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{{Short description|Species of plant in the family Fabaceae}}
{{italictitle}}{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|name = Moluccan albizia
|image = Starr 070215-4478 Falcataria moluccana.jpg
|image=Starr 070215-4478 Falcataria moluccana.jpg
|image_caption = Specimen at [[Waihee-Waiehu, Hawaii|Waiehu]], [[Maui]]
|image_caption=Specimen at [[Waihee-Waiehu, Hawaii|Waiehu]], [[Maui]]
⚫
|genus=Falcataria
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|species=falcata
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Werner Greuter|Greuter]] & [[Rosa Rankin|R.Rankin]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref name="60471823-2" >{{cite POWO |id=60471823-2 |title=''Falcataria falcata'' (L.) Greuter & R.Rankin |access-date=25 March 2022 }}</ref>
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|synonyms=
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
⚫
*''Adenanthera falcata'' {{small|L.}}
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
⚫
*''Adenanthera falcataria'' {{small|L.}}
| subfamilia = [[Caesalpinioideae]]<ref name="6subfamilies" />
⚫
*''Albizia eymae'' {{small|Fosberg}}
| unranked_tribus = [[Mimosoideae|Mimosoid clade]]<ref name="6subfamilies"/>
⚫
*''Albizia falcata'' {{small|(L.) Backer}}
⚫
|genus = ''[[Falcataria]]''
⚫
*''Albizia falcataria'' {{small|(L.) Fosberg}}
|species = '''''F. moluccana '''''
⚫
*''Albizia fulva'' {{small|C.T.White & W.D.Francis ex Lane-Poole}}
|binomial = ''Falcataria moluccana ''
*''Albizia moluccana'' {{small|Miq.}}
|binomial_authority = (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes
*''Falcataria moluccana'' {{small|(Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes}}
⚫
|synonyms = *''Adenanthera falcata'' <small>L. </small>
*''Adenanthera falcataria'' <small>L. </small>
*''Paraserianthes falcataria'' {{small|(L.) I.C.Nielsen}}
⚫
*''Paraserianthes falcataria subsp. fulva'' {{small|(C.T.White & W.D.Francis ex Lane-Poole) I.C.Nielsen}}
*''Adenanthera falcatoria'' <small>L. [Spelling variant] </small>
⚫
*''Paraserianthes falcataria subsp. solomonensis'' {{small|I.C.Nielsen}}
⚫
*''Albizia eymae'' <small>Fosberg </small>
*''Pithecellobium falcatum'' {{small|(L.) Kosterm.}}
*''Albizia falcata'' <small>sensu auct. Misapplied </small>
*''Albizia falcata'' <small>(L.) Backer [Spelling variant] </small>
*''Paraserianthes falcatoria'' {{small|(L.) I.C.Nielsen (Spelling variant)}}<ref name="Plantlist" />
⚫
*''Albizia falcata'' <small>(L.) Backer ex Merr. </small>
⚫
*''Albizia falcataria'' <small>(L.) Fosberg </small>
*''Albizia falcatoria'' <small>(L.) Fosberg [Spelling variant] </small>
*''Albizia fulva'' <small>Lane-Poole </small>
⚫
*''Albizia fulva'' <small>C.T. White & Francis </small>
⚫
*''Albizia moluccana'' <small>Miq. </small>
*''Paraserianthes falcataria'' <small>(L.) I.C.Nielsen </small>
⚫
*''Paraserianthes falcataria'' subsp. ''falcataria'' <small>(L.) I.C.Nielsen </small>
⚫
*''Paraserianthes falcataria'' subsp. ''fulva'' <small>(Lane-Poole) I.C.Nielsen </small>
*''Paraserianthes falcatoria'' <small>(L.) I.C.Nielsen'' [Spelling variant] </small><ref name="Plantlist" />
}}
}}


