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{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Akaiko Akana
|name = Akaiko Akana
| birth_name =
|image =Reverend Akaiko Akana (vol. 2, 1921).jpg
|image =Reverend Akaiko Akana (vol. 2, 1921).jpg
|_size =
|alt =
|alt =
|caption =
|caption =
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| education =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Hartford Seminary]]
| alma_mater = [[Hartford Seminary]]
|known_for =First Hawaiian Kahu (pastor) of Kawaiahaʻo Church|spouse=
|known_for =First Hawaiian Kahu (pastor) of Kawaiahaʻo Church
|spouse=
|children=
|children=
}}
}}
''' Akaiko Akana''' (1884–1933), became the first Kahu (pastor) of Hawaiian ancestry at [[Kawaiahaʻo Church]] in 1918.<ref>{{cite book | title=Reimagining the American Pacific: From South Pacific to Bamboo Ridge and Beyond | publisher=Duke University Press Books | author=Wilson, Rob | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8223-2523-9 | page=91}}</ref> He served in that capacity until his death in 1933.
''' Akaiko Akana''' (1884–1933), was the first Kahu (pastor) of Hawaiian ancestry at [[Kawaiahaʻo Church]]. He served in that capacity from 1918 until his death in 1933.


==Background==
==Background==
He was born December 24, 1884, to Chun Akana and Harriet Kahema in the Kaihuwai district of [[Waialua, Hawaii|Waialua]] on the Hawaiian island of [[Oahu]], in the [[Territory of Hawaii]]. Akana was of [[Hapa]] (mixed) ancestry, with a Chinese father and Hawaiian mother.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Rev. Akana Dead; Services Not Arranged|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/275066053/?terms=Akaiko+Akana|accessdate=March 14, 2018|work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|date=February 7, 1933|page=1, col. 5}}</ref>
He was born December 24, 1884, to Chun Akana and Harriet Kahema in the Kaihuwai district of [[Waialua, Hawaii|Waialua]] on the Hawaiian island of [[Oahu]], in the [[Territory of Hawaii]]. Akana was of [[hapa]] (mixed) ancestry, with a Chinese father and Hawaiian mother.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Rev. Akana Dead; Services Not Arranged|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/275066053/?terms=Akaiko+Akana|access-date=March 14, 2018|work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|date=February 7, 1933|page=1, col. 5}}</ref>


He graduated from [[Kamehameha Schools|Kamehameha School for boys]] in 1903, and was assigned as a teaching assistant at his alma mater.<ref>{{cite news|last1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Kamehameha at St. Louis|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1903-06-03/ed-1/seq-7/|accessdate=October 27, 2016|publisher=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=June 3, 1903|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109054010/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1903-06-03/ed-1/seq-7/|archivedate=January 9, 2017|df=}}; {{cite news|last1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Teachers Are Assigned|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1904-08-13/ed-1/seq-7/|accessdate=October 27, 2016|publisher=The Hawaiian Star|date=August 13, 1904|location=Honolulu, Oahu|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220051728/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1904-08-13/ed-1/seq-7/|archivedate=December 20, 2016|df=}}</ref>
He graduated from [[Kamehameha Schools|Kamehameha School for boys]] in 1903, and was assigned as a teaching assistant at his alma mater.<ref>{{cite news|last1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=June 3, 1903|title=Kamehameha at St. Louis|publisher=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1903-06-03/ed-1/seq-7/|url-status=live|access-date=October 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109054010/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1903-06-03/ed-1/seq-7/|archive-date=January 9, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=August 13, 1904|title=Teachers Are Assigned|publisher=The Hawaiian Star|location=Honolulu, Oahu|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1904-08-13/ed-1/seq-7/|url-status=live|access-date=October 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220051728/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1904-08-13/ed-1/seq-7/|archive-date=December 20, 2016|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.}}</ref>


