"/><ref name="DiSalvo"/>


A review published in 2012 summarized results from [[clinical research]], including three studies on sports performance: "Claims that velvet antler supplements have beneficial effects for any human condition are not supported by sound clinical data from human trials."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbey A, Perezgonzalez JD |title=Health benefits of deer and elk velvet antler supplements: a systematic review of randomised controlled studies |journal=N. Z. Med. J. |volume=125 |issue=1367 |pages=80–6 |year=2012 |pmid=23321886 |url=https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2012/vol-125-no-1367/article-gilbey}}</ref>
Within the deer antler velvet industry there are three sections used to identify the composition of velvet antler. The uppers and tips are generally from the end to the first fork and are found as any additional tines. The next section is the middles and goes from top fork down the main shaft to the bottom fork. Lastly is the bottoms which includes a flattened center section known as the trunk.<ref name="Kamen"/>


== Marketing and FDA warning letters==
In the West, velvet antler is dried, powdered, and consumed in encapsulated form or via [[aqueous]] [[alcohol]] extract as a nutritional dietary supplement. Concerning the alcohol extract of velvet antler, most of the [[research]] and [[clinical studies]] have been performed in [[Russia]] between the 1930s and 1980s which led to the production of an alcohol extract.<ref name="Yance">Yance, Donald, CN, MH, RH(AHG), Adaptogens in Medical Herbalism, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont 2013, p. 529-534</ref><ref>Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Far East Branch, "The Soviet Far East: The USSR's medicinal treasury, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1990</ref> During this timeframe the alcohol extract was marketed under the Russian drug trade name Pantocrin (aka. pantocrine or Pantokrin).<ref>S.M. Pavlenko, Pantocrin: A Publication of Articles on Studies of Curative Properties of Pantocrin, Medexport, Moscow, 1998</ref><ref>Pantokrin, Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, Moscow, 1995</ref> In Norway, Spain, and Bulgaria Pantocrin is certified and registered as a biologically active food supplement.<ref name="Yance"/>


⚫
Companies attributing [[health claim]]s from using [[dietary supplements]] of velvet antler have received [[FDA warning letter|warning letters]] from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning the sale of encapsulated powders connected to their marketing claims.<ref name=fda2017/> The claims were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [21 USC/321 (g)(1)][36] because they "establish the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" when velvet antler has no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, velvet antler was "[[Generally recognized as safe|not generally recognized as safe and effective]] for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under Section 21(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA.<ref name=fda2017/><ref>US FDA (2015-9-18) https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../CyberLetters/ucm056971.pdf fda.gov</ref><ref>US FDA (2015-9-18) http://www.casewatch.net/fdawarning/prod/2001/velvet_antler.pdf fda.gov</ref><ref>US FDA (2015-9-18) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), https://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/federalfooddrugandcosmeticactfdcact/ fda.gov</ref><ref>US FDA (2015-9-18)Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm111447.htm fda.gov</ref> As of 2018, it is legal to sell velvet antler powder, extract or spray in the U.S. as a dietary supplement as long as no disease treatment claims are made and the label bears the FDA disclaimer: "This product has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."
== Marketing ==

⚫
Two companies attributed medical claims and health benefits to [[dietary supplements]] produced from velvet antler. These companies received warning letters from the [[US FDA|U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]] concerning the sale of encapsulated powders connected to their marketing claims. The claims were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [21 USC/321 (g)(1)][36] because they "establish the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" when velvet antler has no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, velvet antler was "[[Generally_recognized_as_safe|not generally recognized as safe and effective]] for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under Section 21(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA.<ref>US FDA (2015-9-18) http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../CyberLetters/ucm056971.pdf fda.gov</ref><ref>US FDA (2015-9-18) http://www.casewatch.org/fdawarning/prod/2001/velvet_antler.pdf fda.gov</ref><ref>US FDA (2015-9-18) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), http://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/federalfooddrugandcosmeticactfdcact/ fda.gov</ref><ref>US FDA (2015-9-18)Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm111447.htm fda.gov</ref> It is still legal to sell velvet antler powder, extract or spray in the U.S. as a dietary supplement as long as no disease treatment claims are made and the label bears the FDA disclaimer: "This product has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."