'''''Falcataria moluccana''''', commonly known as the '''Moluccan albizia''', is a species of fast-growing tree in the [[legume]] family, [[Fabaceae]].<ref name ="CTAHR" /> It is native to [[Maluku Islands]], [[New Guinea]] Island, the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] (in [[Papua New Guinea]]), and the [[Solomon Islands]]. It is cultivated for timber throughout [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n countries. This tree is considered to be invasive in [[Hawaii]], [[American Samoa]] and several other island nations in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s.<ref name="WildlifeHI"/><ref name="ISSG"/> It is about 30m tall tree in nature with a massive trunk and an open crown.<ref name ="WildlifeHI"/>
'''''Falcataria falcata''''' (syns. ''Albizia falcata'', ''Falcataria moluccana'' and ''Paraserianthes falcataria''), commonly known as the '''Moluccan albizia''', is a species of fast-growing tree in the family [[Fabaceae]].<ref name="CTAHR" /> It is native to the [[Maluku Islands]], [[New Guinea]], the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], and the [[Solomon Islands]]. It is cultivated for timber throughout [[South Asia]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n countries. This tree is considered to be invasive in [[Hawaii]], [[American Samoa]] and several other island nations in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s.<ref name="WildlifeHI"/><ref name="ISSG"/> It reaches about {{cvt|30|m|ft|-1}} tall in nature, and has a massive trunk and an open crown.<ref name="WildlifeHI"/>


==Common names==
==Common names==
''Falcataria moluccana'' is cultivated throughout the wet tropical and subtropical regions of the world and so has many common names. These include: albizia ([[Hawaii]]), Moluccan albizia, sengon ([[Java]]), salawaku ([[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]), batai ([[Malaysia]]), sau, Moluccan sau, and falcata ([[Philippines]]).
''Falcataria falcata'' is cultivated throughout the wet tropical and subtropical regions of the world and so has many common names. These include: albizia ([[Hawaii]]), Moluccan albizia, sengon ([[Java]]), salawaku ([[Maluku Islands|Maluku]]), jeungjing ([[Indonesia]]), ai-samtuco ([[Tetum language|Tetun]], [[Timor-Leste]]), batai ([[Malaysia]]), kerosin tree ([[Pohnpei]]), sau, Moluccan sau, falcata ([[Philippines]]), and Tamaligi ([[Samoa]]).


==Description==
==Description==
*Leaves - twice pinnately compound with small leaflets
*Leaves – twice pinnately compound with small leaflets
*Flowers - creamy white small flowers are faintly fragrant
*Flowers – creamy white small flowers are faintly fragrant
*Fruits - pods that fall from the trees when mature.
*Fruits – pods that fall from the trees when mature.
*Bark - smooth, light or white colored bark.
*Bark – smooth, light or white colored bark.
*Wood - light tan with long fibers.
*Wood – light tan with long fibers.
*Wood density = 280 kg / cubic meter (based on weight and volume at 18% moisture content)<ref name = "Romano" />
*Wood density=280&nbsp;kg / cubic meter (based on weight and volume at 18% moisture content)<ref name="Romano" />
*Chromosome number 2n = 26.<ref name="IPCN" />
*Chromosome number 2n=26.<ref name="IPCN" />


The tree has become invasive in forests in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands.<ref name = "Hughes" />
The tree has become invasive in forests in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands, like [[New Caledonia]].<ref name="Hughes" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-08/010052239.pdf |title=Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie |last=Hequet |first=Vanessa |year=2009 |page=17 |language=fr}}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
*Commercial uses - ''Falcataria moluccana'' soft wood is used for make match-sticks, chopsticks, shipping pallets, and wooden boxes. Pulp is used for paper-making.<ref name ="NUS"/> Plywood production and veneer based products have increasingly been an important use for these trees.<ref name = "Romano"/>
*Commercial uses – ''Falcataria falcata'' softwood is used to make match-sticks, chopsticks, shipping pallets, and wooden boxes. The pulp is used for paper-making.<ref name="NUS"/> Plywood production and veneer based products have increasingly been an important use for these trees.<ref name="Romano"/>
*Traditional Uses - Whole tree trunks are carved for sea going canoes. Also used extensively for firewood in [[East Timor]] (Timor Leste) and elsewhere.
*Traditional uses – Whole tree trunks are carved for seagoing canoes. Also used extensively for firewood in [[Timor-Leste]] and elsewhere.
*Agroforestry - Grown as coffee shade tree. Inter-cropped with Eucalyptus to add nitrogen. Used for agroforestry with pineapple and other crops in [[Indonesia]].
*Agroforestry – Grown as a coffee shade tree. Inter-cropped with Eucalyptus to add nitrogen. Used for agroforestry with pineapple and other crops in [[Indonesia]] and [[Timor-Leste]].


