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{{short description|American physician and medical historian (born 1960)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Howard Markel
| name = Howard Markel
| image =Dr.HowardMarkel.jpg
| image = Howard Markel.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|4|23}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Detroit, Michigan]], United States
| birth_place = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], U.S.
| education = [[University of Michigan]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])}}<br>[[Johns Hopkins University]] {{small|([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}
| residence = Ann Arbor, MI
| nationality = American
| education = [[University of Michigan]] ([[B.A.]]), [[University of Michigan Medical School]] ([[M.D.]]), [[Johns Hopkins University]] ([[Residency (medicine)|Residency]]) [[The Johns Hopkins University]] ([[Ph.D.]])
| occupation =Author, editor, pediatrician, professor, medical historian
| website = http://www.howardmarkel.com
}}
}}


'''Howard Markel''' (born April 23, 1960) is an American physician, author, editor, professor, and medical historian. Markel is the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine at the [[University of Michigan]] and Director of the University of Michigan's Center for the History of Medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chm.med.umich.edu/faculty-staff/|title=Center for the History of Medicine – Faculty & Staff}}</ref> He is also professor of Psychiatry, Health Management and Policy, History, and Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lsa.umich.edu/history/people/ci.markelhoward_ci.detail|title=University of Michigan Department of History – People}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sph.umich.edu/iscr/faculty/profile.cfm?uniqname=howard|title=University of Michigan School of Public Health – Faculty}}</ref> Markel writes extensively on major topics and figures in the history of medicine and public health, is a best-selling author, and is editor-in-chief of the health care policy journal ''[[The Milbank Quarterly]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milbank.org/publications/the-milbank-quarterly|title=The Milbank Quarterly: A Multidisciplinary Journal of Population Health and Health Policy}}</ref>
'''Howard Markel''' (born April 23, 1960) is an American physician and medical historian. At the end of 2023, Markel retired from the [[University of Michigan]] Medical School,<ref name="mcommunity.umich.edu e114">{{cite web |title=Howard Markel |website=mcommunity.umich.edu |url=https://mcommunity.umich.edu/person/howard |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> where he served as the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine and Director of the University's Center for the History of Medicine. He was also a professor of psychiatry, health management and policy, history, and pediatrics and communicable diseases. Markel writes extensively on major topics and figures in the history of medicine and [[public health]].


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==


Markel was born in [[Detroit]] and grew up in [[Oak Park, Michigan|Oak Park]] and [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]], Michigan. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree (''summa cum laude'') in English from the University of Michigan in 1982 and earned his [[M.D.]] degree (''cum laude'') from the [[University of Michigan Medical School]] in 1986, before completing his internship, residency, and fellowship in [[pediatrics]] at the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] and the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in 1993. Markel then joined the [[List of University of Michigan faculty and staff|University of Michigan faculty]] as a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of the [[History of Medicine]]. A medical historian by training, Markel earned his [[Ph.D.]] in the History of Medicine, Science and Technology from Johns Hopkins in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/ldi/markel.html|title=LDI Seminar Series|publisher=The University of Pennsylvania|date= February 28, 2008}}</ref>
Markel was born in [[Detroit]] and grew up in [[Oak Park, Michigan|Oak Park]] and [[Southfield, Michigan|Southfield]], Michigan. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree (''[[Latin honors|summa cum laude]]'') in English from the University of Michigan in 1982 and earned his [[M.D.]] degree (''cum laude'') from the [[University of Michigan Medical School]] in 1986, before completing his internship, residency, and fellowship in [[pediatrics]] at the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]] and the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in 1993. Markel then joined the [[List of University of Michigan faculty and staff|University of Michigan faculty]] as a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of the [[History of Medicine]]. A medical historian by training, Markel earned his [[Ph.D.]] in the History of Medicine, Science and Technology from Johns Hopkins in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/ldi/markel.html|title=LDI Seminar Series|publisher=The University of Pennsylvania|date=February 28, 2008|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909030249/http://www.upenn.edu/ldi/markel.html|archive-date=September 9, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Scholarship==
==Publications==


=== ''Quarantine''! ===
=== ''Quarantine!'' ===
Markel's writing focuses on major topics and figures in the history of medicine. A consistent theme in his work has been the historical relationship between [[epidemics]], [[social stigma]] and [[immigration]], and [[public health]]. His book ''Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892,'' focuses on the complex interaction between anti-immigrant prejudices in the United States and the ways such prejudices were mobilized during the [[typhus]] and [[cholera]] outbreaks of 1892 in [[New York City]].<ref>Markel 2004, p.68</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199804233381720|title=Book Reviews: ''Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892''|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date= April 23, 1988|doi=10.1056/NEJM199804233381720|volume=338|pages=1235}}</ref> The resulting quarantines, enacted largely on the basis of class and ethnicity, prompted Congress to pass a National Quarantine Act codifying standards for medically investigating immigrants and foreign cargo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/short-history-of-quarantine.html|title=A Short History of Quarantine|publisher=PBS|date= October 12, 2004}}</ref> Markel's argument about the tension between isolating disease and the potential for social [[scapegoating]]<ref>Markel 1997, p. 12.</ref> acquired new urgency during the [[2014 Ebola epidemic]]. "Ebola is jerking us back to the 19th century", he stated in ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/us/life-in-quarantine-for-ebola-exposure-21-days-of-fear-and-loathing.html|title=Life in Quarantine for Ebola Exposure: 21 Days of Fear and Loathing|newspaper=The New York Times|date= October 18, 2014}}</ref>
Markel's writing focuses on major topics and figures in the history of medicine. A consistent theme in his work has been the historical relationship between [[epidemics]], [[social stigma]] and [[immigration]], and [[public health]]. His book ''Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892,'' focuses on the complex interaction between anti-immigrant prejudices in the United States and the ways such prejudices were mobilized during the [[typhus]] and [[cholera]] outbreaks of 1892 in [[New York City]].<ref>Markel 2004, p.68</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Book Reviews: ''Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892''|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date= April 23, 1988|doi=10.1056/NEJM199804233381720|volume=338|issue=17|pages=1235|last1=Tomes|first1=Nancy}}</ref> Markel's argument about the tension between isolating disease and the potential for social [[scapegoating]]<ref>Markel 1997, p. 12.</ref> acquired new urgency during the [[2014 Ebola epidemic]]. "Ebola is jerking us back to the 19th century", he stated in ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/19/us/life-in-quarantine-for-ebola-exposure-21-days-of-fear-and-loathing.html|title=Life in Quarantine for Ebola Exposure: 21 Days of Fear and Loathing|newspaper=The New York Times |author1-first=Kevin |author1-last=Sack |author2-first=Jack |author2-last=Healy |author3-first=Frances |author3-last=Robles |date= October 18, 2014}}</ref>


