Religion in Pakistan: Difference between revisions

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Religion in Pakistan (2023 census)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Islam (96.35%)

Hinduism (2.17%)

Christianity (1.37%)

Others (0.11%)

The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore was built during the Mughal Empire

Shiva Parvati Hindu Temple in Mithi

St. Patrick's Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi

The animistic Kalash people at Chilam Joshi festival in Chitral, whose religion resembles ancient Hinduism^[6]

The official religion of Pakistan is Islam,^[7] as enshrined by Article 2 of the Constitution, and is practised by an overwhelming majority of 96.35% of the country's population.^[1]^[8] The remaining 3.65% practice Hinduism, Christianity, Ahmadiyya (considered a non-Muslim group as per Pakistani constitution^[9]), Sikhism, Zoroastrianism and other religions.^[7]^[10]

Muslims comprise a number of sects: the majority practice Sunni Islam (estimated at 90%), while a minority practice Shia Islam (estimated at 10%).^[11]^[12]^[13] Most Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence,^[7] which is represented by the Barelvi and Deobandi traditions. However, the Hanbali school is also gaining popularity due to Ahl-i Hadith and Wahhabi influence from the Middle East.^[14] The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver Islamic law school, with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others.

Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region comprising Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.^[15]^[16]

Equal rights

Khawaja Nazimuddin, Pakistan's second Prime Minister, argued against equal rights for all citizens in an Islamic state.^[17] However, The Constitution of Pakistan establishes Islam as the state religion,^[18] and provides that all citizens have the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality.^[19] The Constitution also states that all laws are to conform with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah.^[20]

The Constitution limits the political rights of Pakistan's non-Muslims. Only Muslims are allowed to become the President^[21] or the Prime Minister.^[22] Only Muslims are allowed to serve as judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike down any law deemed un-Islamic, though its judgments can be overruled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan.^[23] However, non-Muslims have served as judges in the High Courts and Supreme Court.^[24] In 2019, Naveed Amir, a Christian member of the National Assembly moved a bill to amend the article 41 and 91 of the Constitution which would allow non-Muslims to become Prime Minister and President of Pakistan. However, Pakistan's parliament blocked the bill.^[25]

The main principles of Human rights in the Pakistani constitution were incorporated in its fundamental rights which were granted under various articles of 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 36 & 38 of the constitution^[26] –

(a) Article 20 : Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious institutions.^[27]

(b) Article 21 : Safeguard against taxation for purposes of any particular religion.^[28]

(c) Article 22 : Safeguards as to educational institutions in respect of religion, etc.^[29]

(d) Article 25 : Equality of citizens.^[30]

(e) Article 26 : Non-discrimination in respect of access to public places.^[31]

(f) Article 27 : Safeguard against discrimination in services.^[32]

(g) Article 36 : Protection of Minorities.^[33]

(h) Article 38 : Promotion of social and economic well-being of all the people.^[34]

