Elephant (pharaoh): Difference between revisions

Elephant
Elephant
Pen-Abw
	Rock inscription from Qustul
Pharaoh
Reign	Naqada III
Predecessor	Unknown
Successor	Unknown
Horus name
Horus name
	(Hor) Pen-Abu; Pn-3bw; Great one from the (throne) seat
	;
	;
Burial	unknown
Dynasty	Predynastic Egypt

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Elephant (maybe read as Pen-Abu;^[1] fl. c. 3100 BC) is the provisional name of a Predynastic ruler in Egypt. Since the incarved rock inscriptions and ivory tags showing his name are either drawn sloppily, or lacking any royal crest, the reading and thus whole existence of king "Elephant" is highly disputed.

Identity

The proposed existence of Elephant is based on Günter Dreyer's and Ludwig David Morenz's essays. They are convinced that Elephant was a local king who ruled at the region of Qustul. According to Dreyer, Elephant's name appears in incised rock inscriptions at Qustul and Gebel Sheikh-Suleiman, where the hieroglyphs are put inside a royal serekh. On ivory tags found at Abydos, the Elephant appears without any other royal crest. Dreyer sees a cube-shaped throne seat and a walking elephant beneath it and reads Pen-Abu ("Great one from the (throne) seat").^[2] Morenz thinks alike but is highly uncertain about the reading of the name. He prefers to use the neutral provisional name "King Elephant". Alternatively, he proposes a rhinoceros as a royal animal. Morenz points out that it became a remarkable fashion during the Naqada III epoch to choose dangerous and unpredictable animals (such as lions, crocodiles, elephants and rhinoceroses) for building up royal names.^[3]

Other Egyptologists, such as Peter Kaplony and Toby Wilkinson, are not so sure and propose different readings. Whilst Wilkinson sees a throne seat and the hieroglyph for "border", Kaplony sees a seat and a stand full of wine jars, the sign for "praised". Kaplony also mentions that the name of a certain 1st-dynasty palatinate named Hor-Sekhentydjw was also written with the wine-jar holder symbol. He believes that the name of the palatinate was created out of King Elephant's name.^[4]

Reign

Elephant might have ruled during the early Naqada III epoch. His tomb is unknown.^[5]

References

^ Günter Dreyer: Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse. In: Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV), vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 177.
^ Günter Dreyer: Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse. In: Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV), vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 179.
^ Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 205). Fribourg 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1, p. 114 & 118.
^ Peter Kaplony: Die Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit, vol. III (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA), vol. 8). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1963, p. 8.
^ Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 205). Fribourg 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1, p. 91.

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[1] Günter Dreyer: Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse. In: Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV), vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 177.

[2] Günter Dreyer: Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse. In: Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV), vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 179.

[3] Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 205). Fribourg 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1, p. 114 & 118.

[4] Peter Kaplony: Die Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit, vol. III (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA), vol. 8). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1963, p. 8.

