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It appears that Chong was never Chief State Councilor, as the office was established after his death. He instead appears to have served under a similar position of a different name (판삼사사).
 
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{{Short description|Korean scholar-official (1342–1398)}}
{{korean name|Jeong}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox Korean name
{{family name hatnote|Chŏng|lang=Korean}}
|img=Korea-Danyang-Dodamsambong_Sam_Bong_statue_3076-07.JPG
{{Infobox officeholder
|caption=
| name = Chŏng Tojŏn<br />정도전
|title=First Prime Minister of Joseon Dynasty
| image = Korea-Danyang-Dodamsambong Sam Bong statue 3076-07.JPG
|hangul=정도전
| caption =
|hanja=鄭道傳
| birth_date = October 6, 1342
|rr=Jeong Dojeon
| birth_place = [[Danyang County]], [[Goryeo]]
|mr=Chŏng Tojŏn
| death_date = {{death date and age|1398|10|6|1342|1|22|mf=yes}}
|hangulja=종지
| death_place = [[Seoul|Hanseong-bu]], [[Joseon]]
|hanjaja=宗之
| country = [[Joseon]]
|rrja=Jongji
| module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes
|mrja=Chongji
| hangul = 정도전
|hangulho=삼봉
| hanja = 鄭道傳
|hanjaho=三峰
| rr = Jeong Dojeon
|rrho=Sambong
| mr = Chŏng Tojŏn
|mrho=Sambong
| hangulho = 삼봉
|hangulph=문헌
| hanjaho = 三峰
|hanjaph=文憲
| mrho = Sambong
|rrph=Muheon
| rrho = Sambong
|mrph=Munhŏn
| hangulja = 종지
| hanjaja = 宗之
| mrja = Chongji
| rrja = Jongji
| hangulph = 문헌
| hanjaph = 文憲
| rrph = Munheon
| mrph = Munhŏn
}}
}}
| spouse = Princess Gyeongsuk
'''Jeong Dojeon''' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 정도전, [[Hanja]]: 鄭道傳, 1342 – October 6, 1398), also known by his pen name '''Sambong''' ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 삼봉), was a prominent [[Koreans|Korean]] scholar-official during the late [[Goryeo]] to the early [[Joseon]] periods. He served as the First Prime Minister (or First Chief State Councillor) of Joseon, from 1392 until 1398 when he was killed by [[Yi Bang-won]], the fifth son of [[Yi Seong-gye]], the founder of the Joseon dynasty. Jeong Dojeon was an adviser to Yi Seong-gye and also the principal architect of the Joseon dynasty's policies, laying down the kingdom's ideological, institutional, and legal frameworks which would govern it for five centuries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Yeong-hee|title=Why people are so fascinated by Jeong Dojeon|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2984372|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=2014-02-12|date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
| children = Chŏng Chin<br />Chŏng Yŏng<br />Chŏng Yu
| parents = Chŏng Un-gyŏng (Father)<br />Lady U of Yeongju U clan (Mother)
}}

'''Chŏng Tojŏn''' ({{Korean|hangul=정도전|hanja=鄭道傳}}; October 6, 1342 – October 6, 1398), also known by his [[art name]] '''Sambong''' ({{Korean|hangul=삼봉|labels=no}}), was a prominent [[Koreans|Korean]] scholar-official during the late [[Goryeo]] to the early [[Joseon]] periods. Chŏng Tojŏn was an adviser to the Joseon founder Yi Sŏng-gye and also the principal architect of the Joseon dynasty's policies, laying down the kingdom's ideological, institutional, and legal frameworks which would govern it for five centuries.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Yeong-hee|title=Why people are so fascinated by Jeong Dojeon|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2984372|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2014-02-12|date=4 February 2014}}</ref> He was killed by prince [[Yi Pang-wŏn]] in 1398 over a conflict regarding the succession of [[Taejo of Joseon|Taejo]].


==Life==
== Biography ==
===Background and early career===
===Background and early career===
Jeong Dojeon was born from a noble family in [[Yeongju]] in what is now South Korea. His family had emerged from commoner status some four generations before, and slowly climbed up the ladder of government service. His father was the first in the family to obtain a high post. Despite all his difficulties, he became a student of [[Yi Je-hyeon]] and along with other leading thinkers of the time, such as [[Jeong Mong-ju]], his penetrating intelligence started to affect the Korean politics.
Chŏng Tojŏn was born from a noble family, the Bonghwa Chŏng clan ({{Korean|hangul=봉화 정씨|hanja=奉化 鄭氏|labels=no}}), in [[Yeongju]], [[Goryeo]]. His maternal grandmother was a slave according to the [[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty|Veritable Records]], though the credibility of this account is called into question. His family had emerged from commoner status some four generations before, and slowly climbed up the ladder of government service.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} His father was the first in the family to obtain a high post. Despite all his difficulties, he became a student of [[Yi Che-hyŏn]] and along with other leading thinkers of the time, such as [[Chŏng Mong-ju]], his penetrating intelligence started to affect the Korean politics.