==Insects found on ''Falcataria moluccana''==
==Insects found on ''Falcataria falcata''==
In [[Hawaii]] the caterpillars of the endemic Hawaiian koa looper (''[[Scotorythra paludicola]]'') has been found to defoliate ''Falcataria moluccana'' and complete their development on this invasive tree without the larvae eating the leaves of their native host ''[[Acacia koa]]''.<ref name="Haines"/>
In [[Hawaii]] the caterpillars of the endemic Hawaiian koa looper (''[[Scotorythra paludicola]]'') has been found to defoliate ''Falcataria falcata'' and complete their development on this invasive tree without the larvae eating the leaves of their native host ''[[Acacia koa]]''.<ref name="Haines"/>


In [[Borneo]] the following moth species have been identified as feeding on ''Falcataria moluccana''.<ref name="Borneo" />
In [[Borneo]] the following moth species have been identified as feeding on ''Falcataria falcata''.<ref name="Borneo" />
*''[[Lymantria brunneiplaga]]'' - Family [[Lymantriidae]]
*''[[Lymantria brunneiplaga]]'' – Family [[Lymantriidae]]
*''[[Hypochrosis cryptopyrrhata]]'' - Family [[Geometridae]]
*''[[Hypochrosis cryptopyrrhata]]'' – Family [[Geometridae]]
*''[[Erygia spissa]]'' - Family [[Erebidae]]
*''[[Erygia spissa]]'' – Family [[Erebidae]]
*''[[Hypopyra pudens]]'' - Family [[Erebidae]]
*''[[Hypopyra pudens]]'' – Family [[Erebidae]]


In the broader Indomalayan region the following species have also been found feeding on ''F. moluccana'':
In the broader Indomalayan region the following species have also been found feeding on ''F. falcata'':
*''[[Charaxes bernardus]]'' - Lepidoptera: Family [[Nymphalidae]]<ref name="Hosts" />
*''[[Charaxes bernardus]]'' – Lepidoptera: Family [[Nymphalidae]]<ref name="Hosts" />
*''[[Eurema blanda]]'' and ''[[Eurema hecabe]]'' - Lepidoptera: Family [[Pieridae]]. [[Caterpillar]]s of these two species are pests of young trees and seedlings (respectively).<ref name="Hosts" />
*''[[Eurema blanda]]'' and ''[[Eurema hecabe]]'' – Lepidoptera: Family [[Pieridae]]. [[Caterpillar]]s of these two species are pests of young trees and seedlings (respectively).<ref name="Hosts" />
*''[[Xystrocera festiva]]'' - Coleoptera: Family [[Cerambycidae]]. Large groups of larvae feed under the bark can cause tree death in plantation forestry.
*''[[Xystrocera festiva]]'' – Coleoptera: Family [[Cerambycidae]]. Large groups of larvae feed under the bark can cause tree death in plantation forestry.


The industrial tree plantation wood ''Falcataria moluccana'' was found to be susceptible to the species of drywood termites, ''[[Cryptotermes cynocephalus]]'', in trials in the [[Philippines]].<ref name = "Romano" /> This tree species has also been found to be susceptible to the subterranean termite species ''[[Coptotermes formosanus]]'' in tests conducted in [[Indonesia]]. The [[Formosan subterranean termite]]s consumed 49 ± 4.0 µg/termite/day of ''F. moluccana'' wood in the Indonesian Standard (SNI) laboratory tests or 66 ± 6.5 µg/termite/day under the Japanese Standard (JIS) tests for termite susceptibility.<ref name = "Arinana" />
The industrial [[tree plantation]] wood ''Falcataria falcata'' was found to be susceptible to the species of drywood termites, ''[[Cryptotermes cynocephalus]]'', in trials in the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Romano" /> This tree species has also been found to be susceptible to the subterranean termite species ''[[Coptotermes formosanus]]'' in tests conducted in [[Indonesia]]<ref name="Arinana" /> and [[Hawaii]].<ref name="Grace" /> The [[Formosan subterranean termite]]s consumed 49 ± 4.0&nbsp;μg/termite/day of ''F. falcata'' wood in the Indonesian Standard (SNI) laboratory tests or 66 ± 6.5&nbsp;μg/termite/day under the Japanese Standard (JIS) tests for termite susceptibility.<ref name="Arinana" />