==The ministry==
==The ministry==
At the October 1906 annual meeting of the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]], Akana delivered a speech in which he stated that his decision to enter the Christian ministry was a direct result of the groundwork laid by the Christian missionaries who set up churches in Hawaii decades before his birth. In encouraging the board to continue its work in Hawaii, the twenty-two-year-old Akana cited the [[Christian Sabbath|Sabbath]] being broken in Hawaii by baseball and golf.<ref>{{cite book|title=The One Hundredth Anniversary of the Haystack Prayer Meeting: Celebrated at the Ninety-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Board|date=1907|publisher=The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100322753|via=HathiTrust|
At the October 1906 annual meeting of the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]], Akana delivered a speech in which he stated that his decision to enter the Christian ministry was a direct result of the groundwork laid by the Christian missionaries who set up churches in Hawaii decades before his birth. In encouraging the board to continue its work in Hawaii, the twenty-two-year-old Akana cited the [[Christian Sabbath|Sabbath]] being broken in Hawaii by baseball and golf.<ref>{{cite book|title=The One Hundredth Anniversary of the Haystack Prayer Meeting: Celebrated at the Ninety-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Board|date=1907|publisher=The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100322753|via=HathiTrust|
pp=128-129}}</ref>
pages=128–129}}</ref>


He earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[pedagogy]] at [[Hartford Seminary]] in [[Connecticut]], where he was president of his graduating class.<ref>{{cite book | title=Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity | publisher=Duke University Press Books | author=Kauanui, J. Khaulani | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-8223-4079-9 | page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Hartford Seminary Record|date=1911|volume=21|page=187|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010308230|publisher=Hartford Seminary Press|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}</ref> During the period 1910-11, he was affiliated with the Home Missions Board of Massachusetts. After his return to Hawaii, he served with the [[Hawaiian Evangelical Association]], and was the founder of the [[Young People's League of Honolulu]].<ref name=Induction>{{cite news|title=Formal Induction Of Popular Clergyman At Kawaiahao Today|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/267493829/?terms=Akaiko+Akana|accessdate=March 14, 2018|work=The Honolulu Advertiser{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|date=November 3, 1918|page=8}}</ref> Ordained into the ministry in 1912, he was selected as chaplain of the territorial House of Representatives in 1913.<ref>{{cite news|last1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Solons Elect Their Leaders|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1913-02-19/ed-1/seq-2//|accessdate=October 27, 2016|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|date=February 19, 1913|location=Honolulu, Oahu|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220030454/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1913-02-19/ed-1/seq-2//|archivedate=December 20, 2016|df=}}</ref>
He earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[pedagogy]] at [[Hartford Seminary]] in [[Connecticut]], where he was president of his graduating class.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kauanui|first=J. Kehaulani|title=Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity|publisher=Duke University Press Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8223-4079-9|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=1911|title=The seventy-seventh anniversary|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010308230|journal=The Hartford Seminary Record|publisher=Hartford Seminary Press|volume=21|page=187|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}</ref> During the period 1910-11, he was affiliated with the Home Missions Board of Massachusetts. After his return to Hawaii, he served with the [[Hawaiian Evangelical Association]], and was the founder of the [[Young People's League of Honolulu]].<ref name=Induction>{{cite news|title=Formal Induction Of Popular Clergyman At Kawaiahao Today|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/267493829/?terms=Akaiko+Akana|access-date=March 14, 2018|work=The Honolulu Advertiser{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|date=November 3, 1918|page=8}}</ref> Ordained into the ministry in 1912, he was selected as chaplain of the territorial House of Representatives in 1913.<ref>{{cite news|last1=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Solons Elect Their Leaders|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1913-02-19/ed-1/seq-2//|access-date=October 27, 2016|newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|date=February 19, 1913|location=Honolulu, Oahu|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220030454/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1913-02-19/ed-1/seq-2//|archive-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref>


When Rev. [[Henry Hodges Parker]] retired on January 27, 1918, after 54 years as Kahu of Kawaiahaʻo Church,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kawaihao Pastor Quits The Pulpit|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1918-01-29/ed-1/seq-4/|accessdate=March 14, 2018|work=The Hawaiian Gazette|date=January 29, 1918|page=4, col. 6}}</ref> Akana was called to serve as interim minister before being formally installed as Kahu on November 3, 1918. Music for the occasion was provided by ukulele virtuoso [[Ernest Kaʻai]], the [[Correlli Brothers String Trio]], and students of [[Kamehameha Schools]].<ref name=Induction/>
When Rev. [[Henry Hodges Parker]] retired on January 27, 1918, after 54 years as Kahu of Kawaiahaʻo Church,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kawaihao Pastor Quits The Pulpit|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1918-01-29/ed-1/seq-4/|access-date=March 14, 2018|work=The Hawaiian Gazette|date=January 29, 1918|page=4, col. 6}}</ref> Akana was called to serve as interim minister before being formally installed as Kahu on November 3, 1918. Music for the occasion was provided by ukulele virtuoso [[Ernest Kaʻai]], the [[Correlli Brothers String Trio]], and students of [[Kamehameha Schools]].<ref name=Induction/>

