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{{Short description|Human smuggler}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox criminal
{{Infobox criminal
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sister Ping
| name = Sister Ping
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = Cheng Chui Ping
| native_name = {{nobold|鄭翠萍}}
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang = zh-Hans-CN
| image =
| image = Sister Ping.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption = Sister Ping, date unknown
| birth_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|1|9}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|1|9}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Shengmei]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]
| birth_place =
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|4|24|1949|1|9}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|4|24|1949|1|9}}
| death_place =
| death_place = [[Federal Medical Center Carswell]], [[Texas]], US
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place = [[Kensico Cemetery]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| monuments =
| residence =
| nationality = Chinese
| nationality = Chinese
| other_names =
| other_names =
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| education =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] leader, shopkeeper, human trafficker
| occupation = [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] leader, shopkeeper, human smuggler
| years_active = 1984 until 2000
| years_active = 1984 until 2000
| employer =
| employer =
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| notable_works =
| notable_works =
| style =
| style =
⚫
| home_town = Shengmei, [[Fuzhou]], [[Fujian]], [[Republic of China]]
| salary =
| salary =
| net_worth =
| net_worth =
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| religion =
| religion =
| denomination =
| denomination =
| criminal_charge = commit alien smuggling, hostage taking, [[money laundering]], trafficking in [[ransom]] proceeds
| criminal_charge = human trafficking, hostage taking, [[money laundering]], trafficking in [[ransom]] proceeds
| conviction_penalty = 35 years in prison
| conviction_penalty = 35 years in prison
| conviction_status = Convicted
| conviction_status = Convicted
| spouse = Cheung Yick Tak
| spouse = Cheung Yick
| children = <!-- (as above) -->
| children = 4
| parents = <!-- (as above) -->
| parents = <!-- (as above) -->
| relatives =
| relatives =
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| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
{{Chinese
'''Cheng Chui Ping''' ({{zh|t=鄭翠萍 |s=郑翠萍 |p=Zhèng Cuìpíng |w=Cheng Ts'ui-p'ing}}), also known as '''Sister Ping''' (萍姐 Píng Jiě; January 9, 1949 &ndash; April 24, 2014), ran a notorious Chinese [[human smuggling]] operation from [[New York City]] and [[Hong Kong]] from 1984 until 2000, when she was arrested in [[Hong Kong]], extradited back to the [[United States]],<ref name=nyt35yrs>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/nyregion/17ping.html |work=The New York Times | title=Ringleader Gets 35-Year Term in Smuggling of Immigrants | first=Julia | last=Preston | date=2006-03-17 | accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref> and held in U.S. Federal prison until her death in April 2014.
|title=Cheng Chui Ping
|order=ts
|t=鄭翠萍
|s=郑翠萍
|p=Zhèng Cuìpíng
|w=Cheng4 Ts'ui4-p'ing2
|j=zeng6 ceoi3 ping4
|altname=Sister Ping
|c2=萍姐
|p2=Píng Jiě
|w2=P'ing2 chieh3
|j2=ping4 ze2
}}
'''Cheng Chui Ping''' ({{zh|t=鄭翠萍|s=郑翠萍|first=t}}; January 9, 1949 &ndash; April 24, 2014), also known as '''Sister Ping''' ({{zh|c=萍姐}}), was a Chinese woman who ran a [[People smuggling|human smuggling]] operation bringing people from [[China]] into the [[United States]] between 1984 and 2000. Operating from [[Chinatown, Manhattan]], Ping oversaw a [[Snakehead (gang)|snakehead]] smuggling ring which brought as many as 3,000 Chinese into the United States, earning her more than $40 million.<ref name="fbi" /> The [[United States Department of Justice]] called Ping "one of the first, and ultimately most successful, alien smugglers of all time."<ref name="DOJ-PR" />

Born and raised in [[Fujian]] province, Ping moved to [[Hong Kong]] in 1974, and then [[New York City]] in 1981. She was arrested in [[Hong Kong]] in 2000 and extradited to the United States in 2003.<ref name="nyt35yrs">{{cite news|last=Preston|first=Julia|date=2006-03-17|title=Ringleader Gets 35-Year Term in Smuggling of Immigrants|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/nyregion/17ping.html|access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref> In 2006, she was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison, and remained there until her death.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Ping was born January 9th, 1949 in the poor farming village of [[Shengmei]], [[Fuzhou]] ("Prospering Beauty") in northern [[Fujian]] province, [[China]]. Ping's father, Cheng Chai Leung, who was from Shengmei, and mother, who was from a neighboring village, had five children in all.<ref name=thesnakehead>{{cite book|last=Keefe|first=Patrick Radden|title=The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream|year=2009|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=978-0385521307}}</ref> Ping was 10 months old when [[Mao Zedong]] established the People's Republic of China.<ref name=thesnakehead/> She attended the village elementary school as a child and worked on the family farm, helping raise pigs and rabbits, chopping wood, and tending a vegetable garden. According to Ping's biographer, Patrick Radden Keefe, who interviewed her in 2008, Ping said that as a girl of twelve years old she survived the capsizing of a rowboat in which she had been traveling to another village to cut wood for kindling. She recalled of the incident that all of the people in the boat who had been rowing and had been holding an oar when the boat turned over managed to survive, while "the two people who were lazy and sat back while others worked ended up dead. This taught me to work hard."<ref name=thesnakehead/> Ping also said that during the [[Cultural Revolution]], she became a leader of the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] in her village.<ref name=thesnakehead/>
Ping was born on January 9, 1949, in [[Shengmei]], [[Mawei]], [[Fuzhou]], a poor farming village in northern [[Fujian]], [[China]]. She was one of five children born to her father, Cheng Chai Leung, who was from Shengmei, and her mother, who was from a neighboring village.<ref name=thesnakehead>{{cite book|last=Keefe|first=Patrick Radden|title=The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream|year=2009|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=978-0385521307}}</ref> Ping was 10 months old when the People's Republic of China was established.<ref name=thesnakehead/> Growing up, she attended the village elementary school and worked on the family farm, helping raise pigs and rabbits, chopping wood, and tending a vegetable garden. When she was twelve, she survived the capsizing of a rowboat in which she had been traveling to another village to cut wood for kindling. She recalled of the incident that all of the people in the boat who had been rowing and had been holding an oar when the boat turned over managed to survive, while "the two people who were lazy and sat back while others worked ended up dead. This taught me to work hard."<ref name=thesnakehead/> During the [[Cultural Revolution]], she became a leader of the [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] in her village.<ref name=thesnakehead/>