===Relationship with Yi Seong-gye===
===Relationship with Yi Sŏng-gye===
Jeong Dojeon's ties with [[Yi Seong-gye]] and the foundation of Joseon were extremely close. He is said to have compared his relationship to Yi Seong-gye, to that between [[Zhang Liang (Western Han)|Zhang Liang]] and [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]]. Jeong Dojeon's political ideas had a lasting impact on [[Joseon Dynasty politics]] and laws.
Chŏng Tojŏn's ties with [[Yi Sŏng-gye]] and the foundation of Joseon were extremely close. He is said to have compared his relationship to Yi Sŏng-gye, to that between [[Zhang Liang (Western Han)|Zhang Liang]] and [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]]. Chŏng Tojŏn's political ideas had a lasting impact on [[Joseon Dynasty politics]] and laws.
The two first became acquainted in 1383, when Jeong Dojeon visited Yi Seong-gye at his quarters in [[Hamgyong]] province. After Yi Seong-gye ([[Taejo of Joseon]]) founded Joseon in July 1392, he appointed Jeong Dojeon to the highest civilian and military office simultaneously, entrusting him with all necessary power to establish the new dynasty. Deciding all policies from military affairs, diplomacy, and down to education, he laid down Joseon's political system and tax laws, replaced [[Buddhism]] with [[Confucianism]] as national religion, moved the capital from [[Gaeseong]] to Hanyang (present-day [[Seoul]]), changed the kingdom's political system from feudalism to highly centralized bureaucracy, and wrote a code of laws that eventually became [[Gyeongguk daejeon|Joseon's constitution]]. He even decided the names of each palace, eight provinces, and districts in the capital. He also worked to free many slaves and reformed land policy.
The two first became acquainted in 1383, when Chŏng Tojŏn visited Yi Sŏng-gye at his quarters in [[Hamgyong Province|Hamgyong]] province. After Yi Sŏng-gye ([[Taejo of Joseon]]) founded Joseon in July 1392, he appointed Chŏng Tojŏn to the highest civilian and military office simultaneously, entrusting him with all necessary power to establish the new dynasty. Deciding all policies from military affairs, diplomacy, and down to education, he laid down Joseon's political system and tax laws, replaced [[Buddhism]] with [[Confucianism]] as national religion, moved the capital from [[Kaesong]] to Hanyang (present-day [[Seoul]]), changed the kingdom's political system from feudalism to highly centralized bureaucracy, and wrote a code of laws that eventually became [[Gyeongguk daejeon|Joseon's constitution]]. He even decided the names of each palace, eight provinces, and districts in the capital. He also worked to free many slaves and reformed land policy.


===Conflict with Yi Bang-won===
===Conflict with Yi Pang-wŏn===
After Joseon was established in July 1392, Jeong Dojeon soon collided with [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Bang-won]] over the question of choosing the crown prince, the future successor to Yi Seong-gye ([[Taejo of Joseon]]). Of all princes, Yi Bang-won contributed most to his father's rise to power and expected to be appointed as the crown prince even though he was Taejo's fifth son. However, Jeong Dojeon persuaded Taejo to appoint his young eighth son Yi Bang-seok (Yi Bang-won's half-brother) as the crown prince. Their conflict arose because Jeong Dojeon saw Joseon as a kingdom led by ministers while the king was to be largely symbolic figure, whereas Yi Bang-won wanted to establish the absolute monarchy ruled directly by the king. Both sides were well aware of each other's great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. After the sudden death of Queen Sindeok in 1398, while King Taejo was still in mourning for her (his second wife and mother of Yi Bang-seok), Yi Bang-won struck first by raiding the palace and killed Jeong Dojeon and his supporters as well as Queen Sundeok's two sons including the crown prince, in a coup that came to be known as the First Strife of Princes. Taejo, who helplessly watched his favorite sons and ministers being killed by Yi Bang-won's forces, abdicated in disgust and remained angry with Yi Bang-won well after Yi Bang-won became the third king of Joseon, [[Taejong of Joseon]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
After Joseon was established in July 1392, Chŏng Tojŏn soon collided with [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]] over the question of choosing the crown prince, the future successor to Yi Sŏng-gye ([[Taejo of Joseon]]). Of all princes, Yi Pang-wŏn contributed most to his father's rise to power and expected to be appointed as the crown prince even though he was Taejo's fifth son. However, Chŏng Tojŏn persuaded Taejo to appoint his young eighth son Yi Bang-sŏk (Yi Pang-wŏn's half-brother) as the crown prince. Their conflict arose because Chŏng Tojŏn saw Joseon as a kingdom led by ministers while the king was to be largely symbolic figure, whereas Yi Pang-wŏn wanted to establish the absolute monarchy ruled directly by the king. Both sides were well aware of each other's great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. After the sudden death of Queen Sindeok in 1398, while King Taejo was still in mourning for her (his second wife and mother of Yi Bang-sŏk), Yi Pang-wŏn struck first by raiding the palace and killed Chŏng Tojŏn and his supporters as well as Queen Sindeok's two sons including the crown prince, in a coup that came to be known as the First Strife of the Princes. Taejo, who helplessly watched his favorite sons and ministers being killed by Yi Pang-wŏn's forces, abdicated in disgust and remained angry with Yi Pang-wŏn well after Yi Pang-wŏn became the third king of Joseon, [[Taejong of Joseon]].


For much of Joseon history, Jeong Dojeon was vilified or ignored despite his contribution to its founding. He was finally rehabilitated in 1865 in recognition of his role in designing [[Gyeongbokgung]] (main palace). Earlier [[Jeongjo of Joseon|Jeongjo]] published a collection of Jeong Dojeon's writings in 1791. Jeong Dojeon's once-close friend and rival [[Jeong Mong-ju]], who was assassinated by Yi Bang-won for remaining loyal to [[Goryeo]] Dynasty, was honored by Yi Bang-won posthumously and was remembered as symbol of loyalty throughout the Joseon Dynasty despite being its most determined foe.
For much of Joseon history, Chŏng Tojŏn was vilified or ignored despite his contribution to its founding. He was finally rehabilitated in 1865 in recognition of his role in designing [[Gyeongbokgung]] (main palace). Earlier [[Chŏngjo of Joseon|Chŏngjo]] published a collection of Chŏng Tojŏn's writings in 1791. Chŏng Tojŏn's once-close friend and rival [[Chŏng Mong-ju]], who was assassinated by Yi Pang-wŏn for remaining loyal to the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty, was honored by Yi Pang-wŏn posthumously and was remembered as symbol of loyalty throughout the Joseon Dynasty despite being its most determined foe.

