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{{Short description|Former dynasty of India}} |
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{{Copy edit|date=November 2024}} |
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|conventional_long_name = Ay kingdom |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} |
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|common_name = Ay dynasty |
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{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} |
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|continent = Asia |
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{{Infobox country |
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|region = South Asia |
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| conventional_long_name = Ay |
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|country = India |
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| common_name = Ay dynasty |
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|religion = Vaishnavism, Shaivism |
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| Official language = |
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|p1 = |
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[[Old Tamil]] |
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|p2 = |
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| religion = [[Hinduism]] |
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|s1 = Venad |
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| p1 = |
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|s2 = Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras) |
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| p2 = |
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|s3 = Chola dynasty |
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| s1 = Venad (historical region) |
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|year_start = Early Sangam age |
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| s2 = |
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|year_end = c. 12th century |
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| s3 = |
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|Village administration by individuals= 12th century - 1960 b.c |
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|event_start = |
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|capital = [[Vizhinjam]], [[Mavelikkara]], [[Periyaoor]], [[Keezhperoor]], [[Aykudi]] (Near Tenkasi), Ayiraperi Village (Near Tenkasi), [[Alwarkurichi]] |
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| image_map = Ay Kingdom.png |
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|common_languages = Tamil |
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| image_map_caption = Ay Kingdom in 1st Century CE |
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|government_type = Monarchy |
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| capital = *Podhigai Malai (early historic) {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} |
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|title_leader = |
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*[[Vizhinjam]] (medieval) |
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'''Ay''' was an ancient Indian dynasty which controlled the south-western tip of the [[Indian peninsula]], from the early historic period up to the medieval period.The clan traditionally held sway over the port of [[Vizhinjam]], the fertile region of [[Nanjinad]], and southern parts of the spice-producing [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountains. The dynasty was also known as '''Kupaka''' in medieval period.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 179.</ref> |
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The '''Ay dynasty (I / Ai dynasty)''' (later known as the Venad and subsequently the Thiruvithamkur Dynasty) ruled parts of southern India from the early [[Sangam period|Sangam age]], which spanned from c. 3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD, till the Independence of India. At their zenith, the dynasty ruled an area extending from [[Tiruvalla]] and [[Adoor]] in the north to [[Nagercoil]] in the south including the naturally rich [[Western Ghats]] in the east.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon">''A Survey of Kerala History'', A. Sreedhara Menon, D C Books Kerala (India), 2007, {{ISBN|81-264-1578-9}}, {{ISBN|978-81-264-1578-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&dq=chera+dynasty&source=gbs_navlinks_s]</ref> One part of the Ayi Kingdom was headquartered in [[Mavelikkara]] while another was headquartered at [[Periyaoor]], later called [[Keezhperoor]], Aykudi, Alwarkurichi,Tenkasi (Ayiraperi village), . |
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The Ay formed one of the major chieftains of early historic (pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) [[Kerala]], along with the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] of central Kerala and the [[Mushika dynasty|Musakas of Elimalai]] in the north.<ref name=":73">Gurukkal, Rajan. “DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE-PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 63, 2002, pp. 138–150.</ref><ref name=":034">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191–193, 435 - 437. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=PERUMALS+OF+KERALA]</ref> [[List of Graeco-Roman geographers|Greek geographer]] [[Claudius Ptolemy]] (2nd century CE) described the "Aioi" territory as extending from the [[Pamba River|Baris (Pamba)]] to [[Kanyakumari|Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari)]]. The [[Indian elephant|elephant]] was the emblem of the Ay.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon">''A Survey of Kerala History'', A. Sreedhara Menon, D C Books Kerala (India), 2007, {{ISBN|81-264-1578-9}}, {{ISBN|978-81-264-1578-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&q=chera+dynasty]</ref> |