When she was fifteen, her father left the family and traveled to the United States as a [[merchant marine]] crewman. He stayed in the U.S. for thirteen years, working as a dish-washer and sending money home to the family every few months. He was apprehended by U.S. immigration authorities and deported back to China in 1977. When he returned to China, Ping's father entered into the business of [[people smuggling]].<ref name=thesnakehead/>
When she was fifteen, her father left the family and traveled to the United States as a [[merchant marine]] crewman. He stayed in the U.S. for thirteen years, working as a dish-washer and sending money home to the family every few months. He was apprehended by U.S. immigration authorities and deported back to China in 1977. When he returned to China, Ping's father entered into the [[people smuggling]] business.<ref name=thesnakehead/>


Sister Ping married a man from a neighboring village, Cheung Yick Tak, in 1969.<ref name=thesnakehead/> They had a daughter, Cheng "Monica" Hui Mui, in 1973;<ref name=thesnakehead/> Ping later had three other children.<ref name=nyt35yrs/> The family moved to Hong Kong in 1974.<ref name=thesnakehead /> In 1981 the family passed through Canada,<ref name=bbc-mother-of>{{cite news |title=Cheng Chui Ping: 'Mother of Snakeheads' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4816354.stm |newspaper=BBC |date=March 17, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112114102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4816354.stm |archivedate=November 12, 2012 |accessdate=April 28, 2014}}</ref> they settled in [[Chinatown, Manhattan]], in the United States, where they opened a shop, the Tak Shun Variety Store, which catered to homesick [[Fuzhounese Americans|Fuzhounese immigrants]].<ref name=thesnakehead/>
Sister Ping married Cheung Yick, a man from a neighboring village, in 1969.<ref name=thesnakehead/> They had a daughter, Cheung Hui, in 1973;<ref name=thesnakehead/> Ping later had three sons.<ref name=died/> The family moved to Hong Kong in 1974, where Ping became a successful businesswoman and opened a factory in Shenzhen, China.<ref name=thesnakehead /> In June 1981, with the help of an elderly couple, Ping successfully applied to be a nanny in New York.<ref name=queen>{{cite news |title=Stolen Queen. |url=https://www.toutiaoabc.com/index.php?act=view&nid=357037 |publisher=6park.com |date=July 24, 2017 |access-date=August 18, 2018 |archive-date=August 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214649/https://www.toutiaoabc.com/index.php?act=view&nid=357037 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The family passed through Canada,<ref name=bbc-mother-of>{{cite news |title=Cheng Chui Ping: 'Mother of Snakeheads' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4816354.stm |newspaper=BBC |date=March 17, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112114102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4816354.stm |archive-date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref> and on 17 November 1981, settled in [[Chinatown, Manhattan]], in the United States. They opened a shop, the Tak Shun Variety Store, which catered to homesick [[Fuzhounese Americans|Fuzhounese immigrants]].<ref name=thesnakehead/> During her time in New York, Ping lived at 14 Monroe Street, [[Knickerbocker Village]], a modest lower middle class development.<ref name=map>{{cite news |title=Where the Snakehead Slithered|url=http://nymag.com/arts/books/features/58055/ |publisher=New York Media LLC |date=July 26, 2009|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref>


==Smuggling business==
==Smuggling business==


===Early career===
===Early career===
Sister Ping began her smuggling career in the early 1980s as a one-woman operation, smuggling handfuls of fellow villagers from China into the United States a few at a time by [[commercial airline]] using [[forged identification documents]].<ref name=DOJ-PR />
Sister Ping began her smuggling career in the early 1980s as a one-woman operation, smuggling handfuls of fellow villagers from China into the United States a few at a time by [[commercial airline]] using [[forged identification documents]].<ref name=DOJ-PR /> She charged $35,000 or more to transport interested immigrants into the United States.<ref name="nyt35yrs" />