===''When Germs Travel''===
===''When Germs Travel''===


''When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed'' expands the scope of ''Quarantine!'' by chronicling American epidemics during the two "great waves of immigration" that helped shape the 20th century. Markel argues that the association of immigrants with infectious disease is a key component of that history,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(04)17005-0/fulltext|title=In brief|journal=The Lancet|date=September 11, 2004|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17005-0}}</ref> and that their stigmatization during 20th century American epidemics "reveal[s] much about our predispositions for dealing with the perpetual threat of contagious disease".<ref>Markel 2004, p. 6, p. 210</ref> [[Health Affairs]] called ''When Germs Travel'' "a clarion call for the public (and the government) to recognize both the importance and the precariousness of the public health as we enter the twenty-first century".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/23/6/267.full|title=Everyone's Problem|journal=Health Affairs|date= November–December 2004}}</ref>
''When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed'' expands the scope of ''Quarantine!'' by chronicling American epidemics during the two "great waves of immigration" that helped shape the 20th century. Markel argues that the association of immigrants with infectious disease is a key component of that history,<ref>{{cite journal|title=In brief|journal=The Lancet|volume=364|issue=9438|pages=928|date=September 11, 2004|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17005-0|last1=Barrett|first1=Mike|s2cid=54370021|doi-access=free}}</ref> and that their stigmatization during 20th century American epidemics "reveal[s] much about our predispositions for dealing with the perpetual threat of contagious disease".<ref>Markel 2004, p. 6, p. 210</ref>

As with ''Quarantine'', Markel writes that ''When Germs Travel'' developed out of his work as an [[AIDS]] physician during the late 1980s and early 1990s:
<blockquote>Every Monday and Wednesday evening for three years, I saw dozens of patients, mostly young gay men and intravenous drug users, with HIV or AIDS. I became especially intrigued by a question that kept popping up during our conversations: 'Dr. Markel, do you think I will be quarantined because I have AIDS?' Doctors rarely hear the same question from so many different patients, but when they do they listen carefully.<ref>Markel 2004, p. 6</ref>
</blockquote>


===''An Anatomy of Addiction''===
===''An Anatomy of Addiction''===


Markel's ''An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine'' explores the lives and careers of Freud and Halsted through their relationship to cocaine. [[Sherwin Nuland]]'s front page ''[[New York Times]]'' book review described ''An Anatomy of Addiction'' as "a tour de force of scientific and social history, one that helps illuminate a unique period in the long story of medical discovery".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/books/review/an-anatomy-of-addiction-by-howard-markel-book-review.html?pagewanted=all|title=Sigmund Freud's Cocaine Years|newspaper=The New York Times|date= July 21, 2011}}</ref> Having treated patients suffering from various forms of [[substance abuse]], Markel thought that sharing Freud and Halsted's struggles (both personal and scientific) with cocaine would raise awareness of the perniciousness of addiction while illuminating an important chapter in medical history. Discussing his work with [[Science Friday]]'s [[Ira Flatow]], Markel said "they were so compelling, and I thought using their lives and their struggles I could really put a human face on this terrible disease."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/2011/11/25/142782875/a-tale-of-two-addicts-freud-halsted-and-cocaine|title=A Tale Of Two Addicts: Freud, Halsted And Cocaine|publisher=NPR |work=Talk of the Nation|date= November 25, 2011}}</ref> ''[[PBS Newshour]]'' and [[C-SPAN]] also broadcast discussions of his work.<ref name="cocaine">{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec11/addiction_10-17.html|title=Cocaine: How 'Miracle Drug' Nearly Destroyed Sigmund Freud, William Halsted|work=PBS Newshour|date= October 17, 2011}}</ref> A [[New York Times Best Seller]], ''An Anatomy of Addiction'' was critically acclaimed in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/476397a.html|title=Psychology: Giants on coke|journal=Nature|date= August 25, 2011|volume=476|doi=10.1038/476397a|pages=397}}</ref> [[NPR]], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303812104576440421156784588|title=A Miracle Drug's Dark Side|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date= July 23, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/21/entertainment/la-ca-howard-markel-20110821|title=Book Review: 'An Anatomy of Addiction' by Howard Markel |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date= August 21, 2011}}</ref> [[Salon.com]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/2011/07/17/anatomy_of_addiction/|title='An Anatomy of Addiction':Sigmund Freud, cokehead|publisher=Salon |date= July 17, 2011}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'', the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/An-Anatomy-of-Addiction-by-Howard-Markel-2354366.php#page-1|title='An Anatomy of Addiction,' by Howard Markel|date= July 17, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2086759-1,00.html|title='An Anatomy of Addiction': When Two Brilliant Minds Met a 'Miracle Drug'|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= August 5, 2011}}</ref> and ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-07-21/news/bs-ae-halsted-0717-20110721_1_addiction-markel-sigmund-freud|title=Sigmund Freud, William Halsted and cocaine addiction. Howard Markel's 'An Anatomy of Addiction' casts the two medical giants as intellectual trailblazers––and cokeheads|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date= July 21, 2011}}</ref>
Markel's ''An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine'' explores the lives and careers of Freud and Halsted through their relationship to cocaine. Having treated patients with various forms of [[substance abuse]], Markel thought that sharing Freud and Halsted's struggles (both personal and scientific) with cocaine would raise awareness of the perniciousness of addiction while illuminating an important chapter in medical history. Discussing his work with [[Science Friday]]'s [[Ira Flatow]], Markel said "they were so compelling, and I thought using their lives and their struggles I could really put a human face on this terrible disease."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/11/25/142782875/a-tale-of-two-addicts-freud-halsted-and-cocaine|title=A Tale Of Two Addicts: Freud, Halsted And Cocaine|publisher=NPR |work=Talk of the Nation|date= November 25, 2011}}</ref>


===''The Kelloggs''===
===''The Kelloggs''===
In August 2017, Pantheon Books published Markel's latest book, ''The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek''. A finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award, the book tells the story of the lives and times of the Kellogg Brothers of [[Battle Creek]], [[Michigan]].


===''Literatim: Essays on the Intersections of Medicine and Culture''===
In August 2017, Pantheon Books published Markel's latest book, ''The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek''. The book tells the story of the lives and times of the Kellogg Brothers, of [[Battle Creek]], [[Michigan]]. The older brother, [[John Harvey Kellogg]], was one of the most famous physicians in America and founded the [[Battle Creek Sanitarium]]. His concept of biologic living, or what we would today call “wellness and well-being," essentially paved the way for longer and healthier lives though prevention, healthy diets and exercise. His brother [[Will Kellogg]], who co-invented corn flakes with John, quickly saw that the cereal would see far more briskly to healthy Americans when compared to only those who were ill with digestive complaints. In 1906, he founded what became the [[Kellogg’s]] cereal company. The book also explores the changing landscape of medicine, diet, religion, science, food manufacturing, advertising and marketing in the years after the Civil War to the post-World War II era. Along the way, the Kellogg brothers changed the way much of the world eats breakfast.
In December 2019, Oxford University Press published ''Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture'', a collection of the Markel's essays on medicine, American culture, and how their intersections compose the interstitial matter of modern life.