As noted by author [[Ethel Moseley Damon]] in her book on the church's history, Akana was the first Kahu of Hawaiian ancestry. The formation of a young peoples' choir had its beginning under Akana's leadership. While remaining well-liked among the congregation, he restored a quiet respect for God's house that he believed had been missing within its walls.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Damon|first1=Ethel M.|title=The Stone Church at Kawaiahao, 1820–1944|date=1945|publisher=Trustees of Kawaiahao Church|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006251839|via=HathiTrust|author-link=Ethel Moseley Damon}}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
Akana published a 1911 research report "An Inductive Study on the Effects of Tobacco on Human Life".<ref name=Induction/>
Akana published a 1911 research report "An Inductive Study on the Effects of Tobacco on Human Life".<ref name=Induction/>
In 1920, Akana appeared before the [[United States House of Representatives]] hearings on "Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy", where he delivered a lengthy report on the subject matter as it related to the Territory of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Commerce|first1=United States Congress House Committee on Interstate and Foreign|title=Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Sixth Congress, Third Session, on Dec. 20–23, 28, 29, 1920|date=1921|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=78–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Whr0UdlbwUC&pg=PA77&dq=Akaiko+Akana+%22Public+Protection+of+Maternity+and+Infancy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjh6Kyt6uzZAhVLyGMKHRsjB1QQ6AEIKTAA}}</ref>
In 1920, Akana appeared before the [[United States House of Representatives]] hearings on "Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy", where he delivered a lengthy report on the subject matter as it related to the Territory of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Commerce|first1=United States Congress House Committee on Interstate and Foreign|title=Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Sixth Congress, Third Session, on Dec. 20–23, 28, 29, 1920|date=1921|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=78–87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Whr0UdlbwUC&q=Akaiko+Akana+%22Public+Protection+of+Maternity+and+Infancy%22&pg=PA77}}</ref>


Under his tutelage and encouragement, [[Alice Kahokuoluna]] became the first woman ordained by the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, and in her time was the only ordained woman Christian minister in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news|last= Doyle|first=Emma Lyons|title=Mother Alice of Kalaupapa|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/267567277/?terms=Alice+Rosehill+Kahokuoluna|accessdate=March 12, 2018|work=The Honolulu Advertiser{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|date=September 1, 1957|page=63}}</ref>
Under his tutelage and encouragement, [[Alice Kahokuoluna]] became the first woman ordained by the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, and in her time was the only ordained woman Christian minister in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news|last= Doyle|first=Emma Lyons|title=Mother Alice of Kalaupapa|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/267567277/?terms=Alice+Rosehill+Kahokuoluna|access-date=March 12, 2018|work=The Honolulu Advertiser{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|date=September 1, 1957|page=63}}</ref>


He died February 16, 1933, and was buried at Liliuokalani Church Cemetery in [[Haleiwa, Hawaii]].<ref>{{Find a Grave|5407483|Akaiko Akana}}</ref> Akana died [[intestacy]] with an estate valued at $1,000. He never married, and his only surviving heir was his father Chun Akana.<ref>{{cite news|title=Administrator Sought|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/259125691/?terms=Akaiko+Akana|accessdate=March 12, 2018|work=The Honolulu Advertiser{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|date=March 12, 1933|page=3, col. 7}}</ref>
He died February 16, 1933, and was buried at Liliuokalani Church Cemetery in [[Haleiwa, Hawaii]]. Akana died [[intestacy]] with an estate valued at $1,000. He never married, and was survived by his brother Rev. Francis Akana of Kona, and his father Chun Akana of Honolulu.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 19, 1933|title=Services Today For Rev. Akana|page=1, col. 5|work=The Honolulu Advertiser{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/258674325/?terms=Akaiko+Akana|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=February 19, 1933|title=Services For Akana Sunday At Kawaiahao|page=3, col. 5|work=The Honolulu Star-Bulletin{{Subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/275067772/?terms=Akaiko+Akana|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref>