Two ideas set forth by Chŏng Tojŏn strained his relationship with [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]]. Chŏng believed that the new dynasty, [[Joseon]], should be governed primarily by the [[neo-Confucianist]] officialdom and not by absolute monarchy. Such thinking of Chŏng is detailed in his book ''Joseon Gyeonggukjeon'' ({{Korean|조선경국전|朝鮮經國典}}), on which the official state legal code, [[Gyeongguk daejeon]], is based. A scene in the Veritable Records describes [[Taejo of Joseon|Yi Sŏng-gye]] praising Chŏng for ''Joseon Gyeonggukjeon'', but it is speculated that [[Taejo of Joseon|Yi Sŏng-gye]] was not fully literate and did not comprehend the extent of what Chŏng was suggesting. However, [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]], who had passed the [[civil service examination]] of [[Goryeo]], would have understood the implications of Chŏng's thinking.

Chŏng also pushed for the abolishment of private armies. Shortly after Joseon's founding, Chŏng and other prominent scholar-officials set out to identify the trappings of [[Goryeo]] that precipitated its demise and put forth reform ideas. Unequal land ownership and private armies were generally agreed to have contributed to rampant corruption. Chŏng argued that land should be returned to the central government (and distributed to small farmers) and that private armies should be abolished, including those of the princes. [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]] was not pleased according to the records where Chŏng demanded that all private armies be sent to the central government to be trained for the military campaign into [[Liaodong]] that Chŏng claimed was necessary. None of the princes complied.

==Death==
In 1398, Chŏng Tojŏn was slain by [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]] in the First Strife of the Princes. It is unclear exactly how he died, and the accounts in the [[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty|Veritable Records]] and [[Sambongjip]] do not agree on the precise way in which he died. The [[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty|Veritable Records]] depict that Chŏng Tojŏn begged [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]] for his life, whereas [[Sambongjip]] portrays a more dignified last moment in which Chŏng left a [[death poem]] lamenting his poor judgment and gracefully accepted his death. The credibility of either account is questioned. The story conveyed in the [[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty|Veritable Records]] could be a result of the vilification of Chŏng throughout Joseon history. It is also argued that [[Taejong of Joseon|Yi Pang-wŏn]] could not have afforded to allow Chŏng the time to compose a poem in the midst of a full-blown coup.


==Intellectual activity==
==Intellectual activity==
Jeong Dojeon was a major opponent of [[Buddhism]] at the end of the [[Goryeo]] period. He was a student of [[Zhu Xi]]'s thought. Using [[Cheng-Zhu school]]'s [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian philosophy]] as the basis of his anti-Buddhist polemic, he criticized Buddhism in a number of treatises as being corrupt in its practices, and nihilistic and antinomian in its doctrines. The most famous of these treatises was the ''[[Bulssi Japbyeon]]'' ("Array of Critiques Against Buddhism"). He was a founding member of the [[Sungkyunkwan]], the royal Confucian academy, and one of its early faculty members.
Chŏng Tojŏn was a major opponent of [[Buddhism]] at the end of the [[Goryeo]] period. He was a student of [[Zhu Xi]]'s thought. Using [[Cheng-Zhu school]]'s [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian philosophy]] as the basis of his anti-Buddhist polemic, he criticized Buddhism in a number of treatises as being corrupt in its practices, and nihilistic and antinomian in its doctrines. One of the more famous of these treatises was the ''[[Bulssi Japbyeon]]'' ("Array of Critiques Against Buddhism"). He was a founding member of the [[Sungkyunkwan]], the royal Confucian academy, and one of its early faculty members.


Jeong Dojeon was among the first Korean scholars to refer to his thought as [[Silhak]], or "practical learning." However, he is not usually numbered among the members of the silhak tradition, which arose much later in the Joseon period.
Chŏng Tojŏn was among the first Korean scholars to refer to his thought as [[Silhak]], or "practical learning." However, he is not usually numbered among the members of the silhak tradition, which arose much later in the Joseon period.


==Political thought==
==Political thought==
Jeong Dojeon argued that the government, including the king himself, exists for the sake of the people. Its [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]] could only come from benevolent public service. It was largely on this basis that he legitimized the overthrow of the [[Goryeo]] dynasty, arguing that the Goryeo rulers had given up their right to rule.
Chŏng Tojŏn argued that the government, including the king himself, exists for the sake of the people. Its [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]] could only come from benevolent public service. It was largely on this basis that he legitimized the overthrow of the [[Goryeo]] dynasty, arguing that the Goryeo rulers had given up their right to rule.


Jeong Dojeon divided society into three classes: (a) a large lower class of agricultural laborers and craftsmen, (b) a middle class of [[intellectuals|literati]], and (c) a small upper class of [[bureaucrats]]. Anyone outside this system, including [[Buddhist monks]], [[shamans]], and entertainers, he considered a "vicious" threat to the social fabric.
Chŏng Tojŏn divided society into three classes: (a) a large lower class of agricultural laborers and craftsmen, (b) a middle class of [[intellectuals|literati]], and (c) a small upper class of [[bureaucrats]]. Anyone outside this system, including [[Buddhist monks]], [[shamans]], and entertainers, he considered a "vicious" threat to the social fabric.