===''The Secret of Life: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick and the Discovery of DNA’s Double Helix''===
''The Kelloggs'' was named “Best Book of the Month (History, August 2017) by Amazon Books, Best Book of the Summer (2017), Newsday, and Best Nonfiction Book of the Year (2017) by Kirkus Reviews. Lauded on NPR’s Fresh Air, the book garnered critical acclaim from the New York Times ("A compelling yarn and a fascinating window into the genesis of both modern medicine and management . . . a vivid portrait of the brothers and their era.”), Newsday (“Markel does an extraordinary job covering the many complex dimensions of this story . . . a rich and satisfying account of the lives, work and enmity of two warring brothers and of a pivotal epoch in American history."), The National Book Review (“Insightful and entertaining . . . A revealing window into America as it evolved from the Civil War to World War II"), The Chicago Tribune (“[the book is] lively throughout as it delivers a tale both personal in its intensity and grand in its scope.”), The Dallas Morning News, (The Kelloggs is a serious and in every way commendable book — in its painstaking research, its superb prose and storytelling, and most importantly, its energy and spirit…chapter by chapter, in one finely crafted paragraph after another, Markel holds your interest…The Kelloggs is a highly satisfying book, a cultural history in the best tradition). Booklist, in a starred review, called it an “amazing amalgamation of biography and history,” Pulitzer Prize winner [[Siddhartha Mukherjee]] wrote "Howard Markel's riveting, deeply researched new book covers vast territory: the saga of the squabbling Kellogg brothers ("magnificent showmen, resolute empire builders, and unwavering visionaries"), their mass-branding of breakfast cereals, their concept of "wellness", and their enormous influence on the diet of millions of Americans. This book arrives at a pivotal moment in our own history when mass-marketing, showmanship, and the media deserve particularly deep study. Markel's incandescent scholarship and his incisive analysis shine through this book. The Kelloggs can certainly be read as a biography of two visionaries (and their extended families), but it also deserves to be read as a case study by generations of future readers. Novelist-physician Abraham Verghese noted that “the story of the Kellogg Brothers is the story of innovation, of determination, and the creation of a giant industry as American business came of age just prior to the Second World War. It is a tale of grit, controversy, faith and the emergence of the ‘wellness’ movement. In the hands of Markel, a trained historian, physician, seasoned writer and chronicler of America, this tale comes alive. A fabulous read.”
Markel's latest book, ''The Secret of Life: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick and the Discovery of DNA’s Double Helix'', was published by W.W. Norton and Company in September 2021. ''Audiofile'' awarded the recorded book version with an October 2021 Earphone Award, ''The Washington Post'' named the version as one of the ten best audiobooks in 2021, and both ''Kirkus Reviews'' and National Public Radio placed it among its best books of the year list.


===The Milbank Quarterly===
===''The Milbank Quarterly''===
In 2013 Markel became the editor-in-chief of [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1468-0009 The Milbank Quarterly], one of the leading peer-reviewed journals of population health and health policy in the world.
From 2013 to 2017, Markel was the [[editor-in-chief]] of the ''[[Milbank Quarterly]]'', a [[peer-reviewed]] [[public health journal]] of population health and health policy.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}


===Academic and Popular periodicals===
===Academic and popular periodicals===


Markel has also contributed over 500 articles to scholarly publications and popular periodicals.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Markel has also contributed over 450 articles to scholarly publications and popular periodicals, from ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'', the ''[[American Journal of Public Health]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219 |title=When it Rains it Pours: Endemic Goiter, Iodized Salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date= February 1987 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219 |volume=77 |pages=219–229 |pmid=3541654 |pmc=1646845 | last1 = Markel | first1 = H}}</ref> and ''[[The Lancet]]''<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(98)10108-3/fulltext | title=Charles Dickens' work to help establish Great Ormond Street Hospital, London| journal=The Lancet |date= August 21, 1999 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10108-3}}</ref> to ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/29/us/baby-not-crawling-reason-seems-to-be-less-tummy-time.html|title=Baby Not Crawling? Reason Seems to Be Less Tummy Time|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 29, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/opinion/the-dsm-gets-addiction-right.html|title=The D.S.M. Gets Addiction Right |newspaper=The New York Times|date= January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/22/opinion/22markel.html|title=Burning Money|newspaper= The New York Times|date= August 22, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/02/opinion/censorship-hinders-influenza-research.html|title=Don't Censor Influenza Research|newspaper=The New York Times|date= February 1, 2012}}</ref> ''[[PBS Newshour]]''{{'}}s The Rundown,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/alcoholics-anonymous/|title='The Big Book' that gave alcoholics hope in 12 steps turns 75|work=PBS Newshour |date=April 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/typhoid-marys-life-sentence-quarantine/|title=Typhoid Mary's life sentence in quarantine|work=PBS Newshour |date= March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/the-day-polio-began-losing-its-grip-on-america.html|title=The Day Polio Began Losing Its Grip on America |work=PBS Newshour |date= April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/03/how-a-doctor-discovered-us-walls-were-poisonous.html|title=How a Doctor Discovered U.S. Walls Were Poisonous|work=PBS Newshour |date= March 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/05/the-day-doctors-began-to-conquer-smallpox.html|title=The Day Doctors Began to Conquer Smallpox |work=PBS Newshour |date= May 14, 2013}}</ref> ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://harpers.org/archive/2002/03/germ-culture/|title=Germ culture: New armies in the never-ending war |work=Harper's Magazine|date= March 2002}}</ref> [[The Atlantic]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/06/the-heart-of-the-matter/302968/|title=The Heart of the Matter: Is Dick Cheney physically a good risk as Vice President? Seven cardiologists weigh in |work=The Atlantic|date=June 1, 2004}}</ref> [[CNN]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/07/22/sigmund-freuds-cocaine-problem/|title=Sigmund Freud's cocaine problem|publisher=CNN|date= July 22, 2011}}</ref> ''[[The New Republic]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117640/mers-outbreak-it-coming-us-should-you-worry|title=A Deadly Virus Just Arrived in the U.S.: Here's what you need to know about it|work=The New Republic|date=May 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/book/review/robert-proctor-golden-holocaust-origins-cigarette-catastrophe-case-abolition|title=The Very Deadliest Habit|work=The New Republic|date= March 29, 2012}}</ref> and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/health/25iht-web-0225drugs.4714635.html?_r=0|title=How Two Rights Can Make a Wrong|newspaper=International Herald Tribune|date= February 25, 2007}}</ref> He was a Contributing Writer to ''[[JAMA (journal)|The Journal of the American Medical Association]]'' from 2007 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.med.umich.edu/opm/newspage/2007/markel.htm|title=U-M's Howard Markel now a JAMA Contributing Writer|publisher=University of Michigan Health System, Department of Public Relations and Marketing Communications|date= May 14, 2007}}</ref> Markel was a regular guest on National Public Radio's ''Science Friday'' from 2010 to 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129180199|title=Science Diction: The Origin Of 'Evolution'|publisher=NPR |work=Science Friday|date= August 13, 2010}}</ref> and frequently shares his knowledge of the history of medicine and public health on programs such as [[NPR]]'s ''[[All Things Considered]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5553329|title=Cadaver Exhibits Are Part Science, Part Sideshow|publisher=NPR |work=All Things Considered|date=August 10, 2006}}</ref> ''[[Morning Edition]]'', ''[[Talk of the Nation]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wbur.org/npr/104058879|title=How Have We Handled Swine Flu?|publisher=NPR |work=Talk of the Nation |date= May 12, 2009}}</ref> ''[[Here and Now (Boston)|Here and Now]]'', ''[[Tell Me More]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120116475|title=Study: Most Americans Skeptical Of H1N1 Vaccine|publisher=NPR |work=Tell Me More|date= November 5, 2009}}</ref> [[American Public Media]]'s ''[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]]'', [[The Leonard Lopate Show]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/184419-howard-markel-and-amanda-smith-discuss-addiction/|title=Howard Markel and Amanda Smith discuss Addiction|publisher=WNYC |work=Science Friday|date= February 1, 2012}}</ref> [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[Good Morning America]]'' and ''[[ABC World News|World News]]'', [[NBC]]'s ''[[NBC Nightly News|Nightly News]]'', ''[[Nova (TV series)|Nova]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/lessons-learned-from-the-1918-flu-pandemic/|title=Preparing for the Next Flu Pandemic|publisher=PBS |work=Nova |date= May 14, 2013}}</ref> ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'', ''[[PBS NewsHour|NewsHour]]'',<ref name="cocaine"/> [[BBC]]'s ''[[The World (radio program)|The World]]'', [[CNN]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/07/22/social.history.cocaine/|title=Cocaine: The evolution of the once 'wonder' drug|publisher=CNN|date= July 22, 2011}}</ref> [[MSNBC]], [[C-SPAN]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/302674-1&buy|title=Book Discussion on ''An Anatomy of Addiction''|publisher=C-SPAN|date= October 17, 2011}}</ref> and [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]]. The documentaries ''Rx for Survival'' (PBS),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival/|title=Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge|publisher=PBS|accessdate=2015-04-15}}</ref> ''We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918'' (flu.gov),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/weheardthebells/|title=We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918|publisher= U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |accessdate=2015-04-15}}</ref> ''Forgotten Ellis Island'' (PBS),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/program/forgotten-ellis-island/|title=Forgotten Ellis Island|publisher=PBS|accessdate=2015-04-15}}</ref> and PBS' [[Ken Burns]] and [[Siddhartha Mukherjee]] production of ''Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/124111892|title=Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies|publisher=Vimeo|accessdate=2015-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.pbs.org/program/story-cancer-emperor-all-maladies/|title=Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies|publisher=PBS|accessdate=2015-04-15}}</ref> all feature Markel's commentary and expertise.


