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{{Short description|1950s housing developments in the United States}}
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[[Image:LevittownPA.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of [[Levittown, Pennsylvania]] circa 1959]]
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
'''Levittown''' is the name of seven large [[suburb]]an housing developments created in the United States of America by [[William Levitt]] and his company [[Levitt & Sons]]. Built after [[World War II]] for returning [[veteran]]s and their new families—but [[Federal Housing Administration]] (FHA) lenders limited residents to "the Caucasian race", as stipulated in housing rent and sales agreements<ref>{{cite book |last=Rothstein |first=Richard |title=The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America |publisher=Liveright |date=May 2, 2017|isbn= 978-1-63149-286-0 |pages=82—83 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SdtDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&dq=And+when+the+agency+authorized+production+loans+for+the+construction+of+Levittown,+its+standards+included+a+racial+covenant+in+each+house+deed.}}</ref>—the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. The [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration]] and the FHA guaranteed builders that qualified veterans could buy housing for a fraction of rental costs. Production was modeled on [[assembly line]]s, which enabled quick and economical production of similar or identical homes with rapid recovery of costs. Standard Levittown houses included a white picket fence, green [[lawn]]s, and modern appliances.
{{confused|Leviton}}
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[[Image:LevittownPA.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of [[Levittown, Pennsylvania]] {{circa|1959}}|222x222px]]
'''Levittown''' is the name of several large [[suburb]]an housing developments created in the United States (including one in [[Puerto Rico]]) by [[William Levitt|William J. Levitt]] and his company [[Levitt & Sons]]. Built after [[World War II]] for returning white [[veteran]]s and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. The [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration]] and the [[Federal Housing Administration]] (FHA) guaranteed builders that qualified veterans could buy housing for a fraction of rental costs. Under Levitt & Sons, Levittown housing would maintain [[Covenant (law)#Exclusionary covenants|racial covenants]] that excluded non-Caucasian homeowners.


The first Levittown house sold for $7,900 and in a short period of time 17,000 units were sold, providing homes for 84,000 people. In addition to single-family dwellings, Levittowns provided private meeting areas, swimming pools, public parks, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466379549|title=Handbook to life in America. Volume VIII, Postwar America, 1950 to 1969|date=2009|publisher=Facts on File|others=Rodney P. Carlisle|isbn=978-1-4381-2699-9|location=New York, NY|oclc=466379549}}</ref>
Sales in the original Levittown began in March 1947. 1,400 homes were purchased during the first three hours.

Production was modeled on [[assembly line]]s in 27 steps with construction workers trained to perform one step. A house could be built in one day, with 36 workers, when effectively scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1953|title=A City is Born - Levittown, PA.|url=https://video-alexanderstreet-bc.orc.scoolaid.net/watch/a-city-is-born-levittown-pa|access-date=2022-02-19|website=ProQuest Alexander Street|quote=The building of a house in one day is shown during the next 45 seconds by stop-motion photography. These are the 36 men who built this house. Another day, another 40 houses. This is one of four models, which are now being built throughout Levittown. The complete price is $10,500.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Fifties|url=https://www.learner.org/series/a-biography-of-america/the-fifties/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Annenberg Learner|language=en-US}}</ref> This enabled quick and economical production of similar or identical houses with rapid recovery of costs. Standard Levittown houses included a [[Picket fence|white picket fence]], green lawns, and modern appliances. Sales in the original Levittown began in March 1947. 1,400 houses were purchased during the first three hours.

The houses were, by later standards, bare bones: {{convert|750|sqft|sqm|abbr=on}}, with no basement or porch.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1991/02/living-smaller/306205/ | title=Living Smaller | work=The Atlantic | date=February 1991 | accessdate=December 22, 2023 | author=Rybczynski, Witold}}</ref>


==Places==
==Places==

*[[Levittown, New York]] - the first Levittown (1947–1951)
*[[Levittown, Pennsylvania]] - the second Levittown (1952–1958)
* [[Levittown, New York]] – the first Levittown (built 1947–1951)
*[[Willingboro Township, New Jersey]] - originally and colloquially known as Levittown (started 1958)
* [[Levittown, Pennsylvania]] – the second Levittown (1952–1958)
* [[Willingboro Township, New Jersey]] – originally and colloquially known as Levittown (started 1958)
*[[Levittown, Puerto Rico]] (1963)
*[[Bowie, Maryland]] (1964)
* [[Levittown, Puerto Rico]] (1963)
*[[Crofton, Maryland]] (1970)
* [[Bowie, Maryland]] (1964)
*[[Largo, Maryland]] (1963)
* [[Greenbriar, Virginia]] (1966-1971)