==Books==
== Reception ==
Immediatedly following his death, he was criticized as a betrayer of the Goryeo dynasty and a greedy politician who had attempted to take power from his king. For the next 300 years, he was regarded as a treacherous villain. For example, [[Song Si-yŏl]], the most reputable philosopher of the 15th century Joseon dynasty, always included a word "insidious" when he mentioned about Chŏng Tojŏn.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Byungdon Chun|date=August 2009|journal=Journal of Eastern Philosophy|volume= |issue=59|pages=275–302|doi=10.17299/tsep..59.200908.275|issn=1229-5965|title=恒齋 이광신을 위한 변명|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Yi Ik]], also a renowned Korean philosopher of the Middle Age of the dynasty, referred to him as "a figure who deserved to be killed" in his book, [[Seong Ho Sa Seol]].
*Sambong Jip (삼봉집, 三峯集)

*Joseon Gyeong Gukjeon (조선경국전, 朝鮮經國典)
However, with the surge of revisionism in the 18th century, his work started to be assessed with a different angle. [[Chŏngjo of Joseon|Chŏngjo]], 22nd King of Joseon, republished ''[[Sambong Jip]]'', recognizing his work building the political systems and intellectual foundations of the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=박|first=기현|title=Characteristics and Perception of Suicide-related Tales|journal=Dongyang Studies in Korean Classics|volume=40|issue=40|pages=52|doi=10.35374/dyha.40.40.201502.002|issn=2005-7520|year=2015|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*Daemyeongryul Joseoneohae (대명률조선어해, 大明律朝鮮語解)

*Gyeongje Mungam (경제문감, 經濟文鑑)
==Works==
*Bulssi Japbyeon (불씨잡변, 佛氏雜辨)
*''[[Sambong Jip]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=삼봉집|hanja=三峯集|labels=no}}), a three-chapter collection of poetry,<ref>{{cite book|title=Seeking Order in a Tumultuous Age: The Writings of Chŏng Tojŏn, a Korean Neo-Confucian|chapter=Translator's Introduction|last=Robinson|first=David M.|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|isbn=9780824859442|year=2016|page=31}}</ref> but according to the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, a collection of works published in 1397 and supplemented and republished in 1781 that consist of his poetry, prose, philosophy, and institutional reform plans<ref>{{Cite web |last=Han |first=Youngwoo |script-title=ko:삼봉집(三峯集) Sambongjip |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0026619 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref>
*Simmun Cheondap (심문천답, 心問天答)
*''Joseon Gyeong Gukjeon'' ({{Korean|hangul=조선경국전|hanja=朝鮮經國典|labels=no}})<ref>{{Citation |script-title=ko:조선경국전 (朝鮮經國典) Joseon Gyeongguk Jeon |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0051911 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> - volumes 7 & 8 of the 1791 edition of ''Sambong Jip''
*Simgiri (심기리, 心氣理)
*''Daemyeongryul Joseoneohae'' ({{Korean|hangul=대명률조선어해|hanja=大明律朝鮮語解|labels=no}})
*Hakja Jinamdo (학자지남도, 學者指南圖)
*''Gyeongje Mungam'' ({{Korean|hangul=경제문감|hanja=經濟文鑑|labels=no}}) (''Economic Writings'')
*Jinmaek Dogyeol (진맥도결, 診脈圖結)
*''[[Bulssi Japbyeon]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=불씨잡변|hanja=佛氏雜辨|labels=no}})
*Goryeo Guksa (고려국사, 高麗國史)
*''Simmun Cheondap'' ({{Korean|hangul=심문천답|hanja=心問天答|labels=no}})<ref>{{Citation |script-title=ko:심문천답 (心問天答) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0033783 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> - contained in volumes 9 & 10 of the 1791 edition of ''Sambong Jip''
*Jin Beop (진법, 陣法)
*''Simgiri'' ({{Korean|hangul=심기리|hanja=心氣理|labels=no}}) a criticism of Buddhism and Taoism<ref>{{Citation |last=조 |first=준하 |script-title=ko:심기리편 (心氣理篇) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0033746 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>
*''Hakja Jinamdo'' ({{Korean|hangul=학자지남도|hanja=學者指南圖|labels=no}})
*''Jinmaek Dogyeol'' ({{Korean|hangul=진맥도결|hanja=診脈圖結|labels=no}}) (''Pulse diagnosis'')<ref>{{Citation |last=김 |first=두종 |script-title=ko:진맥도결 (診脈圖訣) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0054671 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>
*''Goryeo Guksa'' ({{Korean|hangul=고려국사|hanja=高麗國史|labels=no}}) 1395<ref>{{Citation |script-title=ko:고려국사 (高麗國史) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0003434 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>
*''Jin Beop'' ({{Korean|hangul=진법|hanja=陣法|labels=no}})<ref>{{Citation |last=권 |first=오호 |script-title=ko:진법 (陣法) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0054692 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref> - volume 13 of the 1791 edition of ''Sambong Jip''
*''[[Goryeosa]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=고려사|hanja=高麗史|labels=no}})

===English translations===
*{{cite book|title=Korea's Great Buddhist-Confucian Debate: The Treatises of Chŏng Tojŏn (Sambong) and Hamhŏ Tŭkt'ong (Kihwa) |translator=Muller, Charles|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-5380-8|year=2015}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Seeking Order in a Tumultuous Age: The Writings of Chŏng Tojŏn, a Korean Neo-Confucian|chapter=Translator's Introduction|last=Robinson|first=David M.|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|isbn=9780824859442|year=2016|page=1}}</ref>
*{{cite book|title=Seeking Order in a Tumultuous Age: The Writings of Chŏng Tojŏn, a Korean Neo-Confucian|translator=Robinson, David M.|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|isbn=9780824859442|year=2016}}

In addition, the translation of his Chinese poem ''Plum'' is included in {{cite book |title=Anthology of Korean Literature: From Early Times to The Nineteenth Century |last=Lee |first=Peter H |year=1981 |publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]] |isbn=9780824807399}}