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The Ay kingdom functioned as a buffer state between the powerful [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyas]]/[[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras (Kerala)]] in the medieval period.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> A number of kings such as Chadayan Karunanthan (788 CE), Karunandatakkan "Srivallabha" (r. c. 856/57–884 CE <ref name=":232">Gurukkal, Rajan. ''The Agrarian System and Socio-Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c. CE 600-1000.'' Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1984. 29-30.</ref>), and [[Vikramaditya Varaguna|Vikramaditya "Varaguna"]] (r. c. 884–911/920 CE<ref name=":232"/>) figure as the Ay chiefs of the port of Vizhinjam.<ref name=":034"/> The famous [[Brahmin]] ''salai'' at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], was located in the Ay kingdom. The ''salai'' was sacked by Chola emperor [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] (985–1014 CE<ref name=":04">Noburu Karashmia (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 122-24.</ref>) in c. 988 CE.<ref name=":034"/> Historians assume that the Ay were a leading power in the region till c. 10th century CE.<ref name=":83">Ganesh, K. N. ''Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300–1750).'' Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 22-25.</ref> |
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== Origin == |
== Origin == |
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The name Ay is Singular form of ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word Ayaan (The Land Owners from Ezhava / Illathu pillai). |
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In course of time, the Ay kingdom, part of the Chera empire, which ruled the Thiruvazhumkode area, became independent, and the land was called Aayi nadu or Aayn. The Aayis controlled the land from present-day Kollam district in the north, through Thiruvananthapuram district, all in Kerala, to the Kanyakumari district part of Tirunelveli Dist. There were two capitals, the major one at Kollam (Venad Swaroopam or Desinganadu) and a subsidiary one at Thrippapur (Thrippapur Swaroopam or Nanjinad)later times moved to Mavelikkara, Periyaoor, Keezhperoor, Aykudi (Near Tenkasi), Ayiraperi Village (Near Tenkasi), and Alwarkurichi |
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The Ay was an ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] dynasty, ruled present-day Kerala region.<ref>A Dictionary Of The Tamil And English Languages, Volume 1, Page 131</ref> The Ay dynasty originated from the ruling Royal dynasties of [[North India|northern region]] of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aiya |first=V. Nagam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTJuAAAAMAAJ&q=travancore+royaL+family+ay |title=The Travancore State Manual |date=1999 |publisher=Kerala Gazetteers Department |isbn=978-81-85499-32-1 |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Some Prominent Ay Rulers== |
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Some prominent Ay Rulers from Ay Kingdom (Ay vel, Ay=shepherd, Vel=king) |
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The medieval Ay lineage has its origins in the hill-chiefs of early historic (pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) south India.<ref name=":73"/><ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last=Ganesh|first=K.N.|date=June 2009|title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala|journal=Indian Historical Review|volume=36|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1177/037698360903600102|s2cid=145359607|issn=0376-9836}}</ref> |
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Ay Antiran - |
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The [[Travancore royal family]] in Trivandrum region was related to Chera and Ay dynasty.<ref name="google.co.in22">Aiya, V. Nagam. ''The Travancore State Manual.'' Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT222]</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Ganesh|first=K.N.|date=February 1990|title=The Process of State Formation in Travancore|journal=Studies in History|volume=6|issue=1|pages=15–33|doi=10.1177/025764309000600102|s2cid=162972188|issn=0257-6430}}</ref> [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] was the tutelary deity of the medieval Ay family.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> The Ay formed one of the major chieftains of [[Kerala]], they were related to Chera Dynasty of Central-South Kerala and Mushika Dynasty of Kannur region, they were classified as [[Kshatriya|Pure kshatriya]] dynasties by the [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri Brahmanas]].<ref name=":034" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=P. Shungoonny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YdCAAAAIAAJ&q=perumal+travancore+royal+family |title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times |date=1878 |publisher=Higginbotham |language=en}}</ref> |
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Titiyan - |
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The Ay kings continued to cherish their association with the other [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Yadu|Yadu-kula]] and Krsna in the later times also as seen in their copper plate grants and inscriptions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Padmaja |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=RA1-PA34 |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu |publisher=Abhinav publications |year=2002 |isbn=9788170173984 |pages=33–35}}</ref> |
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Atiyan - |
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== History == |
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Karunandadakkan - 857 – 885 |
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[[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Ancient [[Silk Road]] map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).|right]] |
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Kochadayn- |
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[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]] |
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The Ay clan was one of the major hill-chiefs of early historic south India.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> Members of the Ay family – of the Podiyil Hills (the Aykudi) – were related to the early historic [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] of central Kerala.<ref name=":034"/> Towards the close of the early historic period, [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] supremacy might have extended to the Ay territory (through it is likely that the Ay gained their independence during the [[Kalabhra dynasty|Kalabhra]] period).<ref name=":034"/><ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> |
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=== Ay chieftains === |
