Seine: Difference between revisions

Seine
Seine
	The Seine in Paris
	Topographic map of the Seine basin
Native name	la Seine (French)
Location
Country	France
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Source-Seine
Mouth	English Channel (French: la Manche)
• location	Le Havre/Honfleur
• coordinates	49°26′02″N 0°12′24″E / 49.43389°N 0.20667°E
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	777 km (483 mi)
Basin size	79,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Le Havre
• average	560 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River system	Seine basin
Tributaries
• left	Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle
• right	Ource, Aube, Marne, Oise, Epte

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The Seine (/seɪn, sɛn/ sayn, sen,^[1] French: [sɛn] ^ⓘ) is a 777-kilometre-long (483 mi) river in northern France.^[2] Its drainage basin is in the Paris Basin (a geological relative lowland) covering most of northern France.^[3] It rises at Source-Seine, 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre (and Honfleur on the left bank).^[4] It is navigable by ocean-going vessels as far as Rouen, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the sea. Over 60 percent of its length, as far as Burgundy, is negotiable by large barges and most tour boats, and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating; excursion boats offer sightseeing tours of the river banks in the capital city, Paris.^[5]

There are 37 bridges in Paris across the Seine (the most famous of which are the Pont Alexandre III and the Pont Neuf) and dozens more outside the city. A notable bridge, which is also the last along the course of the river, is the Pont de Normandie, the ninth longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, which links Le Havre and Honfleur.^[6]

River sources

The Seine rises in the commune of Source-Seine, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Dijon. The source has been owned by the city of Paris since 1864. A number of closely associated small ditches or depressions provide the source waters, with an artificial grotto laid out to highlight and contain a deemed main source. The grotto includes a statue of a nymph, a dog, and a dragon. On the same site are the buried remains of a Gallo-Roman temple. Small statues of the dea Sequana "Seine goddess" and other ex-votos found at the same place are now exhibited in the Dijon archaeological museum.^{[citation needed]}

Course

The Seine can artificially be divided into five parts:

the Petite Seine, "Small Seine" from the sources to Montereau-Fault-Yonne
the Haute Seine, "Upper Seine" from Montereau-Fault-Yonne to Paris
the Traversée de Paris, "the Paris waterway"
the Basse Seine, "Lower Seine" from Paris to Rouen
the Seine maritime, "Maritime Seine" from Rouen to the English channel.

Below Rouen, the river passes through the Parc Naturel Régional des Boucles de la Seine Normande, a French regional nature park.

The Seine is dredged and ocean-going vessels can dock at Rouen, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the sea. Commercial craft (barges and push-tows) can use the river beginning at Marcilly-sur-Seine, 516 kilometres (321 mi) to its mouth.^[7]

At Paris, there are 37 bridges.^[8] The river is only 24 metres (79 ft) above sea level 446 kilometres (277 mi) from its mouth, making it slow flowing and thus easily navigable.^[9]

The Seine Maritime, 123 kilometres (76 mi) from the English Channel at Le Havre to Rouen, is the only portion of the Seine used by ocean-going craft.^[6] The tidal section of the Seine Maritime is followed by a canalized section (Basse Seine) with four large multiple locks until the mouth of the Oise at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine (170 km [110 mi]). Smaller locks at Bougival and at Suresnes lift the vessels to the level of the river in Paris, where the junction with the Canal Saint-Martin is located. The distance from the mouth of the Oise is 72 km (45 mi).^[10]

The Haute Seine, from Paris to Montereau-Fault-Yonne, is 98 km (61 mi) long and has 8 locks.^[11] At Charenton-le-Pont is the mouth of the Marne. Upstream from Paris seven locks ensure navigation to Saint Mammès, where the Loing mouth is situated. Through an eighth lock the river Yonne is reached at Montereau-Fault-Yonne. From the mouth of the Yonne, larger ships can continue upstream to Nogent-sur-Seine (48 km [30 mi], 7 locks).^[12] From there on, the river is navigable only by small craft to Marcilly-sur-Seine (19 km [12 mi], 4 locks).^[3] At Marcilly-sur-Seine the 19th century Canal de la Haute-Seine used to allow vessels to continue all the way to Troyes. This canal has been abandoned since 1957.^[13]

The Seine's average depth in Paris today is approximately 9.5 meters (31 feet). Until locks were installed to raise the level in the 1800s, the river was much shallower within the city, and consisted of a small channel of continuous flow bordered by sandy banks (depicted in many illustrations of the period). Today the depth is tightly controlled and the entire width of the river between the built-up banks on either side is normally filled with water. The average flow of the river is very low, only a few cubic metres per second, but much higher flows are possible during periods of heavy runoff.