== Gallery ==

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Levittown houses. LOC gsc.5a25985.tif
| caption1 =
| image2 = Levittown houses. LOC gsc.5a25986 (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Levittown_houses._LOC_gsc.5a25989.jpg
| footer = Levittown houses in New York in 1958
| footer_align = center
| total_width = 900
}}

== Controversy ==

William J. Levitt refused to sell Levittown houses to non-Caucasians. The FHA, upon authorizing loans for the construction of Levittown, included racial covenants in each deed, making each Levittown a [[Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States|segregated community]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rothstein |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Rothstein |url=https://archive.org/details/coloroflawforgot0000roth/ |title=The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America |date=May 2, 2017 |publisher=Liveright |isbn=978-1-63149-286-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/coloroflawforgot0000roth/page/82/ 82-83]}}</ref>

The first black family to buy one of the houses, the Myers, who bought a second-hand house in Pennsylvania's Levittown in 1957, experienced attacks on their house, and up to 500 people gathering outside. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] met with the family, and their plight led to legislative change. They stayed for four years, until William Myers, a World War II veteran, got a job elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 2019|title=Trailblazers: The Story of the Myers Family in Levittown, Pennsylvania|newspaper=The Daily Beast|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/trailblazers-the-story-of-the-myers-family-in-levittown-pennsylvania}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Redlining]]


==References==
==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Military veterans' affairs in the United States]]
[[Category:Levittown| ]]
[[Category:Planned residential developments]]
[[Category:History of veterans' affairs in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass production]]
[[Category:Planned communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Planned communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Planned residential developments]]

[[Category:Veterans' settlement schemes]]

{{planning-stub}}

Latest revision as of 15:38, 2 December 2024

Not to be confused with Leviton.
Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania c. 1959

Levittown is the name of several large suburban housing developments created in the United States (including one in Puerto Rico) by William J. Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. Built after World War II for returning white veterans and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. The Veterans Administration and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) guaranteed builders that qualified veterans could buy housing for a fraction of rental costs. Under Levitt & Sons, Levittown housing would maintain racial covenants that excluded non-Caucasian homeowners.

The first Levittown house sold for $7,900 and in a short period of time 17,000 units were sold, providing homes for 84,000 people. In addition to single-family dwellings, Levittowns provided private meeting areas, swimming pools, public parks, and recreational facilities.[1]

Production was modeled on assembly lines in 27 steps with construction workers trained to perform one step. A house could be built in one day, with 36 workers, when effectively scheduled.[2][3] This enabled quick and economical production of similar or identical houses with rapid recovery of costs. Standard Levittown houses included a white picket fence, green lawns, and modern appliances. Sales in the original Levittown began in March 1947. 1,400 houses were purchased during the first three hours.

The houses were, by later standards, bare bones: 750 sq ft (70 m2), with no basement or porch.[4]

Places

[edit]
[edit]
Levittown houses in New York in 1958

Controversy

[edit]

William J. Levitt refused to sell Levittown houses to non-Caucasians. The FHA, upon authorizing loans for the construction of Levittown, included racial covenants in each deed, making each Levittown a segregated community.[5]

The first black family to buy one of the houses, the Myers, who bought a second-hand house in Pennsylvania's Levittown in 1957, experienced attacks on their house, and up to 500 people gathering outside. Martin Luther King Jr. met with the family, and their plight led to legislative change. They stayed for four years, until William Myers, a World War II veteran, got a job elsewhere.[6]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Handbook to life in America. Volume VIII, Postwar America, 1950 to 1969. Rodney P. Carlisle. New York, NY: Facts on File. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4381-2699-9. OCLC 466379549.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ "A City is Born - Levittown, PA". ProQuest Alexander Street. 1953. Retrieved 2022-02-19. The building of a house in one day is shown during the next 45 seconds by stop-motion photography. These are the 36 men who built this house. Another day, another 40 houses. This is one of four models, which are now being built throughout Levittown. The complete price is $10,500.
  3. ^ "The Fifties". Annenberg Learner. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
  4. ^ Rybczynski, Witold (February 1991). "Living Smaller". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  5. ^ Rothstein, Richard (May 2, 2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Liveright. pp. 82-83. ISBN 978-1-63149-286-0.
  6. ^ "Trailblazers: The Story of the Myers Family in Levittown, Pennsylvania". The Daily Beast. 25 July 2019.
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