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[[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] - 885 – 925 |
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A number of Ay chiefs such as Andiran, Titiyan and Atiyan are mentioned in the early Tamil poems.<ref name=":034"/> |
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Ayans (Land Lords in Tirunelveli , Kollam Dist) |
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* Ay Andiran is praised by early Tamil poets such as Mudamochiyar, Odakizhar, and Kiranar in ''[[Purananuru]]''.<ref name=":034"/> He is mentioned in the ''Purananuru'' as the "Lord of Podiyil Mala" in southern Western Ghats. He is said to have defeated the Kongu chiefs and pursued them to the Arabian Sea. He was an elder contemporary of the Chera chief Antuvan Cheral.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> |
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== Sangam age == |
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* Ay Titiyan (the Podiyil Chelvan) is praised by authors Paranar and Bhuta Pandya (the [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] chief) in ''[[Akanaṉūṟu|Akananuru]]''. It seems that Ay Titiyan was a vassal of the Pandya ruler Bhuta Pandya.<ref name=":034"/><ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> |
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Among the Ay rulers of the Sangam Age, Ay Antiran, Titiyan and Atigan are the most outstanding. Ay Antiran is mentioned in the ''Purananuru'' as the lord of Podiyil Malaya in southern Western Ghats. He is said have defeated the Kongu rulers and pursued them to the Arabian sea. He was an elder contemporary of the Chera royal Antuvan Cheral. It is a possibility that during the time of Antiran the Ays were more powerful than the Cheras. He practiced polygamy and all his wives committed ritual suicide on his death.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" />{{qn|date=August 2016}} |
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* Ay Atiyan, successor to Ay Titiyan, is mentioned by authors Paranar and Madurai Kanakkayanar in ''Akananuru''. Paranar and Kanakkayanar also mention Podiyil Mala, the Ay base, as the property of Pachupun Pandya (Azhakiya Pandya), the successor to Bhuta Pandya.<ref name=":034"/> |
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* An Ay ruler took part in the famous battle of Talai-yalankanam, in which the Pandya chief Nedum Chezhiyan defeated several of his enemies.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> |
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Originally the whole region of Venad (Vel+natu = the country of the Vel people, related to the Ay family) was part of the larger Ay-Vel territory.<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 75.</ref> Persons (the Vels) belonging to the Ay family were the chieftains of the Vel country.<ref name=":3">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 106.</ref> |
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The next important Ay ruler was Titiyan. He was contemporary of Pandya ruler Bhutapandya, poet Kapilar and Parnar. An understanding seems have been reached between the Pandyas and Ays during this period. Atiyan was another important ruler of the Ays during the Sangam Age. Under Atiyan, the Ay state began to disintegrate. The Pandya ruler Pasumpun Azhakia Pandya invaded the Ay kingdom and subjugated Atiyan. The successors of Atiyan are known to have fought against the Pandya supremacy. An Ay ruler took part in the famous battle of Talai-yalankanam, in which the Pandya king Nedum Chezhiyan defeated several of his enemies. Later the Ays recovered from the Pandya yoke.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" />{{qn|date=August 2016}} |
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* Veliyan Venmal Nallini was the wife of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] chieftain Utiyan.<ref name=":3" /> |
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== Post-Sangam age == |
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* Veliyan Venman Ay Eyinan was the leader of the Chera warriors against Nannan of [[Ezhimalai]].<ref name=":3" /> |
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As other royal families in South India, the immediate post Sangam Age was a dark period in the history of the Ays. Later Ays functioned as buffer state between the powerful Pandyas and the Cheras for long time. After the decline of the Chera power the Pandyas and Cholas led multiple attacks to the Ay territories. Pandyas made successive raids to the Nanjanad area in the Ay kingdom. The Pandya ruler Jayantavarman (7th century) defeated the Ay king, and his successor [[Arikesari Maravarman]] won a battle at Sennilam, attacked Kottar and captured the next Ay ruler alive. During the time of the [[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran|Kocchadayan Ranadhira]] (8th century) the Ays accepted the Pandya supremacy. Kocchadayan Ranadhira is known to have defeated the Ay ruler in the Battle of Maruthur.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> |
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=== Pandya foray into the Ay country === |
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In the last half of the 8th century, the Ay state was ruled by Sadayan (till 788) and his Karunandan (788-857). During this time the Pandyas under Jatilavarman Parantaka invaded and defeated the Ays multiple times. According to the ''Kazhugumalai inscription'', he led a successful expedition against Karunadan and destroyed Fort Ariviyur. He also annexed the then Ay capital Vizhinjam. But, the Ay ruler fought vigorously for more than ten years in the outskirts of Vizhinjam. The Cheras helped them against the Pandyas.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> |
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[[File:Trivandrum Museum Stone Inscription of Maranjadaiyan.jpg|thumb|Trivandrum Museum Stone Inscription of Maran Chadayan (latter half of the 8th century)|354x354px]] |
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In ''c.'' 765 CE, [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandya]] king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765–815 CE) sacked port [[Vizhinjam]] by defeating the Vel chieftain (the Vel Mannan, who might have been related to the Ay family) and took possession of the Ay-Vel country ("the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures") (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th year).<ref name=":1">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 93-94.</ref><ref name=":83" /> This event is also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates (3rd regnal year, Nedum Chadayan) as "the suppression of the rebellious Ay-Vel".<ref name=":1" /> |