Dredging

Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river, known in French as "le mascaret."

Dams and flood control

Four large storage reservoirs have been built since 1950 on the Seine as well as its tributaries Yonne, Marne, and Aube. These help in maintaining a constant level for the river through the city, but cannot prevent significant increases in river level during periods of extreme runoff. The dams are Lac d’Orient, Lac des Settons, Lake Der-Chantecoq, and Auzon-Temple and Amance, respectively.^[14]

Flooding

A very severe period of high water in January 1910 resulted in extensive flooding throughout the city of Paris. The Seine again rose to threatening levels in 1924, 1955, 1982, 1999–2000, June 2016, and January 2018.^[15]^[16] After a first-level flood alert in 2003, about 100,000 works of art were moved out of Paris, the largest relocation of art since World War II. Much of the art in Paris is kept in underground storage rooms that would have been flooded.^[17]

A 2002 report by the French government stated the worst-case Seine flood scenario would cost 10 billion euros and cut telephone service for a million Parisians, leaving 200,000 without electricity and 100,000 without gas.^[18]

2018 Paris flood

In January 2018 the Seine again flooded, reaching a flood level of 5.84 metres (19 ft 2 in) on 29 January.^[19] An official warning was issued on 24 January that heavy rainfall was likely to cause the river to flood.^[20] By 27 January, the river was rising.^[21] The Deputy Mayor of Paris Colombe Brossel warned that the heavy rain was caused by climate change. He added that "We have to understand that climatic change is not a word, it's a reality."^[22]

Watershed

The basin area, including a part of Belgium, is 78,910 square kilometres (30,470 sq mi),^[23] 2 percent of which is forest and 78 percent cultivated land. In addition to Paris, three other cities with a population over 100,000 are in the Seine watershed: Le Havre at the estuary, Rouen in the Seine valley and Reims at the northern limit—with an annual urban growth rate of 0.2 percent.^[23] The population density is 201 per square kilometer.

Tributaries

Tributaries of the Seine are, from source to mouth:^[2]

Ource (right)
Barse (right)
Aube (right)
Yonne (left)
Loing (left)
Almont (right)
Essonne (left)
Orge (left)
Yerres (right)
Marne (right)
Bièvre (left)
Oise (right)
Aubette de Meulan (right)
Mauldre (left)
Vaucouleurs (left)
Epte (right)
Andelle (right)
Eure (left)
Oison (left)
Aubette (right)
Cailly (right)
Austreberthe (right)
Commerce (right)
Risle (left)
Lézarde (right)

Water quality

Due to concentrated levels of industry, agriculture and urban populations of Paris and its surroundings, the Seine-Normandy watershed experiences the highest human impacts of any hydrographic basin in France. Compared to most other large European rivers, the ability of the Seine to dilute urban sewage and farmland runoff is very low. Low oxygen levels, high concentrations of ammonia, nitrites and faecal bacteria, extending from Paris to the estuary, have been issues for over a century. The advent of nitrogenous fertilizers in the 1960s marked an upturn in agricultural pollution due to land use changes that had previously scaled with population growth. Heavy industries near Paris and along the Oise River discharged virtually untreated wastewaters from the turn of the 19th century, causing concentrations of toxins in the river that were ignored until the late 1980s. Major French laws to address water quality were passed in 1898, 1964, 1996, and 2006.^[24]