== Family ==
*Father
** Chŏng Un-gyŏng ({{Korean|hangul=정운경|hanja=鄭云敬|labels=no}}; 1305–1366)
*Mother
** Lady U of Yeongju U clan ({{Korean|hangul=증 정경부인 영주 우씨|hanja=贈 貞敬夫人 榮州 禹氏|labels=no}})
*** Grandfather - U Yŏn ({{Korean|hangul=우연|hanja=禹淵|labels=no}})
* Siblings
** Younger sister - Lady Chŏng of the Bonghwa Chŏng clan ({{Korean|hangul=봉화 정씨|labels=no}})
** Younger brother - Chŏng Tojon ({{Korean|hangul=정도존|hanja=鄭道存|labels=no}}; ?–1398)
** Younger brother - Chŏng To-bok ({{Korean|hangul=정도복|hanja=鄭道復|labels=no}}; 1351–1435)
*Wife
** Princess Gyeongsuk, Lady Ch'oe of the [[Gyeongju Choi clan|Gyeongju Ch'oe clan]] ({{Korean|hangul=경숙택주 경주 최씨|hanja=慶淑宅主 慶州 崔氏|labels=no}})
***Son - Chŏng Chin ({{Korean|hangul=정진|hanja=鄭津|labels=no}}; 1361–1427)
***Son - Chŏng Yŏng ({{Korean|hangul=정영|hanja=鄭泳|labels=no}}; ?–1398)
***Son - Chŏng Yu ({{Korean|hangul=정유|hanja=鄭遊|labels=no}}; ?–1398)


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
*Portrayed by Lee Ho-jae in the 1983 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''500 Years of Joseon: The King of Chudong Palace''.
*Portrayed by Lee Ho-jae in the 1983 [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series ''500 Years of Joseon: [[The King of Chudong Palace]]''.
*Portrayed by Kim Heung-ki in the 1996-1998 [[KBS1]] TV series ''Tears of the Dragon''.
*Portrayed by Kim Heung-gi in the 1996–1998 [[KBS1]] TV series ''[[Tears of the Dragon (TV series)|Tears of the Dragon]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Baek Seung-hyeon]] in the 2012-2013 [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] TV series ''[[The Great Seer]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Baek Seung-hyeon]] in the 2012–2013 [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] TV series ''[[The Great Seer]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Cho Jae-hyun]] and [[Kang Yi-seok]] in the 2014 KBS1 series ''[[Jeong_Do-jeon_(TV_series)|Jeong Dojeon]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Do|first=Je-hae|title=Joseon founding seen in unique angle|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/01/201_149120.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|accessdate=2014-01-24|date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Yang|first1=Sung-hee|last2=Kim|first2=Hyung-eun|title=Unique historical drama tries putting history first|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2984373|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=2014-02-12|date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
*Portrayed by [[Cho Jae-hyun]] and [[Kang Yi-seok]] in the 2014 KBS1 series ''[[Jeong Do-jeon (TV series)|Jeong Do-jeon]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Do|first=Je-hae|title=Joseon founding seen in unique angle|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/01/201_149120.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2014-01-24|date=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Yang|first1=Sung-hee|last2=Kim|first2=Hyung-eun|title=Unique historical drama tries putting history first|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2984373|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2014-02-12|date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
*Portrayed by [[Ahn Nae-sang]] in the 2014 film ''[[The Pirates (2014 film)|The Pirates]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Ahn Nae-sang]] in the 2014 film ''[[The Pirates (2014 film)|The Pirates]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Kim Myung-min]] in the 2015-2016 SBS TV series ''[[Six Flying Dragons]]''.
*Portrayed by [[Kim Myung-min]] in the 2015–2016 SBS TV series ''[[Six Flying Dragons]]''.
* Portrayed by Lee Kwang-gi in the 2021-22 KBS1 TV series ''[[The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won]]''.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 72: Line 121:
*[[Korean literature]]
*[[Korean literature]]
*[[Joseon Dynasty politics]]
*[[Joseon Dynasty politics]]
*[[Jeong Mong-ju]]


==References==
==References==
{{wikisource|Author:Jeong Dojeon}}
{{wikisource|Author:Jeong Do-jeon}}
{{reflist}}
*Jeong Dojeon, Jeong Byeong-cheol. Sam Bong jeep vol. 1-4. ''Hangookhansooljeongbo co.(2009) {{ISBN|8926805891}}.
*Jeong Dojeon, Jeong Byeong-cheol. Sam Bong jeep vol. 1-4. ''HangookhansoolChŏngbo co.(2009) {{ISBN|8926805891}}.
*Jeong Byeong-cheol, Jeong Dojeon's was born true and fabrication. ''kyobomungo pupol'' (2013).
*Jeong Byeong-cheol, Jeong Dojeon's was born true and fabrication. ''kyobomungo pupol'' (2013).
*Han Yeong-u (1974). Jeong Dojeon's philosophy of political reform. ''Korea Journal 14'' (7-8). Reprinted in Lee et al. (2004), ''Korean philosophy: Its tradition and modern transformation'', pp.&nbsp; 55–74. Seoul: Hollym. {{ISBN|1-56591-178-4}}.
*Han Yeong-u (1974). Jeong Dojeon's philosophy of political reform. ''Korea Journal 14'' (7-8). Reprinted in Lee et al. (2004), ''Korean philosophy: Its tradition and modern transformation'', pp.&nbsp; 55–74. Seoul: Hollym. {{ISBN|1-56591-178-4}}.
*Korean Institute of Philosophical Thought (1995). ''강좌 한국철학'' (Gangjwa Hanguk Cheolhak, ''Guide to Korean philosophy''), pp.&nbsp; 333–345. Seoul: Yemoon Seowon. {{ISBN|89-7646-032-4}}.
*Korean Institute of Philosophical Thought (1995). ''강좌 한국철학'' (Gangjwa Hanguk Cheolhak, ''Guide to Korean philosophy''), pp.&nbsp; 333–345. Seoul: Yemoon Seowon. {{ISBN|89-7646-032-4}}.
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=3569445&cid=59015&categoryId=59015 Chŏng Tojŏn Architect of the new Joseon Dynasty]
*[http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/religion/242074.html "정도전은 철학·권력 결합한 위대한 정치인" - 한겨레]
*[http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/religion/242074.html "정도전은 철학·권력 결합한 위대한 정치인" - 한겨레]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111008235740/http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3622 Jeong Dojeon] at [[Nate (web portal)|Nate]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008235740/http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3622 Chŏng Tojŏn] at [[Nate (web portal)|Nate]]