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The Pandya foray into south Kerala brought the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera-Perumal rulers]] into the conflict and a prolonged Pandya-Ay/Chera struggle followed.<ref name=":1" /> |
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However, in the 9th century, the Ay Kingdom came to be ruled by two illustrious rulers Karunandadakkan and his son Vikramaditya Varaguna. Karunandadakkan (857-885 AD) ruled with his capital at Vizhinjam. He is perhaps the founder of the famous Kandalur Salai. He addressed himself to the arts of peace and took much interest in the promotion of education and learning. Vikramaditya Varaguna (885-925) succeeded Karunandadakkan. He helped Pandyas in their fight against the newly arose political power in south India, the Cholas. After the death of Vikramaditya Varaguna the glory of the Ays departed and lost their territories to neighbouring powers such as the Cheras. By the 10th century, Kandalur and Vizhinjam became Chera strongholds. A branch of the Ay family, which had been controlling the temple of Sri Padmanabha, later merged with [[Keezhperoor]] illam, the ruling house of Venad (c. 1100 AD). Both the Thiruvithamkur and the Kolathiri Dynasties are descendants of the ancient Ay Dynasty.<ref name="Sreedhara Menon" /> |
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* The Pandya king "Maran Chadayan" Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor (Aruvikkarai near [[Thalakulam]]) by defeating Chadayan Karunanthan of "Malai Nadu" in 788 CE (23rd year, Kalukumalai inscription).<ref name=":3"/> |
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==Ay-velirs and Krishna== |
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* In 792 CE (27th year, Jatila Paranthaka) the Chera warriors (the Cheramanar Padai) are seen fighting for a fort at Vizhinjam and at Karaikkotta (Karaikkodu near Thalakulam) against a commander of Maran Chadayan (Trivandrum Museum Inscription of Maran Chadayan).<ref name=":0" /> |
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Another important line of chieftains of Tamil Nadu during the sangam period with whom krsna was intimately associated was the Ay-velirs. The cow-herds were known as [[Ayar]]s in Tamil even as they were known as [[Ahirs]] and [[Abhiras]] in North India.Tradition says that the Ahirs in Pandya country came to Tamilakkam along with the ancestors of the Pandyas(Kalithogai,verse 104:4-6). Potiya mountain region was known as Ay-kudi (another name for Ayarpadi).The capital of that region is also called Ay-kudi. |
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=== Detachment of Venad === |
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In his commentary on the prefatory sutra to the tholkappiyam, nachinarkiniyar describes a tradition relating to the migration of the yadava race as follows: the sage Agasthya repaired to dwaraka and taking with him 18 Kings of the line of krsna,18 families of vels or [[velirs]] and others, moved to the south with the aruvalar tribes. They settled forest areas(mullai region). Later there, he had the forests cleared and built up kingdoms settling therein all the people he had bought with him. Kapila, a poet probably of the 2nd century A.D., addresses the reigning velir chief as the 49th descendent from the original founder of that dynasty. |
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In the 9th century, as a result of the encroachment of the Pandyas and Chera-Perumals, the ancient Ay territory was partitioned into two portions.<ref name=":4">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 94-95.</ref> [[Venad]] (the country of the Vel people) with its base at [[Kollam]] came under influence of the [[Chera-Perumal kingdom]]<ref name=":83" /> while the Ay kingdom, or what was left of it, with its base at [[Vizhinjam]] came under the influence of the Pandya ruler Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815–862).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":62" /> Larger Cinnamanur Plates do mention a victory of king Srivallabha at Vizhinjam. Ay vassal of the Pandya king Srimara Srivallabha was certain Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. c. 856/57–884).<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 107.</ref> |
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Srimara Srivallabha was succeeded on the Pandya throne by Varaguna II (r. 862–885 CE).<ref name=":034" /> The Ay kings of Vizhinjam remained vassals of the Pandyas, as indicated by the surname of the then king [[Vikramaditya Varaguna|Vikramaditya]] (r. c. 884–911/920 CE<ref name=":232"/>).<ref name=":034" /> |
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M.Srinivasa Iyengar points out that allowing the usual 25 years of each generation, the above kingdom must have been established about B.C. 1075 and this may be assumed as the probable date of the migration of Ay velirs to South India. There were many Velir chiefs in the Tamil country during sangam period. They had ‘Ay’ as a prefix or a suffix to their names, such as “Ay-andiran” and “vel-Ay”. The latter had his capital in Ay-kudi and ruled the Potiya region. Many Sangam poets has glorified his bravery and charitable qualities. Poets like Uraiyur Enicheri,Mudamosiyar,Turaiyur Odaikilar,Kuttuvan Kiranar,umattur Kilanmaganar,parankorranar,paranar and karikannanar have composed poems in praise of this king and his region. One of the Aykudi rulers was Ay-andiran. Once he defeated kongars and drove them to western side. |
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The Pandyas were defeated in the "great battle of Sripurambiyam" in c. 885 CE.<ref name=":33">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 97.</ref> Chera Perumal's considerable influence in the Ay country following this battle is visible in two records discovered from that region.<ref name=":33"/> A record of the [[Kizhan Adigal|Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli]], the wife of Chera Perumal [[Goda Ravi|Vijayaraga]], can be found in Tirunandikkara, a Shiva temple located in the Ay country.<ref name=":042">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-98.</ref><ref name=":12">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 109-110.</ref> In 898 CE, Vikramaditya Varaguna is seen making huge land gifts to the Srimulavasa [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[vihara]] in the Chera Perumal kingdom (the [[Paliyam copper plates]]).<ref name=":034" /> |