==Diseases of ''Falcataria moluccana''==
==Diseases==
''Falcataria moluccana'' is the primary host of the gall rust fungus ''[[Uromycladium falcatarium]]''<ref name="Doungsa-ard" />, and has also been recorded as a host of ''[[Uromycladium tepperianum]]''.<ref name="Widyastuti" /> Both of these gall rust species cause severe damage throughout all stages of the tree's growth.
''Falcataria falcata'' is the primary host of the gall rust fungus ''[[Uromycladium falcatarium]]'',<ref name="Doungsa-ard" /> and has also been recorded as a host of ''[[Uromycladium tepperianum]]''.<ref name="Widyastuti" /> Both of these gall rust species cause severe damage throughout all stages of the tree's growth.


Two [[Actinomycetales]] bacteria ''[[Streptomyces asiaticus]]'' and ''[[Streptomyces cangkringensis|S. cangkringensis]]'' have been isolated from the [[rhizosphere]] soil surrounding ''F. moluccana'' in [[Indonesia]].<ref name="bacterio" /><ref name="uniprot" /><ref name="DSM" /> Although at least 10 species of ''[[Streptomyces]]'' are plant pathogens it is unclear if these two species have any negative impacts on the roots or other tissues of this tree.
Two [[Actinomycetales]] bacteria ''[[Streptomyces asiaticus]]'' and ''[[Streptomyces cangkringensis|S. cangkringensis]]'' have been isolated from the [[rhizosphere]] soil surrounding ''F. falcata'' in [[Indonesia]].<ref name="bacterio" /><ref name="uniprot" /><ref name="DSM" /> Although at least 10 species of ''[[Streptomyces]]'' are plant pathogens it is unclear if these two species have any negative impacts on the roots or other tissues of this tree.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Starr 080304-3248 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|<center>Sapling in forest</center>
Starr 080304-3248 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|{{center|Sapling in forest}}
Parase falcata 060922 0403 rwg.jpg|<center>Seedling in Indonesia</center>
Parase falcata 060922 0403 rwg.jpg|{{center|Seedling in Indonesia}}
Starr 010425-0075 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|<center>Bark</center>
Starr 010425-0075 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|{{center|Bark}}
Starr 090617-0855 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|<center>Flowers and leaves</center>
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡 Falcataria moluccana 20220920170458.jpg|{{center|Cracked bark shape}}
Starr 090720-3021 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|<center>Immature seedpods</center>
Starr 090617-0855 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|{{center|Flowers and leaves}}
Starr 160919-0673 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|<center>Mature seedpods</center>
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 03.jpg|{{center|Small flowers falling on the root}}
Starr 061212-2317 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|<center>Trees in forest</center>
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 13.jpg|{{center| Flowers in full bloom}}
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 21.jpg|{{center| Flowers in full bloom}}
Starr 090720-3021 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|{{center|Immature seedpods}}
Starr 160919-0673 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|{{center|Mature seedpods}}
Starr 061212-2317 Falcataria moluccana.jpg|{{center|Trees in forest}}
File:南洋楹-摩鹿加合歡Falcataria moluccana 20201002180557 01.jpg|{{center|Tree crown}}
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
<references>
<references>
<ref name="6subfamilies">{{cite journal | author = '''The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG).''' | year = 2017 | title = A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny | journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–77 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/iapt/tax/2017/00000066/00000001/art00004 | doi = 10.12705/661.3}}</ref>
<!-- <ref name="6subfamilies">{{cite journal |author=The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). |year=2017 |title=A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=44–77 |doi=10.12705/661.3|doi-access=free}}</ref> -->
<ref name="Plantlist">http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-42690</ref>
<ref name="Plantlist">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/ild-42690 |title=''Falcataria moluccana'' (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes — the Plant List}}</ref>
