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{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian medical papyrus}}
⚫
[[File:Roll, 664 - 332 B.C.E. Brooklyn Papyrus 47.218.48a-f.jpg|thumbnail|right|The Brooklyn Papyrus]]
{{Infobox artefact
⚫
|image=Roll, 664 - 332 B.C.E. Brooklyn Papyrus 47.218.48a-f.jpg
|created={{circa}} 450 BCE
|location=[[New York City]], [[New York (State)|New York]], [[United States]]
}}


The '''Brooklyn Papyrus''' (''47.218.48'' and ''47.218.85'', also known as the '''Brooklyn Medical Papyrus''') is a [[medical papyri|medical papyrus]] dating from [[ancient egypt|ancient Egypt]] and is one of the oldest preserved writings about [[medicine]] and [[ophiology]].<ref name="B">{{cite web |url=http://indigo.ie/~marrya/papyri.html |title=Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri |last=Marry |first=Austin<!--<o:Author>Austin Marry</o:Author> in http://indigo.ie/~marrya/--> |date=January 21, 2004<!--HTTP page modified date--> |website=Ancient Egypt Fan |publisher=[[Eir (telecommunications)|Eircom Limited]] |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="C">{{cite web |url=http://www.aams.org.au/contents.php?subdir=library/history/&filename=pharonic_egypt |title=Some Aspects of Medicine in Pharonic Egypt |last1=Sadek |first1=Ashraf Alexandre |date=January 2001<!--server returns current date--> |website=History of Medicine |publisher=Australian Academy of Medicine & Surgery |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="D">{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/60690/Roll |title=Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.48a-f) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=<!--server returns current date--> |website=Collection |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="E">{{cite web |url=http://www.kori-lindner.de/pharma-dokumente-im-original/medizingeschichte/cat_view/1-pharma-dokumente-im-original/37-medizingeschichte/38-aegyptische-medizin-papyri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183732/http://www.kori-lindner.de/pharma-dokumente-im-original/medizingeschichte/cat_view/1-pharma-dokumente-im-original/37-medizingeschichte/38-aegyptische-medizin-papyri |archive-date=2014-02-01 |title=Ägyptische Medizin Papyri |language=German |last=Kori-Lindner |first=Claus<!--http://www.kori-lindner.de/impressum--> |date= |website=KoLi - Dr. med. C. Kori-Lindner medizinisch wissenschaftlicher Service |publisher=TeuberNet Webdesign |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="F">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharaonen.info/papyri.htm#papyr |title=Papyrus - Historische Papyri |language=German |last=Diederich |first=Manuela<!--http://www.award.pharaonen.info/Award/kontakt.htm--> |date=April 18, 2004<!--HTTP page modified date--> |website=Die Welt der alten Ägypter |publisher= |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="G">{{cite book |last=Ritner |first=Robert K. |chapter=Medicine |chapter-url=http://www.oup.com/us/pdf/ancient.egypt/medicine.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929082223/http://www.oup.com/us/pdf/ancient.egypt/medicine.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-29 |date=2001 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |editor-first=Donald B. |editor-last=Redford |url= |location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=355 |isbn=978-0-19-510234-5 |lccn=99054801 |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref><ref name="H">{{cite web |url=http://www.medizinische-papyri.de/Start/html/medizinische_papyri.html |title=Medizinische Papyri |language=German |last=Stuhr |first=Marko<!--http://www.medizinische-papyri.de/Start/html/impressum.html--> |date=April 19, 2015<!--HTTP page modified date--> |website=Medizinische Schriften der Alten Ägypter |publisher= |access-date=2012-10-24 |quote=}}</ref> The manuscript is dated to around 450 BC and is today kept at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in [[New York City|New York]].
The '''Brooklyn Papyrus''' (''47.218.48'' and ''47.218.85'', also known as the '''Brooklyn Medical Papyrus''') is a [[medical papyri|medical papyrus]] dating from [[ancient Egypt]] and is one of the oldest preserved writings about [[medicine]] and [[ophiology]].<ref name="B">{{cite web |url=http://indigo.ie/~marrya/papyri.html |title=Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri |last=Marry |first=Austin<!--<o:Author>Austin Marry</o:Author> in http://indigo.ie/~marrya/--> |date=January 21, 2004<!--HTTP page modified date--> |website=Ancient Egypt Fan |publisher=[[Eir (telecommunications)|Eircom Limited]] |access-date=2012-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="C">{{cite web |url=http://www.aams.org.au/contents.php?subdir=library/history/&filename=pharonic_egypt |title=Some Aspects of Medicine in Pharonic Egypt |last1=Sadek |first1=Ashraf Alexandre |date=January 2001<!--server returns current date--> |website=History of Medicine |publisher=Australian Academy of Medicine & Surgery |access-date=2012-10-24 |archive-date=2019-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305173434/http://www.aams.org.au/contents.php?subdir=library%2Fhistory%2F&filename=pharonic_egypt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="D">{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/60690/Roll |title=Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.48a-f) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=<!--server returns current date--> |website=Collection |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] |access-date=2012-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="E">{{cite web |url=http://www.kori-lindner.de/pharma-dokumente-im-original/medizingeschichte/cat_view/1-pharma-dokumente-im-original/37-medizingeschichte/38-aegyptische-medizin-papyri |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183732/http://www.kori-lindner.de/pharma-dokumente-im-original/medizingeschichte/cat_view/1-pharma-dokumente-im-original/37-medizingeschichte/38-aegyptische-medizin-papyri |archive-date=2014-02-01 |title=Ägyptische Medizin Papyri |language=de |last=Kori-Lindner |first=Claus<!--http://www.kori-lindner.de/impressum--> |website=KoLi - Dr. med. C. Kori-Lindner medizinisch wissenschaftlicher Service |publisher=TeuberNet Webdesign |access-date=2012-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="F">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharaonen.info/papyri.htm#papyr |title=Papyrus - Historische Papyri |language=de |last=Diederich |first=Manuela<!--http://www.award.pharaonen.info/Award/kontakt.htm--> |date=April 18, 2004<!--HTTP page modified date--> |website=Die Welt der alten Ägypter |access-date=2012-10-24 }}</ref><ref name="G">{{cite book |last=Ritner |first=Robert K. |chapter=Medicine |chapter-url=http://www.oup.com/us/pdf/ancient.egypt/medicine.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929082223/http://www.oup.com/us/pdf/ancient.egypt/medicine.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-29 |date=2001 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |editor-first=Donald B. |editor-last=Redford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=355 |isbn=978-0-19-510234-5 |lccn=99054801 |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref><ref name="H">{{cite web |url=http://www.medizinische-papyri.de/Start/html/medizinische_papyri.html |title=Medizinische Papyri |language=de |last=Stuhr |first=Marko<!--http://www.medizinische-papyri.de/Start/html/impressum.html--> |date=April 19, 2015<!--HTTP page modified date--> |website=Medizinische Schriften der Alten Ägypter |access-date=2012-10-24 }}</ref> The manuscript is dated to around 450 BC and is today kept at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in [[New York City]].


