Bala Hissar, Peshawar: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Historic fortress in Pakistan}} |
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ډاکټر لطیف یاد |
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{{other uses|Bala Hissar (disambiguation)}} |
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د پېښور بالا حصار |
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{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2014}} |
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دپېښور بالا حصار دپښتونخواپه مرکزپېښور کې یوه مشهوره تاریخي کلا ( قلعه ) ده . ددغه کلا دجوړولو په اړوند بیلابیل تاریخي رو ایتونه شته . ځینې تاریخپوهان په دې اند دي چې دا تاریخي کلا تر اوومې زیږدیزې /میلادي پیړۍ دمخه هم شتون درلود ، ځکه کله چې چیني زایر هیوان تسنګ دافغانستان له لارې په ۶۳۰ زیږدیز /میلادي کال کې داوسني پښتونخوا مرکز پېښور ته لاړ نو ده هلته یوه تاریخي کلا لیدلې وه چې په غالب ګومان سره به همدا دپېښور بالا حصاروي . همداراز ځینې تاریخپوهان وایی چې دغه کلا له نن نه څه دپاسه زر کلونه وړاندې یعنې په 393 ق / 1003 م» کې هم شتون درلو د هغه وخت چې افغان واکمن محمود غزنوي دویهند مشهور راجا جیپال ته ماتې وکړه . دریم روایت داسې دی چې دغه با لاحصار دهندوستان مغولی واکمن بابر د۱۵۱۹ او ۱۵۲۴زیږدیز/میلادی کلونو ترمینځ جوړه کړه چې لا هغه وخت یې پر پنجاب برید نه وکړی او په هند کې یې دلودي پښتنو واکمني لانه وه له مینځه وړې . |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}} |
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زما په اند دپیښور تاریخي کلا یا بالا حصار ډیر لرغونی دی او ښایی بابر به دهغې ترمیم او بیا جوړونه کړي وي.خو تر ده دمخه یې هم شتون درلود. . پخپله بابر هم په خپل مشهور تاریخی اثر ( توزک بابري ) کې ددغې کلا یادونه کړې ده اوداسې ویل کیږي چې بابر پکې نوې ودانۍ جوړې کړې وې . وروسته دبالاحصار کلا دافغاني پښتنو قبایلو په لاس ځکه ورانه شوه چې دوی دا فکر کاوه چې دا دبهرنیو یر غلګرو لپاره پوځي اهمیت لري او هر یر غلګر چې راشي او دا کلا ونیسي ددغې کلا په وجه پښتانه ټکول کیږي . |
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{{Infobox building |
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دمغولي بابر تر مړینې وروسته کله چې په ۱۵۳۱ زیږدیز /میلادي کا ل کې دده زوی نصیرالدین محمد همایون دهند وستان دویم مغولي واکمن شو نو دغه ورانه کلا یې له سره ودانه کړه او سکندر خان ازبک یې دنوموړي کلا دکلادار په توګه وټاکه ، خو کله چې دغه کلا ودانیدله نو دلازاکو پښتنو پر دغې کلا برید وکړ ، خو سکندر خان ازبک ددغه کلا کلادار ددلازاکو پښتنو دغه برید پر شا وتمباوه. |
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| name = Bala Hissar Fort |
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تر همایون وروسته کله چې دهغه زوی جلا ل الدین محمد اکبر دهندوستان واکمن شو نو دهغه دواکمنۍ په وخت کې دپیښور په بالا حصار کې اور ولګید او دکلا دننه سوداګریز توکي او ډیپو ګانو اور واخیست . |
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| native_name = {{lang|prs|'''قلعہ بالاحصار'''}} |
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دبالا حصار کلا تر ۱۰۷۹ هجري کلونو پورې دهند دمغولي واکمنانو په لاس کې وه او دهغوی یوپوځي صاحب منصب به هلته دکلادار په توګه دنده درلودلهاو نور ډیر شمیر سرتیري به ورسره وو. . |
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| image = Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg |
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کله چې دهندو ستان دمغولي واکمن اورنګزیب په وخت کې پښتنو دمغولي زورزیاتي او استبداد پر خلاف مبارزه کوله نود پښتنو ملي مبارز ایمل خان مومند هم دمغولو پر خلاف د پیښور پر با لا حصار برید وکړ او دغه بالا حصار یې له مغولو نه ونیوه ، چې وروسته مغولو دغه بالا حصار دایمل خان مومند له ځواکونو نه بیرته ترلاسه کړ. د ۱۷۳۸ او ۱۷۳۹ زیږدیز/میلادي کلونو ترمینځ ایرانی نادرشاه افشار ته هغه وخت دپېښور بالا حصار لا س ته ورغی کله یې چې پرهندوستان برید کاوه.دنادرشاه افشار تر مړینې وروسته دپېښور کلا ددرانیانو دواکمنۍ لاس ته ورغله او کله چې احمدشاه بابا واکمن شو نو دنورو کارونو تر څنګ یې دغه کلا ورغوله اونوې نوې ودانۍ یې پکې جوړې کړې . تر دې وروسته پېښور ددراني واکمنانو ژمنۍ پلازمینه ( پایتخت ) و. |
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| image_alt = |
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باید داخبره زیاته کړو چې با لا حصار دپارسی او عربي ژبي دوییو ( کلم)«نه جوړه ده چې بالا (لوړ)ته وایی او حصار هم کلا ( قلعه ) ته وایی یعنې لوړه کلا. |
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| image_size = |
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کله چې سکهانو په۱۸۳۳ زیږدیز /میلادی کې پر پېښور برید وکړاو هغه یې ونیو ه نو پر دغه بالا حصار یې دسمیر ګړ نوم کیښوده ، خو دغه نو م چندانې په خلکو کې مشهور نه شو. |
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| caption = |
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په پيښور باندې دسکهانو دراج په وخت کې سردار هري سینګ نلوه او سردار کهړک سینګ ددغې کلا په ودانولو کې ډیرې هڅې وکړې . درنجیت سینګ دواکمنۍ په وخت کې هم هغه ددغه کلا په ودانۍ کې ډیر کوښښونه وکړل او شیر سینګ ته یې دنده ورکړه چې ددغې کلا په رغولو کې خپله بشپړه پاملرنه وکړي ، داځګه چې دوی ته یې پوځی اهمیت درلود. |
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| former_names = Samīr Gaṛh |
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دانګریزانو دواکمنۍ په وخت کې تر ۱۹۴۷ زیږدیز/ میلادي کاله پورې دغه کلا ددوي په واک کې وه او یو انګریزي پوځی ته ددغې کلا چارې ورسپارل شوې وې . دپاکستان تر جوړیدو وروسته دغه کلا دپاکستاني پو ځونو په لاس کې ده او دفرینټیر کانسټبلري یا Frontier Corps په واک کې ده . |
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| alternate_names = |
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باید زیاته کړو چې بالا حصار ته د۲۰۱۵ زیږدیز /میلادی کال زلزلې کې دبالا حصار یو دیوال زیانمن شو . |