== Government advice and media appearances ==
==Pandemic Preparedness Policy==


===Influenza===
===Influenza===
Markel advises U.S. agencies studying past and planning for potential future influenza pandemics. From 2005 to 2006, Markel served as a historical consultant on pandemic influenza preparedness planning for the [[United States Department of Defense]]. From 2006 to 2016 he served as principal historical consultant on pandemic preparedness for the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].<ref>http://www.investigatorawards.org/investigators/howard-markel</ref> Markel advised the federal government's response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic on the CDC Director's "Novel A/H1N1 Influenza Team B" real-time think tank. He and a team of researchers at the Center for the History of Medicine collaborated with the CDC to publish a digital encyclopedia of the [[1918 influenza pandemic]], of which he is editor-in-chief, the largest available digital collection of materials pertaining to the deadliest pandemic of the 20th century and one of the largest collections of historical documents ever assembled on a single epidemic.<ref>[http://www.influenzaarchive.org/ Influenza Encyclopedia: The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918-1919]</ref> The collaboration between Markel and the CDC continued with analysis and documentation of non-pharmaceutical interventions deployed during the [[2009 H1N1 flu pandemic]].
From 2005 to 2006, Markel served as a historical consultant on pandemic influenza preparedness planning for the [[United States Department of Defense]]. From 2006 to 2016 he served as principal historical consultant on pandemic preparedness for the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigatorawards.org/investigators/howard-markel|title=Howard Markel - Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Investigator Awards in Health Policy Research|website=www.investigatorawards.org|accessdate=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044243/http://www.investigatorawards.org/investigators/howard-markel|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Markel was one of many who advised the federal government's response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic on the CDC Director's "Novel A/H1N1 Influenza Team B" real-time think tank. He and a team of researchers at the Center for the History of Medicine collaborated with the CDC to publish a digital encyclopedia of the [[1918 influenza pandemic]], the largest available digital collection of materials pertaining to the deadliest pandemic of the 20th century and one of the largest collections of historical documents ever assembled on a single epidemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.influenzaarchive.org/|title=The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia|website=www.influenzaarchive.org|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref> The collaboration between Markel and the CDC continued with analysis and documentation of non-pharmaceutical interventions deployed during the [[2009 H1N1 flu pandemic]]. "<ref name="Influenza">{{cite news |last1=Markel |first1=Howard |title=Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Implemented by US Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/208354 |accessdate= 8 August 2007 |work=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]] |date=8 August 2008}}</ref>