<ref name ="CTAHR">Common Forest Trees: Albizia falcataria http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Albizia_falcataria.pdf</ref>
<ref name="CTAHR">Common Forest Trees: ''Albizia falcataria'' http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Albizia_falcataria.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211645/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Albizia_falcataria.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}</ref>
<ref name="WildlifeHI">http://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/1415/falcataria-moluccana-moluccan-albizia/</ref>
<ref name="WildlifeHI">{{Cite web |url=http://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/1415/falcataria-moluccana-moluccan-albizia/ |title=''Falcataria moluccana'' - Moluccan Albizia, Molucca Albizia, Peacocksplume, Batai, Bataiwood, Moluccan Sau - Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers|date=16 July 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="ISSG">http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1249</ref>
<ref name="ISSG">{{Cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1249 |title=GISD |access-date=2015-06-10 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010354/http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1249 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name = "Romano">Romano, A.D., & Acda, M.N. 2017. Feeding preference of the drywood termite ''Cryptotermes cynocephalus'' (Kalotermitidae) against industrial tree plantation species in the Philippines. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20: 1161-1164. htpp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2017.08.026</ref>
<ref name="Romano">Romano, A.D., & Acda, M.N. 2017. Feeding preference of the drywood termite ''Cryptotermes cynocephalus'' (Kalotermitidae) against industrial tree plantation species in the Philippines. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20: 1161–1164. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2017.08.026</ref>
<ref name="IPCN">{{Tropicos|ID=13054888|WissName=Albizia falcata|ProjektID=9}}</ref>
<ref name="IPCN">{{PFAF |ID=13054888 |''Albizia falcata'' |ProjektID=}}</ref>
<ref name = "Hughes">Hughes, R.F., Johnson, M.T. & Uowolo, A., 2011. The invasive alien tree ''Falcataria moluccana'':
<ref name="Hughes">Hughes, R.F., Johnson, M.T. & Uowolo, A., 2011. The invasive alien tree ''Falcataria moluccana'':
its impacts and management. XIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Sept. 11-16, 2011 - Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA. http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/Hughes.pdf</ref>
its impacts and management. XIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Sept. 11–16, 2011 – Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA. http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/Hughes.pdf</ref>
<ref name ="NUS">http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/dna/organisms/hdetails/530/9</ref>
<ref name="NUS">{{Cite web |url=http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/dna/organisms/hdetails/530/9 |title=''Falcataria moluccana'' }}</ref>
<ref name="Haines">{{cite journal|authors=W.P. Haines, K.E. Barton, and P. Conant | year=2013| title=Defoliation of the invasive tree ''Falcataria moluccana'' on Hawaii Island by the native koa looper moth (Geometridae: ''Scotorythra paludicola''), and evaluation of five Fabaceous trees as larval hostplants| journal=[[Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society]] | volume=45 | pages=129–139 | url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/31010/PHES45_129-139.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref>
<ref name="Haines">{{cite journal |author1=W.P. Haines |author2=K.E. Barton |author3=P. Conant |year=2013 |title=Defoliation of the invasive tree ''Falcataria moluccana'' on Hawaii Island by the native koa looper moth (Geometridae: ''Scotorythra paludicola''), and evaluation of five Fabaceous trees as larval hostplants |journal=[[Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society]] |volume=45 |pages=129–139 |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/31010/PHES45_129-139.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref>
<ref name="Borneo">{{cite web|url= http://www.mothsofborneo.com/|title=Moths of Borneo|first=Jeremy Daniel|last=Holloway}}</ref>
<ref name="Borneo">{{cite web |url=http://www.mothsofborneo.com/ |title=Moths of Borneo |first=Jeremy Daniel |last=Holloway}}</ref>