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A Purananuru verse says, “without the southern Aykudi in the world there will be in chaos”. Pegan, one of the seven Velir chieftains(kadai-elu-vallals) of the Sangam period belonged to Aviyar kudi. He was addressed by kapilar as ‘ Aviyar kove’ M.Raghava Iyengar held that the popularity of the worship of krsna in the ancient Tamilakam might be partly due to the influence of the Velirs who are often referred to in the Sangam works. He has clearly shown that the Velirs referred to in the sangam works belonged to the 18 Kudi-velirs of the descendants of the [[Yadu]]-kula to which krsna also belonged, and that the Velirs migrated from Dwarapati, and settled in different parts of south-India. The Ay-Velir kings of later period also mention in their copper plate charters that they belonged to the Yadu-kula of krsna The Ay dominion was situated between Kerala and Pandya Nadu and it comprised the parts of the present kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. |
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The chieftains of Venad, owing allegiance to the Chera-Perumals, were determined on extending their sway into the Ay kingdom.<ref name=":034" /> Their opportunity might have came in the disorder following the Chola defeat at [[Battle of Takkolam|Takkolam]] (mid-10 century CE).<ref name=":034" /> The Venad chieftains were eventually successful in capturing the whole Ay country down to Kottaru.<ref name=":034" /> In general, the influence of the Kerala rulers spread into the southern Ay territory in the 10th century CE.<ref name=":83" /> |
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The Sangam literature portrays the Ay rulers as independent sovereigns in the region around Potiya hill. The early Ays hold special position among the Velir chieftains ruling in several parts of the Tamil country. The Parthivasekarapuram inscription of Kokkurunandakkam – the Ay ruler claims that he belonged to the line of the Ayar. Yadava people who lived in the Mullai region were called as Ayars, Kolayars, Konars and Idaiyars. In Tamil land division mullai is placed in the mid-region between the hills(kurinchi) and the plains(marudham). As mullai enjoys the idai(middle) position,the people of that region were called Idaiyars. There are references to idaiyars in Sangam works. The name of one of the poets was Idaikkadanar. The name denotes that the poet belonged to mullai region. Even now idaiyar is the most commonly used word for the cowherds in Tamil. According to the Tholkappiyam, presiding deity of the mullai region was Mayon i.e. krsna or Vishnu. Another name for the ayars was pothuvar, meaning common. |
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=== Chola influence in Ay country === |
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The famous ''salai'' at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], was located in the Ay country (865 CE, Huzur/Parthivapuram Plates, Karunanthadakkkan). The ''salai'' was sacked by Chola emperor [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] in c. 988 CE (fourth regnal year).<ref name=":034" /><ref name=":04" /> |
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The entire region to the south of [[Trivandrum]], including the port of [[Vizhinjam]] and [[Cape Comorin]], came under the control of king Rajaraja in the early 11th century.<ref name=":034" /> The kings of Kollam (i. e., Venad), Kodungallur (the [[Chera Perumal]]), and Kolladesam ([[Mushika dynasty|Mushika]]) were also defeated by the Cholas (Senur inscription, 1005 CE).<ref name=":10">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 118-119 and 137-138.</ref> There is a possibility that the Venad chieftains tried to recapture the old Ay region after the raids by Rajaraja I. Chola [[Rajadhiraja Chola|Rajadhiraja]] claims to have "confined the undaunted king of Venadu [back] to the Chera kingdom [from the Ay country]......and liberated the [Ay] king of Kupaka...and put on a fresh garland of Vanchi after the capturing Kantalur Salai while the strong Villavan [the Chera king] hid himself in terror inside the jungle" (this event is dated c. 1018-19 CE<ref name=":034" />).<ref name=":83" /> |
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== Major medieval Ay grants == |
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%;" |
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|+Major medieval Ay grants<ref name=":232"/> |
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!Grant name |
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!Date |
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!Notes |
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! |
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|- |
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! colspan="4" |Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. c. 856/57–884 CE) |
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|- |
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|[[Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram|Parthivapuram Grant]] |
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(Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates) |
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|Regnal year 9 = 865 CE |
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| |
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* Tamil (ending portion in Sanskrit)<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|title=Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=|isbn=|edition=1910|series=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=I|location=Madras|pages=10–14}}</ref> |
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* Establishment of Vishnu temple in Parthivasekharapuram (Parthivapuram)<ref name=":32" /><ref name="Scharfe2018"/> |
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* Establishment of Parthivapuram [[Śālā|Salai]] with the temple<ref name=":32" /><ref name="Scharfe2018">{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Education in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175|year=2018|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-0147-6|pages=175–176}}</ref> |