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| map_type = Pakistan |
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دبالا حصار کلا دپیښور دښار په شمالي برخه کې پرته ده او له ځمکې نه ددغې کلا لوړوالی ۹۲ فټه دی او ددغې کلا مساحت لس ایکړه یا څلورزره متر مربع دی.چې کلاته دننه پوخ سړک ورغلی دی . |
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| map_alt = |
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| relief = yes |
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| map_caption = Location within Pakistan |
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| building_type = Cultural |
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| architectural_style = |
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| structural_system = |
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| cost = |
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| location = [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]] |
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| client = |
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| owner = *[[Durrani Empire]] (1747-1758 & 1761-1823) |
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*[[Maratha Empire]] (1758-1761) |
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*[[Sikh Empire]] (1823–1846) |
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*[[British India]] (1846–1947) |
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*[[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (1947-present) |
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| current_tenants = |
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| landlord = |
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| location_country = Pakistan |
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| altitude = |
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| start_date = |
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| completion_date = 1849 |
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| inauguration_date = |
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| demolition_date = 1823 |
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| height = |
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| diameter = |
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| other_dimensions = |
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| floor_count = |
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| floor_area = |
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| architect = |
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| structural_engineer = |
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| services_engineer = |
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| civil_engineer = |
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| other_designers = |
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| quantity_surveyor = |
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| main_contractor = |
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| awards = |
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| parking = |
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| website = |
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| references = |
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}} |
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[[File:Balahisar-peshawar.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Pakistan's [[Frontier Corps]] is headquartered at the fort.]] |
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'''Bala Hissar''' ([[Pashto]]/[[Urdu]]/[[Hindko language|Hindko]]: {{lang|ps|قلعه بالاحصار}}), also spelt '''Bala Hisar''', is an historic fortress located in [[Peshawar]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]. First mentioned by 7th-century explorer [[Xuanzang]], the fort was used as a royal residence for the [[Durrani Empire]] since 1747, when the Afghan king, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], conquered Peshawar. The [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] briefly occupied it after capturing Peshawar in 1758 but it was soon retaken by the Afghans. The [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] destroyed and reconstructed the fort after [[Battle of Nowshera|capturing Peshawar in March 1823]]. In 1849, the British [[East India Company]] reconstructed the fort's outer walls. |
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The fort now serves as headquarters for Pakistan's [[Frontier Corps]].<ref>PESHAWAR: Why keep Balahisar Fort hidden? By Sadia Qasim Shah 15 January 2008 Tuesday . DAWN. Retrieved 01/15/08</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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The word ''Bālā Hissār'' ({{lang|prs|بالا حصار}}) is from [[Dari|Dari Persian]], meaning "elevated or high fort." According to historian Hussain Khan, this name was given by the Afghan Emperor [[Timur Shah Durrani]].<ref name="khyb"/> |
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In 1834, the Sikhs named the fort ''Samīr Gaṛh'' or ''Sameer Garh''. ''Samīr'' was another name for [[Mount Kailash]], a high peak in [[Tibet]] considered sacred in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Sikhism]]; ''Gaṛh'' means "fortress" in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 167, {{ISBN|81-7304-785-5}}.</ref> However, this name did not become popular and was soon replaced again by "Bala Hissar". |
