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{{Short description|Triad (organized crime syndicate)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox criminal organization
{{Infobox criminal organization
|name = Sun Yee On 新義安
| name = Sun Yee On
|image = 120px-Sun Yee On symbol.JPG
| image =
|image_size = 180px
| image_size = 175px
|caption =
| caption =
|founded = 1919
| founded = {{start date and age|1919}}
|founding_location = Hong Kong
| founding_location = [[British Hong Kong]]
|years_active = 1919 – present
| years_active = 1919–present
|territory = Hong Kong, [[Mainland China]], United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Netherlands, United States, Thailand, Canada, Australia, Central America
| territory = [[Hong Kong]], [[Mainland China]], Japan, France, South Africa, United Kingdom, India, Thailand, Korea, Colombia, Canada, United States, Australia, [[Central America]]
|ethnicity = Han Chinese
| ethnicity = Chinese
|membership = 55,000 – 60,000+
| membership = 25,000<ref name = "Lantern">{{cite web
⚫
| url = http://www.illuminatedlantern.com/cinema/archives/triads.php
⚫
|activities = racketeering, counterfeiting, extortion, drug trafficking, human trafficking, money laundering, murder, illegal gambling, prostitution
⚫
| title = Illuminated Lantern
|allies = [[Wo Hop To]], [[Wah Ching]]
⚫
| access-date = 28 May 2006
⚫
|rivals = [[Crips]], [[14K Triad|14K]], [[Wo Shing Wo]]
| archive-date = 18 April 2012
⚫
}}{{Chinese|t=新義安|s=新义安|p=Xīnyì'ān|j=san1 ji6 on1|cy=sàn yih òn}}
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120418114933/http://www.illuminatedlantern.com/cinema/archives/triads.php
⚫
'''Sun Yee On''', or '''New Righteousness and Peace Commercial and Industrial Guild''', is one of the leading [[Triad (underground society)|triads]]<ref name = "Asiaweek">{{cite web
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
⚫
| activities = [[racketeering]], [[counterfeiting]], [[extortion]], [[drug trafficking]], [[money laundering]], [[murder]], [[illegal gambling]]
| allies = [[Wo Hop To]], [[Wo On Lok]], [[Albanian mafia]], [[Camorra]], [[Serbian mafia]], [[American Mafia]], [[Sinaloa Cartel]]
⚫
| rivals = [[14K Triad|14K]], [[Wah Ching]], [[Wo Shing Wo]]
}}
⚫
{{Chinese|t=新義安|s=新义安|p=Xīnyì'ān|j=san1 ji6 on1|y=sàn yih òn}}
⚫
'''Sun Yee On''' ({{lang-zh|t=新義安|j=san{{sup|1}} ji{{sup|6}} on{{sup|1}}|cy=sān yih ōn}}), or the '''New Righteousness and Peace Commercial and Industrial Guild''', is one of the leading [[Triad (organized crime)|triads]]<ref name = "Asiaweek">{{cite web
| last = Davies
| last = Davies
| first = Anthony
| first = Anthony
Line 22: Line 31:
| url = http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/95/0825/feat1.html
| url = http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/95/0825/feat1.html
| title = Asia Week
| title = Asia Week
| accessdate =28 May 2006}}</ref> in Hong Kong and China. It has more than 55,000 members worldwide.<ref name = "Lantern">{{cite web
| access-date =28 May 2006}}</ref> in Hong Kong and China. It has more than 25,000 members worldwide.<ref name = "Lantern"></ref>
⚫
It is also believed to be active in the UK, the United States, France, and Belgium.<ref name = "Lantern"/><ref name = "Transnational">{{cite web
⚫
| url = http://www.illuminatedlantern.com/cinema/archives/triads.php
⚫
| title = Illuminated Lantern
⚫
| accessdate =28 May 2006}}</ref>
⚫
It is also believed to be active in the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.<ref name = "Lantern"/><ref name = "Transnational">{{cite web
| url = http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/traces/iss2pg1.htm
| url = http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/traces/iss2pg1.htm
| title = Transnational Communities Programme
| title = Transnational Communities Programme
| accessdate =28 May 2006}}</ref>
