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Coordinates: 22°56′18″N 77°36′47″E / 22.938415°N 77.613085°E / 22.938415; 77.613085
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Reverted to revision 830869975 by D4iNa4: Klostermaier is an expert on religion and historic texts. His dates of "100,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE" are simply wrong and contradicted by the article - he isn't a reliable source for this. (TW)
 
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{{Short description|30,000+ years old archaeological World Heritage site in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
| WHS = Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
Line 5: Line 8:
| caption = Bhimbetka rock painting
| caption = Bhimbetka rock painting
| location = [[Raisen District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| location = [[Raisen District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| Type = Cultural
| Type =
| criteria = (iii), (v)
| ID = 925
| ID = 925
| coordinates = {{coord|22.938415|N|77.613085|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.938415|N|77.613085|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| area = {{convert|1,893|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| area = {{cvt|1893|ha|sqmi}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|10,280|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{cvt|10280|ha|sqmi}}
| locmapin = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| locmapin = India#India Madhya Pradesh
| map_caption = Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, India
| map_caption = Bhimbetka rock shelters,
Madhya Pradesh, India
|Criteria=Cultural: (iii), (v)}}
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}}

The '''Bhimbetka rock shelters''' are an archaeological site in central [[India]] that spans the prehistoric [[paleolithic]] and [[mesolithic]] periods, as well as the historic period.<ref name="PeregrineEmber2003p315">{{cite book|author1=Peter N. Peregrine|author2=Melvin Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-TQpUtI-dgC&pg=PA315 |year=2003|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-0-306-46262-7|pages=315–317}}</ref><ref name=alip15/> It exhibits the earliest traces of human life on the [[Indian subcontinent]] and evidence of [[Stone Age]] starting at the site in [[Acheulian]] times.<ref>{{cite web |title= Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age|url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248478800347 |quote=The microlithic occupation there is the last one, as the Stone Age started there with Acheulian times. These rock shelters have been used to light fires even up to recent times by the tribals. This is re-fleeted in the scatter of 14C dates from Bhimbetka}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07HGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse|page=17|publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|first=Gordon|last=Kerr|isbn=9781843449232|date=2017-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Neda Hosse in Tehrani|author2= Shahida Ansari| author3= Kamyar Abdi| title=ANTHROPOGENIC PROCESSES IN CAVES/ROCK SHELTERS IN IZEH PLAIN (IRAN) AND BHIMBETKA REGION (INDIA): AN ETHNO-ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute| volume=76| year=2016|quote=the rock shelter site of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh exhibits the earliest traces of human life|jstor= 26264790}}</ref> It is located in the [[Raisen District]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] about {{convert|45|km}} southeast of [[Bhopal]]. It is a UNESCO world heritage site that consists of seven hills and over 750 rock shelters distributed over {{convert|10|km}}.<ref name=alip15>Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum (2008), ''World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India'', Algora Publishing, 2008, pages 15-19</ref><ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/925/documents/ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Advisory Body Evaluation], UNESCO, pages 43-44</ref> At least some of the shelters were inhabited by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' more than 100,000 years ago.<ref name=alip15>Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum (2008), ''World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India'', Algora Publishing, 2008, pages 15-19</ref><ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Advisory Body Evaluation], UNESCO, pages 14-15</ref> The rock shelters and caves provide evidence of, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica, and a "rare glimpse" into human settlement and cultural evolution from hunter-gatherers, to agriculture, and expressions of spirituality.<ref name=britannicabhimbetka/>
The '''Bhimbetka rock shelters''' are an archaeological site in central [[India]] that spans the [[Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] periods, as well as the historic period.<ref name="PeregrineEmber2003p315">{{cite book|author1=Peter N. Peregrine|author2=Melvin Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-TQpUtI-dgC&pg=PA315 |year=2003|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-0-306-46262-7|pages=315–317}}</ref><ref name=alip15/> It exhibits the earliest traces of human life in India and evidence of the [[Stone Age]] starting at the site in [[Acheulian]] times.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=7|pages=37–44|doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(78)80034-7 |quote=The microlithic occupation there is the last one, as the Stone Age started there with Acheulian times. These rock shelters have been used to light fires even up to recent times by the tribals. This is re-fleeted in the scatter of 14C dates from Bhimbetka|year=1978|last1=Agrawal|first1=D.P.|last2=Krishnamurthy|first2=R.V.|last3=Kusumgar|first3=Sheela|last4=Pant|first4=R.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07HGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT7|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse|page=17|publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|first=Gordon|last=Kerr|isbn=9781843449232|date=2017-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Neda Hosse in Tehrani|author2= Shahida Ansari| author3= Kamyar Abdi| title= Anthropogenic Processes in Caves/Rock Shelters in Izeh Plain (Iran) and Bhimbetka Region (India)|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute| volume=76|pages= 237–248| year=2016|quote=the rock shelter site of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh exhibits the earliest traces of human life|jstor= 26264790}}</ref> It is located in the [[Raisen District]] in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], about {{convert|45|km}} south-east of [[Bhopal]]. It is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] that consists of seven hills and over 750 rock shelters distributed over {{Cvt|10|km}}.<ref name=alip15>Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum (2008), ''World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India'', Algora Publishing, 2008, pages 15–19</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/925/documents/ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Advisory Body Evaluation], UNESCO, pages 43–44</ref> At least some of the shelters were inhabited more than 100,000 years ago.<ref name="alip15"/><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Advisory Body Evaluation], UNESCO, pages 14–15</ref>


The rock shelters and caves provide evidence of human settlement and the cultural evolution from hunter-gatherers to agriculture, and expressions of [[Prehistoric religion|prehistoric spirituality]].<ref name="britannicabhimbetka" />
Some of the Bhimbetka rock shelters feature prehistoric [[cave painting]]s and the earliest are about 30,000 years old.<ref name="klostermaier1989">{{Citation | title=A survey of Hinduism | author=Klaus K. Klostermaier | authorlink = Klaus Klostermaier | year=1989 | isbn=0-88706-807-3 | publisher=SUNY Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltn3OuF_i4sC | quote=''... prehistoric cave paintings at Bhimbetka (ca. 30000 BCE) ...''}}</ref> These cave paintings show themes such as animals, early evidence of dance and hunting.<ref name=bhim3/><ref name=bhim1/> The Bhimbetka site has the oldest known rock art in the Indian subcontinent,<ref name="Pearsall2008p1951">{{cite book|author=Deborah M. Pearsall|title= Encyclopedia of archaeology|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RnoUAQAAIAAJ|year =2008|publisher =Elsevier Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-373643-7|pages=1949–1951}}</ref> as well as is one of the largest prehistoric complexes.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jo McDonald|author2=Peter Veth|title=A Companion to Rock Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=excwzC1zhY0C&pg=PT291|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-25392-2|pages=291–293}}</ref><ref name=britannicabhimbetka/>