In the spring of 1989, evidence against Sister Ping was gathered in a sting by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police at Toronto International Airport. Several months later, Ping was arrested and pleaded guilty to illegal human smuggling. She was sentenced to six months in prison in Butler County, Pennsylvania. As she spoke little English, she was isolated from other prisoners and readily agreed to provide a Chinese-speaking FBI agent with information on Chinatown's underworld, she received a reduced sentence and served four months.<ref name="Snakehead">{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/04/24/the-snakehead |title=The Snakehead|last=Keefe|first=Patrick Radden|date=April 24, 2006 |newspaper=The New Yorker |location=New York, New York |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>


Business picked up after the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] when the U.S. government offered Chinese students present in the United States at the time the opportunity to stay. Thousands flooded into the country from abroad using false papers to establish a claim to residency under the new rule.<ref name=bbc-mother-of />
Business picked up after the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] when the U.S. government offered Chinese students present in the United States at the time the opportunity to stay. Thousands flooded into the country from abroad using false papers to establish a claim to residency under the new rule.<ref name=bbc-mother-of />


===Mass operations by cargo ship===
===Mass operations by cargo ship===
By the time she was arrested in 2000, she had smuggled more than one thousand{{Disputed inline|text=1000 or 3000?|How many were smuggled in?|date=April 2014}} people into the United States, sometimes hundreds at a time via [[cargo ship]], where her "customers" were imprisoned below deck for months at a time with little food and water. On at least one occasion, one of the rickety boats Sister Ping used for offloading customers from a larger vessel capsized, drowning fourteen.<ref name=DOJ-PR />
On June 6, 1993, the ''[[Golden Venture]]'' ship ran aground in Queens, New York, with 286 illegal immigrants on board. One of the criminal leaders, Guo Liang Chi, claimed Ping as an investor. However, there are doubts about Guo Liang Chi's claim because he wanted to blame another person to reduce his federal sentence on other crimes that he committed over the years. In December 1994, an indictment was brought before a Manhattan federal court, stating that Ping had smuggled around 3,000 Fujianese to the United States since 1984 with the help of the American-Chinese gang Fuk Ching.<ref name="'Big Sister Ping' closer to US trial as extradition appeal rejected">{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/386892/big-sister-ping-closer-us-trial-extradition-appeal-rejected |title='Big Sister Ping' closer to US trial as extradition appeal rejected|last=Bradford|first=Sarah|date=August 1, 2002 |newspaper=South China Morning Post |location=Hong Kong|access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref> Sometimes hundreds of people were smuggled in at a time via [[cargo ship]] and imprisoned below deck for months at a time with little food and water. In 1998, one of the smaller boats Sister Ping used for offloading customers from a larger vessel capsized off the coast of Guatemala, drowning fourteen.<ref name=DOJ-PR /><ref name=Snakehead/>


===International network and collections===
===International network and collections===
Sister Ping hired scores of people in several different countries to move her human cargo for her, hold them hostage until their smuggling fees were paid, and collect those fees from them. Sometimes her customers were lucky and arrived safely in the United States where they paid the exorbitant fees Sister Ping charged, and were released.<ref name=DOJ-PR />
Sister Ping hired scores of people in several different countries to move her human cargo for her, hold them hostage until their smuggling fees were paid, and collect those fees from them. Sometimes her customers were lucky and arrived safely in the United States where they paid the exorbitant fees Sister Ping charged, and were released.<ref name=DOJ-PR />


To ensure her customers paid their smuggling fees, Sister Ping hired armed thugs from the [[Fuk Ching]],<ref name=NJI-FukChing>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/218463.pdf?q=ching |title=Chinese Transnational Organized Crime: The Fuk Ching |last1=Finckenauer |first1=James O. |date=December 6, 2007 |website=[[National Institute of Justice]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Criminal Justice Reference Service |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913120912/http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/218463.pdf |archivedate=September 13, 2008 |accessdate=April 24, 2014}}</ref> Chinatown’s most vicious and feared gang, to transport and guard her customers in the United States. The presence of these gang members guaranteed that Sister Ping got paid the $25,000 to $45,000 fee she demanded for the trip.<ref name=DOJ-PR />
To ensure her customers paid their smuggling fees, Sister Ping hired armed thugs from the [[Fuk Ching]],<ref name=NJI-FukChing>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/218463.pdf?q=ching |title=Chinese Transnational Organized Crime: The Fuk Ching |last1=Finckenauer |first1=James O. |date=December 6, 2007 |website=[[National Institute of Justice]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Criminal Justice Reference Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913120912/http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/218463.pdf |archive-date=September 13, 2008 |access-date=April 24, 2014}}</ref> Chinatown's most vicious and feared gang, to transport and guard her customers in the United States. The presence of these gang members guaranteed that Sister Ping got paid the $25,000 to $45,000 fee she demanded for the trip.<ref name=DOJ-PR />


Sister Ping also ran a money transmitting business out of her Chinatown variety store.<ref name=DOJ-PR />
Sister Ping also ran a money transmitting business out of her Chinatown variety store.<ref name=DOJ-PR />


