Prostitution in Malawi: Difference between revisions
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Prostitution in Malawi is legal<ref name="spl">{{cite web|title=Sex Work Law - Countries|url=http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/countries|website=Sexuality, Poverty and Law|accessdate=10 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="chartsbin">{{cite web|title=The Legal Status of Prostitution by Country|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/snb|website=ChartsBin|accessdate=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="rights">{{cite web|title=Universal Periodic Review of Malawi|url=http://www.sexualrightsinitiative.com/wp-content/uploads/Joint-stakeholder-SafariMbewe-SRI-submission-for-Malawis-review-during-the-22nd-session-of-the-UPR_Final.pdf|website=Sexual Rights Initiative|accessdate=10 January 2018|date=May 2015}}</ref> and prevalent around hotels and bars in urban and tourist areas.<ref name="chartsbin" /> |
'''Prostitution in [[Malawi]]''' is legal<ref name="spl">{{cite web|title=Sex Work Law - Countries|url=http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/countries|website=Sexuality, Poverty and Law|accessdate=10 January 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name="chartsbin">{{cite web|title=The Legal Status of Prostitution by Country|url=http://chartsbin.com/view/snb|website=ChartsBin|accessdate=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="rights">{{cite web|title=Universal Periodic Review of Malawi|url=http://www.sexualrightsinitiative.com/wp-content/uploads/Joint-stakeholder-SafariMbewe-SRI-submission-for-Malawis-review-during-the-22nd-session-of-the-UPR_Final.pdf|website=Sexual Rights Initiative|accessdate=10 January 2018|date=May 2015}}</ref> and prevalent around hotels and bars in urban and tourist areas.<ref name="chartsbin" /> Living off the proceeds of [[prostitution]] is illegal.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="rights" /> In 2015, it was estimated there were 20,000 sex workers in the country.<ref name="iol">{{cite web|title=Malawi sex workers win court case|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/malawi-sex-workers-win-court-case-1862058|website=IOL News|accessdate=11 January 2018|language=en|date=22 May 2015}}</ref> |
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[[Human trafficking]],<ref name="state17" /> [[HIV]]<ref name="unaids" /> and [[child prostitution]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/malawi-prostitution-fuelled-poverty-and-parental-neglect |title=Malawi: Prostitution fuelled by poverty and parental neglect |publisher=Rnw.nl |date=2009-09-28 |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100213182150/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/malawi-prostitution-fuelled-poverty-and-parental-neglect |archive-date=13 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malawian girls queue up for sex to survive|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/malawian-girls-queue-up-for-sex-to-survive-20160330|website=News24|accessdate=11 January 2018|date=30 March 2016}}</ref> are problems in the country. |
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==Overview== |
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Whilst some [[street prostitution]] occurs, because of police harassment its extent is limited.<ref name="forster">{{cite web|last1=Forster|first1=Peter G |title=Prostitution in Malawi and the HIV/AIDS Risk|url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol9num1/forster.pdf|publisher=University of Hull|accessdate=11 January 2018|date=2000}}</ref> Most prostitution occurs in bars and hotels.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="kishindo">{{Cite news|last1=Kishindo|first1=Paul|title=Sexual behaviour in the face of risk: the case of bar girls in Malawi's major cities|publisher=University of Malawi|date=1995|citeseerx=10.1.1.487.3569}}</ref> "Bar girls" are employed by the owners on very low wages; they make up their money by prostitution.<ref name="forster" /> Although prostitutes in bars are mostly employed by the bar owners, there are some freelance girls who will try to attract customers by moving from bar to bar.<ref name="forster" /><ref name="kishindo" /> Food handling hygiene rules require all staff employed in bars to have monthly health checks, but this is not always enforced.<ref name="forster" /> Often the bar girls are from rural areas, moving to the towns and cities in search of lucrative employment.<ref name="forster" /><ref name="kishindo" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Malawi girls flock to Karonga in pursuit of the 'oldest profession'|url=http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-girls-flock-karonga-pursuit-oldest-profession/|website=The Maravi Post|accessdate=11 January 2018|date=11 December 2016}}</ref> |
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Sex workers and [[NGO]]s report harassment and abuse from the police, including violence, theft and forced sex.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="rights" /><ref name="nyasatime">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/11/10/malawi-sex-workers-alliance-demand-respect-legalisation-of-prostitution/ |title=Malawi sex workers alliance demand respect, legalisation of prostitution |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052247/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/11/10/malawi-sex-workers-alliance-demand-respect-legalisation-of-prostitution/ |archive-date= 4 March 2016}}</ref> They also report that police take no action if abuse or violence by clients is reported to them by sex workers.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="rights" /> |