Some of the Bhimbetka rock shelters feature prehistoric [[cave painting]]s and the earliest are dated to 10,000 BCE, corresponding to the Indian [[Mesolithic]].<ref name="YM">{{cite book |last1=Mathpal |first1=Yashodhar |title=Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka |date=1984 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170171935 |pages=220-227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GG7-CpvlU30C&pg=PA220 |language=en|quote=The paintings of the earlier five phases ( A - E ) belong to the prehistoric or Mesolithic stage. The oldest of them may be dated to 10,000 BC}}</ref><ref name="facets">{{cite book|title=Gurudakshina: Facets of Indian Archaeology|page=32|quote=The oldest of them may be dated to 10,000 B.C. or even earlier.|publisher=[[British Archaeological Reports]]|author=Alok Kumar Kanungo}}</ref><ref name="SKT">{{cite book |last1=Tiwari |first1=Shiv Kumar |title=Riddles of Indian Rockshelter Paintings |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176250863 |page=189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jO0fvT4r9gC&pg=PA189 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Unesco">{{cite book |title=Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |page=16 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SM">{{cite book |last1=Mithen |first1=Steven |title=After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000 - 5000 BC |date=2011 |publisher=Orion |isbn=9781780222592 |page=524 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uaxg_QDSsrQC&pg=PT524 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AJ">{{cite book |last1=Javid |first1=Ali |last2=Jāvīd |first2=ʻAlī |last3=Javeed |first3=Tabassum |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India |date=2008 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=9780875864846 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54XBlIF9LFgC&pg=PA19 |language=en}}</ref> These cave paintings show themes such as animals, early evidence of dance and hunting from the Stone Age as well as of warriors on horseback from a later time (perhaps the Bronze Age).<ref name=bhim3/><ref name=bhim1/><ref>{{Cite book |author=Sanyal, Sanjeev |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/855957425 |title=Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography |isbn=978-0-14-342093-4 |oclc=855957425}}</ref> The Bhimbetka site has the oldest-known rock art in India,<ref name="Pearsall2008p1951">{{cite book|author=Deborah M. Pearsall|title= Encyclopedia of archaeology|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RnoUAQAAIAAJ|year =2008|publisher =Elsevier Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-373643-7|pages=1949–1951}}</ref> as well as is one of the largest prehistoric complexes.<ref name=britannicabhimbetka/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jo McDonald|author2=Peter Veth|title=A Companion to Rock Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=excwzC1zhY0C&pg=PT291|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-25392-2|pages=291–293}}</ref>
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== Etymology ==
The name ''Bhimbetka'' (भीमबेटका) is associated with [[Bhima]], a hero-deity of the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=mathpal>[[Yashodhar Mathpal|Mathpal, Yashodhar]]. ''Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka''. 1984, page 25</ref> The word ''Bhimbetka'' is said to derive from ''Bhimbaithka'' (भीमबैठका), meaning "sitting place of Bhima".<ref name=mathpal />


== Location ==
== Location ==
{{double image|right|Path way Bhembetika (2).jpg|160|Information Palette Bhimbetka (3).jpg|160|Bhimbetka location}}
[[File:Path way Bhembetika (2).jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Archaeological Survey of India]] monument number N-MP-225]]
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The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetaka (or Bhim Baithaka) is 45 kilometers southeast of [[Bhopal]] and 9&nbsp;km from [[Obedullaganj]] city in the [[Raisen District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] at the southern edge of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] hills. South of these rock shelters are successive ranges of the [[Satpura]] hills. It is inside the ''[[Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary]]'', embedded in sandstone rocks, in the foothills of the Vindhya Range.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 14-18, 22-23, 30-33</ref><ref name=britannicabhimbetka>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Bhimbetka-rock-shelters Bhimbetka rock shelters], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> The site consists of seven hills: Vinayaka, Bhonrawali, Bhimbetka, Lakha Juar (east and west), Jhondra and Muni Babaki Pahari.<ref name="PeregrineEmber2003p315">{{cite book|author1=Peter N. Peregrine|author2=Melvin Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-TQpUtI-dgC&pg=PA315 |year=2003|publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-0-306-46262-7|pages=315–317}}</ref>


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The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka are 45 kilometers south-east of Bhopal and 9&nbsp; km from [[Obedullaganj]] city in the [[Raisen District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] at the southern edge of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] Range. South of these rock shelters are successive ranges of the [[Satpura]] hills. It is inside the ''[[Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary]]'', embedded in sandstone rocks, in the foothills of the Vindhya Range.<ref name=britannicabhimbetka>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Bhimbetka-rock-shelters Bhimbetka rock shelters], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 14–18, 22–23, 30–33</ref> The site consists of seven hills: Vinayaka, Bhonrawali, Bhimbetka, Lakha Juar (east and west), Jhondra and Muni Babaki Pahari.<ref name="PeregrineEmber2003p315"/>
The entire area is covered by thick vegetation, has abundant natural resources in its [[perennial stream|perennial water supplies]], natural shelters, rich forest [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]] and bears a striking resemblance to similar rock art sites such as [[Kakadu National Park]] in [[Australia]], the cave paintings of the [[Bushmen]] in [[Kalahari Desert]] and the [[Upper Paleolithic]] [[Lascaux cave]] paintings in [[France]].<ref>Sajnani, Manohar. ''Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India''. 2001, p. 195</ref>


== History ==
== Background ==
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[[File:1 of the rock shelter caves at Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|One of about 750 rock shelter caves at Bhimbetka.]]


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=== Etymology ===
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W. Kincaid, a British India era official, first mentioned Bhimbetka in a scholarly paper in 1888. He relied on the information he gathered from local [[adivasi]]s (tribals) about Bhojpur lake in the area and referred to Bhimbetka as a [[Buddhist]] site.<ref name=asiunesco54>[http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, page 54</ref> The first archaeologist to visit a few caves at the site and discover its prehistoric significance was [[V. S. Wakankar]], who saw these rock formations and thought these were similar to those he had seen in Spain and France. He visited the area with a team of archaeologists and reported several prehistoric rock shelters in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925|title=Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka|publisher=World Heritage Site|accessdate=2007-02-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070308082739/http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925| archivedate= 8 March 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>