===Scope and notoriety===
===Scope and notoriety===

Individuals who conducted such Chinese alien smuggling operations are known as "[[Snakehead (gang)|snakeheads]]" from the Chinese translation for human-smuggler.<ref name=dies-in-prison /> Almost all of the immigrants whom Sister Ping harbored came from Fujian province. She was renowned as the most notorious snakehead, operating the largest, most sophisticated operation of its kind, which became international in scale. The U.S. Department of Justice declared at her sentencing that "Sister Ping is one of the first, and ultimately most successful, alien smugglers of all time."<ref name=DOJ-PR />
Individuals who conducted such Chinese illegal human smuggling operations are known as "[[Snakehead (gang)|snakeheads]]" from the Chinese translation for human-smuggler. Almost all of the immigrants whom Sister Ping harbored came from Fujian province. She was renowned as the most notorious snakehead, operating the largest, most sophisticated operation of its kind, which became international in scale. The U.S. Department of Justice declared at her sentencing that "Sister Ping is one of the first, and ultimately most successful, human smugglers of all time."<ref name=DOJ-PR /> It is estimated that Ping amassed around $40 million.<ref name=journey>{{cite web |url=https://citylimits.org/2003/12/15/journey-to-the-golden-mountain/ |title=Journey to the Golden Mountain |last=Zimmer |first=Amy|date=December 15, 2003 |website=City Limits |location=New York, New York |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>


===Legal pursuit===
===Legal pursuit===
In 1994, Sister Ping was invited to Beijing, China along with other overseas notables of Fujianese descent to celebrate an anniversary celebration of the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]]. She was arrested when she arrived but according to police and friends, she paid bribes to escape custody. Later in December 1994, Ping learned of the US indictment and she fled, returning to China where she continued her business.<ref name="time">{{cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,50610-2,00.html |title=Two-Faced Woman |last=Barnes |first=Edward |date=July 23, 2000 |newspaper=Time|location=New York, New York |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>
⚫
Ping fled the United States in advance of an indictment in 1994. The [[FBI]] and [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|INS]] spent the following six years attempting to apprehend her, but she was believed to reside mainly in China, which does not have an extradition treaty with the United States. In 2000, she was arrested in Hong Kong, and eventually extradited to New York.<ref>Patrick Radden Keefe, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/04/24/060424fa_fact6%20 The Snakehead: The Criminal Odyssey of Chinatown's Sister Ping]," The New Yorker, April 24, 2006</ref> After a jury trial before the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] she was convicted in June 2005 on three separate counts, including one count of conspiring to commit alien smuggling, hostage taking, [[money laundering]] and trafficking in [[ransom]] proceeds and sentenced to 35 years in prison.<ref name=DOJ-PR>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/March06/sisterpingsentencingpr.pdf |title=Sister Ping Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For Alien Smuggling, Hostage Taking, Money Laundering And Ransom Proceeds Conspiracy |last1=Hadad |first1=Herbert |last2=Gaffney |first2=Megan |last3=Tasker |first3=Heather |last4=Kelly |first4=Bridget |date=March 16, 2006 |website=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |location=New York, New York |publisher=United States Attorney Southern District of New York |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428050754/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/March06/sisterpingsentencingpr.pdf |archivedate=April 28, 2014 |accessdate=April 24, 2014 |quote=CHENG CHUI PING, a/k/a "Sister Ping," was sentenced today to 35 years in prison for her role in leading an international alien smuggling ring. Sister Ping is one of the first, and ultimately most successful, alien smugglers of all time.}}</ref> Sister Ping served part of her [[sentence (law)|sentence]] in [[Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury|Federal prison in Danbury]], Connecticut (BOP #05117-055) and died in a Texas prison<ref name="dies-in-prison">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/28/nyregion/cheng-chui-ping-a-smuggler-of-immigrants-dies-in-prison-but-is-praised-in-chinatown.html |title=Cheng Chui Ping, a Smuggler of Immigrants, Dies in Prison, but Is Praised in Chinatown |last1=Kilgannon |first1=Corey |last2=Singer |first2=Jeffrey E. |date=April 27, 2014 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York, New York |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=April 24, 2014}}</ref> in April 2014.

The [[FBI]] and [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|INS]] spent the following five years attempting to apprehend her, but she was believed to reside mainly in China, which does not have an extradition treaty with the United States. On April 17, 2000 [[Interpol]] searched passenger lists for flights from Hong Kong to New York, they found her son's name. More than 40 agents from the Hong Kong narcotics bureau waited at [[Hong Kong International Airport]], apprehended her at around noon and she was fingerprinted and arrested.<ref name="time"/> At the time Ping was carrying three passports, including a fake Belize one with her photo but in the name of Lilly Zheng.<ref name=Snakehead /> She fought extradition but was eventually sent back to New York in July 2003 and held at [[Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn|Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn]].<ref name=journey /><ref name="fbi">{{cite news |url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2006/march/sisterping_031706 |title=The Case of the Snakehead Queen |date=March 17, 2006 |publisher=FBI |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref><ref name="time"/><ref>Patrick Radden Keefe, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/04/24/060424fa_fact6%20 The Snakehead: The Criminal Odyssey of Chinatown's Sister Ping]", The New Yorker, April 24, 2006</ref>