At the beginning of the 20th century, most domestic sewage was used as fertilizer for nearby croplands. As populations grew, the agricultural capacity to absorb those wastewaters was exceeded. Large-scale construction of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) began in 1940 to meet demand; however, by 1970, about 60% of urban sewage was allowed to flow into the river untreated. The resulting oxygen depletion reduced the number of fish species to three. Measures taken in the early 2000s due to the Water Framework Directive led to significant reductions of organic carbon, phosphorus and ammonium, which in turn decreased the occurrence and severity of phytoplankton blooms. Continued WWTP construction and new treatment methods improved environmental conditions.^[25] In 2009, it was announced that Atlantic salmon had returned to the Seine.^[26] By the early 2020s, the number of fish species near Paris had rebounded to 32.^[25]

Periodically the sewage systems of Paris experience a failure known as sanitary sewer overflow, often in periods of high rainfall. Under these conditions, untreated residential and industrial sewage is discharged into the Seine to prevent backflow. This is due in large part to Paris' "single system" drainage scheme dating from the 19th century, which combines street runoff and sewage.^[27]^[28] The resulting oxygen deficit is principally caused by allochthonous bacteria larger than one micrometre in size. The specific activity of these sewage bacteria is typically three to four times greater than that of the autochthonous (background) bacterial population. Heavy metal concentrations in the Seine are relatively high.^[29] The pH level of the Seine at Pont Neuf has been measured to be 8.46. Despite this, the water quality has improved significantly over what several historians at various times in the past called an "open sewer".^[30]

In 2018, a €1.4 billion ($1.55 billion) cleanup programme called the "Swimming Plan" was launched with the aim of making the river safe to use for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The project included constructing a basin to store rainwater, which would then be slowly released into the sewer system, preventing overflow. Plans also call for several public swimming areas to be made available by 2025, ending a ban instituted in 1923 due to the polluted water.^[31] These efforts have produced mixed results, as E. coli levels have often been found to be far higher than what is safe to swim in, though this could depend on the season.^[32]^[33] At the same time, the fish population in the river has surged, from just two species to over 30.^[33] To demonstrate the river's improved cleanliness, Mayor Anne Hidalgo and President Emmanuel Macron both pledged to take a swim in the waters,^[34] and Hidalgo did so on July 17, 2024.^[35]

During the Summer Olympics, the date of the triathlon was postponed due to water quality issues,^[36] as the earlier rainstorm during the opening ceremony had driven some untreated rainwater back into the Seine.^[37] However, the triathlon proceeded the following day, after testing found the water quality to be sufficient for swimming.^[38]

History

The name Seine comes from Gaullish Sēquana, from the Celtic Gallo-Roman goddess of the river, as offerings for her were found at the source. Sometimes it is associated with Latin; the Latin word seems to derive from the same root as Latin sequor (I follow) and English sequence, namely Proto-Indo-European *seik^w-, signifying 'to flow' or 'to pour forth'.^[39]

On 28 or 29 March 845, an army of Vikings led by a chieftain named Reginherus, which is possibly another name for Ragnar Lothbrok, sailed up the River Seine with siege towers and sacked Paris.

On 25 November 885, another Viking expedition led by Rollo was sent up the River Seine to attack Paris again.

In March 1314, King Philip IV of France had Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, burned on a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in front of Notre Dame de Paris.^[40]

After the burning of Joan of Arc in 1431, her ashes were thrown into the Seine from the medieval stone Mathilde Bridge at Rouen, though unsupported counter-claims persist.^[41]

Plaque commemorating Robert Fulton's first successful trial of the steamboat in the Seine

On 9 August 1803 Robert Fulton, American painter and marine engineer, made his first successful test of his steamboat in the Seine beside the Tuileries Garden. Having a length of sixty-six feet and an eight-foot beam Fulton's steamboat attained speeds of three to four miles per hour against the Seine's current.^[42]

Reaching the Seine was one of the original objectives of Operation Overlord, during the Second World War, in 1944. The Allies' intention was to reach the Seine by 90 days after D-Day. That objective was met. An anticipated assault crossing of the river never materialized as German resistance in France crumbled by early September 1944. However, the First Canadian Army did encounter resistance immediately west of the Seine and fighting occurred in the Forêt de la Londe as Allied troops attempted to cut off the escape across the river of parts of the German 7th Army in the closing phases of the Battle of Normandy.