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* Mentions the 'Rules of Parthivapuram Salai'<ref name=":32" /><ref name="Scharfe2018"/> |
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* Calls the king a member of the '[[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and Yadava family'.<ref name=":32" /> |
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| [[File:Parthivapuram Grant (9th century AD).png|Parthivapuram Grant|center|frameless|304x304px]] |
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|- |
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|Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I |
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|Regnal year 14 = 870 CE |
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| |
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* Tamil (Vattezhuthu)<ref name=":88">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|title=Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=|isbn=|edition=1910|series=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=I|location=Madras|pages=14–15}}</ref> |
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* A private donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple<ref name=":88" /> |
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|[[File:Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I (9th century AD), south India.png|Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I|293x293px|center|frameless]] |
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|- |
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|Tiruvidaikkodu inscription II |
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|Regnal year 22 = 878 CE |
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| |
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* Tamil (Vattezhuthu)<ref name=":88" /> |
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* Donation to the Tiruvidaikkodu Shiva temple by Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha <ref name=":88" /> |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="4" |'''[[Vikramaditya Varaguna]] (r. c. 884–911/920 CE)''' |
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|- |
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|Thirupparappu Plates<ref name=":89">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|title=Tirupparappu Fragmentary Set of Copper-Plates|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=|isbn=|edition=1912|series=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=XIII|location=Madras|pages=197–99}}</ref><ref name=":232"/> |
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|9th century CE<ref name=":89"/> |
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| |
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* Mentions king Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha.<ref name=":89"/> |
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|[[File:Tirupparappu fragmentary copper plate inscription (Ay dynasty).jpg|Thirupparappu Plates|293x293px|center|frameless]] |
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|- |
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|Thirunandikkarai (Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates) |
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|Regnal year 8 = 892 CE |
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| |
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* Tamil (Tamil script with Grantha)<ref name=":TTH" /> |
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*Murukan Chendi as the queen of king Vikramaditya Varaguna (the Ay-kula Mahadevi) <ref name=":TTH">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|title=The Huzur Office Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=|isbn=|edition=1910|series=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=I|location=Madras|pages=02–03}}</ref> |
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* Donation of land by the king to the queen.<ref name=":TTH" /> |
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|[[File:Thirunandikkarai Inscription (Vikramaditya Varaguna).png|Thirunandikkarai Inscription|293x293px|center|frameless]] |
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|- |
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|[[Paliyam Copper Plates]] |
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|898 CE<ref name=":12"/> |
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| |
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* A large land donation to a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] vihara in central Kerala by Vikramaditya Varaguna.<ref name=":33"/><ref name=":TP">{{Cite book|last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|title=Two Inscriptions of Vikramaditya Varaguna|publisher=Government of Travancore|year=|isbn=|edition=1912|series=Travancore Archaeological Series|volume=XII|location=Madras|pages=192–93}}</ref> |
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|[[File:Paliyam copper plate (Vikramaditya Varaguna).jpg|Paliyam Copper Plates|367x367px|center|frameless]] |
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|} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[ |
* [[Velir]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Vizhinjam]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Pandya dynasty]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Chera dynasty]] |
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* [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Cheras of Makotai]] |
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* [[Konar_(caste) | Konar]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{coord missing|Kerala|Tamil Nadu}} |
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*Aswathi Thirunal Gowri Lakshmi Bayi, ''Rudrakshamala''; TBS books {{ISBN|978-81-300-1547-7}} |
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{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}} |
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{{coord missing|India}} |
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{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ay Kingdom}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ay Kingdom}} |
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[[Category:History of Kerala]] |
[[Category:History of Kerala]] |
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[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]] |
[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu]] |
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[[Category:Chera dynasty]] |