== Deer antler spray ==
== Deer antler spray ==


Velvet antler in the form of deer antler spray has been at the center of multiple controversies with professional sports leagues and famous athletes allegedly using it for injury recovery and performance enhancement purposes.<ref>Adelson (2015-9-18). Yahoo Sports!: Deer antler spray gets a pass, so now what?[https://sports.yahoo.com/news/golf--deer-antler-spray-gets-a-pass--so-now-what--004821402.html]. yahoo.com</ref> In mid-2011 a [[National Football League (NFL)]] player successfully sued a deer antler velvet spray manufacturer for testing positive for [[methyltestosterone]] in 2009 for a total amount of 5.4 million.<ref name="Vobora">Associated Press (2015-9-18). David Vobora awarded $5.4M [http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=6680714]. espn.go.com</ref><ref>Adelson, Watson (2015-9-18). ThePostGame Exclusive: NFL RB Heath Evans Says He Uses Controversial SWATS Spray [http://www.thepostgame.com/features/201106/thepostgame-exclusive-nfl-fullback-heath-evans-says-he-uses-controversial-swats-spra]. thepostgame.com</ref> In August 2011, Major League Baseball (MLB) added deer antler spray to their list of prohibited items because it contains "potentially contaminated nutritional supplements." <ref>Fordin (2015-9-18) MLB warns players against deer-antler spray. [http://m.mlb.com/news/article/22836154/]. mlb.com</ref>
Velvet antler in the form of deer antler spray has been at the center of multiple controversies with professional sports leagues and famous athletes allegedly using it for injury recovery and performance enhancement purposes.<ref>Adelson (2015-9-18). Yahoo Sports!: Deer antler spray gets a pass, so now what?[https://sports.yahoo.com/news/golf--deer-antler-spray-gets-a-pass--so-now-what--004821402.html]. yahoo.com</ref> In mid-2011, [[National Football League]] (NFL) [[linebacker]] [[David Vobora]] successfully sued a deer antler velvet spray manufacturer for a total amount of 5.4 million US dollars after testing positive for [[methyltestosterone]] in 2009, which originated from the velvet antler supplement he was taking.<ref name="Vobora">Associated Press (2015-9-18). David Vobora awarded $5.4M [https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=6680714]. espn.go.com</ref><ref>Adelson, Watson (2015-9-18). ThePostGame Exclusive: NFL RB Heath Evans Says He Uses Controversial SWATS Spray [http://www.thepostgame.com/features/201106/thepostgame-exclusive-nfl-fullback-heath-evans-says-he-uses-controversial-swats-spra]. thepostgame.com</ref> In August 2011, the [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) added deer antler spray to their list of prohibited items because it contains "potentially contaminated nutritional supplements."<ref>Fordin (2015-9-18) MLB warns players against deer-antler spray. [http://m.mlb.com/news/article/22836154/]. mlb.com</ref>