Some of the Algerian victims of the Paris massacre of 1961 drowned in the Seine after being thrown by French policemen from the Pont Saint-Michel and other locations in Paris.

At the Olympics

1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics

At the 1900 Summer Olympics, the river hosted the rowing, swimming, and water polo events.^[43] Twenty-four years later, it hosted the rowing events again at Bassin d'Argenteuil, along the Seine north of Paris.^[44]

2024 Summer Olympics

More than a century later, during the 2024 Summer Olympics, the Seine hosted a boat parade with boats for each national delegation during the opening ceremony.^[45]

The river was also the site of the men's and women's event for marathon swimming, as well as the swimming portion of the triathlon.^[46] Although swimming in the Seine had been banned since 1923, a €1.4 billion cleanup effort by the French government sought to reduce bacterial levels in the river to those safe for swimming.^[47] During the Olympics, daily tests of the water quality were taken to determine if it was safe for swimming; this caused the triathlon to be delayed by a day, before being allowed to proceed on July 31.^[48] A few of the triathletes who swam in the river became sick afterwards,^[49] though it was not clear if the Seine water was the cause.^[50]

World Heritage Sites

In 1991 (and 2024), UNESCO added the banks of the Seine in Paris—the Rive Gauche and Rive Droite—to its list of World Heritage Sites in Europe.^[51]

In art

During the 19th and the 20th centuries in particular the Seine inspired many artists, including:

A song "La Seine" by Flavien Monod and Guy Lafarge was written in 1948.

Josephine Baker also recorded a song called "La Seine"^[52]

Another song titled "La Seine", by Vanessa Paradis featuring Matthieu Chedid, formed part of the original soundtrack for the 2011 film A Monster in Paris.

The Seine features prominently in ABBA's 1980 song "Our Last Summer", written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.

Georges Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886) is set on an island in the Seine.
Carl Fredrik Hill, French River Landscape, Bois-le-Roi (1877)
Alfred Sisley, The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring (1875) in the Walters Art Museum gives a panoramic view of the Seine river valley.
Washhouses on Seine (1937) by Andrus Johani