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeong, Dojeon}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chŏng, Tojŏn}}
[[Category:Joseon Dynasty people]]
[[Category:Goryeo people]]
[[Category:Joseon Confucianists]]
[[Category:Korean philosophers]]
[[Category:Goryeo Confucianists]]
[[Category:Korean Confucianists]]
[[Category:People murdered in Korea]]
[[Category:People murdered in Korea]]
[[Category:Korean revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Korean educators]]
[[Category:Korean educators]]
[[Category:Neo-Confucianism]]
[[Category:Neo-Confucian scholars]]
[[Category:Critics of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Critics of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Korean literature]]
[[Category:People from Yeongju]]
[[Category:People from Yeongju]]
[[Category:1342 births]]
[[Category:1342 births]]
[[Category:1398 deaths]]
[[Category:1398 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Korean poets]]
[[Category:14th-century Korean calligraphers]]
[[Category:14th-century Korean philosophers]]
[[Category:Korean counts]]
[[Category:Joseon politicians]]
[[Category:People from Danyang County]]

Latest revision as of 02:56, 29 December 2024

In this Korean name, the family name is Chŏng.
Chŏng Tojŏn
정도전
Personal details
BornOctober 6, 1342
Danyang County, Goryeo
DiedOctober 6, 1398(1398-10-06) (aged 56)
Hanseong-bu, Joseon
SpousePrincess Gyeongsuk
ChildrenChŏng Chin
Chŏng Yŏng
Chŏng Yu
Parent(s)Chŏng Un-gyŏng (Father)
Lady U of Yeongju U clan (Mother)
Korean name
Hangul
정도전
Hanja
鄭道傳
Revised RomanizationJeong Dojeon
McCune–ReischauerChŏng Tojŏn
Art name
Hangul
삼봉
Hanja
三峰
Revised RomanizationSambong
McCune–ReischauerSambong
Courtesy name
Hangul
종지
Hanja
宗之
Revised RomanizationJongji
McCune–ReischauerChongji
Posthumous name
Hangul
문헌
Hanja
文憲
Revised RomanizationMunheon
McCune–ReischauerMunhŏn

Chŏng Tojŏn (Korean: 정도전; Hanja: 鄭道傳; October 6, 1342 – October 6, 1398), also known by his art name Sambong (삼봉), was a prominent Korean scholar-official during the late Goryeo to the early Joseon periods. Chŏng Tojŏn was an adviser to the Joseon founder Yi Sŏng-gye and also the principal architect of the Joseon dynasty's policies, laying down the kingdom's ideological, institutional, and legal frameworks which would govern it for five centuries.[1] He was killed by prince Yi Pang-wŏn in 1398 over a conflict regarding the succession of Taejo.

Biography

[edit]

Background and early career

[edit]

Chŏng Tojŏn was born from a noble family, the Bonghwa Chŏng clan (봉화 정씨; 奉化 鄭氏), in Yeongju, Goryeo. His maternal grandmother was a slave according to the Veritable Records, though the credibility of this account is called into question. His family had emerged from commoner status some four generations before, and slowly climbed up the ladder of government service.[citation needed] His father was the first in the family to obtain a high post. Despite all his difficulties, he became a student of Yi Che-hyŏn and along with other leading thinkers of the time, such as Chŏng Mong-ju, his penetrating intelligence started to affect the Korean politics.

Relationship with Yi Sŏng-gye

[edit]

Chŏng Tojŏn's ties with Yi Sŏng-gye and the foundation of Joseon were extremely close. He is said to have compared his relationship to Yi Sŏng-gye, to that between Zhang Liang and Emperor Gaozu of Han. Chŏng Tojŏn's political ideas had a lasting impact on Joseon Dynasty politics and laws. The two first became acquainted in 1383, when Chŏng Tojŏn visited Yi Sŏng-gye at his quarters in Hamgyong province. After Yi Sŏng-gye (Taejo of Joseon) founded Joseon in July 1392, he appointed Chŏng Tojŏn to the highest civilian and military office simultaneously, entrusting him with all necessary power to establish the new dynasty. Deciding all policies from military affairs, diplomacy, and down to education, he laid down Joseon's political system and tax laws, replaced Buddhism with Confucianism as national religion, moved the capital from Kaesong to Hanyang (present-day Seoul), changed the kingdom's political system from feudalism to highly centralized bureaucracy, and wrote a code of laws that eventually became Joseon's constitution. He even decided the names of each palace, eight provinces, and districts in the capital. He also worked to free many slaves and reformed land policy.