Bhimbetka meaning ''"Bhima's resting place"'' or ''"Bhima's lounge"'', is compound word made of ''[[Bhima]]'' (second brother among the five [[Pandavas]] of [[Mahabharata]]) and ''Baithaka'' (seat or lounge). According to the native belief, Bhima during his exile used to rest here to interact with the locals. Bhima Worshiped Mata Vaishavi at this location and blessed for concurring the forthcoming war. There is a famous Mata Vaishavi Temple existing at this place since long. <ref name=out1>[https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70582/the-sudden-discovery-of-the-bhimbetka-rock-shelters Bhimbetka: An Accidental Find], Outlook, 22 June 2020.</ref>
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It was only in the 1970s that the scale and true significance of the Bhimbetka rock shelters was discovered and reported.<ref name=asiunesco54/> Since then, more than 750 rock shelters have been identified. The Bhimbetka group contains 243 of these, while the Lakha Juar group nearby has 178 shelters. According to Archaeological Survey of India, the evidence suggests that there has been a continuous human settlement here from the [[Stone Age]] through the late [[Acheulian]] to the late [[Mesolithic]] until the 2nd-century BCE in these hills. This is based on excavations at the site, the discovered artifacts and wares, pigments in deposits, as well as the rock paintings.<ref name=bhimbetka15>[http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 15-16, 22-23, 45, 54-60</ref>


=== History ===
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The site contains the world’s oldest stone walls and floors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Rock Art and Its Global Context|author1=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|author2=Robert G. Bednarik|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=29}}</ref>
[[File:Information Palette Bhimbetka (3).jpg|thumb|right|240px|upright=1.35|Bhimbetka location]]
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[[File:1 of the rock shelter caves at Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|right|240px|One of about 750 rock shelter caves at Bhimbetka.]]


⚫
W. Kincaid, a British India era official, first mentioned Bhimbetka in a scholarly paper in 1888. He relied on the information he gathered from [[adivasi]]s (tribals) about Bhojpur lake in the area and referred to Bhimbetka as a [[Buddhist]] site.<ref name=asiunesco54>[https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, page 54</ref> The first archaeologist to visit a few caves at the site and discover its prehistoric significance was [[V. S. Wakankar]], who saw these rock formations and thought these were similar to those he had seen in Spain and France. He visited the area with a team of archaeologists and reported several prehistoric rock shelters in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925|title=Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka|publisher=World Heritage Site|access-date=2007-02-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070308082739/https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925| archive-date= 8 March 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>
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[[Barkheda, Raisen|Barkheda]] has been identified as the source of the raw materials used in some of the monoliths discovered at Bhimbetka.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/925.pdf | title = Bhimbetka (India) No. 925 | publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre | accessdate = 2012-04-28 }}</ref>


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It was only in the 1970s that the scale and true significance of the Bhimbetka rock shelters was discovered and reported.<ref name=asiunesco54/> Since then, more than 750 rock shelters have been identified. The Bhimbetka group contains 243 of these, while the Lakha Juar group nearby has 178 shelters. According to [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the evidence suggests that there has been a continuous human settlement here from the [[Stone Age]] through the late [[Acheulian]] to the late [[Mesolithic]] until the 2nd century BCE in these caves. This information is based on the findings from the excavation of the site, the unearthed artifacts and goods, pigments present in deposits, as well as the rock paintings.<ref name=bhimbetka15>[https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 15–16, 22–23, 45, 54–60</ref>
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The site consisting of 1,892 hectares was declared as protected under Indian laws and came under the management of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1990.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 10, 53</ref> It was declared as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 2003.<ref name=britannicabhimbetka/><ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_rockart_bhimbetka.asp World Heritage Sites - Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka], Archaeological Survey of India</ref>

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The site contains the world's oldest stone walls and floors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Rock Art and Its Global Context|author1=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|author2=Robert G. Bednarik|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=29}}</ref>

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The origin of the raw materials utilized in certain [[Monolith|monoliths]] uncovered at Bhimbetka has been traced back to Barkheda.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/925.pdf | title = Bhimbetka (India) No. 925 | publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre | access-date = 2012-04-28 }}</ref>

⚫
The site consisting of 1,892 hectares was declared as protected under Indian laws and came under the management of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1990.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/925.pdf Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment], Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 10, 53</ref> It was declared as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 2003.<ref name=britannicabhimbetka/><ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_rockart_bhimbetka.asp World Heritage Sites – Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327162814/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_rockart_bhimbetka.asp |date=27 March 2014 }}, Archaeological Survey of India</ref>


== Auditorium cave ==
== Auditorium cave ==
{{multiple image
{{double image|right|Entrance of bhimbetka.jpg|160|Entry to "Auditorium Cave".jpg|160|Bhimbetka quartzite towers.|Auditorium cave.}}
| align = right
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Of the numerous shelters, the Auditorium cave is one of the significant features of the site. Surrounded by quartzite towers which are visible from several kilometers distance, the Auditorium rock is the largest shelter at Bhimbetka. Robert Bednarik describes the prehistoric Auditorium cave as one with a "cathedral-like" atmosphere, with "its Gothic arches and soaring spaces".<ref name=bednarik63/> Its plan resembles a "right-angled cross" with four of its branches aligned to the four cardinal directions. The main entrance points to the east. At the end of this eastern passage, at the cave's entrance, is a boulder with a near-vertical panel that is distinctive, one visible from distance and all directions. In archaeology literature, this boulder has been dubbed as "Chief's Rock" or "King's Rock", though there is no evidence of any rituals or its role as such.<ref name=bednarik63/><ref>Robert Bednarik (1993), Palaeolithic Art in India, ''Man and Environment'', Volume 18, Number 2, pages 33-40</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Manoj Kumar | title=Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology | chapter=Bhimbetka Rockshelters | publisher=Springer New York | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4419-0426-3 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2286 | pages=867–870}}</ref> The boulder with the Auditorium Cave is the central feature of the Bhimbetka, midst its 754 numbered shelters spread over few kilometers on either side, and nearly 500 locations where rock paintings can be found, states Bednarik.<ref name=bednarik63>Robert G Bednarik (1996), The cupules on Chief's Rock, Auditorium Cave, Bhimbetka, The Artifact: Journal of the Archaeological and Anthropological Society of Victoria, Volume 19, pages 63-71</ref>
| image1 = Entrance of bhimbetka.jpg
| width1 = 160
| caption1 = Bhimbetka quartzite towers
| image2 = Entry to "Auditorium Cave".jpg
| width2 = 160
| caption2 = Auditorium cave
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}}