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During the times of the [[Mughal Empire]] and [[Sur Empire]], it was known as "Bagram Fort" after ''Bagram'', another name for Peshawar.<ref name="khyb">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170524131209/http://www.khyber.org/places/2005/Fort_Bala_Hisar_-_Peshawar.shtml Fort Bala Hisar - Peshawar.]}} 3 July 2005. Khyber.ORG.</ref> |
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== Design == |
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The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern corner of Peshawar City. Not long ago, the fort used to be conspicuously distant from the old city of Peshawar, but now the construction of new buildings has filled the space between the old city and the fort. However, the fort's position on a high mound gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the entire Peshawar valley. |
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== History == |
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According to historian [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]], a Chinese [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] and traveller [[Xuanzang]], when visiting Peshawar in 630 AD, found a "royal residence" and called it with Chinese word ''Kung Shing'', which is used for its significance and is explained as fortified or walled portion of the town in which the royal palace stood.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bivar|first=A. D. H.|date=June 1972|title=Ahmad Hasan Dani: Peshawar, historic city of the Frontier. [vi], v, 253 pp., 29 plates, 3 maps. Peshawar: Khyber Mail Press, 1969. Rs. 15.|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=35|issue=2|pages=437–438|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00110286|issn=0041-977X}}</ref> Hiuen Tsang then makes a separate mention of the city, which was not fortified. This shows that the royal residence formed the nucleus of a Citadel, which must have been further protected by a moat. Dani further says that a channel of old Bara River surrounded by a high spot, which includes the Bala Hissar and Inder Shahr. The higher area could have been the citadel, which is the present Bala Hissar. The fort still existed during the time of the Mughal Emperor [[Babur]], who referred to it as Bagram Fort.<ref name="khyb"/> |
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The fort was used as a royal residence for the [[Durrani Empire]] since December 1747, when [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] conquered Peshawar. The Afghan King [[Timur Shah Durrani]] (1773–1793) used the fort as the winter capital of his empire. Up to the early 19th century, Peshawar was the winter capital of the Afghan Empire and the Bala Hissar was the royal residence of Afghan kings. |
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The Battle of Peshawar took place on 8 May 1758 between the [[Hindu]] [[Maratha Empire]] and the Durrani Empire. The Marathas were victorious in the battle and Peshawar was captured. The battle was seen as a huge success for the Marathas who hoisted the [[Bhagwa]] Jhanda (Saffron flag) on top of the Peshawar fort, their rule had now stretched from Pune to Delhi and now to the border of the Durrani Empire in Peshawar. Before that, the fort of Peshawar was being guarded by Durrani troops under Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan. After being defeated by the army of Marathas, Durranis with Jahan Khan and Timur Shah Durrani left the fort meanwhile Marathas captured and took control of the fort.<ref name="War">[https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&dq=maratha+plunder+rohilkhand&pg=PA103 War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849]</ref> The victory in this battle is considered a great success for Marathas as now their rule had extended to the border of Afghanistan, located 2000 km far from their capital Pune.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last1=Scharfe |first1=Hartmut |last2=Bronkhorst |first2=Johannes |last3=Spuler |first3=Bertold |last4=Altenmüller |first4=Hartwig |title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12556-8 |page=141}}</ref><ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-8178241098}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Mountstuart |last=Elphinstone |title=History of India | url=https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street |year=1841 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindia02elphgoog/page/n318 276]}}</ref><ref name="Sharma1999">{{cite book | author=S.R. Sharma | title=Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=4j_VLlGqVSoC |page=763 }} | access-date=30 November 2011 | year = 1999 | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-819-2|page=763}}</ref> |
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The [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] fought and defeated the Afghans at the [[Battle of Nowshera]] near Peshawar in March 1823. [[File:Peshawur Vigne.tif|thumb|Bala Hissar Fort in Peshawur from a drawing by G.T. Vigne, ESQ. in 1834.]]The Sikhs followed this by the destruction of the Afghan royal court and the fort of Bala Hissar in Peshawar.<ref>[[William Moorcroft (explorer)|Moorcroft, W.]] and [[George Trebeck|G. Trebeck]]. (1841). ''Travels in India''. ed. [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], rpt, Delhi: Low Price Publication, 2000, v 2, p 337.</ref> Soon after, the Sikh commander-in-chief [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] commenced the reconstruction of the fort.<ref>Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 228, {{ISBN|81-7304-785-5}}.</ref> |