The term Brooklyn Papyrus can also refer to Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446 [https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3369]
The term ''Brooklyn Papyrus'' can also refer to [[Papyrus_Brooklyn_35.1446|Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446]]<ref>[https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3369]</ref>


==The manuscript==
==The manuscript==
Line 10: Line 15:
The manuscript is a collection, the first part systematically describing a number of different [[snakes]] and the second part describing different treatments for [[snakebite]]s.<ref name="E" /><ref name="F" /><ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> The manuscript also contains treatments of scorpion bites and spider bites.<ref name="C" />
The manuscript is a collection, the first part systematically describing a number of different [[snakes]] and the second part describing different treatments for [[snakebite]]s.<ref name="E" /><ref name="F" /><ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> The manuscript also contains treatments of scorpion bites and spider bites.<ref name="C" />


The papyrus scroll is dated in between 660 and 330 BC around the [[Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /><ref name="F" /><ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> The text however is written in a style common during the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] which could suggest its origin might be from the [[Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt]].<ref name="C" />
The papyrus scroll is dated between 660 and 330 BC around the [[Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt]].<ref name="D" /><ref name="E" /><ref name="F" /><ref name="G" /><ref name="H" /> The text however is written in a style common during the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] which could suggest its origin might be from the [[Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt]].<ref name="C" />


===Contents===
===Contents===
The text proceeds page by page, alternating between the two parts of the papyrus. Thus each complete page starts with 47.218.48 and finishes with 47.218.85 (the accession numbers given by the [[Brooklyn Museum]]). The title and start of the work are missing, and the extant part of the first section commences at line 15 of the lower part (designated page 1) and continues to page 2 of both upper and lower parts, terminating at line 16 of the latter. The first section comprises a systematic description of snakes and their bites. The last line states that there have been descriptions of 38 snakes and their bites, of which the first 13 are lost.
The text proceeds page by page, alternating between the two parts of the papyrus. Thus each complete page starts with 47.218.48 and finishes with 47.218.85 (the accession numbers given by the [[Brooklyn Museum]]). The title and start of the work are missing, and the extant part of the first section commences at line 15 of the lower part (designated page 1) and continues to page 2 of both upper and lower parts, terminating at line 16 of the latter. The first section comprises a systematic description of snakes and their bites. The last line states that there have been descriptions of 38 snakes and their bites, of which the first 13 are lost.