==Published works==
==Published works==
*{{cite book|last1=Akana|first1=Akaiko|title=The Sinews for Racial Development: Dedicated to the Progress of the Hawaiian Young People of the Territory of Hawaii|date=1918|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100508086|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Akana|first1=Akaiko|title=The Sinews for Racial Development: Dedicated to the Progress of the Hawaiian Young People of the Territory of Hawaii|date=1918|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100508086|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Akana|first1=Akaiko|title=The Experience of the Hawaiian Homes Commission in Carrying Out its Work|date=1928|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/experience-of-the-hawaiian-homes-commission-in-carrying-out-its-work/oclc/663703295&referer=brief_results|oclc=663703295}}
*{{cite book|last1=Akana|first1=Akaiko|title=The Experience of the Hawaiian Homes Commission in Carrying Out its Work|date=1928|oclc=663703295}}
*{{cite book|last1=Akana|first1=Akaiko|last2=DeFries|first2=Eleanora M|title=Light Upon the Mist: Reflections of Wisdom for the Future Generations of Native Hawaiians|date=1993|orig=|publisher=Mahina Productions|isbn=0963517309|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/light-upon-the-mist-reflections-of-wisdom-for-the-future-generations-of-native-hawaiians/oclc/29413247&referer=brief_results|oclc= 29413247}}
*{{cite book |last1=Akana |first1=Akaiko |last2=DeFries |first2=Eleanora M |year=1993 |title=Light Upon the Mist: Reflections of Wisdom for the Future Generations of Native Hawaiians |publisher=Mahina Productions |isbn=0963517309 |oclc=29413247}}


==References==
==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Akana, Akaiko}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akana, Akaiko}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Hartford Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Hartford Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Territory of Hawaii]]
[[Category:People from the Territory of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Native Hawaiian people]]
[[Category:Native Hawaiian people]]
[[Category:American people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:American people of Cantonese descent]]
[[Category:Hawaii people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Hawaii people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Kamehameha Schools alumni]]
[[Category:Suffragists from Hawaii]]

Latest revision as of 15:11, 7 February 2024

Akaiko Akana
Born(1884-12-24)December 24, 1884
Kaihuwai, Waialua, Oahu
DiedFebruary 16, 1933(1933-02-16) (aged 48)
Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii
Resting placeLiliuokalani Church Cemetery
Haleiwa, Hawaii
Alma materHartford Seminary
Known forFirst Hawaiian Kahu (pastor) of Kawaiahaʻo Church

Akaiko Akana (1884–1933), was the first Kahu (pastor) of Hawaiian ancestry at Kawaiahaʻo Church. He served in that capacity from 1918 until his death in 1933.

Background

[edit]

He was born December 24, 1884, to Chun Akana and Harriet Kahema in the Kaihuwai district of Waialua on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, in the Territory of Hawaii. Akana was of hapa (mixed) ancestry, with a Chinese father and Hawaiian mother.[1]

He graduated from Kamehameha School for boys in 1903, and was assigned as a teaching assistant at his alma mater.[2][3]

The ministry

[edit]

At the October 1906 annual meeting of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Akana delivered a speech in which he stated that his decision to enter the Christian ministry was a direct result of the groundwork laid by the Christian missionaries who set up churches in Hawaii decades before his birth. In encouraging the board to continue its work in Hawaii, the twenty-two-year-old Akana cited the Sabbath being broken in Hawaii by baseball and golf.[4]

He earned a bachelor's degree in pedagogy at Hartford Seminary in Connecticut, where he was president of his graduating class.[5][6] During the period 1910-11, he was affiliated with the Home Missions Board of Massachusetts. After his return to Hawaii, he served with the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, and was the founder of the Young People's League of Honolulu.[7] Ordained into the ministry in 1912, he was selected as chaplain of the territorial House of Representatives in 1913.[8]