Demographics of religion in Pakistan

Background

Religious groups in Pakistan (1901–2023)
Religious group	1901 census^[a]		1911 census^[b]		1921 census^[c]		1931 census^[d]		1941 census^[e]		1947 estimate^[f]		1951 census^[35]^[36]		1961 census ^[37]^[38]		1972 census^[39]		1981 census^[40]^[41]		1998 census^[42]		2017 census^[43]		2023 census^[44]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	14,022,544	79.52%	14,966,846	79.58%	15,203,501	78.41%	17,557,877	77.98%	21,113,214	77.43%	23,581,769	76.73%	32,731,582	97.12%	41,666,153	97.17%	60,434,659	96.75%	81,450,057	96.67%	127,433,409	96.28%	200,362,718	96.47%	231,686,709	96.35%
Hinduism ^[g]	3,009,842	17.07%	2,766,581	14.71%	2,957,680	15.25%	3,298,570	14.65%	3,981,565	14.6%	4,457,578	14.5%	531,131	1.58%	621,805	1.45%	900,206	1.44%	1,276,116	1.51%	2,443,614	1.85%	4,444,870	2.14%	5,217,216	2.17%
Sikhism	529,910	3.01%	884,987	4.71%	931,489	4.8%	1,282,698	5.7%	1,672,753	6.13%	1,961,556	6.38%	—	—	—	—	—	—	2,146	0%	—	—	—	—	15,998	0.01%
Christianity	59,387	0.34%	167,178	0.89%	276,107	1.42%	360,371	1.6%	432,724	1.59%	483,033	1.57%	432,978	1.28%	583,884	1.36%	907,861	1.45%	1,310,426	1.56%	2,092,902	1.58%	2,642,048	1.27%	3,300,788	1.37%
Jainism	6,529	0.04%	7,348	0.04%	7,490	0.04%	8,096	0.04%	13,215	0.05%	17,730	0.06%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	2,512	0.01%	3,007	0.02%	3,407	0.02%	4,178	0.02%	4,253	0.02%	—	—	5,320	0.02%	5,219	0.01%	9,589	0.02%	7,007	0.01%	—	—	—	—	2,348	0%
Judaism	489	0%	702	0%	706	0%	1,019	0%	1,180	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	6	0%	207	0%	373	0%	155	0%	266	0%	—	—	680	0%	2,445	0.01%	4,318	0.01%	2,639	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—
Tribal	—	—	9,224	0.05%	8,186	0.04%	236	0%	37,603	0.14%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	104,244	0.12%	286,212	0.22%	191,737	0.09%	162,684	0.07%
Others	2,039	0.01%	299	0%	77	0%	1,553	0.01%	19,228	0.07%	229,852^[h]	0.75%	1,476	0%	872	0%	205,250	0.33%	101,009	0.12%	96,142	0.07%	43,253	0.02%	72,346	0.03%
Total responses	17,633,258	99.58%	18,806,379	92.06%	19,389,016	87.28%	22,514,768	90.88%	27,266,001	91.98%	30,731,518	100%	33,703,167	99.77%	42,880,378	99.77%	62,461,883	95.64%	84,253,644	100%	132,352,279	100%	207,684,626	100%	240,458,089	99.57%
Total population	17,708,014	100%	20,428,473	100%	22,214,152	100%	24,774,056	100%	29,643,600	100%	—	—	33,779,555	100%	42,978,261	100%	65,309,340	100%	84,253,644	100%	132,352,279	100%	207,684,626	100%	241,499,431	100%
Note1: 1901, 1911, 1931, and 1941 figures taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit–Baltistan. Note2: 1947 figures (the year of partition and the accompanying mass population transfer) for Pakistan are estimates based on the annualized growth rates between the 1931 census^[d] and 1941 census^[e] for adherents of Islam (+1.86% p.a.), Hinduism (+1.90% p.a.), Sikhism (+2.69% p.a.), Christianity (+1.85% p.a.), Jainism (+5.02% p.a.), and others (+24.23% p.a.). Note3: 1951 and 1961 figures taken from census data by combining the total population of the former administrative division of West Pakistan.

Annual Muslim Population Growth Rate in Pakistan
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	14,022,544	—
1911	14,966,846	+0.65%
1921	15,203,501	+0.16%
1931	17,557,877	+1.45%
1941	21,113,214	+1.86%
1951	32,731,582	+4.48%
1961	41,666,153	+2.44%
1972	60,434,659	+3.44%
1981	81,450,057	+3.37%
1998	127,433,409	+2.67%
2017	200,362,718	+2.41%
2023	231,686,709	+2.45%

Annual Hindu Population Growth Rate in Pakistan
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	3,009,842	—
1911	2,766,581	−0.84%
1921	2,957,680	+0.67%
1931	3,298,570	+1.10%
1941	3,981,565	+1.90%
1951	531,131	−18.24%
1961	621,805	+1.59%
1972	900,206	+3.42%
1981	1,276,116	+3.95%
1998	2,443,614	+3.90%
2017	4,444,870	+3.20%
2023	5,217,216	+2.71%

Annual Sikh Population Growth Rate in Pakistan
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	529,910	—
1911	884,987	+5.26%
1921	931,489	+0.51%
1931	1,282,698	+3.25%
1941	1,672,753	+2.69%
1981	2,146	−15.33%
2023	15,998	+4.90%

Annual Christian Population Growth Rate in Pakistan
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	59,387	—
1911	167,178	+10.90%
1921	276,107	+5.15%
1931	360,371	+2.70%
1941	432,724	+1.85%
1951	432,978	+0.01%
1961	583,884	+3.04%
1972	907,861	+4.09%
1981	1,310,426	+4.16%
1998	2,092,902	+2.79%
2017	2,642,048	+1.23%
2023	3,300,788	+3.78%