The second section starts on line 17, page 2 of the lowers part (47.218.85), and continues almost complete up to the fifth pair of pages. Only the right-hand halves of the sixth pair of pages remain. The second section commences at paragraph 39 with an important introduction:
The second section starts on line 17, page 2 of the lowers part (47.218.85), and continues almost complete up to the fifth pair of pages. Only the right-hand halves of the sixth pair of pages remain. The second section commences in paragraph 39 with an important introduction:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
"Beginning of the collection of remedies to... drive out the poison of all...snakes, all scorpions, all tarantulas and all ::serpents, in the hand of the ''kherep'' priests of Serqet and to drive away all snakes and to seal their mouths".
Beginning of the collection of remedies to... drive out the poison of all...snakes, all [[scorpions]], all tarantulas and all ::serpents, in the hand of the ''kherep'' priests of Serqet and to drive away all snakes and to seal their mouths.
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


The second section then continues with many remedies and a few spells for those bitten by snakes. The format for the remedies is strictly pragmatic, and most are based on the species of snake responsible for the bite, or the symptoms suffered by the victim. The remedies are in the typical format of prescriptions that appear in the [[Ebers Papyrus]] and other [[Egyptian medical papyri|medical papyri]] which were apparently intended for lay doctors. This papyrus provides the most striking evidence for the closely parallel roles of the physician ''swnw'' and the various priests concerned with healing.<ref name="Nunn">{{cite book|url=|title=Ancient Egyptian Medicine|last=Nunn|first=John Francis|date=2002|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|isbn=978-0-8061-3504-5|edition=Paperback|location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]]|lccn=95039770|orig-year=First published 1996}}<!--|access-date=17 June 2014--></ref>
The second section then continues with many remedies and a few spells for those bitten by snakes. The format for the remedies is strictly pragmatic, and most are based on the species of snake responsible for the bite, or the symptoms suffered by the victim. The remedies are in the typical format of prescriptions that appear in the [[Ebers Papyrus]] and other [[Egyptian medical papyri|medical papyri]] which were apparently intended for lay doctors. This papyrus provides the most striking evidence for the closely parallel roles of the physician ''swnw'' and the various priests concerned with healing.<ref name="Nunn">{{cite book|title=Ancient Egyptian Medicine|last=Nunn|first=John Francis|date=2002|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|isbn=978-0-8061-3504-5|edition=Paperback|location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]]|lccn=95039770|orig-year=First published 1996}}<!--|access-date=17 June 2014--></ref>


==History==
==History==
The date of the scroll's discovery is not known. It was purchased around 1889 by [[Charles Edwin Wilbour]] and donated to the museum by his daughter Theodora Wilbour in the early 1930s.<ref name="D" /> The manuscript might originate from a temple in [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]].<ref name="E" /><ref name="F" />
The date of the scroll's discovery is not known. It was purchased around 1889 by [[Charles Edwin Wilbour]] and donated to the museum by his daughter Theodora Wilbour in the early 1930s.<ref name="D" /> The manuscript might originate from a temple in [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]].<ref name="E" /><ref name="F" />


In 1989 French [[Egyptologist]] [[Serge Sauneron]] published an extensive description of the manuscript in his book "''[http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/catalogue/978-2-7247-0077-0/ Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85]"''<ref name="C" /><ref name="E" />
In 1989, French [[Egyptologist]] [[Serge Sauneron]] published an extensive description of the manuscript in his book ''Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85''<ref>[http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/catalogue/978-2-7247-0077-0/ Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85]</ref><ref name="C" /><ref name="E" />