===Ebola===
===Ebola===
During the [[2014 Ebola epidemic]] Markel contributed his expertise on the history of epidemics and quarantines to public forums such as NPR's All Things Considered,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2014/10/27/359403504/a-history-of-quarantine-from-the-black-death-to-typhoid-mary|title=A History of Quarantine|publisher=NPR}}</ref> the [[BBC World Service]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p027rh8w|title=Ebola Fears Grow After US Death|publisher=BBC}}</ref> CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mms.tveyes.com/PlaybackPortal.aspx?SavedEditID=a88f8ba8-0f7f-4126-bf64-424d1e1a5a31|title=CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD}}</ref> ''PBS NewsHour'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/october-15-1965-remembering-ellis-island/|title=Before Ebola, Ellis Island's terrifying medical inspections|work=PBS Newshour}}</ref> and The New Yorker.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://archives.newyorker.com/?iid=105744&startpage=page0000025#folio=022|title=The Talk of the Town: Midterm Anxieties|work=The New Yorker}}</ref> He reminded readers in ''The New York Times'' that "we are a global village. Germs have always traveled. The problem now is they can travel with the speed of a jet plane."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/us/newly-vigilant-us-is-to-screen-fliers-for-ebola.html|title=Newly Vigilant, U.S. Will Screen Fliers for Ebola|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> Markel additionally sought to enhance public understanding of the Ebola outbreak through op-eds for [[Reuters]] Opinion<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/10/29/why-quarantining-ebola-patients-is-a-states-rights-issue/|title=How the Ebola quarantine became a 'states' rights' issue|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> and ''The New Republic''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119899/ebola-scare-2014-and-cholera-scare-1892-lessons-past|title=What a Past Epidemic Teaches Us About Ebola |work=The New Republic}}</ref>
During the [[2014 Ebola epidemic]], Markel contributed his expertise on the history of epidemics and quarantines to public forums such as NPR's All Things Considered,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/10/27/359403504/a-history-of-quarantine-from-the-black-death-to-typhoid-mary|title=A History of Quarantine|website=NPR.org |publisher=NPR}}</ref> the [[BBC World Service]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p027rh8w|title=Ebola Fears Grow After US Death|publisher=BBC}}</ref> CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mms.tveyes.com/PlaybackPortal.aspx?SavedEditID=a88f8ba8-0f7f-4126-bf64-424d1e1a5a31|title=CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD}}</ref> ''PBS NewsHour'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/october-15-1965-remembering-ellis-island/|title=Before Ebola, Ellis Island's terrifying medical inspections|work=PBS Newshour|date=2014-10-15}}</ref> and ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://archives.newyorker.com/?iid=105744&startpage=0000025#folio=022|title=The Talk of the Town: Midterm Anxieties|magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref> He reminded readers in ''The New York Times'' that "we are a global village. Germs have always traveled. The problem now is they can travel with the speed of a jet plane."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/us/newly-vigilant-us-is-to-screen-fliers-for-ebola.html|title=Newly Vigilant, U.S. Will Screen Fliers for Ebola|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> Markel additionally sought to enhance public understanding of the Ebola outbreak through op-eds for [[Reuters]] Opinion<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/10/29/why-quarantining-ebola-patients-is-a-states-rights-issue/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030141345/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2014/10/29/why-quarantining-ebola-patients-is-a-states-rights-issue/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-30|title=How the Ebola quarantine became a 'states' rights' issue|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> and ''The New Republic''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119899/ebola-scare-2014-and-cholera-scare-1892-lessons-past|title=What a Past Epidemic Teaches Us About Ebola |magazine=The New Republic}}</ref>

===COVID-19===

He is best known for working with Martin Cetron at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and having co-developed the evidence base of the concept of "flattening the curve," a means of social distancing that saved millions of lives around the globe during the first wave of COVID-19. This work was widely covered in newspapers and media around the world, including an "Annals of Medicine" article that appeared in [[The New Yorker magazine|"The New Yorker"]] on August 6, 2020. "<.<ref name="Coronavirus">{{cite magazine |last1=Markel |first1=Howard |title=America's Coronavirus Endurance Test|url=https://www.newyorker.com/science/medical-dispatch/americas-coronavirus-endurance-test |accessdate= 6 August 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=6 August 2020}}</ref> Markel wrote a piece in [[New York Times|''The New York Times'']] criticizing the [[Chinese government]] for their response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. He argued that the [[Wuhan lockdown]], which had completely shut all transportation in Wuhan and surrounding cities, was "too much too late", and that "Incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."<ref name="Wuhan">{{cite news |last1=Markel |first1=Howard |title=Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/opinion/china-wuhan-virus-quarantine.html |accessdate=27 January 2020 |work=[[New York Times]] |date=27 January 2020}}</ref>


==Honors and awards==
==Honors and awards==


Markel's historical, medical, and health policy research has been recognized with numerous grants, honors and awards. In 1996 he was a [[Robert Wood Johnson Foundation]] Generalist Physician Faculty Scholar for his work on ''American Doctors and Foreign Patients; Health Care Delivery for Russian, Jewish, Mexican, and Chinese Immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1995'', while his work titled ''U.S. Immigration Policy and the Public Health, 1880-1995'' received the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s James A. Shannon Director’s Award for 1997-1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/bulletin_of_the_history_of_medicine/v071/71.2news_events.html|title=News and Events|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press Bulletin of the History of Medicine|year= 2007}}</ref> He was named a Centennial Historian of the [[New York City|City of New York]] in 1998 for his role in advising and planning the New York City 100: Greater New York Centennial Celebration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/information/historians/|title=Centennial Historians|publisher=www.nyc.gov}}</ref> Markel was also an inaugural fellow at the [[New York Public Library]]'s Center for Scholars and Writers from 1999-2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nypl.org/locations/tid/36/node/209750|title=Past Fellows 1999-2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.www.nypl.org/press/2000/scholarslectures900.cfm|title=Scholars and Writers Conclude Year-Long Fellowships at The New York Public Library with Free Public Presentations|publisher=New York Public Library}}</ref>
Markel's historical, medical, and health policy research has been recognized with numerous grants, honors and awards. In 1996 he was a [[Robert Wood Johnson Foundation]] Generalist Physician Faculty Scholar for his work on ''American Doctors and Foreign Patients; Health Care Delivery for Russian, Jewish, Mexican, and Chinese Immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1995'', while his work titled ''U.S. Immigration Policy and the Public Health, 1880-1995'' received the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s James A. Shannon Director's Award for 1997–1999.<ref>{{cite journal|title=News and Events|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=71|issue=2|pages=320–327|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press Bulletin of the History of Medicine|year= 2007|doi=10.1353/bhm.1997.0094}}</ref> He was named a Centennial Historian of the [[New York City|City of New York]] in 1998 for his role in advising and planning the New York City 100: Greater New York Centennial Celebration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/information/historians/|title=Centennial Historians|publisher=www.nyc.gov|access-date=2014-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615222057/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nyc100/html/information/historians/|archive-date=2013-06-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Markel was also an inaugural fellow at the [[New York Public Library]]'s Center for Scholars and Writers from 1999 to 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nypl.org/locations/tid/36/node/209750|title=Past Fellows 1999-2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.www.nypl.org/press/2000/scholarslectures900.cfm|title=Scholars and Writers Conclude Year-Long Fellowships at The New York Public Library with Free Public Presentations|publisher=New York Public Library|access-date=2014-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116093809/http://legacy.www.nypl.org/press/2000/scholarslectures900.cfm|archive-date=2014-01-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In 2003 Markel's ''Quarantine!''—by that time established as "a classic in the history of public health"—was recognized by the [[American Public Health Association]] with The Arthur J. Viseltear Prize "for the outstanding book in the History of Public Health in America".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apha.confex.com/apha/131am/techprogram/paper_73877.htm|title=The 131st Annual Meeting of APHA|date= November 17, 2003}}</ref> In 2007, he received the Theodore Woodward Award from the American Clinical and Climatological Association for his presentation on "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic"<ref>{{cite journal|title=Theodore E. Woodward Award Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic| pmc=2394704 | pmid=18596866|volume=119|year=2008|journal=Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc.|pages=129–38; discussion 138–42 | last1 = Markel | first1 = H | last2 = Stern | first2 = AM | last3 = Cetron | first3 = MS}}</ref> and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy, also awarded on the basis of Markel's work on the 1918-1919 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigatorawards.org/investigators/howard-markel|title=History Informing Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: A Qualitative Study of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Community Experiences during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic|publisher=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation}}</ref>
In 2003 Markel's ''Quarantine!''—by that time established as "a classic in the history of public health"—was recognized by the [[American Public Health Association]] with The Arthur J. Viseltear Prize "for the outstanding book in the History of Public Health in America".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apha.confex.com/apha/131am/techprogram/paper_73877.htm|title=The 131st Annual Meeting of APHA|date= November 17, 2003}}</ref> In 2007, he received the Theodore Woodward Award from the American Clinical and Climatological Association for his presentation on "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic"<ref>{{cite journal|title=Theodore E. Woodward Award Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic| pmc=2394704 | pmid=18596866|volume=119|year=2008|journal=Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc.|pages=129–38; discussion 138–42 | last1 = Markel | first1 = H | last2 = Stern | first2 = AM | last3 = Cetron | first3 = MS}}</ref> and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy, also awarded on the basis of Markel's work on the 1918-1919 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigatorawards.org/investigators/howard-markel|title=History Informing Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: A Qualitative Study of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Community Experiences during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic|publisher=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation|access-date=2013-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220071616/http://www.investigatorawards.org/investigators/howard-markel|archive-date=2013-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In 2008, in recognition of contributions made throughout his career to the fields of medicine and public health, Markel was elected to the [[Institute of Medicine of the National Academies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uofmhealth.org/news/746faculty-elected-to-institute-of-medicine|title=Two Medical School faculty elected to Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science|publisher=U-M Health System|date= October 13, 2008}}</ref> In 2011 he was appointed to the Institute of Medicine's Board of Population Health and Public Health Practices and was Chair of its Section on Social Sciences from 2013-2015. In 2015, the Institute of Medicine was renamed the National Academy of Medicine, of which Dr. Markel is an elected member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018653 |title=Howard Markel - Institute of Medicine |publisher=Iom.edu |date=2013-09-19 |accessdate=2014-05-26}}</ref>
In 2008, in recognition of contributions made throughout his career to the fields of medicine and public health, Markel was elected to the [[Institute of Medicine of the National Academies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uofmhealth.org/news/746faculty-elected-to-institute-of-medicine|title=Two Medical School faculty elected to Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science|publisher=U-M Health System|date= October 13, 2008}}</ref> In 2011 he was appointed to the Institute of Medicine's Board of Population Health and Public Health Practices and was chair of its Section on Social Sciences from 2013 to 2015. In 2015, the Institute of Medicine was renamed the National Academy of Medicine, of which Markel is an elected member.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018653 |title=Howard Markel - Institute of Medicine |publisher=Iom.edu |date=2013-09-19 |accessdate=2014-05-26 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