<ref name="Hosts">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/ |title=nhm.ac.uk Caterpillar Host-Plant Database}}</ref>
<ref name="Hosts">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/ |title=nhm.ac.uk Caterpillar Host-Plant Database|date=2023 |doi=10.5519/havt50xw |last1=Robinson |first1=Gaden S. |last2=Ackery |first2=Phillip R. |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Beccaloni |first4=George W. |last5=Hernández |first5=Luis M. |publisher=Natural History Museum }}</ref>
<ref name="Doungsa-ard">{{cite journal|authors=C. Doungsa-ard, A.R. McTaggart, A.D.W. Geering, T.U. Dalisay, J. Ray, R.G. Shivas| year=2015 | title=''Uromycladium falcatarium'' sp. nov., the cause of gall rust on ''Paraserianthes falcataria'' in south-east Asia| journal= Australasian Plant Pathology| volume=44 | pages=25–30|url= https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z}} DOI 10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z</ref>
<ref name="Doungsa-ard">{{cite journal |author=C. Doungsa-ard |author2=A.R. McTaggart |author3=A.D.W. Geering |author4=T.U. Dalisay |author5=J. Ray |author6=R.G. Shivas |year=2015 |title=''Uromycladium falcatarium'' sp. nov., the cause of gall rust on ''Paraserianthes falcataria'' in south-east Asia |journal=Australasian Plant Pathology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=25–30 |doi=10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z |bibcode=2015AuPP...44...25D |s2cid=6055244}} DOI 10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z</ref>
<ref name="Widyastuti">{{cite journal|authors=S.M. Widyastuti, Harjono, and Z.A. Surya| year=2013| title=Initial infection of ''Falcataria moluccana'' leaves and ''Acacia mangium'' phyllodes by ''Uromycladium tepperianum'' fungi in a laboratory trial| journal=JMHT (Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika - Journal of Tropical Forest Management)| volume=19(3)| pages=187-193|url=http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jmht/article/view/7483}}</ref>
<ref name="Widyastuti">{{cite journal |author1=S.M. Widyastuti |author2=Harjono |author3=Z.A. Surya |year=2013 |title=Initial infection of ''Falcataria moluccana'' leaves and ''Acacia mangium'' phyllodes by ''Uromycladium tepperianum'' fungi in a laboratory trial |journal=JMHT (Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika – Journal of Tropical Forest Management) |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=187–193 |doi=10.7226/jtfm.19.3.187|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="bacterio">[http://www.bacterio.net/streptomycesa.html LPSN bacterio.net]</ref>
<ref name="bacterio">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bacterio.net/streptomycesa.html |title=LPSN bacterio.net |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224528/http://www.bacterio.net/streptomycesa.html }}</ref>
<ref name="uniprot">[http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/114695 UniProt]</ref>
<ref name="uniprot">[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/114695 UniProt]</ref>
<ref name="DSM">[[Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen]] [https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-41761.html]</ref>
<ref name="DSM">[[Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen]] [https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-41761.html]</ref>
<ref name = "Arinana">{{cite journal|authors=Arinana, K. Tsunoda, E.N. Herliyana, and Y.S. Hadi| year=2012| title=Termite-susceptible species of wood for inclusion as a reference in Indonesian Standardized laboratory testing| journal=Insects |volume=3(2) |pages=396-401| url=http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/3/2/396}} DOI 10.3390/insects3020396</ref>
<ref name="Arinana">{{cite journal |author1=Arinana, K. Tsunoda |author2=E.N. Herliyana |author3=Y.S. Hadi |year=2012 |title=Termite-susceptible species of wood for inclusion as a reference in Indonesian Standardized laboratory testing |journal=Insects |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=396–401 |pmid=26466532 |pmc=4553599 |doi=10.3390/insects3020396|doi-access=free }} DOI 10.3390/insects3020396</ref>
<ref name="Grace">{{cite journal |author=J.K. Grace |author2=D.M. Ewart |author3=C.H.M. Tome |year=1996 |title=Termite resistance of wood species grown in Hawaii |journal=Forest Products Journal |volume=46 |issue=10 |pages=57–60}}</ref>
</references>
</references>
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Falcataria|''Falcataria''}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Falcataria falcata}}