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Of the numerous shelters, the Auditorium cave is one of the significant features of this site. Surrounded by [[quartzite]] towers which are visible from several kilometres' distance, the Auditorium rock is the largest shelter at Bhimbetka. [[Robert G. Bednarik]] describes the prehistoric Auditorium cave as one with a "cathedral-like" atmosphere, with "its Gothic arches and soaring spaces".<ref name=bednarik63/> Its plan resembles a "right-angled cross" with four of its branches aligned to the four cardinal directions. The main entrance points to the east. At the end of this eastern passage, at the cave's entrance, is a boulder with a near-vertical panel that is distinctive, one visible from distance and all directions. In archaeology literature, this boulder has been dubbed as "Chief's Rock" or "King's Rock", though there is no evidence of any rituals or its role as such.<ref name=bednarik63/><ref>Robert Bednarik (1993), Palaeolithic Art in India, ''Man and Environment'', Volume 18, Number 2, pages 33–40</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Manoj Kumar | title=Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology | chapter=Bhimbetka Rockshelters | publisher=Springer New York | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-4419-0426-3 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2286 | pages=867–870}}</ref> The boulder with the Auditorium cave is the central feature of the Bhimbetka, midst its 754 numbered shelters spread over few kilometres on either side, and nearly 500 locations where rock paintings can be found, states Bednarik.<ref name=bednarik63>Robert G Bednarik (1996), The cupules on Chief's Rock, Auditorium Cave, Bhimbetka, The Artifact: Journal of the Archaeological and Anthropological Society of Victoria, Volume 19, pages 63–71</ref>


== Rock art and paintings ==
== Rock art and paintings ==


The rock shelters and caves of Bhimbetka have a large number of paintings. The oldest paintings are found to be 30,000 years old, but some of the geometric figures date to as recently as the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]]. The colors used are vegetable colors which have endured through time because the drawings were generally made deep inside a niche or on inner walls. The drawings and paintings can be classified under seven different periods.
The rock shelters and caves of Bhimbetka have a large number of paintings. Some of the oldest paintings are dated to 10,000 BCE,<ref name="YM"/><ref name="facets"/><ref name="SKT"/><ref name="Unesco"/><ref name="SM"/><ref name="AJ"/> but some of the geometric figures date to as recently as the [[Middle Ages|medieval period]]. The drawings and paintings can be classified under seven different periods. [[V. S. Wakankar]] classified the drawings and paintings into seven different periods and dated the earliest paintings to have belonged to the upper Palaeolithic to be as early as 40,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book | last=Agrawal | first=D.P. | last2=Kharakwal | first2=J.S. | title=Central Himalayas: An Archaeological, Linguistic, and Cultural Synthesis | publisher=Aryan Books International | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-7305-132-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zVuAAAAMAAJ| page=66|quote=Based on C - 14 dates they are placed between 40,000 and 25,000 BP ( Wakankar 1987)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Bednarik | first=Robert G. | title=Art Origins | journal=Anthropos | publisher=Anthropos Institut | volume=89 | issue=1/3 | year=1994 | issn=02579774 | jstor=40463849 | pages=169–180 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40463849 | access-date=2022-11-03}}</ref> The colours used are vegetable colours which have endured through time because the drawings were generally made deep inside a niche or on inner walls.


'''Period I''' – ([[Upper Paleolithic]]): These are linear representations in green of humans dancing and hunting.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dubey-Pathak |first1=Meenakshi |title=Rock art of the Bhimbetka period in India |journal=Adoranten 2014 |date=2014 |url=https://www.rockartscandinavia.com/images/articles/a14pathak.pdf |access-date=13 September 2021 |publisher=Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Underslös}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Rock Shelter 15, Bhimbetka 02.jpg|thumb|250px|The only painting in the caves showing, "a man" being hunted by a beast, a horned boar]]
'''Period I''' - ([[Upper Paleolithic]]): These are linear representations, in green and dark red, of huge figures of animals such as [[bison]], [[tiger]]s and [[rhinoceros]]es.


'''Period II''' - ([[Mesolithic]]): Comparatively small in size the stylised figures in this group show linear decorations on the body. In addition to animals there are human figures and hunting scenes, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed [[spear]]s, pointed sticks, [[bow and arrow|bows and arrows]]. The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mothers and children, pregnant women, men carrying dead animals, drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.<ref name=bhim3>Yashodhar Mathpal, 1984, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=GG7-CpvlU30C&pg=PA214 Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka], Page 214.</ref><ref name=bhim1>M. L. Varad Pande, Manohar Laxman Varadpande, 1987, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=8170172217 History of Indian Theatre], Volume 1, Page 57.</ref><ref name=bhim2>[https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=8170171539 Dance In Indian Painting], Page xv.</ref>
'''Period II''' – ([[Mesolithic]]): Comparatively small in size the stylised figures in this group show linear decorations on the body. In addition to animals there are human figures and hunting scenes, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed [[spear]]s, pointed sticks, [[bow and arrow|bows and arrows]].<ref name=bhim3/><ref name=bhim1/><ref name=bhim2/> Some scenes are interpreted as depicting tribal war between three tribes symbolised by their animal totems.<ref name="PeregrineEmber2003p315"/><ref>{{cite book|title=South Asian Prehistory: A Multidisciplinary study|author=D. P. Agrawal, J. S. Kharakwal |page=149 |publisher =Aryan Books International}}</ref> The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mothers and children, pregnant women, men carrying dead animals, drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.<ref name=bhim3>Yashodhar Mathpal, 1984, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GG7-CpvlU30C&pg=PA214 Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka], Page 214.</ref><ref name=bhim1>M. L. Varad Pande, Manohar Laxman Varadpande, 1987, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170172217 History of Indian Theatre], Volume 1, Page 57.</ref><ref name=bhim2>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170171539 Dance In Indian Painting], Page xv.</ref>


'''Period III''' - ([[Chalcolithic]]) Similar to the paintings of the Mesolithic, these drawings reveal that during this period the cave dwellers of this area were in contact with the agricultural communities of the [[Malwa]] plains, exchanging goods with them.
'''Period III''' – ([[Chalcolithic]]) Similar to the paintings of the Mesolithic, these drawings reveal that during this period the cave dwellers of this area were in contact with the agricultural communities of the [[Malwa]] plains, exchanging goods with them.


'''Period IV & V''' - (Early historic): The figures of this group have a schematic and decorative style and are painted mainly in red, white and yellow. The association is of riders, depiction of religious symbols, tunic-like dresses and the existence of scripts of different periods. The religious beliefs are represented by figures of [[yaksha]]s, tree gods and magical sky chariots.
'''Period IV & V''' – (Early historic): The figures of this group have a schematic and decorative style and are painted mainly in red, white and yellow. The association is of riders, depiction of religious symbols, tunic-like dresses and the existence of scripts of different periods. The religious beliefs are represented by figures of [[yaksha]]s, tree gods and magical sky chariots.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}


'''Period VI & VII''' - (Medieval) : These paintings are geometric linear and more schematic, but they show degeneration and crudeness in their artistic style. The colors used by the cave dwellers were prepared by combining [[manganese]], [[hematite]] and wooden coal.
'''Period VI & VII''' – ([[Medieval India|Medieval]]): These paintings are geometric linear and more schematic, but they show degeneration and crudeness in their artistic style. The colors used by the cave dwellers were prepared by combining black [[manganese oxide]]s, red [[hematite]] and [[charcoal]].