References

^ "Sein". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - La Seine (----0010)".
^ ^a ^b Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Petite Seine (amont)
^ A hand book up the Seine. G.F. Cruchley, 81, Fleet Street, 1840. 1840.
^ "River in Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Seine maritime
^ Edwards-May, David (2010). Inland Waterways of France. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-1-846230-14-1.
^ Sciolino, Elaine (4 November 2019). "Knowing Paris by Its Bridges". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
^ "Seine River | Paris, France, History & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
^ Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Basse Seine
^ Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Haute Seine
^ Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Petite Seine (aval)
^ "La construction du canal de la Haute-Seine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
^ "LC". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
^ Seine river Basin Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Environment Programme Department of Early Warning and Assessment (accessed 5 June 2007).
^ Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian.
^ Riding, Alan (19 February 2003). "Fearing a Big Flood, Paris Moves Art". The New York Times.
^ Mulholland, Rory (25 January 2002). "Paris flood warning". BBC News.
^ Garriga, Nicolas; Schaeffer, Jeffrey (29 January 2018). "France sees worst rains in 50 years, floods peak in Paris". Deseret News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018.
^ Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Held, Amy (27 January 2018). "Déjà Vu Flooding in Paris As Officials Say Seine Will Crest Soon". The Two-Way. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018.
^ Vandoorne, Saskya; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (26 January 2018). "Paris is still on flood alert even though the rain has stopped". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018.
^ ^a ^b "World Resources Institute". Earthtrends.wri.org. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^ Flipo, Nicolas; Lestel, Laurence; Labadie, Pierre; Meybeck, Michel; Garnier, Josette (2020). "Trajectories of the Seine River Basin". The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–28. doi:10.1007/698_2019_437. ISBN 978-3-030-54259-7. ISSN 1867-979X.
^ ^a ^b Garnier, J.; Marescaux, A.; Guillon, S.; Vilmin, L.; Rocher, V.; Billen, G.; Thieu, V.; Silvestre, M.; Passy, P.; Raimonet, M.; Groleau, A.; Théry, S.; Tallec, G.; Flipo, N. (2020). "Ecological Functioning of the Seine River: From Long-Term Modelling Approaches to High-Frequency Data Analysis". The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 189–216. doi:10.1007/698_2019_379. ISBN 978-3-030-54259-7. ISSN 1867-979X.
^ "Radio France Internationale – Atlantic salmon return to river Seine". Rfi.fr. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^ Martin Seidl, The fate of organic matter in river Seine after a combined sewer overflow, ENPC – University Paris Val de Marne Paris XII (France), 1997, 181 pp.
^ Schofield, Hugh (25 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in Seine after 100 years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
^ J.F.Chiffoleau. 2007. Metal contamination. the Seine-Aval scientific programme. Quae. 40 pages
^ Hogan, C. Michael (2006). Water quality of fresh water bodies in France. Aberdeen: Luminna Press.
^ Guy, Jack; Mawad, Dalal; Briscoe, Oliver (26 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in River Seine after 100 years". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
^ Hartley, Noemie Bisserbe and Eve. "Herculean Feat in Paris Olympics: Make the Seine Safe to Swim". WSJ. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b Guy, Jack; Mawad, Dalal; Briscoe, Oliver (26 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in River Seine after 100 years". CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
^ Bush, Evan (21 June 2024). "Levels of contamination in the Seine remain unsafe for Paris Olympians, report says". NBC News. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
^ Nouvian, Tom (17 July 2024). "Paris mayor dips into the Seine River to showcase its improved cleanliness before Olympic events". AP News. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
^ Graham, Pat; Brumback, Kate (30 July 2024). "Paris Olympics postpone men's triathlon due to poor Seine River water quality". The National Desk. Associated Press.
^ Massy-Beresford, Helen. "No, the Seine Cleanup Wasn't a Failure". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
^ "Women's triathlon begins at Paris Games after tests confirm Seine water quality". 31 July 2024.
^ Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Francke, 1959), word 1664 https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/ie/pokorny.html Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
^ A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Vol. III by Henry Charles Lea, NY: Hamper & Bros, Franklin Sq. 1888, p. 325. Not in copyright.
^ In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess relics from a museum at Chinon reputed to be the remains of Jeanne d'Arc. In 2007, the investigators reported their conclusion that the relics from Chinon came from an Egyptian mummy and a cat, see Butler, Declan (2007). "Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery". Nature. 446 (7136): 593. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..593B. doi:10.1038/446593a. PMID 17410145.
^ Dickinson, Henry Winram (1913). Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works. London: John Lane Company. pp. 157–158.
^ "Official Report of the 1900 Olympic Games" (PDF) (in French). 1901. pp. 17–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008 – via LA84 Foundation.
^ "Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Games and Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). 1925. pp. 165–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2008 – via LA84 Foundation.
^ "Opening Ceremony". Paris 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
^ "Olympic Marathon Swimming Schedule & Results". Olympics Paris 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
^ O'Sullivan, Feargus (23 July 2024). "Paris Spent €1.4 Billion to Clean up the Seine. Has It Worked?". Bloomberg.
^ Brumback, Kate; Graham, Pat (31 July 2024). "Olympic triathletes swim in Seine River after days of concerns about water quality". Associated Press News.
^ "Olympic triathletes fall ill after River Seine swims. What we know so far - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
^ Kate, Brumback; Newberry, Paul (7 August 2024). "Olympic triathlete who fell ill after swim in Seine says virus made her sick, not E. coli". Cbc.ca. Associated Press. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
^ Paris, Banks of the Seine Archived 21 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, the World Heritage Site entry from the UNESCO website
^ Avenger88 (26 January 2013). "La Seine". Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via YouTube.

[1] "Sein". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.^{[dead link‍]}

[sandre-2] Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - La Seine (----0010)".

[Fluvi1-3] Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Petite Seine (amont)

[4] A hand book up the Seine. G.F. Cruchley, 81, Fleet Street, 1840. 1840.

[ParisDigest-5] "River in Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.

[Fluvi2-6] Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Seine maritime

[7] Edwards-May, David (2010). Inland Waterways of France. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-1-846230-14-1.