Annual Jain Population Growth Rate in Pakistan
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	6,529	—
1911	7,348	+1.19%
1921	7,490	+0.19%
1931	8,096	+0.78%
1941	13,215	+5.02%

Annual Other^[i] Population Growth Rate in Pakistan
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	5,046	—
1911	13,439	+10.29%
1921	12,749	−0.53%
1931	7,141	−5.63%
1941	62,530	+24.23%
1951	7,476	−19.14%
1961	8,536	+1.33%
1972	219,157	+34.32%
1981	214,899	−0.22%
1998	382,354	+3.45%
2017	234,990	−2.53%
2023	237,378	+0.17%

1901 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 17,708,014 according to the 1901 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 17,633,258, for an overall response rate of 99.6 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1901)^[a]
Religious group	Pakistan^[b]		Punjab^[45]^[j]		Sindh^[46]^[k]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[47]		Balochistan^[48]		AJK^[49]^[l]		Gilgit– Baltistan^[49]^[m]
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	14,022,544	79.52%	7,951,155	76.25%	2,609,337	76.52%	1,890,479	92.19%	765,368	94.4%	747,426	85.62%	58,779	96.54%
Hinduism	3,009,842	17.07%	1,944,363	18.65%	787,683	23.1%	129,306	6.31%	38,158	4.71%	108,331	12.41%	2,001	3.29%
Sikhism	529,910	3.01%	483,999	4.64%	—	—	25,733	1.25%	2,972	0.37%	17,132	1.96%	74	0.12%
Christianity	59,387	0.34%	42,371	0.41%	7,825	0.23%	5,119	0.25%	4,026	0.5%	18	0%	28	0.05%
Jainism	6,529	0.04%	5,562	0.05%	921	0.03%	37	0%	8	0%	0	0%	1	0%
Zoroastrianism	2,512	0.01%	300	0%	2,000	0.06%	46	0%	166	0.02%	0	0%	0	0%
Judaism	489	0.003%	9	0%	428	0.01%	4	0%	48	0.01%	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	6	0%	6	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Others	2,039	0.01%	0	0%	2,029	0.06%	0	0%	0	0%	8	0%	2	0%
Total responses	17,633,258	99.58%	10,427,765	100%	3,410,223	100%	2,050,724^[n]	96.48%	810,746	100%	872,915	100%	60,885	100%
Total population	17,708,014	100%	10,427,765	100%	3,410,223	100%	2,125,480^[n]	100%	810,746	100%	872,915	100%	60,885	100%

1911 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 20,428,473 according to the 1911 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 18,806,379, for an overall response rate of 92.1 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1911)^[b]
Religious group	Pakistan^[b]		Punjab^[50]^[o]		Sindh^[51]^[p]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[52]		Balochistan^[53]		AJK^[54]^[q]		Gilgit– Baltistan^[54]^[r]
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	14,966,846	79.58%	8,494,314	76.49%	2,822,756	75.53%	2,039,994	92.86%	782,648	93.76%	749,945	87.76%	77,189	98.45%
Hinduism	2,766,581	14.71%	1,645,758	14.82%	877,313	23.47%	119,942	5.46%	38,326	4.59%	84,130	9.85%	1,112	1.42%
Sikhism	884,987	4.71%	813,441	7.33%	12,339	0.33%	30,345	1.38%	8,390	1.01%	20,391	2.39%	81	0.1%
Christianity	167,178	0.89%	144,514	1.3%	10,917	0.29%	6,585	0.3%	5,085	0.61%	55	0.01%	22	0.03%
Tribal	9,224	0.05%	—	—	9,224	0.25%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Jainism	7,348	0.04%	5,977	0.05%	1,349	0.04%	4	0%	10	0%	8	0%	0	0%
Zoroastrianism	3,007	0.02%	377	0%	2,411	0.06%	49	0%	170	0.02%	0	0%	0	0%
Judaism	702	0.004%	36	0%	595	0.02%	14	0%	57	0.01%	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	207	0.001%	168	0%	21	0%	0	0%	16	0%	2	0%	0	0%
Others	299	0.002%	0	0%	298	0.01%	0	0%	1	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Total responses	18,806,379	92.06%	11,104,585	100%	3,737,223	100%	2,196,933^[n]	57.53%	834,703	100%	854,531	100%	78,404	100%
Total population	20,428,473	100%	11,104,585	100%	3,737,223	100%	3,819,027^[n]	100%	834,703	100%	854,531	100%	78,404	100%