Conflict with Yi Pang-wŏn

[edit]

After Joseon was established in July 1392, Chŏng Tojŏn soon collided with Yi Pang-wŏn over the question of choosing the crown prince, the future successor to Yi Sŏng-gye (Taejo of Joseon). Of all princes, Yi Pang-wŏn contributed most to his father's rise to power and expected to be appointed as the crown prince even though he was Taejo's fifth son. However, Chŏng Tojŏn persuaded Taejo to appoint his young eighth son Yi Bang-sŏk (Yi Pang-wŏn's half-brother) as the crown prince. Their conflict arose because Chŏng Tojŏn saw Joseon as a kingdom led by ministers while the king was to be largely symbolic figure, whereas Yi Pang-wŏn wanted to establish the absolute monarchy ruled directly by the king. Both sides were well aware of each other's great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. After the sudden death of Queen Sindeok in 1398, while King Taejo was still in mourning for her (his second wife and mother of Yi Bang-sŏk), Yi Pang-wŏn struck first by raiding the palace and killed Chŏng Tojŏn and his supporters as well as Queen Sindeok's two sons including the crown prince, in a coup that came to be known as the First Strife of the Princes. Taejo, who helplessly watched his favorite sons and ministers being killed by Yi Pang-wŏn's forces, abdicated in disgust and remained angry with Yi Pang-wŏn well after Yi Pang-wŏn became the third king of Joseon, Taejong of Joseon.

For much of Joseon history, Chŏng Tojŏn was vilified or ignored despite his contribution to its founding. He was finally rehabilitated in 1865 in recognition of his role in designing Gyeongbokgung (main palace). Earlier Chŏngjo published a collection of Chŏng Tojŏn's writings in 1791. Chŏng Tojŏn's once-close friend and rival Chŏng Mong-ju, who was assassinated by Yi Pang-wŏn for remaining loyal to the Goryeo Dynasty, was honored by Yi Pang-wŏn posthumously and was remembered as symbol of loyalty throughout the Joseon Dynasty despite being its most determined foe.

Two ideas set forth by Chŏng Tojŏn strained his relationship with Yi Pang-wŏn. Chŏng believed that the new dynasty, Joseon, should be governed primarily by the neo-Confucianist officialdom and not by absolute monarchy. Such thinking of Chŏng is detailed in his book Joseon Gyeonggukjeon (Korean: 조선경국전; Hanja: 朝鮮經國典), on which the official state legal code, Gyeongguk daejeon, is based. A scene in the Veritable Records describes Yi Sŏng-gye praising Chŏng for Joseon Gyeonggukjeon, but it is speculated that Yi Sŏng-gye was not fully literate and did not comprehend the extent of what Chŏng was suggesting. However, Yi Pang-wŏn, who had passed the civil service examination of Goryeo, would have understood the implications of Chŏng's thinking.

Chŏng also pushed for the abolishment of private armies. Shortly after Joseon's founding, Chŏng and other prominent scholar-officials set out to identify the trappings of Goryeo that precipitated its demise and put forth reform ideas. Unequal land ownership and private armies were generally agreed to have contributed to rampant corruption. Chŏng argued that land should be returned to the central government (and distributed to small farmers) and that private armies should be abolished, including those of the princes. Yi Pang-wŏn was not pleased according to the records where Chŏng demanded that all private armies be sent to the central government to be trained for the military campaign into Liaodong that Chŏng claimed was necessary. None of the princes complied.

Death

[edit]

In 1398, Chŏng Tojŏn was slain by Yi Pang-wŏn in the First Strife of the Princes. It is unclear exactly how he died, and the accounts in the Veritable Records and Sambongjip do not agree on the precise way in which he died. The Veritable Records depict that Chŏng Tojŏn begged Yi Pang-wŏn for his life, whereas Sambongjip portrays a more dignified last moment in which Chŏng left a death poem lamenting his poor judgment and gracefully accepted his death. The credibility of either account is questioned. The story conveyed in the Veritable Records could be a result of the vilification of Chŏng throughout Joseon history. It is also argued that Yi Pang-wŏn could not have afforded to allow Chŏng the time to compose a poem in the midst of a full-blown coup.

Intellectual activity

[edit]

Chŏng Tojŏn was a major opponent of Buddhism at the end of the Goryeo period. He was a student of Zhu Xi's thought. Using Cheng-Zhu school's Neo-Confucian philosophy as the basis of his anti-Buddhist polemic, he criticized Buddhism in a number of treatises as being corrupt in its practices, and nihilistic and antinomian in its doctrines. One of the more famous of these treatises was the Bulssi Japbyeon ("Array of Critiques Against Buddhism"). He was a founding member of the Sungkyunkwan, the royal Confucian academy, and one of its early faculty members.

Chŏng Tojŏn was among the first Korean scholars to refer to his thought as Silhak, or "practical learning." However, he is not usually numbered among the members of the silhak tradition, which arose much later in the Joseon period.

Political thought

[edit]

Chŏng Tojŏn argued that the government, including the king himself, exists for the sake of the people. Its legitimacy could only come from benevolent public service. It was largely on this basis that he legitimized the overthrow of the Goryeo dynasty, arguing that the Goryeo rulers had given up their right to rule.

Chŏng Tojŏn divided society into three classes: (a) a large lower class of agricultural laborers and craftsmen, (b) a middle class of literati, and (c) a small upper class of bureaucrats. Anyone outside this system, including Buddhist monks, shamans, and entertainers, he considered a "vicious" threat to the social fabric.

Reception

[edit]

Immediatedly following his death, he was criticized as a betrayer of the Goryeo dynasty and a greedy politician who had attempted to take power from his king. For the next 300 years, he was regarded as a treacherous villain. For example, Song Si-yŏl, the most reputable philosopher of the 15th century Joseon dynasty, always included a word "insidious" when he mentioned about Chŏng Tojŏn.[2] Yi Ik, also a renowned Korean philosopher of the Middle Age of the dynasty, referred to him as "a figure who deserved to be killed" in his book, Seong Ho Sa Seol.