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Prostitution also occurs around the [[logging]] centres of Luwawa, Nthungwa, Raiply and Kalungulu.<ref name="logging">{{cite web|url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/123646-sawyers-queue-unprotected-sex-chikangawa |title=Sawyers queue for unprotected sex in Chikangawa |publisher=www.malawitoday.com |date=2012-02-03 |accessdate=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420025354/http://www.malawitoday.com/news/123646-sawyers-queue-unprotected-sex-chikangawa |archive-date= 20 April 2017 }}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/wanderlust/sex-workers-prostitution-malawi |title=The strange life of a sex worker in Malawi |publisher=GlobalPost |date=2012-02-07 |accessdate=2013-10-17}}</ref> The prostitutes work from small shacks around the villages in the forests.<ref name="logging" /><ref name="global" /> |
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In previous years many women from Malawi went to work in [[Zambia]]'s [[Copperbelt|copperfields]] as [[prostitutes]]. The road leading towards Zambia came to be known as ''mtengamahule'' (conveyor of prostitutes). The border was subsequently closed to "unmarried women".<ref name="forster" /> |
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==Legal situation== |
==Legal situation== |
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Section 146 of the Malawi Penal Code prohibits living off the earnings of prostitution. This has been interpreted by the courts to include a sex |
Section 146 of the Malawi Penal Code prohibits living off the earnings of prostitution. This has been interpreted by the courts to include a sex worker's own earnings, effectively making prostitution illegal.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="rights" /> Section 184(c) of the Penal Code makes an offence of: "every person in or upon or near any premises or in any road or highway or any place adjacent thereto or in any public place at such time and under such circumstances as to lead to the conclusion that such person is there for an illegal or disorderly purpose, is deemed a rogue and vagabond".<ref name="salc">{{cite web|title=Malawi: Challenging constitutionality of rogue and vagabond offence|url=https://southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2017/01/28/malawi-challenging-constitutionality-of-rogue-and-vagabond-offence/|website=SALC|accessdate=10 January 2018|language=en-ZA|date=28 January 2017}}</ref> (This law is based on the British [[Vagrancy Act 1824]]).<ref name="salc2" /><ref name="nation">{{cite web|title=Malawi using outdated law on rogue and vagabond - The Nation Online|url=http://mwnation.com/malawi-using-outdated-law-on-rogue-and-vagabond/|website=The Nation Online|accessdate=10 January 2018|date=13 July 2013}}</ref> This legislation was used to target sex workers.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="rights" /><ref name="nation" /> |
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A group of 14 sex workers were arrested in 2009 in the southern city of [[Mwanza, Malawi|Mwanza]]. They were taken to a hospital and forcibly given HIV tests. The results of the tests were later read out in open court. The sex workers subsequently sued the Malawi government for "damages as compensation for violation of their constitutional rights and trauma suffered as a result of actions of the police and a hospital”.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malawi sex workers seek damages|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/news-africa/133724/malawi-sex-workers-seek-damages/|website=The Citizen|accessdate=11 January 2018|language=en|date=25 February 2014}}</ref> High Court judge, Dorothy Kamanga, ruled that the sex workers should be compensated, and that the actions of the police and health workers were "irrational, unjust, unfair and unreasonable."<ref name="iol" /> |
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In September 2016, the Zomba High Court ruled that Section 146 of the Penal Code was meant to protect sex workers against exploitation, not criminalise sex workers.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="nswp">{{cite web|title=Malawian Court Rules in Favour of Sex Workers|url=http://www.nswp.org/news/malawian-court-rules-favour-sex-workers|website=Global Network of Sex Work Projects|accessdate=11 January 2018|language=en|date=3 November 2016}}</ref> The court overturned the conviction of the 19 sex workers that had appealed against conviction by a magistrates court.<ref name="nswp" /> |
In September 2016, the Zomba High Court ruled that Section 146 of the Penal Code was meant to protect sex workers against exploitation, not criminalise sex workers.<ref name="spl" /><ref name="nswp">{{cite web|title=Malawian Court Rules in Favour of Sex Workers|url=http://www.nswp.org/news/malawian-court-rules-favour-sex-workers|website=Global Network of Sex Work Projects|accessdate=11 January 2018|language=en|date=3 November 2016}}</ref> The court overturned the conviction of the 19 sex workers that had appealed against conviction by a magistrates court.<ref name="nswp" /> |