[8] Sciolino, Elaine (4 November 2019). "Knowing Paris by Its Bridges". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

[9] "Seine River | Paris, France, History & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.

[10] Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Basse Seine

[11] Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Haute Seine

[12] Fluviacarte Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Petite Seine (aval)

[13] "La construction du canal de la Haute-Seine" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.

[14] "LC". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[15] Seine river Basin Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Environment Programme Department of Early Warning and Assessment (accessed 5 June 2007).

[16] Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian.

[nyt2003-17] Riding, Alan (19 February 2003). "Fearing a Big Flood, Paris Moves Art". The New York Times.

[18] Mulholland, Rory (25 January 2002). "Paris flood warning". BBC News.

[19] Garriga, Nicolas; Schaeffer, Jeffrey (29 January 2018). "France sees worst rains in 50 years, floods peak in Paris". Deseret News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018.

[20] Willsher, Kim (24 January 2018). "Paris on flooding alert as rising Seine causes travel disruption". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.

[21] Held, Amy (27 January 2018). "Déjà Vu Flooding in Paris As Officials Say Seine Will Crest Soon". The Two-Way. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018.

[22] Vandoorne, Saskya; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (26 January 2018). "Paris is still on flood alert even though the rain has stopped". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018.

[earthtrends-23] "World Resources Institute". Earthtrends.wri.org. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011.

[Flipo_Lestel_Labadie_Meybeck_2020-24] Flipo, Nicolas; Lestel, Laurence; Labadie, Pierre; Meybeck, Michel; Garnier, Josette (2020). "Trajectories of the Seine River Basin". The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–28. doi:10.1007/698_2019_437. ISBN 978-3-030-54259-7. ISSN 1867-979X.

[Garnier_Marescaux_Guillon_Vilmin_2020-25] Garnier, J.; Marescaux, A.; Guillon, S.; Vilmin, L.; Rocher, V.; Billen, G.; Thieu, V.; Silvestre, M.; Passy, P.; Raimonet, M.; Groleau, A.; Théry, S.; Tallec, G.; Flipo, N. (2020). "Ecological Functioning of the Seine River: From Long-Term Modelling Approaches to High-Frequency Data Analysis". The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 189–216. doi:10.1007/698_2019_379. ISBN 978-3-030-54259-7. ISSN 1867-979X.

[26] "Radio France Internationale – Atlantic salmon return to river Seine". Rfi.fr. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.

[27] Martin Seidl, The fate of organic matter in river Seine after a combined sewer overflow, ENPC – University Paris Val de Marne Paris XII (France), 1997, 181 pp.

[Schofield_2023_f780-28] Schofield, Hugh (25 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in Seine after 100 years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.

[29] J.F.Chiffoleau. 2007. Metal contamination. the Seine-Aval scientific programme. Quae. 40 pages

[30] Hogan, C. Michael (2006). Water quality of fresh water bodies in France. Aberdeen: Luminna Press.

[Jack_Guy_2023_g211-31] Guy, Jack; Mawad, Dalal; Briscoe, Oliver (26 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in River Seine after 100 years". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.

[32] Hartley, Noemie Bisserbe and Eve. "Herculean Feat in Paris Olympics: Make the Seine Safe to Swim". WSJ. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

[Guy-33] Guy, Jack; Mawad, Dalal; Briscoe, Oliver (26 July 2023). "Paris to bring back swimming in River Seine after 100 years". CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

[34] Bush, Evan (21 June 2024). "Levels of contamination in the Seine remain unsafe for Paris Olympians, report says". NBC News. Retrieved 23 June 2024.

[35] Nouvian, Tom (17 July 2024). "Paris mayor dips into the Seine River to showcase its improved cleanliness before Olympic events". AP News. Retrieved 18 August 2024.

[36] Graham, Pat; Brumback, Kate (30 July 2024). "Paris Olympics postpone men's triathlon due to poor Seine River water quality". The National Desk. Associated Press.

[37] Massy-Beresford, Helen. "No, the Seine Cleanup Wasn't a Failure". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 14 August 2024.

[38] "Women's triathlon begins at Paris Games after tests confirm Seine water quality". 31 July 2024.