One rock, popularly referred to as “Zoo Rock”, depicts [[elephant]]s, [[Barasingha]], [[bison]] and [[deer]]. Paintings on another rock show a [[peacock]], a [[snake]], a deer and the sun. On another rock, two elephants with tusks are painted. Hunting scenes with hunters carrying bows, arrows, swords and shields also find their place in the community of these pre-historic paintings. In one of the caves, a bison is shown in pursuit of a hunter while his two companions appear to stand helplessly nearby; in another, some horsemen are seen, along with archers. In one painting, a large wild boar is seen.
One rock, popularly referred to as "Zoo Rock", depicts [[elephant]]s, [[barasingha]] (swamp deer), [[bison]] and [[deer]]. Paintings on another rock show a [[peacock]], a [[snake]], a deer and the sun. On another rock, two elephants with tusks are painted. Hunting scenes with hunters carrying bows, [[arrow]]s, [[sword]]s, and shields also find their place in the community of these pre-historic paintings. In one of the caves, a bison is shown in pursuit of a hunter while his two companions appear to stand helplessly nearby; in another, some horsemen are seen, along with archers. In one painting, a large wild bovine (possibly a [[gaur]] or [[bison]]) is seen.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}<!-- Which period?!? -->


Yashodhar Mathpal has conducted a very careful study of the various animals depicted in these rock shelters. He has identified sloth bear, wolf, hyaena, rhinoceros, wild cattle, deer, antelopes, hare, monkeys, anteater, rats, fish, turtle, peafowl, some birds without any details among the wild animals and a domesticated dog. Deer and antelope are amongst the most numerous of the wild animals depicted. The pictures include groups of hunters;  one such group is depicted as running away from a rhinoceros. Other groups are engaged in hunting deer, antelopes and other prey. Spear and bow and arrow are the main weapons of hunt; fish and turtle are being caught in a net, and rats are being driven out of their burrows to be caught. The paintings are classified largely in two groups, one as depictions of hunters and food gatherers, and in others as fighters, riding on horses and elephant carrying metal weapons. The first group of paintings date to prehistoric times while second one dates to historic times.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka|page=225|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1984|first=Yashodhar|last=Mathpal}}</ref><ref name=Javidp20>{{cite book| author =Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum |title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India|publisher=Algora Publishing|year= 2008|page=20}}</ref> Most of the paintings from the historic period depict battles between rulers carrying swords, spears, bows and arrows.<ref name=Javidp20/>
The paintings found in shelter III A-16 depicts humans riding animals and carrying weapons.<ref>{{cite book| author =Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum |title= World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India|publisher=Algora Publishing|year= 2008|page=20}}</ref> These paintings are interpreted as depicting tribal war between three tribes symbolised by their animal totems.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asian Prehistory: A Multidisciplinary study|author=D. P. Agrawal, J. S. Kharakwal
|page=149|publisher=Aryan Books International}}</ref><ref name="PeregrineEmber2003p315"/> [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|Jonathan Kenoyer]] and Kimberley Heuston state it may be a representation of the conflict between Indo-Aryan communities.<ref name="KenoyerHeuston2005p76">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan M. Kenoyer|author2=Kimberley Burton Heuston|title=The Ancient South Asian World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&pg=PA76 |year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-522243-2|page=76|quote= Cave painting, Bhimbetka India, 1000-800 BCE; "In this cave painting the arriors on horseback fighting people on foot may represent the conflicts between Indo-Aryan communities as they moved east and south into the center of the subcontinent.}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Bhimbetka_Natraj_painting.jpg|thumb|An eroded painting in the Bhimbetka caves shows "Nataraj" dancing and holding a ''trishula'' or trident]]


In one of the desolate rock shelters, the painting of a man holding a trident-like staff and dancing has been named “[[Nataraj]]” by archaeologist [[V. S. Wakankar]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Rock-art of India: Paintings and Engravings|page=123|publisher=Arnold-Heinemann|first=Kalyan Kumar|last=Chakravarty|quote=Nataraj figures from BHIM III E-19 and one from III F -16 are well decorated in fierce mood. Probably they represent conception of a fierce deity like Vedic Rudra.(Wa.kankar, op. cit)'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Riddles of Indian Rockshelter Paintings|author=Shiv Kumar Tiwari|page=245|publisher=Sarup & Sons}}</ref> It is estimated that paintings in at least 100 rockshelters might have been eroded away.<ref>{{cite book|title=After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC|page=401|first=Steven|last=Mithen|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780674019997}}</ref>
In one of the desolate rock shelters, the painting of a man holding a trident-like staff and dancing has been nicknamed "[[Nataraj]]" by archaeologist [[V. S. Wakankar]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Rock-art of India: Paintings and Engravings|page=123|publisher=Arnold-Heinemann|first=Kalyan Kumar|last=Chakravarty|quote=Nataraj figures from BHIM III E-19 and one from III F −16 are well decorated in fierce mood. Probably they represent conception of a fierce deity like Vedic Rudra.(Wa.kankar, op. cit)'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Riddles of Indian Rockshelter Paintings|author=Shiv Kumar Tiwari|page=245|publisher=Sarup & Sons}}</ref> It is estimated that paintings in at least 100 rock shelters might have eroded away.<ref>{{cite book|title=After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BC|page=401|first=Steven|last=Mithen|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780674019997}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="150">
File:Dancing painting at Bhimbetka.jpg|Mesolithic dancers


⚫
File:Rock Shelter 15, Bhimbetka 02.jpg|A man being attacked by a horned bovine.
==Gallery==
File:Bhimbetka rock paintng1.jpg|people hunting animal
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Bheem Baithika Caves Paintings (7).jpg|
File:Bhimbetka Cave Paintings.jpg|People riding horses holding weapons
File:Bheem Baithika Caves Paintings (11).jpg|
File:Rock Shelter at Bhimbetka.jpg|Man riding elephant
⚫
File:Bhimbetka Natraj painting.jpg|An eroded painting in the caves showing a man dancing and holding a trident-like staff
File:Bheem Baithika Caves Paintings (2).jpg|
File:Bheem Baithika Caves Paintings (4).jpg|
File:2500yr Visualization Statues Bhembetika (1).jpg|
File:Cave Paintings Bhembetika (23)e.jpg|
File:Cave Paintings Bhembetika (9)e.jpg|
File:Cave Paintings Bhembetika (10)e.jpg|
</gallery>
</gallery>


== See also ==
== "''Dickinsonia'' fossils" ==
{{see also | Fossil parks in India | l1= Fossil sites in India }}