On January 30, 2013, [[Vijay Singh#2009–present: Decline|Vijay Singh]] professional [[PGA Tour]] golfer was caught unaware and openly admitted to the personal use of deer antler spray which contained a banned substance at the time.<ref>Nicholson (2015-9-18). Singh admits using deer antler spray, says he was unaware it was banned. [http://www.pga.com/news/pga-tour/vijay-singh-admits-using-deer-antler-spray-says-he-unaware-it-banned]. pga.com.</ref> A week later the [[World Anti-Doping Agency|World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)]] lifted the ban on deer antler spray, but with urgency, "Deer Antler Velvet Spray may contain [[IGF-1]] and WADA recommends therefore that athletes be extremely vigilant with this supplement because it could lead to a positive test." <ref>WADA (2015-9-18). WADA urges vigilance over Deer Antler Velvet Spray. [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2013-02/wada-urges-vigilance-over-deer-antler-velvet-spray]. wada-ama.org</ref> The consensus opinion of leading [[endocrinologist]]s concerning any purported claims and benefits "is simply that there is far too little of the substance in even the purest forms of the spray to make any difference," <ref name="DiSalvo">DiSalvo (2015-9-18). How to Squeeze Snake Oil from Deer Antlers and Make Millions. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2013/11/10/how-to-get-snake-oil-from-deer-antlers-and-make-millions/] forbes.com</ref> and "there is no medically valid way to deliver IGF-1 orally or in a spray." <ref>Lallanilla (2015-9-18) Ray Lewis & Deer-Antler Spray: What Does The Science Say? [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/01/ray-lewis-deer-antler-spray-science_n_2601031.html] huffingtonpost.com</ref>
On January 30, 2013, [[Vijay Singh#2009–present: Decline|Vijay Singh]] professional [[PGA Tour]] golfer was caught unaware and openly admitted to the personal use of deer antler spray which contained a banned substance at the time.<ref>Nicholson (2015-9-18). Singh admits using deer antler spray, says he was unaware it was banned. [http://www.pga.com/news/pga-tour/vijay-singh-admits-using-deer-antler-spray-says-he-unaware-it-banned]. pga.com.</ref> A week later the [[World Anti-Doping Agency|World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)]] lifted the ban on deer antler spray, but with urgency, "Deer Antler Velvet Spray may contain [[IGF-1]] and WADA recommends therefore that athletes be extremely vigilant with this supplement because it could lead to a positive test."<ref>WADA (2015-9-18). WADA urges vigilance over Deer Antler Velvet Spray. [https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2013-02/wada-urges-vigilance-over-deer-antler-velvet-spray]. wada-ama.org</ref> The consensus of leading [[endocrinologist]]s concerning any purported claims and benefits "is simply that there is far too little of the substance in even the purest forms of the spray to make any difference",<ref name="DiSalvo">DiSalvo (2015-9-18). How to Squeeze Snake Oil from Deer Antlers and Make Millions. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2013/11/10/how-to-get-snake-oil-from-deer-antlers-and-make-millions/] forbes.com</ref> and "there is no medically valid way to deliver IGF-1 orally or in a spray."<ref>Lallanilla (2015-9-18) Ray Lewis & Deer-Antler Spray: What Does The Science Say? [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ray-lewis-deer-antler-spray-science_n_2601031] huffingtonpost.com</ref>


=== S.W.A.T.S. ===
=== S.W.A.T.S. ===
⚫
S.W.A.T.S. Fitness and Performance was a dietary supplement company that sold deer antler spray and other products. The owners began distributing their products to NCAA and NFL athletes in 2008.<ref name="Vobora"/> The controversy initially started on March 30, 2009, when Alabama athletic officials sent a cease-and-desist letter to the company's owner that stated: "Refrain from using current student-athletes to endorse products. Refrain from contacting current student-athletes. Refrain from giving or selling products to current student-athletes."<ref>Robinson (2015-9-18). [http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/09/controversial_swats_supplement.html "Controversial S.W.A.T.S Supplement Maker Raided in Fultondale, All Assets Seized (Updated)"]. al.com.</ref> The letter was then sent again in 2012.<ref>Scarbinsky (2015-9-18). [http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2013/02/scarbinsky_swats_raises_seriou.html "Scarbinsky: S.W.A.T.S. raises serious questions for Alabama and the NCAA to ask"]. al.com.</ref>


⚫
In September 2011, S.W.A.T.S lost a lawsuit for 5.4 million dollars concerning an NFL athlete who had tested positive for methyl testosterone.<ref name="Vobora"/> In early January 2013 an NFL athlete was accused, by the owner, of taking S.W.A.T.S. deer antler spray for an injury who further failed to provide proof and made a formal apology.<ref>Samuel (2015-9-18). [http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/company-deer-antler-extract-claims-substance-article-1.1250894 "Company that Reportedly Supplied Baltimore Raven Ray Lewis with Deer-antler Extract says it can back up Claims"]. nydailynews.com</ref><ref>Wilson (2015-9-18).[http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/ravens/ravens-insider/bal-swats-owner-apologizes-publicly-to-ray-lewis-says-he-never-saw-ravens-linebacker-actually-use-the-de-20130201-story.html]. baltimoresun.com</ref><ref>Jussim (2015-9-18). [http://www.sportsworldreport.com/articles/9483/20130130/ray-lewis-ped-deer-antler-spray-baltimore.htm "Ray Lewis PED Deer Antler Spray: Baltimore Ravens LB Denies Using Banned Substance, 'Agitated' with ''Sports Illustrated'' Allegations"]. sportsworldreport.com.</ref>
⚫
S.W.A.T.S. Fitness and Performance was a dietary supplement company that sold deer antler spray and other products. The owners began distributing their products to NCAA and NFL athletes in 2008.<ref name="Vobora"/> The controversy initially started in March 30, 2009 when Alabama athletic officials sent a cease-and-desist letter to the company's owner that stated: "Refrain from using current student-athletes to endorse products. Refrain from contacting current student-athletes. Refrain from giving or selling products to current student-athletes." <ref>Robinson (2015-9-18). Controversial S.W.A.T.S Supplement Maker Raided in Fultondale, All Assets Seized (Updated) [http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/09/controversial_swats_supplement.html#incart_2boxc] al.com</ref> The letter was then sent again in 2012.<ref>Scarbinsky (2015-9-18). Scarbinsky: S.W.A.T.S. raises serious questions for Alabama and the NCAA to ask.[http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2013/02/scarbinsky_swats_raises_seriou.html]. al.com</ref>