⚫
After a jury trial before the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] she was convicted in June 2005 on three separate counts, including one count of conspiring to commit illegal human smuggling, hostage taking, [[money laundering]] and trafficking in [[ransom]] proceeds and sentenced to 35 years in prison.<ref name=DOJ-PR>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/March06/sisterpingsentencingpr.pdf |title=Sister Ping Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For Alien Smuggling, Hostage Taking, Money Laundering And Ransom Proceeds Conspiracy |last1=Hadad |first1=Herbert |last2=Gaffney |first2=Megan |last3=Tasker |first3=Heather |last4=Kelly |first4=Bridget |date=March 16, 2006 |website=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |location=New York, New York |publisher=United States Attorney Southern District of New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428050754/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/March06/sisterpingsentencingpr.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2014 |access-date=April 24, 2014 |quote=CHENG CHUI PING, a/k/a "Sister Ping", was sentenced today to 35 years in prison for her role in leading an international alien smuggling ring. Sister Ping is one of the first, and ultimately most successful, alien smugglers of all time.}}</ref>

Ping was interviewed in Danbury in June 2013 and said, “Being locked up for over 10 years allowed me to think about my previous life, my heart calmed down and I started to feel that jail was the safest place for me. I keep telling myself not to think much about the future and live life by the moment." She also said "I cannot believe they jailed me for 35 years! 35 years! In a way I was killed by the FBI agents and tainted witnesses."<ref name="sino">{{cite news |url=http://www.sino-us.com/290/Sister-Ping-A-snakehead-with-a-kind-heart.html |title=Sister Ping: A 'snakehead' with a kind heart |last=Li |first=Hong |date=June 14, 2013 |website=Sino-US |location=Beijing, China |publisher=Rhythm Media Group |access-date=August 6, 2018 |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706075031/http://sino-us.com/290/Sister-Ping-A-snakehead-with-a-kind-heart.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sister Ping served part of her [[sentence (law)|sentence]] in [[Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury|Federal prison in Danbury]], Connecticut (BOP #05117-055). In 2013, it was announced that Danbury would be reverted to a male-only facility. In the same year, Ping was diagnosed with [[pancreatic cancer]] and transferred to the [[Federal Medical Center, Carswell]], in Texas, to receive cancer treatment.<ref name="died">{{cite news |url=http://www.mitbbs.ca/mwap/forum/article.php?board=Fujian&groupid=31260717&content_type=all |title=Stolen Emperor Ping Sister died sixty-five years old |date=April 26, 2014 |publisher=World Journal |access-date=August 18, 2018 |archive-date=August 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010913/http://www.mitbbs.ca/mwap/forum/article.php?board=Fujian&groupid=31260717&content_type=all |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Death==
==Death==
Chui Ping Cheng died on April 24, 2014 at the age of 65 of cancer while housed at [[Federal Prison Camp, Bryan]]{{cn|date=January 2017}} in [[Texas]].<ref name=dies-in-prison />
Ping's health had deteriorated in prison, with high cholesterol and blood lipids; she lost 17 pounds in the last two years of her life. Aged 65, Ping died quietly at noon on April 24, 2014, surrounded by her family at the [[Federal Medical Center, Carswell]], in [[Texas]].<ref name="died"/>

Her funeral took place on May 23, 2014, at the Boe Fook Funeral Home on Canal Street in Manhattan with thousands of mourners.<ref name="funeral">{{cite news |url=https://voicesofny.org/2014/05/opinion-high-remarks-sister-ping-may-rant-inhumane-immigration-law/ |title=Opinion: What Praise of Smuggler Sister Ping Signifies |last=Xiaoqing |first=Rong |date=May 27, 2014 |newspaper=Voices of NY |location=New York, New York |access-date=August 6, 2018 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016040831/https://voicesofny.org/2014/05/opinion-high-remarks-sister-ping-may-rant-inhumane-immigration-law/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Her body was laid to rest at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.<ref name="Ping mourned in Chinatown">{{cite news |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/notorious-smuggler-sister-ping-mourned-in-chinatown-1.8167470 |title=Notorious smuggler Sister Ping mourned in Chinatown|last=Destefano|first=Anthony|date=May 23, 2014 |newspaper=Newsday |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>


==Cultural references==
==Cultural references==
Sister Ping and the Golden Venture are the subject of Patrick Radden Keefe's 2009 book, ''The Snakehead''.<ref>Patrick Radden Keefe, ''The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream'' (Doubleday, 2009)</ref> ''The Snakehead'' is currently being developed into a motion picture for director Stephen Gaghan.<ref>http://www.patrickraddenkeefe.com/news</ref>
Sister Ping and the ''Golden Venture'' are the subject of [[Patrick Radden Keefe]]'s 2009 book, ''[[The Snakehead]]''.<ref>Patrick Radden Keefe, ''The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream'' (Doubleday, 2009)</ref>


The ''Golden Venture'' disaster and the lives of some of the passengers are the subject of Peter Cohn's 2006 documentary ''Golden Venture''.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0810879/combined</ref>
The ''Golden Venture'' disaster and the lives of some of the passengers are the subject of Peter Cohn's 2006 documentary ''Golden Venture''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0810879/combined|title=Golden Venture (2006) - IMDb|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>