| access-date = 28 May 2006
| archive-date = 8 March 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308025407/http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/traces/iss2pg1.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
Sun Yee On (新義安) was founded by [[Heung Chin]], originally from [[Chaozhou|Teochew]] (Chaozhou), in 1919.<ref name="Dannen">
Sun Yee On was founded by {{ill|Heung Chin|zh|向前}}, originally from [[Chaozhou|Teochew]] (Chaozhou), in 1919.<ref name="Dannen">
{{cite web
{{cite magazine
|last = Dannen
|last = Dannen
|first = Fredric
|first = Fredric
Line 39: Line 49:
|url = http://www.copi.com/articles/triads2.html
|url = http://www.copi.com/articles/triads2.html
|title = Partners in Crime: Part 2
|title = Partners in Crime: Part 2
|work = The New Republic
|magazine = The New Republic
|accessdate = 28 May 2006
|access-date = 28 May 2006
|deadurl = yes
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://archive.is/20130215182401/http://www.copi.com/articles/triads2.html
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130215182401/http://www.copi.com/articles/triads2.html
|archivedate = 15 February 2013
|archive-date = 15 February 2013
|df = dmy-all
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The organisation is involved in [[Counterfeit consumer goods|counterfeiting]], [[Gambling in Hong Kong|gambling]], narcotics, [[human trafficking]], [[prostitution in Hong Kong|prostitution]], [[smuggling]] and [[Protection racket|extortion]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}. Mainly through ethnic Chinese diaspora, it is thought to extend to the United States, Canada, Thailand, Australia and Central America.<ref>Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban [https://books.google.com/books?id=-L8B8ydtHZ4C&pg=PA465&dq=%22sun+yee+on%22&hl=en&ei=JX6zTtv6LMjvmAWx4qHKAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22sun%20yee%20on%22&f=false ''Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism''], pg xvi, Volume 2. {{ISBN|1576073378}} ABC-CLIO (24 September 2007)
}}</ref> ''Yee On'' ({{lang-zh|t=義安|j=ji{{sup|6}} on{{sup|1}}|cy=yih ōn}}) is a historical name for [[Chaozhou]]. Mainly through ethnic Chinese diaspora, it is thought to extend to the United States, Canada, Thailand, Australia, South Africa and Central America.<ref>Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban [https://books.google.com/books?id=-L8B8ydtHZ4C&dq=%22sun+yee+on%22&pg=PA465 ''Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism''], pg xvi, Volume 2. {{ISBN|1576073378}} ABC-CLIO (24 September 2007)
</ref> The founder was deported to Taiwan in the early 1950s and continued to lead the organisation from there.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Sun Yee On was allegedly taken over by his eldest son [[Heung Wah-yim]], who ostensibly worked as a law clerk.<ref name = "Dannen"/> The triad is also noted as being founded by "Teochew and Hokkien immigrants" to Hong Kong.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1157245/bitter-power-struggle-election-looms-wo-lok-triad Bitter power struggle as election looms for Wo On Lok triad], SCMP, 24 February 2013</ref>
</ref> The founder was deported to Taiwan in the early 1950s and continued to lead the organization from there.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Sun Yee On was allegedly taken over by his eldest son Heung Wah-yim, who ostensibly worked as a law clerk.<ref name = "Dannen"/> The triad is also noted as being founded by "[[Teochew people|Teochew]] and [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]] immigrants" to Hong Kong.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1157245/bitter-power-struggle-election-looms-wo-lok-triad Bitter power struggle as election looms for Wo On Lok triad], SCMP, 24 February 2013</ref>