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[[Category:South Indian dynasties]] |
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[[Category:Hindu dynasties]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:46, 1 January 2025
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (November 2024) |
Ay | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Ay Kingdom in 1st Century CE | |||||||
| Capital |
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| Religion | Hinduism | ||||||
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Ay was an ancient Indian dynasty which controlled the south-western tip of the Indian peninsula, from the early historic period up to the medieval period.The clan traditionally held sway over the port of Vizhinjam, the fertile region of Nanjinad, and southern parts of the spice-producing Western Ghat mountains. The dynasty was also known as Kupaka in medieval period.[1]
The Ay formed one of the major chieftains of early historic (pre-Pallava) Kerala, along with the Cheras of central Kerala and the Musakas of Elimalai in the north.[2][3] Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE) described the "Aioi" territory as extending from the Baris (Pamba) to Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The elephant was the emblem of the Ay.[4]
The Ay kingdom functioned as a buffer state between the powerful Pandyas/Cholas and the Cheras (Kerala) in the medieval period.[4] A number of kings such as Chadayan Karunanthan (788 CE), Karunandatakkan "Srivallabha" (r. c. 856/57–884 CE [5]), and Vikramaditya "Varaguna" (r. c. 884–911/920 CE[5]) figure as the Ay chiefs of the port of Vizhinjam.[3] The famous Brahmin salai at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day Trivandrum, was located in the Ay kingdom. The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I (985–1014 CE[6]) in c. 988 CE.[3] Historians assume that the Ay were a leading power in the region till c. 10th century CE.[7]
Origin
[edit]The Ay was an ancient Hindu dynasty, ruled present-day Kerala region.[8] The Ay dynasty originated from the ruling Royal dynasties of northern region of India.[9]
The medieval Ay lineage has its origins in the hill-chiefs of early historic (pre-Pallava) south India.[2][10]
The Travancore royal family in Trivandrum region was related to Chera and Ay dynasty.[11][12] Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple was the tutelary deity of the medieval Ay family.[4] The Ay formed one of the major chieftains of Kerala, they were related to Chera Dynasty of Central-South Kerala and Mushika Dynasty of Kannur region, they were classified as Pure kshatriya dynasties by the Nambudiri Brahmanas.[3][13]
The Ay kings continued to cherish their association with the other Kshatriyas, Yadu-kula and Krsna in the later times also as seen in their copper plate grants and inscriptions.[14]
History
[edit]
The Ay clan was one of the major hill-chiefs of early historic south India.[4] Members of the Ay family – of the Podiyil Hills (the Aykudi) – were related to the early historic Cheras of central Kerala.[3] Towards the close of the early historic period, Pandya supremacy might have extended to the Ay territory (through it is likely that the Ay gained their independence during the Kalabhra period).[3][4]
Ay chieftains
[edit]A number of Ay chiefs such as Andiran, Titiyan and Atiyan are mentioned in the early Tamil poems.[3]
- Ay Andiran is praised by early Tamil poets such as Mudamochiyar, Odakizhar, and Kiranar in Purananuru.[3] He is mentioned in the Purananuru as the "Lord of Podiyil Mala" in southern Western Ghats. He is said to have defeated the Kongu chiefs and pursued them to the Arabian Sea. He was an elder contemporary of the Chera chief Antuvan Cheral.[4]
- Ay Titiyan (the Podiyil Chelvan) is praised by authors Paranar and Bhuta Pandya (the Pandya chief) in Akananuru. It seems that Ay Titiyan was a vassal of the Pandya ruler Bhuta Pandya.[3][4]
- Ay Atiyan, successor to Ay Titiyan, is mentioned by authors Paranar and Madurai Kanakkayanar in Akananuru. Paranar and Kanakkayanar also mention Podiyil Mala, the Ay base, as the property of Pachupun Pandya (Azhakiya Pandya), the successor to Bhuta Pandya.[3]
- An Ay ruler took part in the famous battle of Talai-yalankanam, in which the Pandya chief Nedum Chezhiyan defeated several of his enemies.[4]
Originally the whole region of Venad (Vel+natu = the country of the Vel people, related to the Ay family) was part of the larger Ay-Vel territory.[15] Persons (the Vels) belonging to the Ay family were the chieftains of the Vel country.[16]
- Veliyan Venmal Nallini was the wife of the Chera chieftain Utiyan.[16]
- Veliyan Venman Ay Eyinan was the leader of the Chera warriors against Nannan of Ezhimalai.[16]
Pandya foray into the Ay country
[edit]
In c. 765 CE, Pandya king Jatila Paranthaka/Nedum Chadayan Varaguna I (r. 765–815 CE) sacked port Vizhinjam by defeating the Vel chieftain (the Vel Mannan, who might have been related to the Ay family) and took possession of the Ay-Vel country ("the fertile country along with its magnificent treasures") (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th year).[17][7] This event is also remembered in the Velvikkudi plates (3rd regnal year, Nedum Chadayan) as "the suppression of the rebellious Ay-Vel".[17]
The Pandya foray into south Kerala brought the Chera-Perumal rulers into the conflict and a prolonged Pandya-Ay/Chera struggle followed.[17]
- The Pandya king "Maran Chadayan" Jatila Paranthaka destroyed a fort at Aruviyoor (Aruvikkarai near Thalakulam) by defeating Chadayan Karunanthan of "Malai Nadu" in 788 CE (23rd year, Kalukumalai inscription).[16]
- In 792 CE (27th year, Jatila Paranthaka) the Chera warriors (the Cheramanar Padai) are seen fighting for a fort at Vizhinjam and at Karaikkotta (Karaikkodu near Thalakulam) against a commander of Maran Chadayan (Trivandrum Museum Inscription of Maran Chadayan).[15]
Detachment of Venad
[edit]In the 9th century, as a result of the encroachment of the Pandyas and Chera-Perumals, the ancient Ay territory was partitioned into two portions.[18] Venad (the country of the Vel people) with its base at Kollam came under influence of the Chera-Perumal kingdom[7] while the Ay kingdom, or what was left of it, with its base at Vizhinjam came under the influence of the Pandya ruler Srimara Srivallabha (r. 815–862).[18][10] Larger Cinnamanur Plates do mention a victory of king Srivallabha at Vizhinjam. Ay vassal of the Pandya king Srimara Srivallabha was certain Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. c. 856/57–884).[19]
