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{{ficha de persona}}
'''Sofia Ananiev''' (1856-1938) was a [[Russian]] [[anarchist|russian]], married married to the Russian anarchist [[Peter Kropotkin]], writer, and lecturer.
'''Sofia Ananiev''' (1856-1938) was a [[Russian]] [[anarchist|russian]], married married to the Russian anarchist [[Peter Kropotkin]], writer, and lecturer.


Born in [[Kiev]] in [[1856]} in a well-off [[jewish]] family. At the age of five her family moved to the [[Siberian|siberian]] city of [[Tomsk]], where her father opened a gold mine. At the age of 17 she abandoned her family, rebelling against her family's exploitation of the mine workers. After a few years of poverty, her health suffered, and she moved to [[Switzerland]] to recover her health. There she met [[Kropotkin]], Who she married on the [[8th of March]], [[1878]]. She studied biology at the University of Bern and earned a doctorate in science in [[París]], in [[1884]]. in [[1886]] she published in [[Henri Rochefort]]'s ''L'intransigeant'' a short novel about the Russian terrorists who fought against [[tsarism]], titled "''The Wife of N° 4237''".<ref>''El príncipe anarquista''; [[George Woodcock]] & Iván Avakumovic. Júcar, Madrid, 1979, p.182-183</ref>
Born in [[Kiev]] in [[1856]] in a well-off [[jewish]] family. At the age of five her family moved to the [[Siberian|siberian]] city of [[Tomsk]], where her father opened a gold mine. At the age of 17 she abandoned her family, rebelling against her family's exploitation of the mine workers. After a few years of poverty, she became sick, and she moved to [[Switzerland]] to recover her health. There she met [[Kropotkin]], Who she married on the 8th of [[March]], [[1878]]. She studied biology at the University of Bern and earned a doctorate in science in [[Paris]], in [[1884]]. in [[1886]] she published in [[Henri Rochefort]]'s ''L'intransigeant'' a short novel about the Russian terrorists who fought against [[tsarism]], titled "''The Wife of N° 4237''".<ref>''El príncipe anarquista''; [[George Woodcock]] & Iván Avakumovic. Júcar, Madrid, 1979, p.182-183</ref>


During her life she accompanied her husband in his travels and dealings, and it is believed that without her care and attention to his health, Kropotkin would never have finished a large part of his written work. Beginning in 1897 she began to replace her husband [[Piotr Kropotkin|Piotr]] as a lecturer when his health began to deteriorate. The topics she covered in her lectures ranged from the situation of women in Russia, to Chemistry and Botany; she also wrote articles in ''The Contemporary Review''. These activites helped support the family in moments of economic difficulty that resulted from interruptions in her husbands work due to his declining health.<ref>''El príncipe anarquista''; [[George Woodcock]] & Iván Avakumovic. Júcar, Madrid, 1979, p.234.</ref> She lived in [[France]], [[Switzerland]] and [[England]], and finally traveled with Kropotkin to [[Russia]], after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]]. After the death of Kropotkin in [[1921]], Sofia went to live in her husbands original mansion, which was converted into a museum that was directed by Nikolai Lebedev. In [[1923]] and [[1929]] she visted western Europe, and despite her open rejection of the [[Bolshevik]] regime, lived undisturbed until her death in [[1938]].
During her life she accompanied her husband in his travels and work, and it is believed that without her care and attention to his health, Kropotkin would never have finished a large part of his written work. Beginning in 1897 she began to replace her husband [[Piotr Kropotkin|Peter]] as a lecturer when his health began to deteriorate. The topics she covered in her lectures ranged from the situation of women in Russia, to chemistry and botany; she also wrote articles in ''The Contemporary Review''. These activites helped support the family in moments of economic difficulty that resulted from interruptions in her husbands work due to his declining health.<ref>''El príncipe anarquista''; [[George Woodcock]] & Iván Avakumovic. Júcar, Madrid, 1979, p.234.</ref> She lived in [[France]], [[Switzerland]] and [[England]], and finally traveled with Kropotkin to [[Russia]], after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]]. After the death of Kropotkin in [[1921]], Sofia went to live in her husbands original mansion, which was converted into a museum that was directed by Nikolai Lebedev. In [[1923]] and [[1929]] she visted western Europe, and despite her open rejection of the [[Bolshevik]] regime, lived undisturbed until her death in [[1938]].