Egyptians were well aware of both snake's usefulness in controlling vermin and the dangers posed by its poison. Snake deities were worshipped in hopes of preventing potential attacks by their earthly representatives.<ref>{{cite book |last=[[Edward Bleiberg|Bleiberg]] |first=Edward |date=2013 |title=Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt |url= |location= |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] / D Giles Limited |page= |isbn= 978-1-90780427-4 |lccn=2013021563}}</ref>
The ancient Egyptians were well aware of both snake's usefulness in controlling vermin and the dangers posed by its poison. Snake deities were worshipped in hopes of preventing potential attacks by their earthly representatives.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bleiberg |author-link=Edward Bleiberg |first=Edward |date=2013 |title=Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] / D Giles Limited |isbn= 978-1-90780427-4 |lccn=2013021563}}</ref>


At present the manuscript is not on display at the Brooklyn Museum. The archive numbers are ''47.218.48'' and ''47.218.85''.
At present, the manuscript is not on display at the Brooklyn Museum. The archive numbers are ''47.218.48'' and ''47.218.85''.
⚫
{{commonscat|Brooklyn Papyrus}}


==Snakes listed in Part One of the papyrus==
==Snakes listed in Part One of the papyrus==
Line 67: Line 71:
| 27 || ''fy''(blowing) || blue/green on neck, unique crawling motion || can be saved || Horus || 73
| 27 || ''fy''(blowing) || blue/green on neck, unique crawling motion || can be saved || Horus || 73
|-
|-
| 28 || ''fy''(horned'' || quail-colored || non-lethal || Horus || 75
| 28 || ''fy''(horned) || quail-colored || non-lethal || Horus || 75
|-
|-
| 29 || ''fy''(small) || quail-colored, no horns || can be saved || Horus || -
| 29 || ''fy''(small) || quail-colored, no horns || can be saved || Horus || -
Line 93: Line 97:
*Numbers of teeth refer to the bite wound
*Numbers of teeth refer to the bite wound
*The word ''fy'' may mean viper, or a snake resembling a viper<ref name="Nunn" />{{rp|184}}
*The word ''fy'' may mean viper, or a snake resembling a viper<ref name="Nunn" />{{rp|184}}
==Modern interpretation==
Herpetologists have proposed identifications for many of the animals it describes, but some remain uncertain partly because the species no longer live in Egypt. Niche modelling has been used to predict paleodistributions of ten species and found to lie within ancient Egypt or in trading areas.<ref>Elysha McBride, Isabelle C. Winder & Wolfgang Wüster (2023) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14614103.2023.2266631 What Bit the Ancient Egyptians? Niche Modelling to Identify the Snakes Described in the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus], Environmental Archaeology, DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2023.2266631</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 99: Line 105:
File: Brooklyn Papyrus, 664 - 332 B.C.E., 47.218.48b.jpg|Brooklyn Papyrus
File: Brooklyn Papyrus, 664 - 332 B.C.E., 47.218.48b.jpg|Brooklyn Papyrus
</gallery>
</gallery>

== See also ==
⚫
{{commons category|Brooklyn Papyrus}}
* [[List of ancient Egyptian papyri]]


==References==
==References==
Line 106: Line 116:


===Literature===
===Literature===
*{{cite book |last=Nunn |first=John Francis |date=2002 |orig-year=First published 1996 |edition=Paperback |title=Ancient Egyptian Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHfEnVU6z8IC&lpg=PA25&ots=mLL-yGnZ68&dq=Brooklyn%20Medical%20Papyrus&pg=PA40%23v=onepage&q=Brooklyn%2520Medical%2520Papyrus&f=false#v=onepage&q=Brooklyn%2520Medical%2520Papyrus&f=false |location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]] |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |lccn=95039770 |isbn=978-0-8061-3504-5 |page=40}}
*{{cite book |last=Nunn |first=John Francis |date=2002 |orig-year=First published 1996 |edition=Paperback |title=Ancient Egyptian Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHfEnVU6z8IC&q=Brooklyn%2520Medical%2520Papyrus&pg=PA40%23v |location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]] |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |lccn=95039770 |isbn=978-0-8061-3504-5 |page=40}}
*{{cite book |last=Sauneron |first=Serge |date=1989 |title=Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85 |edition=1 |language=French |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Un_trait%C3%A9_%C3%A9gyptien_d_ophiologie.html?id=bedWAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |location=Cairo |publisher=[[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale|Institut français d'archéologie orientale]] |page= |isbn=978-2-7247-0077-0 |lccn=90960242}}
*{{cite book |last=Sauneron |first=Serge |date=1989 |title=Un traité égyptien d'ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85 |edition=1 |language=fr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bedWAAAAMAAJ |location=Cairo |publisher=[[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale|Institut français d'archéologie orientale]] |isbn=978-2-7247-0077-0 |lccn=90960242}}
*{{cite thesis |last1=Golding |first1=Wendy Rebecca Jennifer |title=The Brooklyn Papyrus (47.218.48 and 47.218.85) and its snakebite treatments |date=2020 |publisher=University of South Africa |location=Institutional Repository |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/26760|type=Thesis }}
*{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Montgomery |title=Ancient Snakebite Literature: The Brooklyn Medical Papyrus and Nicander's Theriaca |date=2020 |publisher=CUNY Academic Works |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1287&context=bc_pubs}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/60690/Roll |title=Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.48a-f) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=<!--server returns current date--> |website=Collection |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] |access-date= |quote=}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/60690/Roll |title=Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.48a-f) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=<!--server returns current date--> |website=Collection |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/124173/Papyrus_Roll |title=Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.85a-f) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=<!--server returns current date--> |website=Collection |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] |access-date= |quote=}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/124173/Papyrus_Roll |title=Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.85a-f) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=<!--server returns current date--> |website=Collection |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] }}