[[Fossil|Fossils]] of ''[[Dickinsonia|Dickinsonia tenuis]]'', an early animal from the [[Ediacaran|Ediacaran Period]], were reported from Bhimbetka; they were said to be identical with ''D. tenuis'' fossils from the [[Ediacaran biota|Ediacara Member]] of [[Ediacara Hills]] in [[South Australia]]. From this, several [[Palaeogeography|paleogeographic]] conclusions were made, such as the [[Gondwana#Formation|formation of Gondwanaland]] by 550 million years ago.<ref name="DG">{{cite journal |last1=Retallack |first1=Gregory J. |last2=Matthews |first2=Neffra A. |last3=Master |first3=Sharad |last4=Khangar |first4=Ranjit G. |last5=Khan |first5=Merajuddin |date=2021 |title=Dickinsonia discovered in India and late Ediacaran biogeography |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.11.008 |journal=Gondwana Research |language=en |volume=90 |pages=165–170 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2020.11.008|s2cid=229451488 }}</ref> However, later examination showed that the purported fossil material was simply decayed remnants of a beehive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meert |first1=Joseph G. |last2=Pandit |first2=Manoj K. |last3=Kwafo |first3=Samuel |last4=Singha |first4=Ananya |date=2023-01-13 |title=Stinging News: 'Dickinsonia' discovered in the Upper Vindhyan of India Not Worth the Buzz |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X23000254 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=117 |pages=1–7 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2023.01.003 |s2cid=255846878 |issn=1342-937X}}</ref>

== Similar sites in India==
{{see also | Archaeology in India}}

Some Mesolithic sites with cave art, tools, paintings, etc are [[Anangpur#Cave|Anangpur caves]] ([[Faridabad]]) and [[Mangar Bani#Cave|Mangar Bani Caves]] ([[Gurugram]]) in [[Delhi NCR]], and [[Pahargarh caves]] ([[Morena]]) in [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
⚫
* [[Belum Caves]]
* [[List of Stone Age art#Cave paintings and Rock art|Cave paintings and other rock art]]
* [[List of Stone Age art#Cave paintings and Rock art|Cave paintings and other rock art]]
* [[Rock carvings at Alta]]
* [[Cave paintings in India]]
* [[Cumbe Mayo]], Peru
* [[Cumbe Mayo]], Peru
⚫
* [[Pahargarh caves]]
* [[Petroglyph National Monument]]
* [[Petroglyph National Monument]]
* [[Rock art]]
* [[Rock art]]
* [[Cave paintings in India]]
* [[Rock carvings at Alta]]
{{Div col end}}
⚫
* [[Belum Caves]]
⚫
* [[Pahargarh caves]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Rock shelters of Bhimbetka}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bhimbetka}}
* [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925 UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]
{{Commons category|Rock shelters of Bhimbetka}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925 UNESCO World Heritage: Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]
* [http://vm.kemsu.ru/en/mezolith/bhimpet.html Prehistoric Art of Bhimbetka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151115173325/http://vm.kemsu.ru/en/mezolith/bhimpet.html Prehistoric Art of Bhimbetka]
* [https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/2686/bhimbetka_index.htm&date=2009-10-25+06:16:53 Bhimbetka Gallery by A. N. Maheshwari]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021105115224/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/2686/bhimbetka_index.htm Bhimbetka Gallery by A. N. Maheshwari]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/rockpain/betaka.htm Pre-historic Paintings of Bhimbetka by L. L. Kamat]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/rockpain/betaka.htm Pre-historic Paintings of Bhimbetka by L. L. Kamat]
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/india/ The Rock Art of Central India]
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/india/ The Rock Art of Central India]
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{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
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{{Narmada basin}}
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{{Prehistoric technology}}
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{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
{{Tourism in India}}
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{{Prehistoric technology}}
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{{Narmada basin}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhimbetka Rock Shelters}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhimbetka Rock Shelters}}
[[Category:1888 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Caves of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Caves of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Prehistoric art]]
[[Category:Prehistoric art in India]]
[[Category:Raisen district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Raisen district]]
[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Rock art in India]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Rock shelters]]
[[Category:Rock shelters]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prehistoric sites in India]]

Latest revision as of 14:49, 27 November 2024

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Bhimbetka rock painting
LocationRaisen District, Madhya Pradesh, India
CriteriaCultural: (iii), (v)
Reference925
Inscription2003 (27th Session)
Area1,893 ha (7.31 sq mi)
Buffer zone10,280 ha (39.7 sq mi)
Coordinates22°56′18″N 77°36′47″E / 22.938415°N 77.613085°E / 22.938415; 77.613085
Bhimbetka rock shelters is located in India
Bhimbetka rock shelters
Bhimbetka rock shelters, Madhya Pradesh, India
Bhimbetka rock shelters is located in Madhya Pradesh
Bhimbetka rock shelters
Bhimbetka rock shelters (Madhya Pradesh)

The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site in central India that spans the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, as well as the historic period.[1][2] It exhibits the earliest traces of human life in India and evidence of the Stone Age starting at the site in Acheulian times.[3][4][5] It is located in the Raisen District in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, about 45 kilometres (28 mi) south-east of Bhopal. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that consists of seven hills and over 750 rock shelters distributed over 10 km (6.2 mi).[2][6] At least some of the shelters were inhabited more than 100,000 years ago.[2][7]

The rock shelters and caves provide evidence of human settlement and the cultural evolution from hunter-gatherers to agriculture, and expressions of prehistoric spirituality.[8]

Some of the Bhimbetka rock shelters feature prehistoric cave paintings and the earliest are dated to 10,000 BCE, corresponding to the Indian Mesolithic.[9][10][11][12][13][14] These cave paintings show themes such as animals, early evidence of dance and hunting from the Stone Age as well as of warriors on horseback from a later time (perhaps the Bronze Age).[15][16][17] The Bhimbetka site has the oldest-known rock art in India,[18] as well as is one of the largest prehistoric complexes.[8][19]

Location

[edit]
Archaeological Survey of India monument number N-MP-225

The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka are 45 kilometers south-east of Bhopal and 9  km from Obedullaganj city in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh at the southern edge of the Vindhya Range. South of these rock shelters are successive ranges of the Satpura hills. It is inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary, embedded in sandstone rocks, in the foothills of the Vindhya Range.[8][20] The site consists of seven hills: Vinayaka, Bhonrawali, Bhimbetka, Lakha Juar (east and west), Jhondra and Muni Babaki Pahari.[1]

Background

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Bhimbetka meaning "Bhima's resting place" or "Bhima's lounge", is compound word made of Bhima (second brother among the five Pandavas of Mahabharata) and Baithaka (seat or lounge). According to the native belief, Bhima during his exile used to rest here to interact with the locals. Bhima Worshiped Mata Vaishavi at this location and blessed for concurring the forthcoming war. There is a famous Mata Vaishavi Temple existing at this place since long. [21]

History

[edit]
Bhimbetka location
One of about 750 rock shelter caves at Bhimbetka.