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After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1845-46, the British [[East India Company]] reconstructed the outer walls of Bala Hissar in 1849. |
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The fort is now used by the [[Frontier Corps]], a paramilitary unit of the [[Pakistan Army]]. |
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== As a Tourism Point == |
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The provincial government has expressed desire the control of the fort from the Frontier Corps in order to open it to tourists.<ref name="PAN">{{Cite web |url=http://www.voiceofjournalists.com/kpk-assembly-passes-resolution-open-bala-hisar-fort-general-public/ |title=KPK Assembly passes resolution to open Bala Hisar Fort for Public. Voice of Journalists |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204753/http://www.voiceofjournalists.com/kpk-assembly-passes-resolution-open-bala-hisar-fort-general-public/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The fort has been opened for tourists (Saturday for families only and Sundays will be opened for everyone, with or without family) without any cost, but tourists are requested to bring their CNIC along with them, while international tourists are requested to bring their [[passport]]s. There is also a museum of the Frontier Corps in the fort showcasing the different uniforms of Frontier Corps throughout time since the start of Frontier Corps and weaponry used by different local units of Frontier Corps KP including but due to prevailing situation of COVID-19 Fort is currently closed for all types of visits. |
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==See also== |
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*[[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan]] |
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*[[List of forts in Pakistan]] |
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*[[List of museums in Pakistan]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{coord|34|00|49.0|N|71|34|11.3|E|display=title}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Bala Hisar Fort}} |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060405170741/http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/govt/reports/frontier_corps.htm Frontier Corp] |
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* [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/peshawar/attractions/bala-hisar-fort/a/poi-sig/472878/357271] |
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{{Cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|state=autocollapse}}{{Castles in Pakistan}} |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] |
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[[Category:Forts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] |
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Peshawar]] |
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[[Category:Sikh places]] |
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[[Category:Durrani Empire]] |
Latest revision as of 14:10, 5 November 2024
Bala Hissar Fort | |
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قلعہ بالاحصار | |
Former names | Samīr Gaṛh |
General information | |
Type | Cultural |
Location | Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
Country | Pakistan |
Completed | 1849 |
Demolished | 1823 |
Owner |
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Bala Hissar (Pashto/Urdu/Hindko: قلعه بالاحصار), also spelt Bala Hisar, is an historic fortress located in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. First mentioned by 7th-century explorer Xuanzang, the fort was used as a royal residence for the Durrani Empire since 1747, when the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Durrani, conquered Peshawar. The Marathas briefly occupied it after capturing Peshawar in 1758 but it was soon retaken by the Afghans. The Sikhs destroyed and reconstructed the fort after capturing Peshawar in March 1823. In 1849, the British East India Company reconstructed the fort's outer walls.
The fort now serves as headquarters for Pakistan's Frontier Corps.[1]
Etymology
[edit]The word Bālā Hissār (بالا حصار) is from Dari Persian, meaning "elevated or high fort." According to historian Hussain Khan, this name was given by the Afghan Emperor Timur Shah Durrani.[2]
In 1834, the Sikhs named the fort Samīr Gaṛh or Sameer Garh. Samīr was another name for Mount Kailash, a high peak in Tibet considered sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism; Gaṛh means "fortress" in Hindustani.[3] However, this name did not become popular and was soon replaced again by "Bala Hissar".
During the times of the Mughal Empire and Sur Empire, it was known as "Bagram Fort" after Bagram, another name for Peshawar.[2]
Design
[edit]The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern corner of Peshawar City. Not long ago, the fort used to be conspicuously distant from the old city of Peshawar, but now the construction of new buildings has filled the space between the old city and the fort. However, the fort's position on a high mound gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the entire Peshawar valley.