{{wikispecies-inline}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q91269946|from2=Q15535258|from3=Q39144424|from4=Q3595925}}


[[Category:Mimosoids]]
[[Category:Mimosoids]]
[[Category:Invasive plant species]]
[[Category:Flora of the Maluku Islands]]
[[Category:Trees of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Flora of Papuasia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Santa Cruz Islands]]
[[Category:Plants described in 2016]]

Latest revision as of 01:48, 20 December 2024

Falcataria falcata
Specimen at Waiehu, Maui
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Falcataria
Species:
F. falcata
Binomial name
Falcataria falcata
Synonyms[2]
  • Adenanthera falcata L.
  • Adenanthera falcataria L.
  • Albizia eymae Fosberg
  • Albizia falcata (L.) Backer
  • Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg
  • Albizia fulva C.T.White & W.D.Francis ex Lane-Poole
  • Albizia moluccana Miq.
  • Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes
  • Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C.Nielsen
  • Paraserianthes falcataria subsp. fulva (C.T.White & W.D.Francis ex Lane-Poole) I.C.Nielsen
  • Paraserianthes falcataria subsp. solomonensis I.C.Nielsen
  • Pithecellobium falcatum (L.) Kosterm.
  • Paraserianthes falcatoria (L.) I.C.Nielsen (Spelling variant)[1]

Falcataria falcata (syns. Albizia falcata, Falcataria moluccana and Paraserianthes falcataria), commonly known as the Moluccan albizia, is a species of fast-growing tree in the family Fabaceae.[3] It is native to the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. It is cultivated for timber throughout South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. This tree is considered to be invasive in Hawaii, American Samoa and several other island nations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.[4][5] It reaches about 30 m (100 ft) tall in nature, and has a massive trunk and an open crown.[4]

Common names

[edit]

Falcataria falcata is cultivated throughout the wet tropical and subtropical regions of the world and so has many common names. These include: albizia (Hawaii), Moluccan albizia, sengon (Java), salawaku (Maluku), jeungjing (Indonesia), ai-samtuco (Tetun, Timor-Leste), batai (Malaysia), kerosin tree (Pohnpei), sau, Moluccan sau, falcata (Philippines), and Tamaligi (Samoa).

Description

[edit]
  • Leaves – twice pinnately compound with small leaflets
  • Flowers – creamy white small flowers are faintly fragrant
  • Fruits – pods that fall from the trees when mature.
  • Bark – smooth, light or white colored bark.
  • Wood – light tan with long fibers.
  • Wood density=280 kg / cubic meter (based on weight and volume at 18% moisture content)[6]
  • Chromosome number 2n=26.[7]

The tree has become invasive in forests in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands, like New Caledonia.[8][9]

Uses

[edit]
  • Commercial uses – Falcataria falcata softwood is used to make match-sticks, chopsticks, shipping pallets, and wooden boxes. The pulp is used for paper-making.[10] Plywood production and veneer based products have increasingly been an important use for these trees.[6]
  • Traditional uses – Whole tree trunks are carved for seagoing canoes. Also used extensively for firewood in Timor-Leste and elsewhere.
  • Agroforestry – Grown as a coffee shade tree. Inter-cropped with Eucalyptus to add nitrogen. Used for agroforestry with pineapple and other crops in Indonesia and Timor-Leste.

Insects found on Falcataria falcata

[edit]

In Hawaii the caterpillars of the endemic Hawaiian koa looper (Scotorythra paludicola) has been found to defoliate Falcataria falcata and complete their development on this invasive tree without the larvae eating the leaves of their native host Acacia koa.[11]

In Borneo the following moth species have been identified as feeding on Falcataria falcata.[12]

In the broader Indomalayan region the following species have also been found feeding on F. falcata:

The industrial tree plantation wood Falcataria falcata was found to be susceptible to the species of drywood termites, Cryptotermes cynocephalus, in trials in the Philippines.[6] This tree species has also been found to be susceptible to the subterranean termite species Coptotermes formosanus in tests conducted in Indonesia[14] and Hawaii.[15] The Formosan subterranean termites consumed 49 ± 4.0 μg/termite/day of F. falcata wood in the Indonesian Standard (SNI) laboratory tests or 66 ± 6.5 μg/termite/day under the Japanese Standard (JIS) tests for termite susceptibility.[14]

Diseases

[edit]

Falcataria falcata is the primary host of the gall rust fungus Uromycladium falcatarium,[16] and has also been recorded as a host of Uromycladium tepperianum.[17] Both of these gall rust species cause severe damage throughout all stages of the tree's growth.