W. Kincaid, a British India era official, first mentioned Bhimbetka in a scholarly paper in 1888. He relied on the information he gathered from adivasis (tribals) about Bhojpur lake in the area and referred to Bhimbetka as a Buddhist site.[22] The first archaeologist to visit a few caves at the site and discover its prehistoric significance was V. S. Wakankar, who saw these rock formations and thought these were similar to those he had seen in Spain and France. He visited the area with a team of archaeologists and reported several prehistoric rock shelters in 1957.[23]

It was only in the 1970s that the scale and true significance of the Bhimbetka rock shelters was discovered and reported.[22] Since then, more than 750 rock shelters have been identified. The Bhimbetka group contains 243 of these, while the Lakha Juar group nearby has 178 shelters. According to Archaeological Survey of India, the evidence suggests that there has been a continuous human settlement here from the Stone Age through the late Acheulian to the late Mesolithic until the 2nd century BCE in these caves. This information is based on the findings from the excavation of the site, the unearthed artifacts and goods, pigments present in deposits, as well as the rock paintings.[24]

The site contains the world's oldest stone walls and floors.[25]

The origin of the raw materials utilized in certain monoliths uncovered at Bhimbetka has been traced back to Barkheda.[26]

The site consisting of 1,892 hectares was declared as protected under Indian laws and came under the management of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1990.[27] It was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003.[8][28]

Auditorium cave

[edit]
Bhimbetka quartzite towers
Auditorium cave

Of the numerous shelters, the Auditorium cave is one of the significant features of this site. Surrounded by quartzite towers which are visible from several kilometres' distance, the Auditorium rock is the largest shelter at Bhimbetka. Robert G. Bednarik describes the prehistoric Auditorium cave as one with a "cathedral-like" atmosphere, with "its Gothic arches and soaring spaces".[29] Its plan resembles a "right-angled cross" with four of its branches aligned to the four cardinal directions. The main entrance points to the east. At the end of this eastern passage, at the cave's entrance, is a boulder with a near-vertical panel that is distinctive, one visible from distance and all directions. In archaeology literature, this boulder has been dubbed as "Chief's Rock" or "King's Rock", though there is no evidence of any rituals or its role as such.[29][30][31] The boulder with the Auditorium cave is the central feature of the Bhimbetka, midst its 754 numbered shelters spread over few kilometres on either side, and nearly 500 locations where rock paintings can be found, states Bednarik.[29]

Rock art and paintings

[edit]

The rock shelters and caves of Bhimbetka have a large number of paintings. Some of the oldest paintings are dated to 10,000 BCE,[9][10][11][12][13][14] but some of the geometric figures date to as recently as the medieval period. The drawings and paintings can be classified under seven different periods. V. S. Wakankar classified the drawings and paintings into seven different periods and dated the earliest paintings to have belonged to the upper Palaeolithic to be as early as 40,000 years ago.[32][33] The colours used are vegetable colours which have endured through time because the drawings were generally made deep inside a niche or on inner walls.

Period I – (Upper Paleolithic): These are linear representations in green of humans dancing and hunting.[34]

Period II – (Mesolithic): Comparatively small in size the stylised figures in this group show linear decorations on the body. In addition to animals there are human figures and hunting scenes, giving a clear picture of the weapons they used: barbed spears, pointed sticks, bows and arrows.[15][16][35] Some scenes are interpreted as depicting tribal war between three tribes symbolised by their animal totems.[1][36] The depiction of communal dances, birds, musical instruments, mothers and children, pregnant women, men carrying dead animals, drinking and burials appear in rhythmic movement.[15][16][35]

Period III – (Chalcolithic) Similar to the paintings of the Mesolithic, these drawings reveal that during this period the cave dwellers of this area were in contact with the agricultural communities of the Malwa plains, exchanging goods with them.

Period IV & V – (Early historic): The figures of this group have a schematic and decorative style and are painted mainly in red, white and yellow. The association is of riders, depiction of religious symbols, tunic-like dresses and the existence of scripts of different periods. The religious beliefs are represented by figures of yakshas, tree gods and magical sky chariots.[citation needed]

Period VI & VII – (Medieval): These paintings are geometric linear and more schematic, but they show degeneration and crudeness in their artistic style. The colors used by the cave dwellers were prepared by combining black manganese oxides, red hematite and charcoal.

One rock, popularly referred to as "Zoo Rock", depicts elephants, barasingha (swamp deer), bison and deer. Paintings on another rock show a peacock, a snake, a deer and the sun. On another rock, two elephants with tusks are painted. Hunting scenes with hunters carrying bows, arrows, swords, and shields also find their place in the community of these pre-historic paintings. In one of the caves, a bison is shown in pursuit of a hunter while his two companions appear to stand helplessly nearby; in another, some horsemen are seen, along with archers. In one painting, a large wild bovine (possibly a gaur or bison) is seen.[citation needed]

Yashodhar Mathpal has conducted a very careful study of the various animals depicted in these rock shelters. He has identified sloth bear, wolf, hyaena, rhinoceros, wild cattle, deer, antelopes, hare, monkeys, anteater, rats, fish, turtle, peafowl, some birds without any details among the wild animals and a domesticated dog. Deer and antelope are amongst the most numerous of the wild animals depicted. The pictures include groups of hunters;  one such group is depicted as running away from a rhinoceros. Other groups are engaged in hunting deer, antelopes and other prey. Spear and bow and arrow are the main weapons of hunt; fish and turtle are being caught in a net, and rats are being driven out of their burrows to be caught. The paintings are classified largely in two groups, one as depictions of hunters and food gatherers, and in others as fighters, riding on horses and elephant carrying metal weapons. The first group of paintings date to prehistoric times while second one dates to historic times.[37][38] Most of the paintings from the historic period depict battles between rulers carrying swords, spears, bows and arrows.[38]

In one of the desolate rock shelters, the painting of a man holding a trident-like staff and dancing has been nicknamed "Nataraj" by archaeologist V. S. Wakankar.[39][40] It is estimated that paintings in at least 100 rock shelters might have eroded away.[41]

  • Mesolithic dancers
    Mesolithic dancers
  • A man being attacked by a horned bovine.
    A man being attacked by a horned bovine.
  • people hunting animal
    people hunting animal
  • People riding horses holding weapons
    People riding horses holding weapons
  • Man riding elephant
    Man riding elephant
  • An eroded painting in the caves showing a man dancing and holding a trident-like staff
    An eroded painting in the caves showing a man dancing and holding a trident-like staff

"Dickinsonia fossils"

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See also: Fossil sites in India

Fossils of Dickinsonia tenuis, an early animal from the Ediacaran Period, were reported from Bhimbetka; they were said to be identical with D. tenuis fossils from the Ediacara Member of Ediacara Hills in South Australia. From this, several paleogeographic conclusions were made, such as the formation of Gondwanaland by 550 million years ago.[42] However, later examination showed that the purported fossil material was simply decayed remnants of a beehive.[43]