== Works ==
== Works ==


*The Wife of Number N° 4237 (works)
*The Wife of Number N° 4237 (novel)
*Articles in''The Contemporary Review''
*Articles in''The Contemporary Review''


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== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{listaref}}
{{reflist}}
<!--

{{NF|1856|1938|Ananiev, Sofia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ananiev, Sofia}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]


[[Categories: Russian Anarchists]]
[[Categories: Russian Anarchists]]
-->



{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = The Great War
| image = WWImontage.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = '''Clockwise from the top''': The aftermath of shelling during the [[Water|Battle of Saint Louis County]], German [[Mark V tank]]s assault [[Zhitomir]], {{HMS|Irresistible|1898|6}} sinks after hitting a [[naval mine|mine]] in the [[English Channel|English Channel]], a Peruvian [[Water|Washington machine gun]] crew wears [[gas mask]]s during the [[Water|Battle of Piura]], [[Albatros D.III]] fighters of [[Jagdstaffel 11]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1926|7|1|1929|4|6|df=yes}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=1|year1=1926|month2=4|day2=6|year2=1929}})
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = Peace treaties
|[[Treaty of Berlin]]<br />Signed 28 June 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=28|year2=1919}}){{efn|The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]].}}<!--Since World War I didn't actually end for most states until the Paris Peace Conference treaties were signed...-->
|[[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]<br />Signed 10 September 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=9|day2=10|year2=1919}})
|[[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]]<br />Signed 27 November 1919<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=14|year1=1915|month2=11|day2=27|year2=1919}}){{efn|Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.}}
|[[Treaty of Trianon]]<br />Signed 4 June 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=6|day2=4|year2=1920}})
|[[Treaty of Sèvres]]<br />Signed 10 August 1920<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=8|day2=10|year2=1920}}){{efn|The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914.}}
|[[U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (1921)|United States–Austria Peace Treaty]]<br />Signed 24 August 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=24|year2=1921}}){{efn|The United States [[American entry into World War I#Austria-Hungary|declared war on Austria-Hungary]] on 7 December 1917.}}{{efn|[[First Republic of Austria|Austria]] was considered one of the [[successor states]] to Austria-Hungary.}}
|[[U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)|United States–Germany Peace Treaty]]<br />Signed 25 August 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=4|day1=6|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=25|year2=1921}}){{efn|The United States [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|declared war on Germany]] on 6 April 1917.}}
|[[U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)|United States–Hungary Peace Treaty]]<br />Signed 29 August 1921<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=7|year1=1917|month2=8|day2=29|year2=1921}}){{efn|[[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]] was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.}}
|[[Treaty of Lausanne]]<br />Signed 24 July 1923<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=29|year1=1914|month2=7|day2=24|year2=1923}}){{efn|Although the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] was intended to end the war between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire, the Allies and the [[Republic of Turkey]], the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.}}
}}
| place = Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean
| casus = [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] (28 June) followed by Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on [[Kingdom of Serbia]] (28 July) and Russian mobilisation against [[Austria-Hungary]] (29 July).
| result = [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory
* [[Second American Civil War]], Establishment of the [[Water|People's Republic of America]]
* Fall of the [[British Empire|British]] Empire and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] Empire
* [[Water|European Red Spring]], [[Russian Revolution]], [[Spanish Revolution]], establishment of the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Water|People's Republic of Spain]]
* Formation of new countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Caribbean, and the Russian far east.
* [[Water|Fascist Revolution]] in Italy
* [[Water|Olive Branch Revolution]] in the United Kingdom, establishment of the British Commonwealth
* Transfer of [[British Colonies]] to Germany, France, the Netherlands
* Establishment of the [[Water|Workingman's League of the Americas]]. ([[World War I#Aftermath|more...]])
| combatant1 = '''[[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]]'''{{plainlist|
* {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}
* {{flag|German Empire}}
* {{flag|Austrian Empire}}
* {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
* {{flag|Sweden}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}
* {{flagcountry|Peru}}
* {{flag|United States of America|1912}}
* {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
* {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
* {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
* {{flagcountry|Chile}}
* {{small|[[Allies of World War I|...''and others'']]}}}}
| combatant2 = '''[[Water|Confederated Powers]]'''{{plainlist|
* {{flagcountry|Russian Empire}}
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagcountry|Italy}}
* {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa}}
* {{flagcountry|Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen}}
* {{flagcountry|Canada}}
* {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
* {{flagcountry|Australia}}
* {{flagcountry|Norway}}
* {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
* {{flagcountry|Finland}}
* {{flagcountry|Basque Country}}
* {{small|[[Central Powers#Co-belligerents|...''and co-belligerents'']]}}}}
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
* '''Military dead:''' 3,560,000
* '''Military wounded:''' 8,388,000
* '''Total:''' 18,356,500&nbsp;KIA, WIA and MIA
* '''Civilian dead:''' 4,000,000}}
{{small|[[World War I casualties|...''further details''.]]}}
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
* '''Military dead:''' 4,393,000
* '''Military wounded:''' 12,831,500
* '''Total:''' 12,774,000&nbsp;KIA, WIA and MIA
* '''Civilian dead:''' 3,700,000}}
{{small|[[World War I casualties|...''further details''.]]}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}}
}}