History
[edit]According to historian Ahmad Hasan Dani, a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveller Xuanzang, when visiting Peshawar in 630 AD, found a "royal residence" and called it with Chinese word Kung Shing, which is used for its significance and is explained as fortified or walled portion of the town in which the royal palace stood.[4] Hiuen Tsang then makes a separate mention of the city, which was not fortified. This shows that the royal residence formed the nucleus of a Citadel, which must have been further protected by a moat. Dani further says that a channel of old Bara River surrounded by a high spot, which includes the Bala Hissar and Inder Shahr. The higher area could have been the citadel, which is the present Bala Hissar. The fort still existed during the time of the Mughal Emperor Babur, who referred to it as Bagram Fort.[2]
The fort was used as a royal residence for the Durrani Empire since December 1747, when Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Peshawar. The Afghan King Timur Shah Durrani (1773–1793) used the fort as the winter capital of his empire. Up to the early 19th century, Peshawar was the winter capital of the Afghan Empire and the Bala Hissar was the royal residence of Afghan kings.
The Battle of Peshawar took place on 8 May 1758 between the Hindu Maratha Empire and the Durrani Empire. The Marathas were victorious in the battle and Peshawar was captured. The battle was seen as a huge success for the Marathas who hoisted the Bhagwa Jhanda (Saffron flag) on top of the Peshawar fort, their rule had now stretched from Pune to Delhi and now to the border of the Durrani Empire in Peshawar. Before that, the fort of Peshawar was being guarded by Durrani troops under Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan. After being defeated by the army of Marathas, Durranis with Jahan Khan and Timur Shah Durrani left the fort meanwhile Marathas captured and took control of the fort.[5] The victory in this battle is considered a great success for Marathas as now their rule had extended to the border of Afghanistan, located 2000 km far from their capital Pune.[6][7][8][9]
The Sikhs fought and defeated the Afghans at the Battle of Nowshera near Peshawar in March 1823.
The Sikhs followed this by the destruction of the Afghan royal court and the fort of Bala Hissar in Peshawar.[10] Soon after, the Sikh commander-in-chief Hari Singh Nalwa commenced the reconstruction of the fort.[11]
After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1845-46, the British East India Company reconstructed the outer walls of Bala Hissar in 1849.
The fort is now used by the Frontier Corps, a paramilitary unit of the Pakistan Army.
As a Tourism Point
[edit]The provincial government has expressed desire the control of the fort from the Frontier Corps in order to open it to tourists.[12] The fort has been opened for tourists (Saturday for families only and Sundays will be opened for everyone, with or without family) without any cost, but tourists are requested to bring their CNIC along with them, while international tourists are requested to bring their passports. There is also a museum of the Frontier Corps in the fort showcasing the different uniforms of Frontier Corps throughout time since the start of Frontier Corps and weaponry used by different local units of Frontier Corps KP including but due to prevailing situation of COVID-19 Fort is currently closed for all types of visits.
See also
[edit]- List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
- List of forts in Pakistan
- List of museums in Pakistan
References
[edit]- ^ PESHAWAR: Why keep Balahisar Fort hidden? By Sadia Qasim Shah 15 January 2008 Tuesday . DAWN. Retrieved 01/15/08
- ^ a b c Fort Bala Hisar - Peshawar.[usurped] 3 July 2005. Khyber.ORG.
- ^ Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 167, ISBN 81-7304-785-5.
- ^ Bivar, A. D. H. (June 1972). "Ahmad Hasan Dani: Peshawar, historic city of the Frontier. [vi], v, 253 pp., 29 plates, 3 maps. Peshawar: Khyber Mail Press, 1969. Rs. 15". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 35 (2): 437–438. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00110286. ISSN 0041-977X.
- ^ War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849
- ^ Scharfe, Hartmut; Bronkhorst, Johannes; Spuler, Bertold; Altenmüller, Hartwig (2002). Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India. p. 141. ISBN 978-90-04-12556-8.
- ^ Roy, Kaushik. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-8178241098.
- ^ Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1841). History of India. John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 276.
- ^ S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal empire in India: a systematic study including source material. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 763. ISBN 978-81-7156-819-2. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ Moorcroft, W. and G. Trebeck. (1841). Travels in India. ed. Horace Hayman Wilson, rpt, Delhi: Low Price Publication, 2000, v 2, p 337.
- ^ Nalwa, V. (2009), Hari Singh Nalwa - Champion of the Khalsaji, New Delhi: Manohar, p. 228, ISBN 81-7304-785-5.
- ^ "KPK Assembly passes resolution to open Bala Hisar Fort for Public. Voice of Journalists". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
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