[[File:Sun Yee On Triad (2018 - updated).png|thumb|300px|Map of countries with branches or operations of the Sun Yee On Triad reported by law enforcement or in the news.]]
== 1980s spill ==
⚫
In February 1986, a former Hong Kong police officer, [[Anthony Chung]], who had become a member of Sun Yee On, asked the police for protection.<ref name = "Dannen"/> He identified Heung Wah-yim as the leader of the triad and this led to the police arresting eleven members of the Triad on 1 April 1987.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Whilst searching Heung Wah-yim's law office they found a list of 900 numbered names which appeared to be a membership list of Sun Yee On.<ref name = "Dannen"/> In October Heung Wah-yim was brought to trial, along with five accomplices who all pleaded guilty.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Heung Wah-yim professed his innocence throughout the trial, claiming to be the president of a local chapter of the [[Lions Club]] and that the list found in his office consisted of potential donors.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Chung and another former member were the main prosecution witnesses. On 20 January 1988 the jury found five of the defendants guilty, including Heung Wah-yim who was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison, acquitting the sixth.<ref name = "Dannen"/>


== 2000s ==
=== 1980s spill ===
⚫
In February 1986, a former Hong Kong police officer, Anthony Chung, who had become a member of Sun Yee On, asked the police for protection.<ref name = "Dannen"/> He identified Heung Wah-yim as the leader of the triad, and this led to the police arresting eleven members of the Triad on 1 April 1987.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Whilst searching Heung Wah-yim's law office, they found a list of 900 numbered names, which appeared to be a membership list of Sun Yee On.<ref name = "Dannen"/> In October, Heung Wah-yim was brought to trial, along with five accomplices who all pleaded guilty.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Heung Wah-yim professed his innocence throughout the trial, claiming to be the president of a local chapter of the [[Lions Club]] and that the list found in his office consisted of potential donors.<ref name = "Dannen"/> Chung and another former member were the main prosecution witnesses. On 20 January 1988, the jury found five of the defendants guilty, including Heung Wah-yim who was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison, acquitting the sixth.<ref name = "Dannen"/>
⚫
The triad operates several [[prostitution|vice establishments]] in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]] and [[Yau Ma Tei]], or at least did in November 2010 when a 29-year-old alleged office-bearer or "red pole" of the triad, named "Sai B" Chan, was arrested for vice offences and [[money laundering]].<ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=105182&sid=30384031&con_type=1&d_str=20101122&fc=1 "'Guru of brothels' busted on $380m laundering rap"], ''The Standard'', 22 November 2010</ref>


=== 2000s ===
⚫
Lee Tai-lung Lee, a Sun Yee On boss in Tsim Sha Tsui, was murdered in front of the Kowloon Shangri-La hotel on 4 August 2009 by members of the [[Wo Shing Wo]] gang. It was supposedly a revenge attack ordered by Leung Kwok-chung, a senior member of a Wo Shing Wo crew in [[Tai Kok Tsui]] who was injured by Lee during a bar fight in July 2006 in Prat Avenue.<ref>Lee, Diana (13 January 2011). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=106993&sid=30899729&con_type=1&d_str=20110113&fc=7 "Brutal slaying seen as triad revenge"]. ''The Standard''.</ref><ref name=scmp20120119clifford/> Following Lee's death, three of his former followers stepped in to defend his lucrative entertainment empire from other triads. In 2011(?), Lee's three followers were tracked by 'Ko Tat', another 'red pole fighter' in [[Wan Chai]], who failed to spread his influence across the harbour. Tai Hau, leader of another Sun Yee On faction active in [[Tuen Mun]] tried to encroach upon Lee's West Kowloon and Tsim Sha Tsui operations. His attempts were thwarted by an undercover police operation, as a result of which 222 people were arrested in January 2012. The [[Hong Kong Police Force#Crime Wing|Organised Crime and Triad Bureau]] suspects that 'Ko Chun' may be the latest kingpin of Lee's original turf.<ref name=scmp20120119clifford>Lo, Clifford; Cheung, Simpson (19 January 2012). "Forget blood, it's all about the money", ''South China Morning Post''</ref>
⚫
The triad operates several [[prostitution|vice establishments]] in [[Tsim Sha Tsui]] and [[Yau Ma Tei]], or at least did in November 2010 when a 29-year-old alleged office-bearer or "red pole" of the triad, named "Sai B" Chan, was arrested for vice offences and [[money laundering]].<ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=105182&sid=30384031&con_type=1&d_str=20101122&fc=1 "'Guru of brothels' busted on $380m laundering rap"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125214155/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=105182&sid=30384031&con_type=1&d_str=20101122&fc=1 |date=25 November 2010 }}, ''The Standard'', 22 November 2010</ref>