[5] Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 205). Fribourg 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1, p. 91.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Provisional name of the first known predynastic Egypt ruler (existence disputed)}}
 {{Infobox pharaoh
 | name           = Elephant
-| alt_name       = Pen-abw
+| alt_name       = Pen-Abw
 | image          = Pen-abu.png
 | image_alt      =
-| caption        = rock inscription from Qustul
+| caption        = Rock inscription from Qustul
 | role           =
-| reign          = Naqada III
+| reign          = [[Naqada III]]
-| dynasty        = Predynastic Egypt
+| dynasty        = [[Predynastic Egypt]]
 | coregency      =
-| predecessor    = unknown
+| predecessor    = Unknown
-| successor      = unknown
+| successor      = Unknown
 | notes          =
 | prenomen       =
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 | nomen          =
 | nomen_hiero    =
-| horus          = Hor-Pen-abw<br/>''Pn-3bw''<br/>''Great one from the (throne) seat''
+| horus          = (Hor) Pen-Abu<br/>''Pn-3bw''<br/>''Great one from the (throne) seat''
 | horus_hiero    = <hiero>Q3:E26</hiero>
 | horus_prefix   = <!-- Default is <hiero>G5</hiero> -->
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 | monuments      =}}
-'''Elephant''' (maybe read as '''Pen-abw'''<ref>Günter Dreyer: ''Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse''. In: ''Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV)'', vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 177.</ref>) is the provisional name of a predynastic ruler. But since the incarved rock inscriptions and [[ivory]] tags showing his name are either drawn sloppily, or lacking any royal crest, the reading and thus whole existence of king "Elephant" are highly disputed.
+'''Elephant''' (maybe read as '''Pen-Abu''';<ref>Günter Dreyer: ''Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse''. In: ''Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV)'', vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 177.</ref> {{fl.|{{circa}} 3100 BC}}) is the provisional name of a [[Prehistoric Egypt|Predynastic]] ruler in [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. Since the incarved rock inscriptions and [[ivory]] tags showing his name are either drawn sloppily, or lacking any royal crest, the reading and thus whole existence of king "Elephant" is highly disputed.
 == Identity ==
-The proposed existence of Elephant is based on [[Gunter Dreyer]]'s and [[Ludwig David Morenz]] essays. They are convinced that Elephant was a local king who ruled at the region of [[Qustul]]. According to Dreyer, Elephant's name appears in incised rock inscriptions at Qustul and [[Gebel Sheikh-Suleiman]], where the hieroglyphs are put inside a royal [[serekh]]. On ivory tags found at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]], the Elephant appears without any other royal crest. Dreyer sees a cube-shaped throne seat and a walking Elephant beneath it and reads ''Pen-abu'' ("Great one from the (throne) seat").<ref>Günter Dreyer: ''Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse.'' In: ''Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV)'', vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 179.</ref> Morenz thinks alike but is highly uncertain about the reading of the name. He prefers to use the neutral provisional name "King Elephant". Alternatively, he proposes a [[rhinoceros]] as a royal animal. Morenz points out, that it became a remarkable fashion during the Naqada-III-epoch to choose dangerous and unpredictable animals (such as [[lions]], [[crocodile]]s, elephants and rhinoceros) for building up royal names.<ref>Ludwig David Morenz: ''Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens'' (= ''Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis'', vol.  205). Fribourg 2004, {{ISBN|3-7278-1486-1}}, p. 114 & 118.</ref>
+The proposed existence of Elephant is based on [[Günter Dreyer]]'s and [[Ludwig David Morenz]]'s essays. They are convinced that Elephant was a local king who ruled at the region of [[Qustul]]. According to Dreyer, Elephant's name appears in incised rock inscriptions at Qustul and [[Relief of Gebel Sheikh Suleiman|Gebel Sheikh-Suleiman]], where the hieroglyphs are put inside a royal ''[[serekh]]''. On ivory tags found at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]], the Elephant appears without any other royal crest. Dreyer sees a cube-shaped throne seat and a walking [[elephant]] beneath it and reads ''Pen-Abu'' ("Great one from the (throne) seat").<ref>Günter Dreyer: ''Umm El-Qaab. Band I: Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse.'' In: ''Archäologische Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo (AV)'', vol. 86, von Zabern, Mainz 1998, p. 179.</ref> Morenz thinks alike but is highly uncertain about the reading of the name. He prefers to use the neutral provisional name "King Elephant". Alternatively, he proposes a [[rhinoceros]] as a royal animal. Morenz points out that it became a remarkable fashion during the [[Naqada III]] epoch to choose dangerous and unpredictable animals (such as [[lion]]s, [[crocodile]]s, elephants and rhinoceroses) for building up royal names.<ref>Ludwig David Morenz: ''Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens'' (= ''Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis'', vol. 205). Fribourg 2004, {{ISBN|3-7278-1486-1}}, p. 114 & 118.</ref>
-Other Egyptologists, such as [[Peter Kaplony]] and [[Toby Wilkinson]], are not so sure and propose different readings. Whilst Wilkinson sees a throne seat and the hieroglyph for "border", [[Peter Kaplony]] sees a seat and a stand full of wine jars, the sign for "praised". Kaplony also mentions that the name of a certain [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st dynasty]] [[Kaiserpfalz|palatinate]] named ''Hor-Sekhentydjw'' was also written with the wine-jar holder symbol. He believes that the name of the palatinate was created out of king Elephant's name.<ref>Peter Kaplony: ''Die Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit'', vol. III (= ''Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA)'', vol. 8). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1963, p. 8.</ref>
+Other [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]], such as [[Peter Kaplony]] and [[Toby Wilkinson]], are not so sure and propose different readings. Whilst Wilkinson sees a throne seat and the hieroglyph for "border", Kaplony sees a seat and a stand full of wine jars, the sign for "praised". Kaplony also mentions that the name of a certain [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st-dynasty]] [[Kaiserpfalz|palatinate]] named ''Hor-Sekhentydjw'' was also written with the wine-jar holder symbol. He believes that the name of the palatinate was created out of King Elephant's name.<ref>Peter Kaplony: ''Die Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit'', vol. III (= ''Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (ÄA)'', vol. 8). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1963, p. 8.</ref>
 == Reign ==
 Elephant might have ruled during the early [[Naqada III]] epoch. His tomb is unknown.<ref>Ludwig David Morenz: ''Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens'' (= ''Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis'', vol.  205). Fribourg 2004, {{ISBN|3-7278-1486-1}}, p. 91.</ref>
+==See also==
+* [[List of pharaohs]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 46: / Line 50: @@
 {{Pharaohs}}
+{{authority control}}
+[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
+[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
 [[Category:Predynastic pharaohs]]
-[[Category:Predynastic Egypt]]
+{{AncientEgypt-bio-stub}}
-[[Category:32nd-century BC rulers]]