In 2015 Markel was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] from the [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]] for demonstrating "exceptional capacity for productive scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/howard-markel/|title=Guggenheim Howard Markel|publisher=Guggenheim Fellowship|accessdate=2015-04-15}}</ref>
In 2015 Markel was awarded a [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] from the [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]] for demonstrating "exceptional capacity for productive scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/howard-markel/|title=Guggenheim Howard Markel|publisher=Guggenheim Fellowship|accessdate=2015-04-15}}</ref>


In 2016, Markel was elected into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars, in recognition of his career achievements and as a distinguished alumnus of that institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hub.jhu.edu/2016/04/12/society-of-scholars-2016/|title=Johns Hopkins inducts 16 new members into Society of Scholars}}</ref> That same year, the University of Michigan Medical School awarded Markel the Distinguished Alumnus Service Award, which honors alumni who exemplify the Michigan tradition of excellence and have brought credit to the University and their profession though their achievements and service to the welfare of mankind.
In 2016, he was inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Fellows for distinguished work in his scholarly field.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2016/04/12/society-of-scholars-2016/ |title=Johns Hopkins inducts 16 new members into Society of Scholars |date=12 April 2016 }}</ref>


In 2017, his book "The Kelloggs" was a Finalist in Biography for the National Book Critics Circle Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bookcritics.org/2018/02/06/katherine-a-powers-on-howard-markels-the-kelloggs/|title=Katherine A.Powers on Howard Markel's 'The Kelloggs' /|date=6 February 2018 }}</ref>
In 2017, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] awarded Markel with a prestigious academic writing residency at its Bellagio Center in Italy, which over the past 57 years has included Nobel laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, leading academics, artists, thought leaders, policymakers, and practitioners recognized for their bold thinking and promise to further change the world for the better to promote the well-being of humanity.


In 2019, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine awarded him with the Distinguished Alumnus Award for excellence and achievement through his personal and professional accomplishments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/som/alumni/alumni-awards/previous_winners.html#Distinguished_Medical_Alumnus_Award/Past alumni award winners}}</ref>
==Selected bibliography==


In 2021, Markel was named a 2022 Visiting [[Fellow#Education and academia|Fellow]] of [[Clare Hall, Cambridge|Clare Hall, University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Clare Hall 2021">{{cite web |title=Professor Howard Markel |website=Clare Hall |url=https://www.clarehall.cam.ac.uk/our-people/professor-howard-markel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420215159/https://www.clarehall.cam.ac.uk/our-people/professor-howard-markel |archive-date=2021-04-20 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>
* ''The H.L. Mencken Baby Book'', 1990

* ''The Portable Pediatrician'', 1992; 2000
==Books==
* ''The Practical Pediatrician: The A to Z Guide to Your Child's Health, Behavior, and Safety'', 1996
* {{Cite book|title=The H.L. Mencken Baby Book: Comprising the Contents of H.L. Mencken's 'What You Ought to Know About Your Baby', with commentaries|last1=Markel|first1=Howard|last2=Oski|first2=Frank A.|authorlink2=Frank Oski|date=1990|publisher=Hanley & Belfus|isbn=9780932883223|location=Philadelphia|oclc=20353016|url=https://archive.org/details/hlmenckenbabyboo0000menc}}
* ''Quarantine! East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892'', 1997; 1999
* {{Cite book|title=The Portable Pediatrician|date=1992|publisher=Hanley & Belfus|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|isbn=9781560530077|location=Philadelphia|oclc=26060532}}
* ''When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed'', 2004; 2005
* {{Cite book|title=The Practical Pediatrician: the A-to-Z Guide to Your Child's Health, Behavior, and Safety|last1=Markel|first1=Howard|author-mask=2|last2=Oski|first2=Frank A.|date=1996|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Co|isbn=9780716728979|location=New York|oclc=34564899}}
* ''An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine'', 2011; 2012
* {{Cite book|title=Quarantine!: East-European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|date=1997|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=9780801855122|location=Baltimore, Md.|oclc=35566332}}
* '' The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek, 2017
* {{Cite book|title=Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America and the Fears They Have Unleashed|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|date=2004|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=9780375420955|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=52980646|url=https://archive.org/details/whengermstravel00howa}}
* {{Cite book|title=An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted and the Miracle Drug, Cocaine|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780375423307|url-access=registration|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|date=2011|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=9780307379818|edition= 1st|location=New York|oclc=759513453}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|date=2017|isbn=9780307907288|edition= First |location=New York|oclc=964624787}}
* {{Cite book|title=Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|date=2020|isbn=9780190070007|edition= First |location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Secret of Life: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, and the Discovery of DNA's Double Helix|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|date=2021|isbn=9781324002239|edition= First |location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{Cite book|title=Origin Story: The Trials of Charles Darwin|last=Markel|first=Howard|author-mask=2|date=2024|isbn=9781324036746|edition= First |location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}http://hub.jhu.edu/2016/04/12/society-of-scholars-2016/