However, with the surge of revisionism in the 18th century, his work started to be assessed with a different angle. Chŏngjo, 22nd King of Joseon, republished Sambong Jip, recognizing his work building the political systems and intellectual foundations of the dynasty.[3]

Works

[edit]
  • Sambong Jip (삼봉집; 三峯集), a three-chapter collection of poetry,[4] but according to the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, a collection of works published in 1397 and supplemented and republished in 1781 that consist of his poetry, prose, philosophy, and institutional reform plans[5]
  • Joseon Gyeong Gukjeon (조선경국전; 朝鮮經國典)[6] - volumes 7 & 8 of the 1791 edition of Sambong Jip
  • Daemyeongryul Joseoneohae (대명률조선어해; 大明律朝鮮語解)
  • Gyeongje Mungam (경제문감; 經濟文鑑) (Economic Writings)
  • Bulssi Japbyeon (불씨잡변; 佛氏雜辨)
  • Simmun Cheondap (심문천답; 心問天答)[7] - contained in volumes 9 & 10 of the 1791 edition of Sambong Jip
  • Simgiri (심기리; 心氣理) a criticism of Buddhism and Taoism[8]
  • Hakja Jinamdo (학자지남도; 學者指南圖)
  • Jinmaek Dogyeol (진맥도결; 診脈圖結) (Pulse diagnosis)[9]
  • Goryeo Guksa (고려국사; 高麗國史) 1395[10]
  • Jin Beop (진법; 陣法)[11] - volume 13 of the 1791 edition of Sambong Jip
  • Goryeosa (고려사; 高麗史)

English translations

[edit]
  • Korea's Great Buddhist-Confucian Debate: The Treatises of Chŏng Tojŏn (Sambong) and Hamhŏ Tŭkt'ong (Kihwa). Translated by Muller, Charles. University of Hawai'i Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-8248-5380-8.[12]
  • Seeking Order in a Tumultuous Age: The Writings of Chŏng Tojŏn, a Korean Neo-Confucian. Translated by Robinson, David M. University of Hawai'i Press. 2016. ISBN 9780824859442.

In addition, the translation of his Chinese poem Plum is included in Lee, Peter H (1981). Anthology of Korean Literature: From Early Times to The Nineteenth Century. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824807399.

Family

[edit]
  • Father
    • Chŏng Un-gyŏng (정운경; 鄭云敬; 1305–1366)
  • Mother
    • Lady U of Yeongju U clan (증 정경부인 영주 우씨; 贈 貞敬夫人 榮州 禹氏)
      • Grandfather - U Yŏn (우연; 禹淵)
  • Siblings
    • Younger sister - Lady Chŏng of the Bonghwa Chŏng clan (봉화 정씨)
    • Younger brother - Chŏng Tojon (정도존; 鄭道存; ?–1398)
    • Younger brother - Chŏng To-bok (정도복; 鄭道復; 1351–1435)
  • Wife
    • Princess Gyeongsuk, Lady Ch'oe of the Gyeongju Ch'oe clan (경숙택주 경주 최씨; 慶淑宅主 慶州 崔氏)
      • Son - Chŏng Chin (정진; 鄭津; 1361–1427)
      • Son - Chŏng Yŏng (정영; 鄭泳; ?–1398)
      • Son - Chŏng Yu (정유; 鄭遊; ?–1398)
[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  1. ^ Lee, Yeong-hee (4 February 2014). "Why people are so fascinated by Jeong Dojeon". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  2. ^ Byungdon Chun (August 2009). "恒齋 이광신을 위한 변명". Journal of Eastern Philosophy (59): 275–302. doi:10.17299/tsep..59.200908.275. ISSN 1229-5965.
  3. ^ 박, 기현 (2015). "Characteristics and Perception of Suicide-related Tales". Dongyang Studies in Korean Classics. 40 (40): 52. doi:10.35374/dyha.40.40.201502.002. ISSN 2005-7520.
  4. ^ Robinson, David M. (2016). "Translator's Introduction". Seeking Order in a Tumultuous Age: The Writings of Chŏng Tojŏn, a Korean Neo-Confucian. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780824859442.
  5. ^ Han, Youngwoo. 삼봉집(三峯集) Sambongjip. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  6. ^ 조선경국전 (朝鮮經國典) Joseon Gyeongguk Jeon, Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-11-08
  7. ^ 심문천답 (心問天答), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-11-08
  8. ^ 조, 준하, 심기리편 (心氣理篇), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-11-08
  9. ^ 김, 두종, 진맥도결 (診脈圖訣), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-11-08
  10. ^ 고려국사 (高麗國史), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-11-08
  11. ^ 권, 오호, 진법 (陣法), Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-11-08
  12. ^ Robinson, David M. (2016). "Translator's Introduction". Seeking Order in a Tumultuous Age: The Writings of Chŏng Tojŏn, a Korean Neo-Confucian. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780824859442.
  13. ^ Do, Je-hae (3 January 2014). "Joseon founding seen in unique angle". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
  14. ^ Yang, Sung-hee; Kim, Hyung-eun (4 February 2014). "Unique historical drama tries putting history first". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  • Jeong Dojeon, Jeong Byeong-cheol. Sam Bong jeep vol. 1-4. HangookhansoolChŏngbo co.(2009) ISBN 8926805891.
  • Jeong Byeong-cheol, Jeong Dojeon's was born true and fabrication. kyobomungo pupol (2013).
  • Han Yeong-u (1974). Jeong Dojeon's philosophy of political reform. Korea Journal 14 (7-8). Reprinted in Lee et al. (2004), Korean philosophy: Its tradition and modern transformation, pp.  55–74. Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-178-4.
  • Korean Institute of Philosophical Thought (1995). 강좌 한국철학 (Gangjwa Hanguk Cheolhak, Guide to Korean philosophy), pp.  333–345. Seoul: Yemoon Seowon. ISBN 89-7646-032-4.
[edit]
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