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In January 2017, three judges of the Malawi High Court declared section 184(1)(c) of the Penal Code unconstitutional and invalid.<ref name="salc2">{{cite web|title=Press statement: Malawi High Court declares rogue and vagabond offence unconstitutional |url=https://southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2017/01/11/press-statement-malawi-high-court-declares-rogue-and-vagabond-offence-unconstitutional/|website=SALC|accessdate=11 January 2018|language=en-ZA|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> |
In January 2017, three judges of the Malawi High Court declared section 184(1)(c) of the Penal Code unconstitutional and invalid.<ref name="salc2">{{cite web|title=Press statement: Malawi High Court declares rogue and vagabond offence unconstitutional |url=https://southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2017/01/11/press-statement-malawi-high-court-declares-rogue-and-vagabond-offence-unconstitutional/|website=SALC|accessdate=11 January 2018|language=en-ZA|date=11 January 2017}}</ref> |
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==HIV== |
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{{see also|HIV/AIDS in Malawi}} |
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Like other [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] countries, HIV is a major problem in Malawi. In 2016 the adult prevalence rate was 9.2%.<ref name="unaids">{{cite web|title=Malawi 2017 Country factsheet|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/malawi|website=[[UNAIDS]]|accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> Sex workers are a high risk group with a 24.9% prevalence rate in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=HIV prevalence amongst sex workers |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/vc/vcshare.html?id=d9c0ff12-f62c-44e7-8e2c-dbe736bbea30 |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=UNAIDS |accessdate=22 July 2018 |date=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722130109/http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/vc/vcshare.html?id=d9c0ff12-f62c-44e7-8e2c-dbe736bbea30 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The reluctance of clients to use [[condom]]s, and lack of access to health services for sex workers are contributory causes.<ref name="rights" /><ref name="forster" /><ref name="kishindo" /> Clients may offer up to 4 times the usual rate for sex without a condom.<ref name="forster" /> Condoms are also in short supply in some areas of the country.<ref name="global" /> |
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==Sex trafficking== |
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{{see also|Human trafficking in Malawi}} |
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[[Malawi]] is a source country for women, and children subjected to [[sex trafficking]]. To a lesser extent, it is a destination country for men, women, and children from Zambia, [[Mozambique]], the [[African Great Lakes]] region, and the [[Horn of Africa]] who are subjected to sex trafficking, and a transit country for people from these countries exploited in [[South Africa]]. Traffickers, primarily facilitators or brothel owners, typically lure children from their families in rural areas under pretences of employment opportunities, clothing, or lodging for which they are sometimes charged exorbitant fees, resulting in prostitution coerced through debts. Traffickers subject young girls to sexual exploitation in nightclubs or bars. Malawian victims of sex trafficking have been identified in Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, and [[Tanzania]]. Some young girls are drugged, gang-raped, and exploited in commercial sex. Some girls recruited for domestic service are instead forced to marry and subsequently subjected to child sex trafficking by their “husbands”. Fraudulent employment agencies lure women and girls to [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] where they are exploited in sex trafficking.<ref name="state17">{{cite web|title=Malawi 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271234.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703181348/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271234.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2017|website=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=11 January 2018}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> |
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The [[United States Department of State]] [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]] ranks Malawi as a [[Trafficking in Persons Report#Ranking System|Tier 2]] country.<ref name="state17" /> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Sex for Fish]] |
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==References== |
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{{Malawi-stub}} |
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[[Category:Women's rights in Malawi]] |
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[[Category:Social issues in Malawi]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:06, 3 July 2024
Prostitution in Malawi is legal[1][2][3] and prevalent around hotels and bars in urban and tourist areas.[2] Living off the proceeds of prostitution is illegal.[1][3] In 2015, it was estimated there were 20,000 sex workers in the country.[4]
Human trafficking,[5] HIV[6] and child prostitution[7][8] are problems in the country.