Two Actinomycetales bacteria Streptomyces asiaticus and S. cangkringensis have been isolated from the rhizosphere soil surrounding F. falcata in Indonesia.[18][19][20] Although at least 10 species of Streptomyces are plant pathogens it is unclear if these two species have any negative impacts on the roots or other tissues of this tree.

[edit]
  • Sapling in forest
    Sapling in forest
  • Seedling in Indonesia
    Seedling in Indonesia
  • Bark
    Bark
  • Cracked bark shape
    Cracked bark shape
  • Flowers and leaves
    Flowers and leaves
  • Small flowers falling on the root
    Small flowers falling on the root
  • Flowers in full bloom
    Flowers in full bloom
  • Flowers in full bloom
    Flowers in full bloom
  • Immature seedpods
    Immature seedpods
  • Mature seedpods
    Mature seedpods
  • Trees in forest
    Trees in forest
  • Tree crown
    Tree crown

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes — the Plant List".
  2. ^ "Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R.Rankin". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  3. ^ Common Forest Trees: Albizia falcataria http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Albizia_falcataria.pdf Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b "Falcataria moluccana - Moluccan Albizia, Molucca Albizia, Peacocksplume, Batai, Bataiwood, Moluccan Sau - Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers". 16 July 2010.
  5. ^ "GISD". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  6. ^ a b c Romano, A.D., & Acda, M.N. 2017. Feeding preference of the drywood termite Cryptotermes cynocephalus (Kalotermitidae) against industrial tree plantation species in the Philippines. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20: 1161–1164. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2017.08.026
  7. ^ "Albizia falcata". Plants for a Future. 13054888.
  8. ^ Hughes, R.F., Johnson, M.T. & Uowolo, A., 2011. The invasive alien tree Falcataria moluccana: its impacts and management. XIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Sept. 11–16, 2011 – Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA. http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/Hughes.pdf
  9. ^ Hequet, Vanessa (2009). Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie (PDF) (in French). p. 17.
  10. ^ "Falcataria moluccana".
  11. ^ W.P. Haines; K.E. Barton; P. Conant (2013). "Defoliation of the invasive tree Falcataria moluccana on Hawaii Island by the native koa looper moth (Geometridae: Scotorythra paludicola), and evaluation of five Fabaceous trees as larval hostplants" (PDF). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 45: 129–139.
  12. ^ Holloway, Jeremy Daniel. "Moths of Borneo".
  13. ^ a b Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023). "nhm.ac.uk Caterpillar Host-Plant Database". Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/havt50xw.
  14. ^ a b Arinana, K. Tsunoda; E.N. Herliyana; Y.S. Hadi (2012). "Termite-susceptible species of wood for inclusion as a reference in Indonesian Standardized laboratory testing". Insects. 3 (2): 396–401. doi:10.3390/insects3020396. PMC 4553599. PMID 26466532. DOI 10.3390/insects3020396
  15. ^ J.K. Grace; D.M. Ewart; C.H.M. Tome (1996). "Termite resistance of wood species grown in Hawaii". Forest Products Journal. 46 (10): 57–60.
  16. ^ C. Doungsa-ard; A.R. McTaggart; A.D.W. Geering; T.U. Dalisay; J. Ray; R.G. Shivas (2015). "Uromycladium falcatarium sp. nov., the cause of gall rust on Paraserianthes falcataria in south-east Asia". Australasian Plant Pathology. 44 (1): 25–30. Bibcode:2015AuPP...44...25D. doi:10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z. S2CID 6055244. DOI 10.1007/s13313-014-0301-z
  17. ^ S.M. Widyastuti; Harjono; Z.A. Surya (2013). "Initial infection of Falcataria moluccana leaves and Acacia mangium phyllodes by Uromycladium tepperianum fungi in a laboratory trial". JMHT (Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika – Journal of Tropical Forest Management). 19 (3): 187–193. doi:10.7226/jtfm.19.3.187.
  18. ^ "LPSN bacterio.net". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
  19. ^ UniProt
  20. ^ Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen [1]
[edit]
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