Prashasti: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Indian genre of inscriptions}} |
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'''Prashasti''' ([[IAST]]: Praśasti, [[Sanskrit]] for "praise") inscriptions are [[eulogy|euologistic]] inscriptions issued by Indian rulers from 1st millennium CE onwards. Written in form of poetry or ornate prose, the ''prashasti''s were generally composed by the court poets.For example, the Prayag Prashasti lists the rulers against whom the Gupta king-Samudragupta fought. It also describes the policy hat he followed toward each set of rulers. <ref name="Kumkum_2008">{{cite book |author=Kumkum Roy |title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOgbXu_o4uwC&pg=PA252 |year=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4616-5917-4 |page=252 }}</ref> |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} |
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{{italics title}} |
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[[File:Ashoka_Rock_Edict_at_Junagadh.jpg|thumb|The [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] contains an early Prashasti, by [[Western Satrap]] ruler [[Rudradaman I]], circa 150 CE.]] |
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'''''Prashasti''''' ([[IAST]]: Praśasti, [[Sanskrit]] for "praise") is an Indian genre of inscriptions composed by poets in praise of their rulers. Most date from the 6th century CE onwards. Written in the form of poetry or ornate prose, the ''prashastis'' stereotypically constructed a genealogy, the ruler's attributes, eulogize victories, piety and typically ended with one or more announcements of generous gifts and rewards he has given.<ref name="Kumkum_2008">{{cite book |author=Kumkum Roy |title=Historical Dictionary of Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOgbXu_o4uwC&pg=PA252 |year=2008 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4616-5917-4 |page=252 }}</ref><ref name=sircar/> They differ from the so-called "Cultic" genre of Indian inscriptions which praise a deity, religious founder (Buddha, Tirthankara, sub-tradition of Hinduism), guru, or sages then typically announces gifts or donations to a monastery, school, temple or a generous cause.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=122–124}} In some epigraphic literature, a ''prashasti'' is considered synonymous with a ''kirti'' or ''purva'', and is related to the word ''kirtana'' which implies "songs and praises of" someone or a deity.<ref>Sircar, D.C. (1996), Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1166-9}}, pages 3–4 with footnotes</ref> |
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The ''prashasti''s generally contained genealogies of the rulers (or other issuers subordinate to them), their achievements (especially military activities), their comparisons with legendary heroes and other details.<ref name="Kumkum_2008"/> The inscriptions issued by the subordinates often recognized the rulers as the descendant of a deity, and bestowed titles and honours upon them.<ref name="Bernard_2013">{{cite book |author=Bernard Bate |title=Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT151 |year=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51940-3 |page=151 }}</ref> |
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|quote = <poem>He is the King of Peace, the King of Prosperity, |
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the King of Monks (bhikshus), the King of Religion (Dharma), |
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who has been seeing, hearing and realising blessings (kalyanas), |
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(... lost ...) accomplished in extraordinary virtues, |
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respector of every sect, the repairer of all temples, |
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one whose chariot and army are irresistible, |
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one whose empire is protected by the chief of the empire (himself), |
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descended from the family of the Royal Sage Vasu, |
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the Great conqueror, the King, the illustrious Kharavela. |
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</poem> |
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|source = — Lines 16–17, c. 1st-century BCE [[Hathigumpha inscription]]<ref>{{cite book |author1= K P Jayaswal| author2 = R D Banerji|title= Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |year=1920 |url= https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages= 75–89 with footnotes}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref> |
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}} |
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The ''prashastis'' generally contained ornate titles, links to mythical legends or comparisons to deities, and often fabricated stories about wars, victories, loot and attributes.<ref name=sircar>Sircar, D.C. (1996), Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1166-9}}, pp. 24–28</ref><ref name="Bernard_2013">{{cite book |author=Bernard Bate |title=Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT151 |year=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51940-3 |page=151 }}</ref> For example, they would create genealogies of the rulers linked to solar or lunar dynasties, and in their praise allude to legendary heroes from Indian myths and legends such as those found in Epics and the Puranas.<ref name="Kumkum_2008"/> |
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The earliest well known example of an extensive ''prashasti'' is the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of Kharavela inscribed in or about the 1st-century BCE in Prakrit language and Brahmi script.<ref>{{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ | year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9| pages=47–49 }}</ref> The earliest ''prashastic'' inscription in classical Sanskrit language is the [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] (circa 150 CE), which became a prototype for Gupta era poetic prashastis in Sanskrit. According to [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard G. Salomon]] – a scholar of South Asian inscriptions, the inscription is the first extensive panegyric record in the poetic style. The style of [[Rudradaman I|Rudradaman]]'s inscription is seen in later ''prashasti'' inscriptions.{{sfn|Salomon|1998|p=89}}<ref name="SI">{{cite book |last1=Ichimura |first1=Shōhei |title=Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=9788120817982 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTW6XNxOxbkC&pg=PA45 |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Examples == |