==External links==
==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.howardmarkel.com}}
* {{official website}}
* {{cite web |url=http://chm.med.umich.edu/faculty-staff/howard-markel/ |title=Howard Markel, M.D., Ph.D. |publisher=Center for the History of Medicine at the [[University of Michigan]] |location=Ann Arbor}}
* {{cite web |url=http://chm.med.umich.edu/faculty-staff/howard-markel/ |title=Howard Markel, M.D., Ph.D. |publisher=Center for the History of Medicine at the [[University of Michigan]] |location=Ann Arbor}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.lsa.umich.edu/history/people/ci.markelhoward_ci.detail |title=Howard Markel M.D., Ph.D. |publisher=University of Michigan History Department |location=Ann Arbor}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.lsa.umich.edu/history/people/ci.markelhoward_ci.detail |title=Howard Markel M.D., Ph.D. |publisher=University of Michigan History Department |location=Ann Arbor |access-date=2013-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504024159/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/history/people/ci.markelhoward_ci.detail |archive-date=2013-05-04 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.sciencefriday.com/guests/howard-markel.html#page/full-width-list/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023140347/http://sciencefriday.com/guests/howard-markel.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-10-23 |title=Howard Markel M.D., Ph.D. |work=Science Friday}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.sciencefriday.com/guests/howard-markel.html#page/full-width-list/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023140347/http://sciencefriday.com/guests/howard-markel.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-23 |title=Howard Markel M.D., Ph.D. |work=Science Friday}}

{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Markel, Howard}}
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[[Category:University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:Historians from Michigan]]

Latest revision as of 18:32, 25 June 2024

Howard Markel
Born (1960-04-23) April 23, 1960 (age 64)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Michigan (BA, MD)
Johns Hopkins University (PhD)

Howard Markel (born April 23, 1960) is an American physician and medical historian. At the end of 2023, Markel retired from the University of Michigan Medical School,[1] where he served as the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine and Director of the University's Center for the History of Medicine. He was also a professor of psychiatry, health management and policy, history, and pediatrics and communicable diseases. Markel writes extensively on major topics and figures in the history of medicine and public health.

Early life and education

[edit]

Markel was born in Detroit and grew up in Oak Park and Southfield, Michigan. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree (summa cum laude) in English from the University of Michigan in 1982 and earned his M.D. degree (cum laude) from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1986, before completing his internship, residency, and fellowship in pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1993. Markel then joined the University of Michigan faculty as a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of the History of Medicine. A medical historian by training, Markel earned his Ph.D. in the History of Medicine, Science and Technology from Johns Hopkins in 1994.[2]

Publications

[edit]

Quarantine!

[edit]

Markel's writing focuses on major topics and figures in the history of medicine. A consistent theme in his work has been the historical relationship between epidemics, social stigma and immigration, and public health. His book Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892, focuses on the complex interaction between anti-immigrant prejudices in the United States and the ways such prejudices were mobilized during the typhus and cholera outbreaks of 1892 in New York City.[3][4] Markel's argument about the tension between isolating disease and the potential for social scapegoating[5] acquired new urgency during the 2014 Ebola epidemic. "Ebola is jerking us back to the 19th century", he stated in The New York Times.[6]

When Germs Travel

[edit]

When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed expands the scope of Quarantine! by chronicling American epidemics during the two "great waves of immigration" that helped shape the 20th century. Markel argues that the association of immigrants with infectious disease is a key component of that history,[7] and that their stigmatization during 20th century American epidemics "reveal[s] much about our predispositions for dealing with the perpetual threat of contagious disease".[8]

An Anatomy of Addiction

[edit]

Markel's An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine explores the lives and careers of Freud and Halsted through their relationship to cocaine. Having treated patients with various forms of substance abuse, Markel thought that sharing Freud and Halsted's struggles (both personal and scientific) with cocaine would raise awareness of the perniciousness of addiction while illuminating an important chapter in medical history. Discussing his work with Science Friday's Ira Flatow, Markel said "they were so compelling, and I thought using their lives and their struggles I could really put a human face on this terrible disease."[9]

The Kelloggs

[edit]

In August 2017, Pantheon Books published Markel's latest book, The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek. A finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award, the book tells the story of the lives and times of the Kellogg Brothers of Battle Creek, Michigan.

Literatim: Essays on the Intersections of Medicine and Culture

[edit]

In December 2019, Oxford University Press published Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture, a collection of the Markel's essays on medicine, American culture, and how their intersections compose the interstitial matter of modern life.

The Secret of Life: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick and the Discovery of DNA’s Double Helix

[edit]

Markel's latest book, The Secret of Life: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick and the Discovery of DNA’s Double Helix, was published by W.W. Norton and Company in September 2021. Audiofile awarded the recorded book version with an October 2021 Earphone Award, The Washington Post named the version as one of the ten best audiobooks in 2021, and both Kirkus Reviews and National Public Radio placed it among its best books of the year list.

The Milbank Quarterly

[edit]

From 2013 to 2017, Markel was the editor-in-chief of the Milbank Quarterly, a peer-reviewed public health journal of population health and health policy.[citation needed]

[edit]

Markel has also contributed over 500 articles to scholarly publications and popular periodicals.[citation needed]

Government advice and media appearances

[edit]

Influenza

[edit]

From 2005 to 2006, Markel served as a historical consultant on pandemic influenza preparedness planning for the United States Department of Defense. From 2006 to 2016 he served as principal historical consultant on pandemic preparedness for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[10] Markel was one of many who advised the federal government's response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic on the CDC Director's "Novel A/H1N1 Influenza Team B" real-time think tank. He and a team of researchers at the Center for the History of Medicine collaborated with the CDC to publish a digital encyclopedia of the 1918 influenza pandemic, the largest available digital collection of materials pertaining to the deadliest pandemic of the 20th century and one of the largest collections of historical documents ever assembled on a single epidemic.[11] The collaboration between Markel and the CDC continued with analysis and documentation of non-pharmaceutical interventions deployed during the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic. "[12]

Ebola

[edit]

During the 2014 Ebola epidemic, Markel contributed his expertise on the history of epidemics and quarantines to public forums such as NPR's All Things Considered,[13] the BBC World Service,[14] CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD,[15] PBS NewsHour,[16] and The New Yorker.[17] He reminded readers in The New York Times that "we are a global village. Germs have always traveled. The problem now is they can travel with the speed of a jet plane."[18] Markel additionally sought to enhance public understanding of the Ebola outbreak through op-eds for Reuters Opinion[19] and The New Republic.[20]

COVID-19

[edit]