Overview
[edit]Whilst some street prostitution occurs, because of police harassment its extent is limited.[9] Most prostitution occurs in bars and hotels.[1][10] "Bar girls" are employed by the owners on very low wages; they make up their money by prostitution.[9] Although prostitutes in bars are mostly employed by the bar owners, there are some freelance girls who will try to attract customers by moving from bar to bar.[9][10] Food handling hygiene rules require all staff employed in bars to have monthly health checks, but this is not always enforced.[9] Often the bar girls are from rural areas, moving to the towns and cities in search of lucrative employment.[9][10][11]
Sex workers and NGOs report harassment and abuse from the police, including violence, theft and forced sex.[1][3][12] They also report that police take no action if abuse or violence by clients is reported to them by sex workers.[1][3]
Prostitution also occurs around the logging centres of Luwawa, Nthungwa, Raiply and Kalungulu.[13][14] The prostitutes work from small shacks around the villages in the forests.[13][14]
In previous years many women from Malawi went to work in Zambia's copperfields as prostitutes. The road leading towards Zambia came to be known as mtengamahule (conveyor of prostitutes). The border was subsequently closed to "unmarried women".[9]
Legal situation
[edit]Section 146 of the Malawi Penal Code prohibits living off the earnings of prostitution. This has been interpreted by the courts to include a sex worker's own earnings, effectively making prostitution illegal.[1][3] Section 184(c) of the Penal Code makes an offence of: "every person in or upon or near any premises or in any road or highway or any place adjacent thereto or in any public place at such time and under such circumstances as to lead to the conclusion that such person is there for an illegal or disorderly purpose, is deemed a rogue and vagabond".[15] (This law is based on the British Vagrancy Act 1824).[16][17] This legislation was used to target sex workers.[1][3][17]
A group of 14 sex workers were arrested in 2009 in the southern city of Mwanza. They were taken to a hospital and forcibly given HIV tests. The results of the tests were later read out in open court. The sex workers subsequently sued the Malawi government for "damages as compensation for violation of their constitutional rights and trauma suffered as a result of actions of the police and a hospital”.[18] High Court judge, Dorothy Kamanga, ruled that the sex workers should be compensated, and that the actions of the police and health workers were "irrational, unjust, unfair and unreasonable."[4]
In September 2016, the Zomba High Court ruled that Section 146 of the Penal Code was meant to protect sex workers against exploitation, not criminalise sex workers.[1][19] The court overturned the conviction of the 19 sex workers that had appealed against conviction by a magistrates court.[19]
In January 2017, three judges of the Malawi High Court declared section 184(1)(c) of the Penal Code unconstitutional and invalid.[16]
HIV
[edit]Like other Sub-Saharan Africa countries, HIV is a major problem in Malawi. In 2016 the adult prevalence rate was 9.2%.[6] Sex workers are a high risk group with a 24.9% prevalence rate in 2016.[20] The reluctance of clients to use condoms, and lack of access to health services for sex workers are contributory causes.[3][9][10] Clients may offer up to 4 times the usual rate for sex without a condom.[9] Condoms are also in short supply in some areas of the country.[14]
Sex trafficking
[edit]Malawi is a source country for women, and children subjected to sex trafficking. To a lesser extent, it is a destination country for men, women, and children from Zambia, Mozambique, the African Great Lakes region, and the Horn of Africa who are subjected to sex trafficking, and a transit country for people from these countries exploited in South Africa. Traffickers, primarily facilitators or brothel owners, typically lure children from their families in rural areas under pretences of employment opportunities, clothing, or lodging for which they are sometimes charged exorbitant fees, resulting in prostitution coerced through debts. Traffickers subject young girls to sexual exploitation in nightclubs or bars. Malawian victims of sex trafficking have been identified in Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, and Tanzania. Some young girls are drugged, gang-raped, and exploited in commercial sex. Some girls recruited for domestic service are instead forced to marry and subsequently subjected to child sex trafficking by their “husbands”. Fraudulent employment agencies lure women and girls to Gulf states where they are exploited in sex trafficking.[5]
The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Malawi as a Tier 2 country.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h "Sex Work Law - Countries". Sexuality, Poverty and Law. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ a b "The Legal Status of Prostitution by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Universal Periodic Review of Malawi" (PDF). Sexual Rights Initiative. May 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ a b "Malawi sex workers win court case". IOL News. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ a b c "Malawi 2017 Trafficking in Persons Report". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b "Malawi 2017 Country factsheet". UNAIDS. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
- ^ "Malawi: Prostitution fuelled by poverty and parental neglect". Rnw.nl. 2009-09-28. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ^ "Malawian girls queue up for sex to survive". News24. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Forster, Peter G (2000). "Prostitution in Malawi and the HIV/AIDS Risk" (PDF). University of Hull. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d Kishindo, Paul (1995). "Sexual behaviour in the face of risk: the case of bar girls in Malawi's major cities". University of Malawi. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.3569.
- ^ "Malawi girls flock to Karonga in pursuit of the 'oldest profession'". The Maravi Post. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ "Malawi sex workers alliance demand respect, legalisation of prostitution". Nyasatimes.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ^ a b "Sawyers queue for unprotected sex in Chikangawa". www.malawitoday.com. 2012-02-03. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ^ a b c "The strange life of a sex worker in Malawi". GlobalPost. 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
- ^ "Malawi: Challenging constitutionality of rogue and vagabond offence". SALC. 28 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ a b "Press statement: Malawi High Court declares rogue and vagabond offence unconstitutional". SALC. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ a b "Malawi using outdated law on rogue and vagabond - The Nation Online". The Nation Online. 13 July 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ "Malawi sex workers seek damages". The Citizen. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ a b "Malawian Court Rules in Favour of Sex Workers". Global Network of Sex Work Projects. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ "HIV prevalence amongst sex workers". www.aidsinfoonline.org. UNAIDS. 2016. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.