⚫
Lee Tai-lung ({{zh|t=李泰龍|labels=no}}), a Sun Yee On boss in Tsim Sha Tsui, was murdered in front of the Kowloon Shangri-La hotel on 4 August 2009 by members of the [[Wo Shing Wo]] gang. It was supposedly a revenge attack ordered by Leung Kwok-chung, a senior member of a Wo Shing Wo crew in [[Tai Kok Tsui]] who was injured by Lee during a bar fight in July 2006 in Prat Avenue.<ref>Lee, Diana (13 January 2011). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=106993&sid=30899729&con_type=1&d_str=20110113&fc=7 "Brutal slaying seen as triad revenge"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064852/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=106993&sid=30899729&con_type=1&d_str=20110113&fc=7 |date=21 October 2013 }}. ''The Standard''.</ref><ref name=scmp20120119clifford/> Following Lee's death, three of his former followers stepped in to defend his lucrative entertainment empire from other triads. In 2011(?), Lee's three followers were tracked by "Ko Tat", another "red pole" in [[Wan Chai]], who failed to spread his influence across the harbour. Tai Hau, leader of another Sun Yee On faction active in [[Tuen Mun]], tried to encroach upon Lee's West Kowloon and Tsim Sha Tsui operations. His attempts were thwarted by an undercover police operation, as a result of which 222 people were arrested in January 2012. The [[Hong Kong Police Force#Crime Wing|Organised Crime and Triad Bureau]] suspects that "Ko Chun" may be the latest kingpin of Lee's original turf.<ref name=scmp20120119clifford>Lo, Clifford; Cheung, Simpson (19 January 2012). "Forget blood, it's all about the money", ''South China Morning Post''</ref>
⚫
On 22 March 2012, police arrested 102 members of Sun Yee on in [[Shenzhen]], China.<ref>[http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120328000034&cid=1103 100 members of Hong Kong triad arrested in Shenzhen], ''wantchinatimes''</ref>

⚫
On 22 March 2012, police arrested 102 members of Sun Yee On in [[Shenzhen]], China.<ref>[http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120328000034&cid=1103 100 members of Hong Kong triad arrested in Shenzhen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228211427/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120328000034&cid=1103 |date=28 December 2014 }}, ''wantchinatimes''</ref>


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
* In the [[anime]] adaptation of ''[[Black Lagoon]]'', the [[Thailand]] branch of Sun Yee On is based in the fictional city of Roanapur and competes with the other organized crime syndicates in the city. In ''Black Lagoon'', Sun Yee On's branch leader in Thailand is a man named Wan, and it is one of various Triad organizations in Thailand alongside the [[14K (triad)|14K]].
The 2012 video game ''[[Sleeping Dogs (video game)|Sleeping Dogs]]'', set in Hong Kong, focuses on the Chinese Triads from the perspective of an undercover detective. In ''[[Sleeping Dogs (video game)|Sleeping Dogs]]'' the player plays as Wei Shen, an undercover cop from San Francisco, on a mission in Hong Kong to infiltrate the organised crime lords of the notorious "Sun on Yee". The name of the Triad "Sun on Yee" is a switch of words for the "Sun Yee On". Most of the story of ''[[Sleeping Dogs (video game)|Sleeping Dogs]]'' involve real people involved with the Sun Yee On that are portrayed as the same people but with different names.
* The 2012 video game ''[[Sleeping Dogs (video game)|Sleeping Dogs]]'' focuses on Wei Shen, an undercover police officer transferred from [[San Francisco]] to [[Hong Kong]] and the [[HKPF]] as part of a joint operation to infiltrate a fictional version of the Sun Yee On, the "Sun On Yee" and eliminate or incarcerate their most powerful members. What makes Wei the most likely candidate, but also the most dangerous one is that he grew up with some members in the Sun On Yee, giving him a way to integrate within the triad but has his superiors concerned that he might eventually become too attached and possibly forget his duties to law enforcement.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 65: Line 78:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}