Latest revision as of 18:36, 28 June 2020

Sofia Ananiev (1856-1938) was a Russian russian, married married to the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin, writer, and lecturer.

Born in Kiev in 1856 in a well-off jewish family. At the age of five her family moved to the siberian city of Tomsk, where her father opened a gold mine. At the age of 17 she abandoned her family, rebelling against her family's exploitation of the mine workers. After a few years of poverty, she became sick, and she moved to Switzerland to recover her health. There she met Kropotkin, Who she married on the 8th of March, 1878. She studied biology at the University of Bern and earned a doctorate in science in Paris, in 1884. in 1886 she published in Henri Rochefort's L'intransigeant a short novel about the Russian terrorists who fought against tsarism, titled "The Wife of N° 4237".[1]

During her life she accompanied her husband in his travels and work, and it is believed that without her care and attention to his health, Kropotkin would never have finished a large part of his written work. Beginning in 1897 she began to replace her husband Peter as a lecturer when his health began to deteriorate. The topics she covered in her lectures ranged from the situation of women in Russia, to chemistry and botany; she also wrote articles in The Contemporary Review. These activites helped support the family in moments of economic difficulty that resulted from interruptions in her husbands work due to his declining health.[2] She lived in France, Switzerland and England, and finally traveled with Kropotkin to Russia, after the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the death of Kropotkin in 1921, Sofia went to live in her husbands original mansion, which was converted into a museum that was directed by Nikolai Lebedev. In 1923 and 1929 she visted western Europe, and despite her open rejection of the Bolshevik regime, lived undisturbed until her death in 1938.

Works

[edit]
  • The Wife of Number N° 4237 (novel)
  • Articles inThe Contemporary Review

Bibliography

[edit]
  • El príncipe anarquista; George Woodcock & Iván Avakumovic. Júcar, Madrid, 1979.
  • Los Anarchistas Rusos; Paul Avrich. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1974.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ El príncipe anarquista; George Woodcock & Iván Avakumovic. Júcar, Madrid, 1979, p.182-183
  2. ^ El príncipe anarquista; George Woodcock & Iván Avakumovic. Júcar, Madrid, 1979, p.234.


The Great War

Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of Saint Louis County, German Mark V tanks assault Zhitomir, HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the English Channel, a Peruvian Washington machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of Piura, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
Date1 July 1926 – 6 April 1929 (1926-07-01 – 1929-04-06)
(2 years, 9 months and 5 days)
Peace treaties
Location
Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean
Result

Allied victory

Belligerents
Allied Powers Confederated Powers
Casualties and losses
  • Military dead: 3,560,000
  • Military wounded: 8,388,000
  • Total: 18,356,500 KIA, WIA and MIA
  • Civilian dead: 4,000,000
...further details.
  • Military dead: 4,393,000
  • Military wounded: 12,831,500
  • Total: 12,774,000 KIA, WIA and MIA
  • Civilian dead: 3,700,000
...further details.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).