The 2021 film [[Snakehead (film)|''Snakehead'']], written and directed by [[Evan Jackson Leong]], was loosely inspired by Sister Ping.<ref name="Snakehead-movie">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/linsanity-director-s-first-feature-film-snakehead-nine-years-making-n637361 |title='Linsanity' Director's First Feature Film 'Snakehead' Is Nine Years In The Making|last=Bai|first=Stephany|date=August 26, 2016 |work=NBC News |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 136: Line 166:
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060424fa_fact6 New Yorker Article]
*[http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060424fa_fact6 New Yorker Article]
*[http://www.thesnakehead.com/ Website for ''The Snakehead'' book.]
*[http://www.thesnakehead.com/ Website for ''The Snakehead'' book.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512180819/http://www.thesnakehead.com/ |date=2011-05-12 }}
*[http://www.snakeheadmovie.com/ Website for ''The Snakehead'' movie.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016040841/http://www.snakeheadmovie.com/ |date=2019-10-16 }}
* {{cite web|author=F. Stock|title=HCAL1985/2000 Cheng Chui Ping v. Superintendent of Tai Lam Centre for Women & The USA|url=https://legalref.judiciary.hk/lrs/common/search/search_result_detail_frame.jsp?DIS=32871&QS=%28cheng%7Cchui%7Cping%29&TP=JU|publisher=Legal Reference System|date=2000-09-27|work=The High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of First Instance}}
* {{cite web|author=M.J. Hartmann|title=HCAL001366/2001 Cheng Chui Ping v. The Chief Executive of The HKSAR & The USA|url=https://legalref.judiciary.hk/lrs/common/search/search_result_detail_frame.jsp?DIS=33196&QS=%24%28cheng%2Cchui%2Cping%29&TP=JU|publisher=Legal Reference System|date=2002-01-07|work=The High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of First Instance}}
* {{cite web|author1=Frank Stock|author2=Conrad Seagroatt|author3=Anthony Rogers|title=CACV138/2002 Cheng Chui Ping v. The Chief Executive of The HKSAR & The USA|url=https://legalref.judiciary.hk/lrs/common/search/search_result_detail_frame.jsp?DIS=33196&QS=%24%28cheng%2Cchui%2Cping%29&TP=JU|publisher=Legal Reference System|date=2002-09-10|work=The High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of Appeal}}
* {{cite web|author1=Frank Stock|author2=Doreen Le Pichon|author3=Anthony Rogers|title=CACV000138A/2002 Cheng Chui Ping v. The Chief Executive of The HKSAR & The USA|url=https://legalref.judiciary.hk/lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=8781|publisher=Legal Reference System|date=2002-12-12|work=The High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of Appeal}}
* {{cite web|title=No. 07-1453 Ping v. United States|url=https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/ping-v-united-states-opposition|date=September 2008|work=Supreme Court of the United States|publisher=DOJ of the US}}

{{pirates}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ping, Sister}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ping, Sister}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Smugglers]]
[[Category:Red Guards]]
[[Category:Chinese smugglers]]
[[Category:Chinese female gangsters]]
[[Category:Chinese gangsters]]
[[Category:Chinese-American culture in New York City]]
[[Category:Chinese-American culture in New York City]]
[[Category:Chinese money launderers]]
[[Category:Chinese people convicted of money laundering]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American mob bosses]]
[[Category:American crime bosses]]
[[Category:American mobsters]]
[[Category:American gangsters of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:American female organized crime figures]]
[[Category:American female gangsters]]
[[Category:Gangsters from New York City]]
[[Category:People convicted of human trafficking]]
[[Category:21st-century slave traders]]
[[Category:20th-century slave traders]]
[[Category:People extradited from Hong Kong]]
[[Category:People extradited from Hong Kong]]
[[Category:People extradited to the United States]]
[[Category:People extradited to the United States]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Chinese people imprisoned in the United States]]
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[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government]]
[[Category:Female organized crime figures]]
[[Category:People from Fuzhou]]
[[Category:People from Fuzhou]]
[[Category:American people of Fuzhou descent]]
[[Category:American people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Red Guards]]
[[Category:Chinese people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Texas]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Texas]]
⚫
[[Category:Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensico Cemetery]]

Latest revision as of 20:05, 31 December 2024

Sister Ping
鄭翠萍
Sister Ping, date unknown
Born(1949-01-09)January 9, 1949
Shengmei, Fuzhou, China
DiedApril 24, 2014(2014-04-24) (aged 65)
Federal Medical Center Carswell, Texas, US
Resting placeKensico Cemetery
NationalityChinese
Occupation(s)Red Guard leader, shopkeeper, human smuggler
Years active1984 until 2000
OrganizationFuk Ching (Snakeheads)
Criminal statusConvicted
SpouseCheung Yick
Children4
Criminal chargehuman trafficking, hostage taking, money laundering, trafficking in ransom proceeds
Penalty35 years in prison
Cheng Chui Ping
Traditional Chinese鄭翠萍
Simplified Chinese郑翠萍
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhèng Cuìpíng
Wade–GilesCheng4 Ts'ui4-p'ing2
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingzeng6 ceoi3 ping4
Sister Ping
Chinese萍姐
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinPíng Jiě
Wade–GilesP'ing2 chieh3
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingping4 ze2

Cheng Chui Ping (traditional Chinese: 鄭翠萍; simplified Chinese: 郑翠萍; January 9, 1949 – April 24, 2014), also known as Sister Ping (Chinese: 萍姐), was a Chinese woman who ran a human smuggling operation bringing people from China into the United States between 1984 and 2000. Operating from Chinatown, Manhattan, Ping oversaw a snakehead smuggling ring which brought as many as 3,000 Chinese into the United States, earning her more than $40 million.[1] The United States Department of Justice called Ping "one of the first, and ultimately most successful, alien smugglers of all time."[2]

Born and raised in Fujian province, Ping moved to Hong Kong in 1974, and then New York City in 1981. She was arrested in Hong Kong in 2000 and extradited to the United States in 2003.[3] In 2006, she was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison, and remained there until her death.