{{refbegin}}
==External links==
https://web.archive.org/web/20101212055726/http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=300&catid=8&subcatid=50
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101212055726/http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=300&catid=8&subcatid=50 Triads and organized crime in China]
{{refend}}

{{Organized crime groups in Asia}}
{{Organized crime groups in the United States}}


[[Category:Organized crime groups in China]]
[[Category:Organized crime groups in China]]
Line 76: Line 92:
[[Category:Gangs in England]]
[[Category:Gangs in England]]
[[Category:Gangs in France]]
[[Category:Gangs in France]]
[[Category:Gangs in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Gangs in South Africa]]
⚫
[[Category:Gangs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1919]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1919]]
[[Category:Philippine drug war]]
[[Category:Chaozhou]]
⚫
[[Category:Gangs in South Korea]]

Latest revision as of 02:11, 19 November 2024

Sun Yee On
Founded1919; 105 years ago (1919)
Founding locationBritish Hong Kong
Years active1919–present
TerritoryHong Kong, Mainland China, Japan, France, South Africa, United Kingdom, India, Thailand, Korea, Colombia, Canada, United States, Australia, Central America
EthnicityChinese
Membership25,000[1]
Activitiesracketeering, counterfeiting, extortion, drug trafficking, money laundering, murder, illegal gambling
AlliesWo Hop To, Wo On Lok, Albanian mafia, Camorra, Serbian mafia, American Mafia, Sinaloa Cartel
Rivals14K, Wah Ching, Wo Shing Wo
Sun Yee On
Traditional Chinese新義安
Simplified Chinese新义安
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXīnyì'ān
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationsàn yih òn
Jyutpingsan1 ji6 on1

Sun Yee On (Chinese: 新義安; Jyutping: san1 ji6 on1; Cantonese Yale: sān yih ōn), or the New Righteousness and Peace Commercial and Industrial Guild, is one of the leading triads[2] in Hong Kong and China. It has more than 25,000 members worldwide.[1] It is also believed to be active in the UK, the United States, France, and Belgium.[1][3]

History

[edit]

Sun Yee On was founded by Heung Chin [zh], originally from Teochew (Chaozhou), in 1919.[4] Yee On (Chinese: 義安; Jyutping: ji6 on1; Cantonese Yale: yih ōn) is a historical name for Chaozhou. Mainly through ethnic Chinese diaspora, it is thought to extend to the United States, Canada, Thailand, Australia, South Africa and Central America.[5] The founder was deported to Taiwan in the early 1950s and continued to lead the organization from there.[4] Sun Yee On was allegedly taken over by his eldest son Heung Wah-yim, who ostensibly worked as a law clerk.[4] The triad is also noted as being founded by "Teochew and Hokkien immigrants" to Hong Kong.[6]

Map of countries with branches or operations of the Sun Yee On Triad reported by law enforcement or in the news.