[39] Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Francke, 1959), word 1664 https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/ie/pokorny.html Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine

[Middle_Ages_Vol_1888,_p._325-40] A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages Vol. III by Henry Charles Lea, NY: Hamper & Bros, Franklin Sq. 1888, p. 325. Not in copyright.

[41] In February 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess relics from a museum at Chinon reputed to be the remains of Jeanne d'Arc. In 2007, the investigators reported their conclusion that the relics from Chinon came from an Egyptian mummy and a cat, see Butler, Declan (2007). "Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery". Nature. 446 (7136): 593. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..593B. doi:10.1038/446593a. PMID 17410145.

[42] Dickinson, Henry Winram (1913). Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works. London: John Lane Company. pp. 157–158.

[43] "Official Report of the 1900 Olympic Games" (PDF) (in French). 1901. pp. 17–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2008 – via LA84 Foundation.

[44] "Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Games and Official Report of the 1924 Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). 1925. pp. 165–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2008 – via LA84 Foundation.

[45] "Opening Ceremony". Paris 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2022.

[46] "Olympic Marathon Swimming Schedule & Results". Olympics Paris 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.

[47] O'Sullivan, Feargus (23 July 2024). "Paris Spent €1.4 Billion to Clean up the Seine. Has It Worked?". Bloomberg.

[48] Brumback, Kate; Graham, Pat (31 July 2024). "Olympic triathletes swim in Seine River after days of concerns about water quality". Associated Press News.

[49] "Olympic triathletes fall ill after River Seine swims. What we know so far - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 8 August 2024.

[50] Kate, Brumback; Newberry, Paul (7 August 2024). "Olympic triathlete who fell ill after swim in Seine says virus made her sick, not E. coli". Cbc.ca. Associated Press. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

[51] Paris, Banks of the Seine Archived 21 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, the World Heritage Site entry from the UNESCO website

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v t e Venues of the 2024 Summer Olympics (Paris)
Grand Paris Zone	Arena Paris Nord and Villepinte PMC Range Le Bourget Urban Sports Park Paris Aquatic Centre Paris La Défense Arena Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade de France Stade Yves-du-Manoir
Paris Centre Zone	Bercy Arena Eiffel Tower Stadium Champ de Mars Grand Palais Éphémère Les Invalides Hôtel de Ville Paris Expo Porte de Versailles Place de la Concorde Pont Alexandre III Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court Simonne-Mathieu Trocadéro (Pont d'Iéna)
Versailles Zone	Élancourt Hill Le Golf National Palace of Versailles Vélodrome National
Stand-alone venues	National Shooting Centre, Châteauroux National Olympic Nautical Stadium of Île-de-France, Vaires-sur-Marne Roucas Blanc Olympic Marina, Marseille Stade Pierre-Mauroy, Lille Teahupoʻo, Tahiti
Football stadia	Allianz Riviera, Nice Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Parc des Princes Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon–Décines-Charpieu Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Saint-Étienne Stade Vélodrome, Marseille
Non-competitive venues	Jardins du Trocadéro Paris Congress Centre Le Bourget Exhibition Centre and Media Village Polygone de Vincennes Seine Tuileries Garden

v t e Summer Olympic stadiums
19th century	Panathenaic Stadium (Athens 1896) Vélodrome de Vincennes (Paris 1900)
20th century	Francis Olympic Field (St Louis 1904) White City Stadium (London 1908) Stockholm Olympic Stadium (Stockholm 1912) Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp 1920) Stade Yves-du-Manoir (Paris 1924) Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam 1928) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1932) Olympiastadion (Berlin 1936) Wembley Stadium (London 1948) Helsinki Olympic Stadium (Helsinki 1952) Melbourne Cricket Ground (Melbourne 1956) Stadio Olimpico (Rome 1960) National Stadium (Tokyo 1964) Estadio Olímpico Universitario (Mexico City 1968) Olympiastadion (Munich 1972) Olympic Stadium (Montreal 1976) Luzhniki Stadium (Moscow 1980) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1984) Seoul Olympic Stadium (Seoul 1988) Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys (Barcelona 1992) Centennial Olympic Stadium (Atlanta 1996) Stadium Australia (Sydney 2000)
21st century	Olympic Stadium (Athens 2004) Beijing National Stadium (Beijing 2008) London Stadium (London 2012) Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos/Maracanã Stadium (Rio de Janeiro 2016) Japan National Stadium (Tokyo 2020) Stade de France (Paris 2024) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum/SoFi Stadium (Los Angeles 2028) Lang Park (Brisbane 2032)

