Speckled black salamander: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}} |
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{{For|another species sometimes known as the black salamander|Pseudoeurycea melanomolga}} |
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| name = Black salamander |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| image = Aneides flavipunctatus with young (Marshal Hedin).jpg |
| image = Aneides flavipunctatus with young (Marshal Hedin).jpg |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = Speckled black salamander mother and young |
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| status = |
| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| taxon = Aneides flavipunctatus |
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| species = flavipunctatus |
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| authority = ([[Alexander Strauch (naturalist)|Strauch]], 1870) |
| authority = ([[Alexander Strauch (naturalist)|Strauch]], 1870) |
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| synonyms = ''Plethodon flavipunctatus'' <small>Strauch, 1870</small> |
| synonyms = * ''Plethodon flavipunctatus'' <small>Strauch, 1870</small> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/> |
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/> |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Aneides flavipunctatus'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T77855799A77855696 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/77855799/77855696 |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> |
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The ''' |
The '''speckled''' '''black salamander''' ('''''Aneides flavipunctatus'''''), previously known as just the '''black salamander''', is a species of [[salamander]] in the family [[Lungless salamander|Plethodontidae]]. It is [[endemic]] to the [[United States|U.S.]] state of [[California]].<ref name=Frost/> Its natural [[habitat]]s are temperate [[forest]]s and temperate [[grassland]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]]. |
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== Taxonomy == |
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Previously, it was referred to as the '''black salamander''', and was thought to have a fragmented range across most of [[California]] and southern [[Oregon]]. However, a 2019 taxonomic study found it to represent a [[species complex]] of multiple species: the speckled black salamander (''A. flavipunctatus sensu stricto''), the [[Shasta black salamander]] (''A. iecanus''), the [[Santa Cruz black salamander]] (''A. niger''), and the [[Klamath black salamander]] (''A. klamathensis''). These were thus split off as distinct species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Reilly|first1=Sean B.|last2=Wake|first2=David B.|date=2019-08-01|title=Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of the Aneides flavipunctatus complex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=7|pages=e7370|doi=10.7717/peerj.7370|issn=2167-8359|pmc=6679913|pmid=31396443 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Plethodontinae/Aneides/Aneides-flavipunctatus|access-date=2022-01-02|website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The black salamander can grow to {{convert|60|to|75|mm|sp=us}} long. The color varies |
The speckled black salamander can grow to {{convert|60|to|75|mm|sp=us}} long. The color varies, black with coarse can be the color or fine white spots, black with yellow spots, or black with a grayish or greenish sheen. The underside is paler. Juveniles are greenish-gray or bronze and have yellow at the base of their legs.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/a.f.flavipunctatus.html |title=Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus - Speckled Black Salamander |publisher=CaliforniaHerps |access-date=2012-08-30}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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The black salamander is found in forested areas and grassland in the coastal ranges of |
The speckled black salamander is found in forested areas and grassland in the coastal ranges of [[California]], mostly at elevations below {{convert|600|m|ft|sp=us}} but occasionally up to {{convert|1700|m|ft|sp=us}}. It ranges from southern [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt]] and [[Trinity County, California|Trinity]] counties south to southwestern [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]] and northern [[Napa County, California|Napa]] counties. An ''Aneides'' population in [[Glenn County, California|Glenn County]] may be of this species but this is debated.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Plethodontinae/Aneides/Aneides-flavipunctatus|access-date=2022-01-02|website=amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org}}</ref> In the southern part of its range it hides under logs and rocks in damp places and stream banks in woodland. Northern populations are found in more open country and in the far north of its range it is found among mossy rocks and scree.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Aneides&where-species=flavipunctatus |title=''Aneides flavipunctatus'' |author1=Staub, Nancy L. |author2=Wake, David B. |work=AmphibiaWeb |access-date=2012-08-30}}</ref><ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022" /> |
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==Biology== |
==Biology== |
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The black salamander is mostly terrestrial but has a prehensile tail so may sometimes climb as does the related arboreal salamander ''[[Aneides lugubris]]''. It feeds on small [[invertebrate]]s such as [[millipede]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[ant]]s and [[termite]]s. Juveniles have a similar diet but include [[Fly|flies]] and [[springtail]]s.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> Like other [[Lungless salamander|plethodont salamanders]], it is mainly nocturnal and hides during the day.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Natural History of Amphibians |last=Stebbins |first=Robert C. |author2=Cohen, Nathan W. |year=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-03281-5 |pages=54–55 }}</ref> |
The speckled black salamander is mostly terrestrial but has a prehensile tail so may sometimes climb as does the related arboreal salamander ''[[Aneides lugubris]]''. It feeds on small [[invertebrate]]s such as [[millipede]]s, [[beetle]]s, [[ant]]s and [[termite]]s. Juveniles have a similar diet but include [[Fly|flies]] and [[springtail]]s.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> Like other [[Lungless salamander|plethodont salamanders]], it is mainly nocturnal and hides during the day.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Natural History of Amphibians |last=Stebbins |first=Robert C. |author2=Cohen, Nathan W. |year=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-03281-5 |pages=54–55 }}</ref> |