He is best known for working with Martin Cetron at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and having co-developed the evidence base of the concept of "flattening the curve," a means of social distancing that saved millions of lives around the globe during the first wave of COVID-19. This work was widely covered in newspapers and media around the world, including an "Annals of Medicine" article that appeared in "The New Yorker" on August 6, 2020. "<.[21] Markel wrote a piece in The New York Times criticizing the Chinese government for their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. He argued that the Wuhan lockdown, which had completely shut all transportation in Wuhan and surrounding cities, was "too much too late", and that "Incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."[22]

Honors and awards

[edit]

Markel's historical, medical, and health policy research has been recognized with numerous grants, honors and awards. In 1996 he was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Generalist Physician Faculty Scholar for his work on American Doctors and Foreign Patients; Health Care Delivery for Russian, Jewish, Mexican, and Chinese Immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1995, while his work titled U.S. Immigration Policy and the Public Health, 1880-1995 received the National Institutes of Health's James A. Shannon Director's Award for 1997–1999.[23] He was named a Centennial Historian of the City of New York in 1998 for his role in advising and planning the New York City 100: Greater New York Centennial Celebration.[24] Markel was also an inaugural fellow at the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers from 1999 to 2000.[25][26]

In 2003 Markel's Quarantine!—by that time established as "a classic in the history of public health"—was recognized by the American Public Health Association with The Arthur J. Viseltear Prize "for the outstanding book in the History of Public Health in America".[27] In 2007, he received the Theodore Woodward Award from the American Clinical and Climatological Association for his presentation on "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic"[28] and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy, also awarded on the basis of Markel's work on the 1918-1919 pandemic.[29]

In 2008, in recognition of contributions made throughout his career to the fields of medicine and public health, Markel was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.[30] In 2011 he was appointed to the Institute of Medicine's Board of Population Health and Public Health Practices and was chair of its Section on Social Sciences from 2013 to 2015. In 2015, the Institute of Medicine was renamed the National Academy of Medicine, of which Markel is an elected member.[31]

In 2015 Markel was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for demonstrating "exceptional capacity for productive scholarship.[32]

In 2016, he was inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Fellows for distinguished work in his scholarly field.[33]

In 2017, his book "The Kelloggs" was a Finalist in Biography for the National Book Critics Circle Award.[34]

In 2019, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine awarded him with the Distinguished Alumnus Award for excellence and achievement through his personal and professional accomplishments.[35]

In 2021, Markel was named a 2022 Visiting Fellow of Clare Hall, University of Cambridge.[36]

Books

[edit]
  • Markel, Howard; Oski, Frank A. (1990). The H.L. Mencken Baby Book: Comprising the Contents of H.L. Mencken's 'What You Ought to Know About Your Baby', with commentaries. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 9780932883223. OCLC 20353016.
  • —— (1992). The Portable Pediatrician. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 9781560530077. OCLC 26060532.
  • ——; Oski, Frank A. (1996). The Practical Pediatrician: the A-to-Z Guide to Your Child's Health, Behavior, and Safety. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 9780716728979. OCLC 34564899.
  • —— (1997). Quarantine!: East-European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801855122. OCLC 35566332.
  • —— (2004). Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America and the Fears They Have Unleashed (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375420955. OCLC 52980646.
  • —— (2011). An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted and the Miracle Drug, Cocaine (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780307379818. OCLC 759513453.
  • —— (2017). The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9780307907288. OCLC 964624787.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • —— (2020). Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780190070007.
  • —— (2021). The Secret of Life: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, and the Discovery of DNA's Double Helix (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781324002239.
  • —— (2024). Origin Story: The Trials of Charles Darwin (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9781324036746.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Howard Markel". mcommunity.umich.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  2. ^ "LDI Seminar Series". The University of Pennsylvania. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  3. ^ Markel 2004, p.68
  4. ^ Tomes, Nancy (April 23, 1988). "Book Reviews: Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (17): 1235. doi:10.1056/NEJM199804233381720.
  5. ^ Markel 1997, p. 12.
  6. ^ Sack, Kevin; Healy, Jack; Robles, Frances (October 18, 2014). "Life in Quarantine for Ebola Exposure: 21 Days of Fear and Loathing". The New York Times.
  7. ^ Barrett, Mike (September 11, 2004). "In brief". The Lancet. 364 (9438): 928. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17005-0. S2CID 54370021.
  8. ^ Markel 2004, p. 6, p. 210
  9. ^ "A Tale Of Two Addicts: Freud, Halsted And Cocaine". Talk of the Nation. NPR. November 25, 2011.
  10. ^ "Howard Markel - Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Investigator Awards in Health Policy Research". www.investigatorawards.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  11. ^ "The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia". www.influenzaarchive.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  12. ^ Markel, Howard (8 August 2008). "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Implemented by US Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Journal of the American Medical Association. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
  13. ^ "A History of Quarantine". NPR.org. NPR.
  14. ^ "Ebola Fears Grow After US Death". BBC.
  15. ^ "CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD".
  16. ^ "Before Ebola, Ellis Island's terrifying medical inspections". PBS Newshour. 2014-10-15.
  17. ^ "The Talk of the Town: Midterm Anxieties". The New Yorker.
  18. ^ "Newly Vigilant, U.S. Will Screen Fliers for Ebola". The New York Times. October 8, 2014.
  19. ^ "How the Ebola quarantine became a 'states' rights' issue". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30.
  20. ^ "What a Past Epidemic Teaches Us About Ebola". The New Republic.
  21. ^ Markel, Howard (6 August 2020). "America's Coronavirus Endurance Test". The New Yorker. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  22. ^ Markel, Howard (27 January 2020). "Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  23. ^ "News and Events". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 71 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press Bulletin of the History of Medicine: 320–327. 2007. doi:10.1353/bhm.1997.0094.
  24. ^ "Centennial Historians". www.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
  25. ^ "Past Fellows 1999-2013".
  26. ^ "Scholars and Writers Conclude Year-Long Fellowships at The New York Public Library with Free Public Presentations". New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
  27. ^ "The 131st Annual Meeting of APHA". November 17, 2003.
  28. ^ Markel, H; Stern, AM; Cetron, MS (2008). "Theodore E. Woodward Award Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 119: 129–38, discussion 138–42. PMC 2394704. PMID 18596866.
  29. ^ "History Informing Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: A Qualitative Study of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Community Experiences during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  30. ^ "Two Medical School faculty elected to Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science". U-M Health System. October 13, 2008.
  31. ^ "Howard Markel - Institute of Medicine". Iom.edu. 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2014-05-26.[permanent dead link‍]
  32. ^ "Guggenheim Howard Markel". Guggenheim Fellowship. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  33. ^ "Johns Hopkins inducts 16 new members into Society of Scholars". 12 April 2016.
  34. ^ "Katherine A.Powers on Howard Markel's 'The Kelloggs' /". 6 February 2018.
  35. ^ alumni award winners https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/som/alumni/alumni-awards/previous_winners.html#Distinguished_Medical_Alumnus_Award/Past alumni award winners. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  36. ^ "Professor Howard Markel". Clare Hall. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
[edit]
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