v t e Olympic venues in rowing
20th century	1900: Seine 1904: Creve Coeur Lake 1908: Henley Royal Regatta 1912: Djurgårdsbrunnsviken 1920: Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal 1924: Bassin d'Argentuil 1928: Sloten 1932: Long Beach Marine Stadium 1936: Berlin-Grünau Regatta Course 1948: Henley Royal Regatta 1952: Meilahti 1956: Lake Wendouree 1960: Lake Albano 1964: Toda Rowing Course 1968: Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course 1972: Oberschleißheim Regatta Course 1976: Notre Dame Island 1980: Krylatskoye Rowing Canal 1984: Lake Casitas 1988: Han River Regatta Course/Canoeing Site 1992: Lake of Banyoles 1996: Lake Lanier
21st century	2000: Sydney International Regatta Centre 2004: Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre 2008: Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park 2012: Dorney Lake 2016: Lagoa Stadium 2020: Sea Forest Waterway 2024: Vaires-sur-Marne Nautical Stadium 2028: Long Beach Marine Stadium

v t e Olympic venues in swimming
19th century	1896: Bay of Zea
20th century	1900: Seine 1904: Forest Park 1908: White City Stadium 1912: Djurgårdsbrunnsviken 1920: Stade Nautique d'Antwerp 1924: Piscine des Tourelles 1928: Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium 1932: Swimming Stadium 1936: Olympic Swimming Stadium 1948: Empire Pool 1952: Swimming Stadium 1956: Swimming/Diving Stadium 1960: Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto 1964: National Gymnasium 1968: Francisco Márquez Olympic Pool 1972: Schwimmhalle, Dantebad 1976: Olympic Pool 1980: Swimming Pool - Olimpisky 1984: Olympic Swim Stadium 1988: Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool 1992: Piscines Bernat Picornell 1996: Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
21st century	2000: Sydney International Aquatic Centre 2004: Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre 2008: Beijing National Aquatic Center, Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park 2012: London Aquatics Centre, Hyde Park 2016: Olympic Aquatics Stadium, Fort Copacabana 2020: Tokyo Aquatics Centre, Odaiba Marine Park 2024: Paris La Défense Arena, Pont Alexandre III 2028: SoFi Stadium, Long Beach Waterfront 2032: Brisbane Live, Southport Broadwater Parklands

v t e Olympic venues in water polo
20th century	1900: Seine 1904: Forest Park 1908: White City Stadium 1912: Djurgårdsbrunnsviken 1920: Stade Nautique d'Antwerp 1924: Piscine des Tourelles 1928: Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium 1932: Swimming Stadium 1936: Olympic Swimming Stadium 1948: Empire Pool (final), Finchley Lido 1952: Swimming Stadium 1956: Swimming/Diving Stadium 1960: Piscina delle Rose, Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto (final) 1964: Tokyo Metropolitan Indoor Swimming Pool 1968: Francisco Márquez Olympic Pool (final), University City Swimming Pool 1972: Dantebad, Schwimmhalle (final) 1976: Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard, Olympic Pool (final) 1980: Swimming Pool - Moscow, Swimming Pool - Olimpiysky (final) 1984: Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool 1988: Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool 1992: Piscina Municipal de Montjuïc, Piscines Bernat Picornell (final) 1996: Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
21st century	2000: Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre (women's final), Sydney International Aquatic Centre (men's final) 2004: Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre 2008: Ying Tung Natatorium 2012: Water Polo Arena 2016: Maria Lenk Aquatics Centre, Olympic Aquatics Stadium (final) 2020: Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center 2024: Paris Aquatic Centre, Paris La Défense Arena (final) 2028: Long Beach Waterfront 2032: Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Brisbane Live (final)