⚫
In September 2011 S.W.A.T.S lost a lawsuit for 5.4 million dollars concerning a NFL athlete who had tested positive for methyl testosterone.<ref name="Vobora"/> In early January 2013 a NFL athlete was accused, by the owner, of taking S.W.A.T.S. deer antler spray for an injury who further failed to provide proof and made a formal apology.<ref>Samuel (2015-9-18). Company that Reportedly Supplied Baltimore Raven Ray Lewis with Deer-antler Extract says it can back up Claims. [http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/company-deer-antler-extract-claims-substance-article-1.1250894]. nydailynews.com</ref><ref>Wilson. (2015-9-18).[http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/ravens/ravens-insider/bal-swats-owner-apologizes-publicly-to-ray-lewis-says-he-never-saw-ravens-linebacker-actually-use-the-de-20130201-story.html]. baltimoresun.com</ref><ref>Jussim. (2015-9-18) Ray Lewis PED Deer Antler Spray: Baltimore Ravens LB Denies Using Banned Substance, 'Agitated' With Sports Illustrated Allegations [http://www.sportsworldreport.com/articles/9483/20130130/ray-lewis-ped-deer-antler-spray-baltimore.htm] sportsworldreport.com</ref>


In September, 2013, the headquarters of S.W.A.T.S. was raided and ordered to be shut down by [[Alabama]]'s [[Alabama Attorney General|attorney general]] citing "numerous serious and willful violations of Alabama’s deceptive trade practices act".<ref name="url_whnt.com">{{cite web | url = http://whnt.com/2013/09/05/sports-performance-company-ordered-to-stop-selling-deer-antler-spray-other-products/ | title = Sports Performance Company Ordered to Stop Selling ‘Deer Antler Spray,’ Other Products | publisher = WHNT | author = Galloway D | date = 2013-09-05 }}</ref><ref name="url_si.com">{{cite web | url = http://tracking.si.com/2013/09/05/ray-lewis-deer-antler-office-raided/ | title = Ray Lewis’ alleged deer antler supplier has office raided in Alabama | publisher = SI.com | author = Otano J | date = 2013-09-05 }}</ref> Among the violations were "claims that the company made about a number of products that were unsupported by scientific research. Some of these products were marketed as 'dietary supplements.'" <ref>.S. Anti-Doping Agency (2015-9-18) Supplement Shutdown [http://www.usada.org/supplement-shutdown-sos-winter-2013-2014/]. usada.org</ref> The assistant Alabama attorney general "says that Deer Antler Spray is dangerous and its sellers are law-breakers." <ref>Staff (2015-9-18). Deer Antler Spray Shop, S.W.A.T.S., Raided by Feds. [http://www.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2013-09-06/deer-antler-spray-swats-raided-feds-key-mitch-ross-concussion-cap-lewis]. sportingnews.com</ref>
In September 2013, the headquarters of S.W.A.T.S. was raided and ordered to be shut down by [[Alabama]]'s [[Alabama Attorney General|attorney general]] citing "numerous serious and willful violations of Alabama's deceptive trade practices act".<ref name="url_whnt.com">{{cite web | url = http://whnt.com/2013/09/05/sports-performance-company-ordered-to-stop-selling-deer-antler-spray-other-products/ | title = Sports Performance Company Ordered to Stop Selling 'Deer Antler Spray,' Other Products | publisher = WHNT | author = Galloway D | date = 2013-09-05 }}</ref><ref name="url_si.com">{{cite web | url = http://tracking.si.com/2013/09/05/ray-lewis-deer-antler-office-raided/ | title = Ray Lewis' alleged deer antler supplier has office raided in Alabama | publisher = SI.com | author = Otano J | date = 2013-09-05 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130911233432/http://tracking.si.com/2013/09/05/ray-lewis-deer-antler-office-raided/ | archive-date = 2013-09-11 }}</ref> Among the violations were "claims that the company made about a number of products that were unsupported by scientific research. Some of these products were marketed as 'dietary supplements'."<ref>.S. Anti-Doping Agency (2015-9-18) [http://www.usada.org/supplement-shutdown-sos-winter-2013-2014/ Supplement Shutdown]. usada.org</ref> The assistant Alabama attorney general "says that Deer Antler Spray is dangerous and its sellers are law-breakers."<ref>Staff (2015-9-18). [http://www.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2013-09-06/deer-antler-spray-swats-raided-feds-key-mitch-ross-concussion-cap-lewis "Deer Antler Spray Shop, S.W.A.T.S., Raided by Feds"]. sportingnews.com</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:04, 5 December 2024