== Examples == |
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* [[Gautamiputra Satakarni#Imperial extent according to Nashik prashasti|Nashik prashasti]] (2nd century CE), [[Satavahana dynasty]] |
* [[Gautamiputra Satakarni#Imperial extent according to Nashik prashasti|Nashik prashasti]] (2nd century CE), [[Satavahana dynasty]] |
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* [[Prayaga prashasti]] (4th century CE), [[Gupta |
* [[Prayaga prashasti]] (4th century CE), [[Gupta Empire]]: Lists the rulers against whom the Gupta king [[Samudragupta]] fought. It also describes the policy that he followed toward each set of rulers. |
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* [[Velvikudi inscription]] (c. 8th century CE), [[Pandya dynasty]] |
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* [[Deopara Prashasti]] (12th century CE), [[Sena dynasty]] |
* [[Deopara Prashasti]] (12th century CE), [[Sena dynasty]] |
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* [[Raj Prashasti]] (17th century CE), [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar dynasty]]. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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* {{Cite book | last=Salomon | first=Richard | title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Oxford University Press | place=Oxford | year=1998 | isbn=0-19-509984-2}} |
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[[Category:Indian inscriptions]] |
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]] |
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{{India-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 03:29, 4 September 2022
Prashasti (IAST: Praśasti, Sanskrit for "praise") is an Indian genre of inscriptions composed by poets in praise of their rulers. Most date from the 6th century CE onwards. Written in the form of poetry or ornate prose, the prashastis stereotypically constructed a genealogy, the ruler's attributes, eulogize victories, piety and typically ended with one or more announcements of generous gifts and rewards he has given.[1][2] They differ from the so-called "Cultic" genre of Indian inscriptions which praise a deity, religious founder (Buddha, Tirthankara, sub-tradition of Hinduism), guru, or sages then typically announces gifts or donations to a monastery, school, temple or a generous cause.[3] In some epigraphic literature, a prashasti is considered synonymous with a kirti or purva, and is related to the word kirtana which implies "songs and praises of" someone or a deity.[4]
He is the King of Peace, the King of Prosperity,
the King of Monks (bhikshus), the King of Religion (Dharma),
who has been seeing, hearing and realising blessings (kalyanas),
(... lost ...) accomplished in extraordinary virtues,
respector of every sect, the repairer of all temples,
one whose chariot and army are irresistible,
one whose empire is protected by the chief of the empire (himself),
descended from the family of the Royal Sage Vasu,
the Great conqueror, the King, the illustrious Kharavela.
The prashastis generally contained ornate titles, links to mythical legends or comparisons to deities, and often fabricated stories about wars, victories, loot and attributes.[2][6] For example, they would create genealogies of the rulers linked to solar or lunar dynasties, and in their praise allude to legendary heroes from Indian myths and legends such as those found in Epics and the Puranas.[1]
The earliest well known example of an extensive prashasti is the Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela inscribed in or about the 1st-century BCE in Prakrit language and Brahmi script.[7] The earliest prashastic inscription in classical Sanskrit language is the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (circa 150 CE), which became a prototype for Gupta era poetic prashastis in Sanskrit. According to Richard G. Salomon – a scholar of South Asian inscriptions, the inscription is the first extensive panegyric record in the poetic style. The style of Rudradaman's inscription is seen in later prashasti inscriptions.[8][9]
The Tamil meykeerthi inscriptions are similar to the prashastis, but feature far more standardized formats.[6]
Examples
[edit]- Nashik prashasti (2nd century CE), Satavahana dynasty
- Prayaga prashasti (4th century CE), Gupta Empire: Lists the rulers against whom the Gupta king Samudragupta fought. It also describes the policy that he followed toward each set of rulers.
- Velvikudi inscription (c. 8th century CE), Pandya dynasty
- Deopara Prashasti (12th century CE), Sena dynasty
- Raj Prashasti (17th century CE), Mewar dynasty.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Kumkum Roy (2008). Historical Dictionary of Ancient India. Scarecrow Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4616-5917-4.
- ^ a b Sircar, D.C. (1996), Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9, pp. 24–28
- ^ Salomon 1998, pp. 122–124.
- ^ Sircar, D.C. (1996), Indian Epigraphy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1166-9, pages 3–4 with footnotes
- ^ K P Jayaswal; R D Banerji (1920). Epigraphia Indica Volume XX. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 75–89 with footnotes.,
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Bernard Bate (2013). Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India. Columbia University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-231-51940-3.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, pp. 47–49, ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9
- ^ Salomon 1998, p. 89.
- ^ Ichimura, Shōhei (2001). Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 45. ISBN 9788120817982.
Sources
[edit]- Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509984-2.