Early life

[edit]

Ping was born on January 9, 1949, in Shengmei, Mawei, Fuzhou, a poor farming village in northern Fujian, China. She was one of five children born to her father, Cheng Chai Leung, who was from Shengmei, and her mother, who was from a neighboring village.[4] Ping was 10 months old when the People's Republic of China was established.[4] Growing up, she attended the village elementary school and worked on the family farm, helping raise pigs and rabbits, chopping wood, and tending a vegetable garden. When she was twelve, she survived the capsizing of a rowboat in which she had been traveling to another village to cut wood for kindling. She recalled of the incident that all of the people in the boat who had been rowing and had been holding an oar when the boat turned over managed to survive, while "the two people who were lazy and sat back while others worked ended up dead. This taught me to work hard."[4] During the Cultural Revolution, she became a leader of the Red Guard in her village.[4]

When she was fifteen, her father left the family and traveled to the United States as a merchant marine crewman. He stayed in the U.S. for thirteen years, working as a dish-washer and sending money home to the family every few months. He was apprehended by U.S. immigration authorities and deported back to China in 1977. When he returned to China, Ping's father entered into the people smuggling business.[4]

Sister Ping married Cheung Yick, a man from a neighboring village, in 1969.[4] They had a daughter, Cheung Hui, in 1973;[4] Ping later had three sons.[5] The family moved to Hong Kong in 1974, where Ping became a successful businesswoman and opened a factory in Shenzhen, China.[4] In June 1981, with the help of an elderly couple, Ping successfully applied to be a nanny in New York.[6] The family passed through Canada,[7] and on 17 November 1981, settled in Chinatown, Manhattan, in the United States. They opened a shop, the Tak Shun Variety Store, which catered to homesick Fuzhounese immigrants.[4] During her time in New York, Ping lived at 14 Monroe Street, Knickerbocker Village, a modest lower middle class development.[8]

Smuggling business

[edit]

Early career

[edit]

Sister Ping began her smuggling career in the early 1980s as a one-woman operation, smuggling handfuls of fellow villagers from China into the United States a few at a time by commercial airline using forged identification documents.[2] She charged $35,000 or more to transport interested immigrants into the United States.[3]

In the spring of 1989, evidence against Sister Ping was gathered in a sting by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police at Toronto International Airport. Several months later, Ping was arrested and pleaded guilty to illegal human smuggling. She was sentenced to six months in prison in Butler County, Pennsylvania. As she spoke little English, she was isolated from other prisoners and readily agreed to provide a Chinese-speaking FBI agent with information on Chinatown's underworld, she received a reduced sentence and served four months.[9]

Business picked up after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 when the U.S. government offered Chinese students present in the United States at the time the opportunity to stay. Thousands flooded into the country from abroad using false papers to establish a claim to residency under the new rule.[7]

Mass operations by cargo ship

[edit]

On June 6, 1993, the Golden Venture ship ran aground in Queens, New York, with 286 illegal immigrants on board. One of the criminal leaders, Guo Liang Chi, claimed Ping as an investor. However, there are doubts about Guo Liang Chi's claim because he wanted to blame another person to reduce his federal sentence on other crimes that he committed over the years. In December 1994, an indictment was brought before a Manhattan federal court, stating that Ping had smuggled around 3,000 Fujianese to the United States since 1984 with the help of the American-Chinese gang Fuk Ching.[10] Sometimes hundreds of people were smuggled in at a time via cargo ship and imprisoned below deck for months at a time with little food and water. In 1998, one of the smaller boats Sister Ping used for offloading customers from a larger vessel capsized off the coast of Guatemala, drowning fourteen.[2][9]

International network and collections

[edit]

Sister Ping hired scores of people in several different countries to move her human cargo for her, hold them hostage until their smuggling fees were paid, and collect those fees from them. Sometimes her customers were lucky and arrived safely in the United States where they paid the exorbitant fees Sister Ping charged, and were released.[2]

To ensure her customers paid their smuggling fees, Sister Ping hired armed thugs from the Fuk Ching,[11] Chinatown's most vicious and feared gang, to transport and guard her customers in the United States. The presence of these gang members guaranteed that Sister Ping got paid the $25,000 to $45,000 fee she demanded for the trip.[2]

Sister Ping also ran a money transmitting business out of her Chinatown variety store.[2]

Scope and notoriety

[edit]

Individuals who conducted such Chinese illegal human smuggling operations are known as "snakeheads" from the Chinese translation for human-smuggler. Almost all of the immigrants whom Sister Ping harbored came from Fujian province. She was renowned as the most notorious snakehead, operating the largest, most sophisticated operation of its kind, which became international in scale. The U.S. Department of Justice declared at her sentencing that "Sister Ping is one of the first, and ultimately most successful, human smugglers of all time."[2] It is estimated that Ping amassed around $40 million.[12]

[edit]

In 1994, Sister Ping was invited to Beijing, China along with other overseas notables of Fujianese descent to celebrate an anniversary celebration of the Communist Party. She was arrested when she arrived but according to police and friends, she paid bribes to escape custody. Later in December 1994, Ping learned of the US indictment and she fled, returning to China where she continued her business.[13]