A fuzzy velvet antler during summer growth

Velvet antler is the whole cartilaginous antler in a precalcified growth stage of the Cervidae family including the species of deer such as elk, moose, and caribou. Velvet antler is covered in a hairy, velvet-like "skin" known as velvet and its tines are rounded, because the antler has not calcified or finished developing.

Velvet antler preparations are sold in China as part of traditional Chinese medicine, and in some countries as a dietary supplement. Marketing claims of health effects are not supported by research, and the Food and Drug Administration has warned companies selling the products about false advertising.

Industry

[edit]

Most of the world's supply of velvet antler comes from Sika deer, red deer and elk or wapiti, including a large deer ranching industry in New Zealand. New Zealand is the world's largest producer of velvet, producing 450–500 tons of red deer velvet antler annually.[1] China produces 400 tons of predominantly Sika deer velvet antler annually. Russia produces 80 tons annually. United States and Canada each produce 20 tons annually.[2]

Farming and ranching

[edit]

Moose, elk and deer produce new antlers yearly (primarily males, except in caribou/reindeer). In New Zealand, deer are subjected to local anesthesia and restrained during antler removal, and the procedure is supervised by licensed veterinarians.[3][4] Typically, the antler is cut off near the base after it is about two-thirds of its potential full size, between 55 and 65 days of growth, before any significant calcification occurs.[4] The procedure is generally done around June in the Northern Hemisphere and December in the Southern Hemisphere.[5]

Uses

[edit]
Sliced velvet antler used in traditional Chinese soup

Velvet antler has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that classifies many similar substances from a variety of species under the Chinese character name 鹿茸; (pinyin: lùróng) and the commercial name cornu cervi pantorichum.[6] The two common species used in the TCM system are sika deer and red deer which are thought to be useful for treating yang deficiency syndromes.[7][8][9]

In Asia, velvet antler is dried and sold as slices, or as a powder which may be boiled in water, usually with other herbs and ingredients, and consumed as a soup.[7] In the traditional commercial trade of Korea and China, whole stick antler velvet is divided into three sections based upon their supposed properties. Although there is an absence of uniform standardization, these sections are known as the wax piece (uppers or tips), the blood piece (middles), and the bone piece (bottoms): the wax piece may be marketed as a growth tonic for children, the blood piece supposedly for joint and bone effects, and the bone piece supposedly for calcium deficiency and geriatric needs.[2][5][10] Early commercial activity in Russia between the 1930s and 1980s led to the production of an alcohol extract from deer antler velvet marketed under the Russian drug trade name Pantocrin (also pantocrine or pantokrin).[11][12]

In the West, velvet antler is dried, powdered, and consumed in encapsulated form or via aqueous alcohol extract as a dietary supplement, for which it is monitored for potential manufacturing and advertising violations by the US Food and Drug Administration[13] and the Federal Trade Commission.