Srimara Srivallabha was succeeded on the Pandya throne by Varaguna II (r. 862–885 CE).[3] The Ay kings of Vizhinjam remained vassals of the Pandyas, as indicated by the surname of the then king Vikramaditya (r. c. 884–911/920 CE[5]).[3]
The Pandyas were defeated in the "great battle of Sripurambiyam" in c. 885 CE.[20] Chera Perumal's considerable influence in the Ay country following this battle is visible in two records discovered from that region.[20] A record of the Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli, the wife of Chera Perumal Vijayaraga, can be found in Tirunandikkara, a Shiva temple located in the Ay country.[21][22] In 898 CE, Vikramaditya Varaguna is seen making huge land gifts to the Srimulavasa Buddhist vihara in the Chera Perumal kingdom (the Paliyam copper plates).[3]
The chieftains of Venad, owing allegiance to the Chera-Perumals, were determined on extending their sway into the Ay kingdom.[3] Their opportunity might have came in the disorder following the Chola defeat at Takkolam (mid-10 century CE).[3] The Venad chieftains were eventually successful in capturing the whole Ay country down to Kottaru.[3] In general, the influence of the Kerala rulers spread into the southern Ay territory in the 10th century CE.[7]
Chola influence in Ay country
[edit]The famous salai at Kantalur, somewhere near present-day Trivandrum, was located in the Ay country (865 CE, Huzur/Parthivapuram Plates, Karunanthadakkkan). The salai was sacked by Chola emperor Rajaraja I in c. 988 CE (fourth regnal year).[3][6]
The entire region to the south of Trivandrum, including the port of Vizhinjam and Cape Comorin, came under the control of king Rajaraja in the early 11th century.[3] The kings of Kollam (i. e., Venad), Kodungallur (the Chera Perumal), and Kolladesam (Mushika) were also defeated by the Cholas (Senur inscription, 1005 CE).[23] There is a possibility that the Venad chieftains tried to recapture the old Ay region after the raids by Rajaraja I. Chola Rajadhiraja claims to have "confined the undaunted king of Venadu [back] to the Chera kingdom [from the Ay country]......and liberated the [Ay] king of Kupaka...and put on a fresh garland of Vanchi after the capturing Kantalur Salai while the strong Villavan [the Chera king] hid himself in terror inside the jungle" (this event is dated c. 1018-19 CE[3]).[7]
Major medieval Ay grants
[edit]| Grant name | Date | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karunanthadakkkan Srivallabha (r. c. 856/57–884 CE) | |||
| Parthivapuram Grant
(Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates) |
Regnal year 9 = 865 CE | .png) | |
| Tiruvidaikkodu inscription I | Regnal year 14 = 870 CE | ,_south_India.png) | |
| Tiruvidaikkodu inscription II | Regnal year 22 = 878 CE | ||
| Vikramaditya Varaguna (r. c. 884–911/920 CE) | |||
| Thirupparappu Plates[27][5] | 9th century CE[27] |
|
.jpg) |
| Thirunandikkarai (Trivandrum Huzur Office Plates) | Regnal year 8 = 892 CE | .png) | |
| Paliyam Copper Plates | 898 CE[22] | .jpg) | |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 179.
- ^ a b Gurukkal, Rajan. “DID STATE EXIST IN THE PRE-PALLAVAN TAMIL REGION.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 63, 2002, pp. 138–150.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 191–193, 435 - 437. [1]
- ^ a b c d e f g h A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, D C Books Kerala (India), 2007, ISBN 81-264-1578-9, ISBN 978-81-264-1578-6 [2]
- ^ a b c d e Gurukkal, Rajan. The Agrarian System and Socio-Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c. CE 600-1000. Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1984. 29-30.
- ^ a b Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 122-24.
- ^ a b c d e Ganesh, K. N. Agrarian Relations and Political Authority in Medieval Travancore (A. D. 1300–1750). Doctoral Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1987. 22-25.
- ^ A Dictionary Of The Tamil And English Languages, Volume 1, Page 131
- ^ Aiya, V. Nagam (1999). The Travancore State Manual. Kerala Gazetteers Department. ISBN 978-81-85499-32-1.
- ^ a b Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala". Indian Historical Review. 36 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1177/037698360903600102. ISSN 0376-9836. S2CID 145359607.
- ^ Aiya, V. Nagam. The Travancore State Manual. Vol 1. Part 2. Trivandrum: The Travancore Government Press, 1906 [3]
- ^ Ganesh, K.N. (February 1990). "The Process of State Formation in Travancore". Studies in History. 6 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1177/025764309000600102. ISSN 0257-6430. S2CID 162972188.
- ^ Menon, P. Shungoonny (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Higginbotham.
- ^ Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav publications. pp. 33–35. ISBN 9788170173984.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 75.
- ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 106.
- ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 93-94.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 94-95.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 107.
- ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 97.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 96-98.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 109-110.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 118-119 and 137-138.
- ^ a b c d e Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. I (1910 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 10–14.
- ^ a b c Hartmut Scharfe (2018). Education in Ancient India. BRILL Academic. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-90-474-0147-6.
- ^ a b c d Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Three Inscriptions of Kokkarunandadakkar. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. I (1910 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b c Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Tirupparappu Fragmentary Set of Copper-Plates. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. XIII (1912 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 197–99.
- ^ a b c Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. The Huzur Office Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. I (1910 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 02–03.
- ^ Rao, T. A. Gopinatha. Two Inscriptions of Vikramaditya Varaguna. Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. XII (1912 ed.). Madras: Government of Travancore. pp. 192–93.