The FBI and INS spent the following five years attempting to apprehend her, but she was believed to reside mainly in China, which does not have an extradition treaty with the United States. On April 17, 2000 Interpol searched passenger lists for flights from Hong Kong to New York, they found her son's name. More than 40 agents from the Hong Kong narcotics bureau waited at Hong Kong International Airport, apprehended her at around noon and she was fingerprinted and arrested.[13] At the time Ping was carrying three passports, including a fake Belize one with her photo but in the name of Lilly Zheng.[9] She fought extradition but was eventually sent back to New York in July 2003 and held at Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn.[12][1][13][14]

After a jury trial before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York she was convicted in June 2005 on three separate counts, including one count of conspiring to commit illegal human smuggling, hostage taking, money laundering and trafficking in ransom proceeds and sentenced to 35 years in prison.[2]

Ping was interviewed in Danbury in June 2013 and said, “Being locked up for over 10 years allowed me to think about my previous life, my heart calmed down and I started to feel that jail was the safest place for me. I keep telling myself not to think much about the future and live life by the moment." She also said "I cannot believe they jailed me for 35 years! 35 years! In a way I was killed by the FBI agents and tainted witnesses."[15]

Sister Ping served part of her sentence in Federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut (BOP #05117-055). In 2013, it was announced that Danbury would be reverted to a male-only facility. In the same year, Ping was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and transferred to the Federal Medical Center, Carswell, in Texas, to receive cancer treatment.[5]

Death

[edit]

Ping's health had deteriorated in prison, with high cholesterol and blood lipids; she lost 17 pounds in the last two years of her life. Aged 65, Ping died quietly at noon on April 24, 2014, surrounded by her family at the Federal Medical Center, Carswell, in Texas.[5]

Her funeral took place on May 23, 2014, at the Boe Fook Funeral Home on Canal Street in Manhattan with thousands of mourners.[16]

Her body was laid to rest at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.[17]

Cultural references

[edit]

Sister Ping and the Golden Venture are the subject of Patrick Radden Keefe's 2009 book, The Snakehead.[18]

The Golden Venture disaster and the lives of some of the passengers are the subject of Peter Cohn's 2006 documentary Golden Venture.[19]

The 2021 film Snakehead, written and directed by Evan Jackson Leong, was loosely inspired by Sister Ping.[20]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "The Case of the Snakehead Queen". FBI. March 17, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Hadad, Herbert; Gaffney, Megan; Tasker, Heather; Kelly, Bridget (March 16, 2006). "Sister Ping Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For Alien Smuggling, Hostage Taking, Money Laundering And Ransom Proceeds Conspiracy" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. New York, New York: United States Attorney Southern District of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014. CHENG CHUI PING, a/k/a "Sister Ping", was sentenced today to 35 years in prison for her role in leading an international alien smuggling ring. Sister Ping is one of the first, and ultimately most successful, alien smugglers of all time.
  3. ^ a b Preston, Julia (2006-03-17). "Ringleader Gets 35-Year Term in Smuggling of Immigrants". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Keefe, Patrick Radden (2009). The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385521307.
  5. ^ a b c "Stolen Emperor Ping Sister died sixty-five years old". World Journal. April 26, 2014. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  6. ^ "Stolen Queen". 6park.com. July 24, 2017. Archived from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Cheng Chui Ping: 'Mother of Snakeheads'". BBC. March 17, 2006. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
  8. ^ "Where the Snakehead Slithered". New York Media LLC. July 26, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Keefe, Patrick Radden (April 24, 2006). "The Snakehead". The New Yorker. New York, New York. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  10. ^ Bradford, Sarah (August 1, 2002). "'Big Sister Ping' closer to US trial as extradition appeal rejected". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  11. ^ Finckenauer, James O. (December 6, 2007). "Chinese Transnational Organized Crime: The Fuk Ching" (PDF). National Institute of Justice. Washington, D.C.: National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  12. ^ a b Zimmer, Amy (December 15, 2003). "Journey to the Golden Mountain". City Limits. New York, New York. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  13. ^ a b c Barnes, Edward (July 23, 2000). "Two-Faced Woman". Time. New York, New York. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  14. ^ Patrick Radden Keefe, "The Snakehead: The Criminal Odyssey of Chinatown's Sister Ping", The New Yorker, April 24, 2006
  15. ^ Li, Hong (June 14, 2013). "Sister Ping: A 'snakehead' with a kind heart". Sino-US. Beijing, China: Rhythm Media Group. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  16. ^ Xiaoqing, Rong (May 27, 2014). "Opinion: What Praise of Smuggler Sister Ping Signifies". Voices of NY. New York, New York. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  17. ^ Destefano, Anthony (May 23, 2014). "Notorious smuggler Sister Ping mourned in Chinatown". Newsday. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  18. ^ Patrick Radden Keefe, The Snakehead: An Epic Tale of the Chinatown Underworld and the American Dream (Doubleday, 2009)
  19. ^ "Golden Venture (2006) - IMDb". IMDb.
  20. ^ Bai, Stephany (August 26, 2016). "'Linsanity' Director's First Feature Film 'Snakehead' Is Nine Years In The Making". NBC News. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
[edit]
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