A review published in 2012 summarized results from clinical research, including three studies on sports performance: "Claims that velvet antler supplements have beneficial effects for any human condition are not supported by sound clinical data from human trials."[14]

Marketing and FDA warning letters

[edit]

Companies attributing health claims from using dietary supplements of velvet antler have received warning letters from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning the sale of encapsulated powders connected to their marketing claims.[13] The claims were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [21 USC/321 (g)(1)][36] because they "establish the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" when velvet antler has no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, velvet antler was "not generally recognized as safe and effective for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under Section 21(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA.[13][15][16][17][18] As of 2018, it is legal to sell velvet antler powder, extract or spray in the U.S. as a dietary supplement as long as no disease treatment claims are made and the label bears the FDA disclaimer: "This product has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."

Deer antler spray

[edit]

Velvet antler in the form of deer antler spray has been at the center of multiple controversies with professional sports leagues and famous athletes allegedly using it for injury recovery and performance enhancement purposes.[19] In mid-2011, National Football League (NFL) linebacker David Vobora successfully sued a deer antler velvet spray manufacturer for a total amount of 5.4 million US dollars after testing positive for methyltestosterone in 2009, which originated from the velvet antler supplement he was taking.[20][21] In August 2011, the Major League Baseball (MLB) added deer antler spray to their list of prohibited items because it contains "potentially contaminated nutritional supplements."[22]

On January 30, 2013, Vijay Singh professional PGA Tour golfer was caught unaware and openly admitted to the personal use of deer antler spray which contained a banned substance at the time.[23] A week later the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lifted the ban on deer antler spray, but with urgency, "Deer Antler Velvet Spray may contain IGF-1 and WADA recommends therefore that athletes be extremely vigilant with this supplement because it could lead to a positive test."[24] The consensus of leading endocrinologists concerning any purported claims and benefits "is simply that there is far too little of the substance in even the purest forms of the spray to make any difference",[10] and "there is no medically valid way to deliver IGF-1 orally or in a spray."[25]

S.W.A.T.S.

[edit]

S.W.A.T.S. Fitness and Performance was a dietary supplement company that sold deer antler spray and other products. The owners began distributing their products to NCAA and NFL athletes in 2008.[20] The controversy initially started on March 30, 2009, when Alabama athletic officials sent a cease-and-desist letter to the company's owner that stated: "Refrain from using current student-athletes to endorse products. Refrain from contacting current student-athletes. Refrain from giving or selling products to current student-athletes."[26] The letter was then sent again in 2012.[27]

In September 2011, S.W.A.T.S lost a lawsuit for 5.4 million dollars concerning an NFL athlete who had tested positive for methyl testosterone.[20] In early January 2013 an NFL athlete was accused, by the owner, of taking S.W.A.T.S. deer antler spray for an injury who further failed to provide proof and made a formal apology.[28][29][30]