Similar sites in India

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See also: Archaeology in India

Some Mesolithic sites with cave art, tools, paintings, etc are Anangpur caves (Faridabad) and Mangar Bani Caves (Gurugram) in Delhi NCR, and Pahargarh caves (Morena) in Madhya Pradesh.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Peter N. Peregrine; Melvin Ember (2003). Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia. Springer Science. pp. 315–317. ISBN 978-0-306-46262-7.
  2. ^ a b c Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum (2008), World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Algora Publishing, 2008, pages 15–19
  3. ^ Agrawal, D.P.; Krishnamurthy, R.V.; Kusumgar, Sheela; Pant, R.K. (1978). "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age". Journal of Human Evolution. 7: 37–44. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(78)80034-7. The microlithic occupation there is the last one, as the Stone Age started there with Acheulian times. These rock shelters have been used to light fires even up to recent times by the tribals. This is re-fleeted in the scatter of 14C dates from Bhimbetka
  4. ^ Kerr, Gordon (25 May 2017). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Oldcastle Books Ltd. p. 17. ISBN 9781843449232.
  5. ^ Neda Hosse in Tehrani; Shahida Ansari; Kamyar Abdi (2016). "Anthropogenic Processes in Caves/Rock Shelters in Izeh Plain (Iran) and Bhimbetka Region (India)". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 76: 237–248. JSTOR 26264790. the rock shelter site of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh exhibits the earliest traces of human life
  6. ^ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Advisory Body Evaluation, UNESCO, pages 43–44
  7. ^ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Advisory Body Evaluation, UNESCO, pages 14–15
  8. ^ a b c d Bhimbetka rock shelters, Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ a b Mathpal, Yashodhar (1984). Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka. Abhinav Publications. pp. 220–227. ISBN 9788170171935. The paintings of the earlier five phases ( A - E ) belong to the prehistoric or Mesolithic stage. The oldest of them may be dated to 10,000 BC
  10. ^ a b Alok Kumar Kanungo. Gurudakshina: Facets of Indian Archaeology. British Archaeological Reports. p. 32. The oldest of them may be dated to 10,000 B.C. or even earlier.
  11. ^ a b Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2000). Riddles of Indian Rockshelter Paintings. Sarup & Sons. p. 189. ISBN 9788176250863.
  12. ^ a b Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (PDF). UNESCO. 2003. p. 16.
  13. ^ a b Mithen, Steven (2011). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000 - 5000 BC. Orion. p. 524. ISBN 9781780222592.
  14. ^ a b Javid, Ali; Jāvīd, ʻAlī; Javeed, Tabassum (2008). World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 9780875864846.
  15. ^ a b c Yashodhar Mathpal, 1984, Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka, Page 214.
  16. ^ a b c M. L. Varad Pande, Manohar Laxman Varadpande, 1987, History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1, Page 57.
  17. ^ Sanyal, Sanjeev. Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography. ISBN 978-0-14-342093-4. OCLC 855957425.
  18. ^ Deborah M. Pearsall (2008). Encyclopedia of archaeology. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 1949–1951. ISBN 978-0-12-373643-7.
  19. ^ Jo McDonald; Peter Veth (2012). A Companion to Rock Art. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 291–293. ISBN 978-1-118-25392-2.
  20. ^ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment, Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 14–18, 22–23, 30–33
  21. ^ Bhimbetka: An Accidental Find, Outlook, 22 June 2020.
  22. ^ a b Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment, Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, page 54
  23. ^ "Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka". World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  24. ^ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment, Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 15–16, 22–23, 45, 54–60
  25. ^ Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty; Robert G. Bednarik. Indian Rock Art and Its Global Context. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 29.
  26. ^ "Bhimbetka (India) No. 925" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  27. ^ Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka: Continuity through Antiquity, Art & Environment, Archaeological Survey of India, UNESCO, pages 10, 53
  28. ^ World Heritage Sites – Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Archived 27 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeological Survey of India
  29. ^ a b c Robert G Bednarik (1996), The cupules on Chief's Rock, Auditorium Cave, Bhimbetka, The Artifact: Journal of the Archaeological and Anthropological Society of Victoria, Volume 19, pages 63–71
  30. ^ Robert Bednarik (1993), Palaeolithic Art in India, Man and Environment, Volume 18, Number 2, pages 33–40
  31. ^ Singh, Manoj Kumar (2014). "Bhimbetka Rockshelters". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer New York. pp. 867–870. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2286. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3.
  32. ^ Agrawal, D.P.; Kharakwal, J.S. (1998). Central Himalayas: An Archaeological, Linguistic, and Cultural Synthesis. Aryan Books International. p. 66. ISBN 978-81-7305-132-6. Based on C - 14 dates they are placed between 40,000 and 25,000 BP ( Wakankar 1987)
  33. ^ Bednarik, Robert G. (1994). "Art Origins". Anthropos. 89 (1/3). Anthropos Institut: 169–180. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40463849. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  34. ^ Dubey-Pathak, Meenakshi (2014). "Rock art of the Bhimbetka period in India" (PDF). Adoranten 2014. Tanums Hällristningsmuseum Underslös. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  35. ^ a b Dance In Indian Painting, Page xv.
  36. ^ D. P. Agrawal, J. S. Kharakwal. South Asian Prehistory: A Multidisciplinary study. Aryan Books International. p. 149.
  37. ^ Mathpal, Yashodhar (1984). Prehistoric Painting Of Bhimbetka. Abhinav Publications. p. 225.
  38. ^ a b Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum (2008). World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora Publishing. p. 20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Chakravarty, Kalyan Kumar. Rock-art of India: Paintings and Engravings. Arnold-Heinemann. p. 123. Nataraj figures from BHIM III E-19 and one from III F −16 are well decorated in fierce mood. Probably they represent conception of a fierce deity like Vedic Rudra.(Wa.kankar, op. cit)'.
  40. ^ Shiv Kumar Tiwari. Riddles of Indian Rockshelter Paintings. Sarup & Sons. p. 245.
  41. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BC. Harvard University Press. p. 401. ISBN 9780674019997.
  42. ^ Retallack, Gregory J.; Matthews, Neffra A.; Master, Sharad; Khangar, Ranjit G.; Khan, Merajuddin (2021). "Dickinsonia discovered in India and late Ediacaran biogeography". Gondwana Research. 90: 165–170. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.11.008. S2CID 229451488.
  43. ^ Meert, Joseph G.; Pandit, Manoj K.; Kwafo, Samuel; Singha, Ananya (13 January 2023). "Stinging News: 'Dickinsonia' discovered in the Upper Vindhyan of India Not Worth the Buzz". Gondwana Research. 117: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.01.003. ISSN 1342-937X. S2CID 255846878.
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