1980s spill

[edit]

In February 1986, a former Hong Kong police officer, Anthony Chung, who had become a member of Sun Yee On, asked the police for protection.[4] He identified Heung Wah-yim as the leader of the triad, and this led to the police arresting eleven members of the Triad on 1 April 1987.[4] Whilst searching Heung Wah-yim's law office, they found a list of 900 numbered names, which appeared to be a membership list of Sun Yee On.[4] In October, Heung Wah-yim was brought to trial, along with five accomplices who all pleaded guilty.[4] Heung Wah-yim professed his innocence throughout the trial, claiming to be the president of a local chapter of the Lions Club and that the list found in his office consisted of potential donors.[4] Chung and another former member were the main prosecution witnesses. On 20 January 1988, the jury found five of the defendants guilty, including Heung Wah-yim who was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison, acquitting the sixth.[4]

2000s

[edit]

The triad operates several vice establishments in Tsim Sha Tsui and Yau Ma Tei, or at least did in November 2010 when a 29-year-old alleged office-bearer or "red pole" of the triad, named "Sai B" Chan, was arrested for vice offences and money laundering.[7]

Lee Tai-lung (李泰龍), a Sun Yee On boss in Tsim Sha Tsui, was murdered in front of the Kowloon Shangri-La hotel on 4 August 2009 by members of the Wo Shing Wo gang. It was supposedly a revenge attack ordered by Leung Kwok-chung, a senior member of a Wo Shing Wo crew in Tai Kok Tsui who was injured by Lee during a bar fight in July 2006 in Prat Avenue.[8][9] Following Lee's death, three of his former followers stepped in to defend his lucrative entertainment empire from other triads. In 2011(?), Lee's three followers were tracked by "Ko Tat", another "red pole" in Wan Chai, who failed to spread his influence across the harbour. Tai Hau, leader of another Sun Yee On faction active in Tuen Mun, tried to encroach upon Lee's West Kowloon and Tsim Sha Tsui operations. His attempts were thwarted by an undercover police operation, as a result of which 222 people were arrested in January 2012. The Organised Crime and Triad Bureau suspects that "Ko Chun" may be the latest kingpin of Lee's original turf.[9]

On 22 March 2012, police arrested 102 members of Sun Yee On in Shenzhen, China.[10]

[edit]
  • In the anime adaptation of Black Lagoon, the Thailand branch of Sun Yee On is based in the fictional city of Roanapur and competes with the other organized crime syndicates in the city. In Black Lagoon, Sun Yee On's branch leader in Thailand is a man named Wan, and it is one of various Triad organizations in Thailand alongside the 14K.
  • The 2012 video game Sleeping Dogs focuses on Wei Shen, an undercover police officer transferred from San Francisco to Hong Kong and the HKPF as part of a joint operation to infiltrate a fictional version of the Sun Yee On, the "Sun On Yee" and eliminate or incarcerate their most powerful members. What makes Wei the most likely candidate, but also the most dangerous one is that he grew up with some members in the Sun On Yee, giving him a way to integrate within the triad but has his superiors concerned that he might eventually become too attached and possibly forget his duties to law enforcement.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Illuminated Lantern". Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
  2. ^ Davies, Anthony (25 August 1995). "Asia Week". Retrieved 28 May 2006.
  3. ^ "Transnational Communities Programme". Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dannen, Fredric (July 1997). "Partners in Crime: Part 2". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
  5. ^ Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism, pg xvi, Volume 2. ISBN 1576073378 ABC-CLIO (24 September 2007)
  6. ^ Bitter power struggle as election looms for Wo On Lok triad, SCMP, 24 February 2013
  7. ^ "'Guru of brothels' busted on $380m laundering rap" Archived 25 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 22 November 2010
  8. ^ Lee, Diana (13 January 2011). "Brutal slaying seen as triad revenge" Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard.
  9. ^ a b Lo, Clifford; Cheung, Simpson (19 January 2012). "Forget blood, it's all about the money", South China Morning Post
  10. ^ 100 members of Hong Kong triad arrested in Shenzhen Archived 28 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, wantchinatimes
[edit]
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