{{Ancient Egyptian medicine}}
{{Ancient Egyptian medicine}}


[[Category:5th-century BC works]]
[[Category:5th-century BC literature]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian medical works]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian medical works]]
[[Category:Egyptian papyri]]
[[Category:Papyri from ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Collection of the Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Herpetological literature]]
[[Category:Herpetological literature]]

Latest revision as of 04:00, 8 December 2024

Brooklyn Papyrus
Createdc. 450 BCE
Present locationNew York City, New York, United States

The Brooklyn Papyrus (47.218.48 and 47.218.85, also known as the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus) is a medical papyrus dating from ancient Egypt and is one of the oldest preserved writings about medicine and ophiology.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The manuscript is dated to around 450 BC and is today kept at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City.

The term Brooklyn Papyrus can also refer to Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446[8]

The manuscript

[edit]

The Brooklyn Papyrus consists of a scroll of papyrus divided into two parts with some parts missing, its total length is estimated to 175 × 27 cm.[4][5] The text is on the recto side. The different numbers refer to the upper part (-48, 66,5 × 27,5 cm) and the lower part (-85, 66,5 × 27,5 cm) of the scroll.[3]

The manuscript is a collection, the first part systematically describing a number of different snakes and the second part describing different treatments for snakebites.[4][5][6][7] The manuscript also contains treatments of scorpion bites and spider bites.[2]

The papyrus scroll is dated between 660 and 330 BC around the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt.[3][4][5][6][7] The text however is written in a style common during the Middle Kingdom which could suggest its origin might be from the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt.[2]

Contents

[edit]

The text proceeds page by page, alternating between the two parts of the papyrus. Thus each complete page starts with 47.218.48 and finishes with 47.218.85 (the accession numbers given by the Brooklyn Museum). The title and start of the work are missing, and the extant part of the first section commences at line 15 of the lower part (designated page 1) and continues to page 2 of both upper and lower parts, terminating at line 16 of the latter. The first section comprises a systematic description of snakes and their bites. The last line states that there have been descriptions of 38 snakes and their bites, of which the first 13 are lost.

The second section starts on line 17, page 2 of the lowers part (47.218.85), and continues almost complete up to the fifth pair of pages. Only the right-hand halves of the sixth pair of pages remain. The second section commences in paragraph 39 with an important introduction:

Beginning of the collection of remedies to... drive out the poison of all...snakes, all scorpions, all tarantulas and all ::serpents, in the hand of the kherep priests of Serqet and to drive away all snakes and to seal their mouths.

The second section then continues with many remedies and a few spells for those bitten by snakes. The format for the remedies is strictly pragmatic, and most are based on the species of snake responsible for the bite, or the symptoms suffered by the victim. The remedies are in the typical format of prescriptions that appear in the Ebers Papyrus and other medical papyri which were apparently intended for lay doctors. This papyrus provides the most striking evidence for the closely parallel roles of the physician swnw and the various priests concerned with healing.[9]

History

[edit]

The date of the scroll's discovery is not known. It was purchased around 1889 by Charles Edwin Wilbour and donated to the museum by his daughter Theodora Wilbour in the early 1930s.[3] The manuscript might originate from a temple in Heliopolis.[4][5]

In 1989, French Egyptologist Serge Sauneron published an extensive description of the manuscript in his book Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85[10][2][4]

The ancient Egyptians were well aware of both snake's usefulness in controlling vermin and the dangers posed by its poison. Snake deities were worshipped in hopes of preventing potential attacks by their earthly representatives.[11]

At present, the manuscript is not on display at the Brooklyn Museum. The archive numbers are 47.218.48 and 47.218.85.