When Rev. Henry Hodges Parker retired on January 27, 1918, after 54 years as Kahu of Kawaiahaʻo Church,[9] Akana was called to serve as interim minister before being formally installed as Kahu on November 3, 1918. Music for the occasion was provided by ukulele virtuoso Ernest Kaʻai, the Correlli Brothers String Trio, and students of Kamehameha Schools.[7]

As noted by author Ethel Moseley Damon in her book on the church's history, Akana was the first Kahu of Hawaiian ancestry. The formation of a young peoples' choir had its beginning under Akana's leadership. While remaining well-liked among the congregation, he restored a quiet respect for God's house that he believed had been missing within its walls.[10]

Death and legacy

[edit]

Akana published a 1911 research report "An Inductive Study on the Effects of Tobacco on Human Life".[7] In 1920, Akana appeared before the United States House of Representatives hearings on "Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy", where he delivered a lengthy report on the subject matter as it related to the Territory of Hawaii.[11]

Under his tutelage and encouragement, Alice Kahokuoluna became the first woman ordained by the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, and in her time was the only ordained woman Christian minister in Hawaii.[12]

He died February 16, 1933, and was buried at Liliuokalani Church Cemetery in Haleiwa, Hawaii. Akana died intestacy with an estate valued at $1,000. He never married, and was survived by his brother Rev. Francis Akana of Kona, and his father Chun Akana of Honolulu.[13][14]

Published works

[edit]
  • Akana, Akaiko (1918). The Sinews for Racial Development: Dedicated to the Progress of the Hawaiian Young People of the Territory of Hawaii – via HathiTrust.
  • Akana, Akaiko (1928). The Experience of the Hawaiian Homes Commission in Carrying Out its Work. OCLC 663703295.
  • Akana, Akaiko; DeFries, Eleanora M (1993). Light Upon the Mist: Reflections of Wisdom for the Future Generations of Native Hawaiians. Mahina Productions. ISBN 0963517309. OCLC 29413247.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Rev. Akana Dead; Services Not Arranged". Honolulu Star-Bulletin – via Newspapers.com (subscription required) . February 7, 1933. p. 1, col. 5. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  2. ^ "Kamehameha at St. Louis". Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands: The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. June 3, 1903. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2016 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
  3. ^ "Teachers Are Assigned". Honolulu, Oahu: The Hawaiian Star. August 13, 1904. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
  4. ^ The One Hundredth Anniversary of the Haystack Prayer Meeting: Celebrated at the Ninety-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Board. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 1907. pp. 128–129 – via HathiTrust.
  5. ^ Kauanui, J. Kehaulani (2008). Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity. Duke University Press Books. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8223-4079-9.
  6. ^ "The seventy-seventh anniversary". The Hartford Seminary Record. 21. Hartford Seminary Press: 187. 1911 – via HathiTrust.
  7. ^ a b c "Formal Induction Of Popular Clergyman At Kawaiahao Today". The Honolulu Advertiser – via Newspapers.com (subscription required) . November 3, 1918. p. 8. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  8. ^ "Solons Elect Their Leaders". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Oahu. February 19, 1913. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.
  9. ^ "Kawaihao Pastor Quits The Pulpit". The Hawaiian Gazette. January 29, 1918. p. 4, col. 6. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  10. ^ Damon, Ethel M. (1945). The Stone Church at Kawaiahao, 1820–1944. Trustees of Kawaiahao Church – via HathiTrust.
  11. ^ Commerce, United States Congress House Committee on Interstate and Foreign (1921). Public Protection of Maternity and Infancy: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Sixty-Sixth Congress, Third Session, on Dec. 20–23, 28, 29, 1920. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 78–87.
  12. ^ Doyle, Emma Lyons (September 1, 1957). "Mother Alice of Kalaupapa". The Honolulu Advertiser – via Newspapers.com (subscription required) . p. 63. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  13. ^ "Services Today For Rev. Akana". The Honolulu Advertiser – via Newspapers.com (subscription required) . February 19, 1933. p. 1, col. 5. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  14. ^ "Services For Akana Sunday At Kawaiahao". The Honolulu Star-Bulletin – via Newspapers.com (subscription required) . February 19, 1933. p. 3, col. 5. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
[edit]
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