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The breeding habits of the black salamander have been little studied. The eggs are laid in July or August in underground chambers, where they are attached by short stalks to the moist soil. The female seems to guard the eggs until they hatch. In captivity, the black salamander is aggressive towards its own species and adults in the wild are often scarred, so the species is probably territorial. In the laboratory it has been known to bite the [[Western Garter Snake|western garter snake]] when attacked.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> |
The breeding habits of the speckled black salamander have been little studied. The eggs are laid in July or August in underground chambers, where they are attached by short stalks to the moist soil. The female seems to guard the eggs until they hatch. In captivity, the black salamander is aggressive towards its own species and adults in the wild are often scarred, so the species is probably territorial. In the laboratory it has been known to bite the [[Western Garter Snake|western garter snake]] when attacked.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> |
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==Status== |
==Status== |
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The black salamander is listed as |
The speckled black salamander is listed as least concern in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. In some areas it has been displaced by the planting of [[vineyard]]s.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> In addition, this listing is based on the previous definition of the species (prior to other species being split off), when it was thought to have a wider range.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em|refs= |
{{Reflist|30em|refs= |
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<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Plethodontinae/Aneides/Aneides-flavipunctatus |title=''Aneides flavipunctatus'' (Strauch, 1870) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2017 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History | |
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Caudata/Plethodontidae/Plethodontinae/Aneides/Aneides-flavipunctatus |title=''Aneides flavipunctatus'' (Strauch, 1870) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2017 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2246834}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2246834}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Aneides]] |
[[Category:Aneides]] |
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[[Category:Amphibians of the United States]] |
[[Category:Amphibians of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Endemic fauna of |
[[Category:Endemic fauna of California]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1870]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Alexander Strauch]] |
[[Category:Taxa named by Alexander Strauch]] |
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[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:44, 28 April 2024
| Speckled black salamander | |
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| Speckled black salamander mother and young | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Subfamily: | Plethodontinae |
| Genus: | Aneides |
| Species: | A. flavipunctatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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The speckled black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus), previously known as just the black salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the U.S. state of California.[2] Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Taxonomy
[edit]Previously, it was referred to as the black salamander, and was thought to have a fragmented range across most of California and southern Oregon. However, a 2019 taxonomic study found it to represent a species complex of multiple species: the speckled black salamander (A. flavipunctatus sensu stricto), the Shasta black salamander (A. iecanus), the Santa Cruz black salamander (A. niger), and the Klamath black salamander (A. klamathensis). These were thus split off as distinct species.[3][4][5]
Description
[edit]The speckled black salamander can grow to 60 to 75 millimeters (2.4 to 3.0 in) long. The color varies, black with coarse can be the color or fine white spots, black with yellow spots, or black with a grayish or greenish sheen. The underside is paler. Juveniles are greenish-gray or bronze and have yellow at the base of their legs.[5]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The speckled black salamander is found in forested areas and grassland in the coastal ranges of California, mostly at elevations below 600 meters (2,000 ft) but occasionally up to 1,700 meters (5,600 ft). It ranges from southern Humboldt and Trinity counties south to southwestern Sonoma and northern Napa counties. An Aneides population in Glenn County may be of this species but this is debated.[4] In the southern part of its range it hides under logs and rocks in damp places and stream banks in woodland. Northern populations are found in more open country and in the far north of its range it is found among mossy rocks and scree.[6][1]
Biology
[edit]The speckled black salamander is mostly terrestrial but has a prehensile tail so may sometimes climb as does the related arboreal salamander Aneides lugubris. It feeds on small invertebrates such as millipedes, beetles, ants and termites. Juveniles have a similar diet but include flies and springtails.[6] Like other plethodont salamanders, it is mainly nocturnal and hides during the day.[7]
The breeding habits of the speckled black salamander have been little studied. The eggs are laid in July or August in underground chambers, where they are attached by short stalks to the moist soil. The female seems to guard the eggs until they hatch. In captivity, the black salamander is aggressive towards its own species and adults in the wild are often scarred, so the species is probably territorial. In the laboratory it has been known to bite the western garter snake when attacked.[6]
Status
[edit]The speckled black salamander is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In some areas it has been displaced by the planting of vineyards.[6] In addition, this listing is based on the previous definition of the species (prior to other species being split off), when it was thought to have a wider range.[3]
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aneides flavipunctatus.
- ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Aneides flavipunctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T77855799A77855696. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ a b Reilly, Sean B.; Wake, David B. (2019-08-01). "Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of the Aneides flavipunctatus complex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)". PeerJ. 7: e7370. doi:10.7717/peerj.7370. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6679913. PMID 31396443.
- ^ a b "Aneides flavipunctatus (Strauch, 1870) | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
- ^ a b "Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus - Speckled Black Salamander". CaliforniaHerps. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
- ^ a b c d Staub, Nancy L.; Wake, David B. "Aneides flavipunctatus". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
- ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-691-03281-5.
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