Snakes listed in Part One of the papyrus

[edit]
Statuette of Hathor, c. 640 BC
Paragraph Egyptian name Distinctive features Severity of bite Associated god Specific treatment (Para.)
14 (lost) (lost) can be saved none -
15 Great serpent Aapep entirely red, belly white, 4 teeth dies quickly none -
16 gany entirely black dies quickly Sobek -
17 ikher dark, comes to a man dies quickly1 Kherybakef -
18 ka-en-am quail-colored, big head, tail like mouse can be saved Sobek/Neith -
19 kedjuu small as lizard dies quickly none -
20 sedbu red, yellow eyes can be saved none 48,52
21 nebed2 green, belly white non-lethal Hathor -
22 fy tiam color of rer snake non-lethal Geb 51
23 white henep2 entirely white, 4 teeth may die Serqet 78
24 red henepu2 white, red back, 4 teeth can be saved Seth 80
25 neki 2.4m long non-lethal Ra 45,47
26 fy image of lotus on forehead non-lethal Horus -
27 fy(blowing) blue/green on neck, unique crawling motion can be saved Horus 73
28 fy(horned) quail-colored non-lethal Horus 75
29 fy(small) quail-colored, no horns can be saved Horus -
30 fy no description can be saved Horus -
31 fy(male) like red henepu 24 above can be saved Seth/Geb -
32 hefaw arar sand colored non-lethal Seth -
33 hefaw nefet quail colored, makes loud blowing noise can be saved Horus -
34 (lost) entirely white can be saved Seth -
35 r-bedjadja black, 3 teeth (lost) Khonsu 53
36 sedbu gold belly and neck, found in fields harmless (lost) 52
37 (lost) black, belly white non-lethal Hathor -
38 kar green, changes colors according to background can be saved Anubis -
  • 1 Can be saved if the snake is weak
  • 2 Female pronoun used throughout the description
  • Numbers of teeth refer to the bite wound
  • The word fy may mean viper, or a snake resembling a viper[9]: 184 

Modern interpretation

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Herpetologists have proposed identifications for many of the animals it describes, but some remain uncertain partly because the species no longer live in Egypt. Niche modelling has been used to predict paleodistributions of ten species and found to lie within ancient Egypt or in trading areas.[12]

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  • Brooklyn Papyrus
    Brooklyn Papyrus
  • Brooklyn Papyrus
    Brooklyn Papyrus

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooklyn Papyrus.

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Marry, Austin (January 21, 2004). "Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri". Ancient Egypt Fan. Eircom Limited. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ a b c d Sadek, Ashraf Alexandre (January 2001). "Some Aspects of Medicine in Pharonic Egypt". History of Medicine. Australian Academy of Medicine & Surgery. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  3. ^ a b c d "Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.48a-f)". Collection. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Kori-Lindner, Claus. "Ägyptische Medizin Papyri". KoLi - Dr. med. C. Kori-Lindner medizinisch wissenschaftlicher Service (in German). TeuberNet Webdesign. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  5. ^ a b c d e Diederich, Manuela (April 18, 2004). "Papyrus - Historische Papyri". Die Welt der alten Ägypter (in German). Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  6. ^ a b c Ritner, Robert K. (2001). "Medicine" (PDF). In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. LCCN 99054801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  7. ^ a b c Stuhr, Marko (April 19, 2015). "Medizinische Papyri". Medizinische Schriften der Alten Ägypter (in German). Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ a b Nunn, John Francis (2002) [First published 1996]. Ancient Egyptian Medicine (Paperback ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3504-5. LCCN 95039770.
  10. ^ Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85
  11. ^ Bleiberg, Edward (2013). Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt. Brooklyn Museum / D Giles Limited. ISBN 978-1-90780427-4. LCCN 2013021563.
  12. ^ Elysha McBride, Isabelle C. Winder & Wolfgang Wüster (2023) What Bit the Ancient Egyptians? Niche Modelling to Identify the Snakes Described in the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus, Environmental Archaeology, DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2023.2266631

Literature

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