In September 2013, the headquarters of S.W.A.T.S. was raided and ordered to be shut down by Alabama's attorney general citing "numerous serious and willful violations of Alabama's deceptive trade practices act".[31][32] Among the violations were "claims that the company made about a number of products that were unsupported by scientific research. Some of these products were marketed as 'dietary supplements'."[33] The assistant Alabama attorney general "says that Deer Antler Spray is dangerous and its sellers are law-breakers."[34]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ (2015-09-15)Velvet Pricing and Production Trends Archived 2015-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. deernz.org
  2. ^ a b Kamen, Betty PhD and Paul, The Remarkable Healing Power of Velvet Antler, Nutrition Encounter, Novato, California, 2003, p. 12-34
  3. ^ "Removal | Deer Industry New Zealand". www.deernz.org.
  4. ^ a b "Deer Farming Handbook". Deer Industry Association of Australia.
  5. ^ a b Davidson, Alison, Velvet Antler, New Century Publishers, Connecticut, 2000, p. 76
  6. ^ Gao, Lijun; Xia, Wei; Ai, Jinxia; Li, Mingcheng; Yuan, Guanxin; Niu, Jiamu; Fu, Guilian; Zhang, Lihua (July 3, 2016). "Development of multiplex PCR assay for authentication of Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum in traditional Chinese medicine based on cytochrome b and C oxidase subunit 1 genes". Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 27 (4): 2989–2992. doi:10.3109/19401736.2015.1060475. PMID 26287950 – via CrossRef.
  7. ^ a b Bensky, Clavey, Stoger, Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica 3rd Edition, Eastland Press, Seattle, Washington, 2004 p. 766-770
  8. ^ Wu, Jing-Nuan, An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 2005 p. 170
  9. ^ Tierra, Michael L.Ac, OMD, AHG and Leslie L.Ac, AHG, Chinese Traditional Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica and Herbal Resource Vol II, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes Wisconsin, 1998 p. 202
  10. ^ a b DiSalvo (2015-9-18). How to Squeeze Snake Oil from Deer Antlers and Make Millions. [1] forbes.com
  11. ^ Yance, Donald, CN, MH, RH(AHG), Adaptogens in Medical Herbalism, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont 2013, p. 529-534
  12. ^ Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Far East Branch, "The Soviet Far East: The USSR's medicinal treasury, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1990
  13. ^ a b c Joseph Matrisciano, Jr. (19 April 2017). "Warning letter: Tobin's Royal Stag, Inc. dba Tobin Farms Velvet Antler". Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  14. ^ Gilbey A, Perezgonzalez JD (2012). "Health benefits of deer and elk velvet antler supplements: a systematic review of randomised controlled studies". N. Z. Med. J. 125 (1367): 80–6. PMID 23321886.
  15. ^ US FDA (2015-9-18) https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../CyberLetters/ucm056971.pdf fda.gov
  16. ^ US FDA (2015-9-18) http://www.casewatch.net/fdawarning/prod/2001/velvet_antler.pdf fda.gov
  17. ^ US FDA (2015-9-18) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), https://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/federalfooddrugandcosmeticactfdcact/ fda.gov
  18. ^ US FDA (2015-9-18)Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ucm111447.htm fda.gov
  19. ^ Adelson (2015-9-18). Yahoo Sports!: Deer antler spray gets a pass, so now what?[2]. yahoo.com
  20. ^ a b c Associated Press (2015-9-18). David Vobora awarded $5.4M [3]. espn.go.com
  21. ^ Adelson, Watson (2015-9-18). ThePostGame Exclusive: NFL RB Heath Evans Says He Uses Controversial SWATS Spray [4]. thepostgame.com
  22. ^ Fordin (2015-9-18) MLB warns players against deer-antler spray. [5]. mlb.com
  23. ^ Nicholson (2015-9-18). Singh admits using deer antler spray, says he was unaware it was banned. [6]. pga.com.
  24. ^ WADA (2015-9-18). WADA urges vigilance over Deer Antler Velvet Spray. [7]. wada-ama.org
  25. ^ Lallanilla (2015-9-18) Ray Lewis & Deer-Antler Spray: What Does The Science Say? [8] huffingtonpost.com
  26. ^ Robinson (2015-9-18). "Controversial S.W.A.T.S Supplement Maker Raided in Fultondale, All Assets Seized (Updated)". al.com.
  27. ^ Scarbinsky (2015-9-18). "Scarbinsky: S.W.A.T.S. raises serious questions for Alabama and the NCAA to ask". al.com.
  28. ^ Samuel (2015-9-18). "Company that Reportedly Supplied Baltimore Raven Ray Lewis with Deer-antler Extract says it can back up Claims". nydailynews.com
  29. ^ Wilson (2015-9-18).[9]. baltimoresun.com
  30. ^ Jussim (2015-9-18). "Ray Lewis PED Deer Antler Spray: Baltimore Ravens LB Denies Using Banned Substance, 'Agitated' with Sports Illustrated Allegations". sportsworldreport.com.
  31. ^ Galloway D (2013-09-05). "Sports Performance Company Ordered to Stop Selling 'Deer Antler Spray,' Other Products". WHNT.
  32. ^ Otano J (2013-09-05). "Ray Lewis' alleged deer antler supplier has office raided in Alabama". SI.com. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11.
  33. ^ .S. Anti-Doping Agency (2015-9-18) Supplement Shutdown. usada.org
  34. ^ Staff (2015-9-18). "Deer Antler Spray Shop, S.W.A.T.S., Raided by Feds". sportingnews.com
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