1921 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 22,214,152 according to the 1921 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 19,389,016, for an overall response rate of 87.3 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1921)^[c]
Religious group	Pakistan^[c]		Punjab^[55]^[s]		Sindh^[56]^[t]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[57]		Balochistan^[58]		AJK^[60]^[u]		Gilgit– Baltistan^[59]^[v]
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	15,203,501	78.41%	8,975,288	75.49%	2,562,700	73.8%	2,062,786	91.62%	733,477	91.73%	780,607	88.02%	88,643	98.82%
Hinduism	2,957,680	15.25%	1,797,141	15.12%	876,629	25.24%	149,881	6.66%	51,348	6.42%	81,733	9.22%	948	1.06%
Sikhism	931,489	4.8%	863,091	7.26%	8,036	0.23%	28,040	1.25%	7,741	0.97%	24,491	2.76%	90	0.1%
Christianity	276,107	1.42%	247,030	2.08%	11,734	0.34%	10,610	0.47%	6,693	0.84%	24	0%	16	0.02%
Tribal	8,186	0.04%	—	—	8,186	0.24%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Jainism	7,490	0.04%	5,930	0.05%	1,534	0.04%	3	0%	17	0%	6	0%	0	0%
Zoroastrianism	3,407	0.02%	309	0%	2,913	0.08%	20	0%	165	0.02%	0	0%	0	0%
Judaism	706	0.004%	16	0%	671	0.02%	0	0%	19	0%	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	373	0.002%	172	0%	41	0%	0	0%	160	0.02%	0	0%	0	0%
Others	77	0.0004%	8	0%	64	0%	0	0%	5	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Total responses	19,389,016	87.28%	11,888,985	100%	3,472,508	100%	2,251,340^[n]	44.35%	799,625	100%	886,861	100%	89,697	100%
Total population	22,214,152	100%	11,888,985	100%	3,472,508	100%	5,076,476^[n]	100%	799,625	100%	886,861	100%	89,697	100%

1931 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 24,774,056 according to the 1931 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 22,514,768, for an overall response rate of 90.9 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1931)^[d]
Religious group	Pakistan^[d]		Punjab^[61]^[w]		Sindh^[62]^[x]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[63]		Balochistan^[64]		AJK^[60]^[aa]		Gilgit– Baltistan^[60]^[z]
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	17,557,877	77.98%	10,570,029	75.28%	3,017,377	73.34%	2,227,303	91.84%	798,093	91.88%	850,135	87.68%	94,940	98.44%
Hinduism ^[g]	3,298,570	14.65%	1,957,878	13.94%	1,055,119	25.65%	142,977	5.9%	53,681	6.18%	87,554	9.03%	1,361	1.41%
Sikhism	1,282,698	5.7%	1,180,789	8.41%	19,172	0.47%	42,510	1.75%	8,425	0.97%	31,709	3.27%	93	0.1%
Christianity	360,371	1.6%	324,730	2.31%	15,152	0.37%	12,213	0.5%	8,059	0.93%	168	0.02%	49	0.05%
Jainism	8,096	0.04%	6,921	0.05%	1,144	0.03%	0	0%	17	0%	11	0%	3	0%
Zoroastrianism	4,178	0.02%	413	0%	3,537	0.09%	60	0%	167	0.02%	1	0%	0	0%
Judaism	1,019	0.005%	6	0%	985	0.02%	11	0%	17	0%	—	—	—	—
Tribal	236	0.001%	—	—	204	0%	—	—	32	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Buddhism	155	0.001%	32	0%	53	0%	2	0%	68	0.01%	0	0%	0	0%
Others	1,553	0.01%	0	0%	1,510	0.04%	0	0%	43	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Total responses	22,514,768	90.88%	14,040,798	100%	4,114,253	100%	2,425,076^[n]	51.77%	868,617	100%	969,578	100%	96,446	100%
Total population	24,774,056	100%	14,040,798	100%	4,114,253	100%	4,684,364^[n]	100%	868,617	100%	969,578	100%	96,446	100%

1941 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 29,643,600 according to the final census prior to partition in 1941. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 27,266,001, for an overall response rate of 92.0 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1941)^[e]
Religious group	Pakistan^[e]		Punjab^[65]^: 42^[ab]		Sindh^[66]^: 28^[ac]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[67]^: 22		Balochistan^[68]^: 13–18		AJK^[69]^{: 337–352}^[y]		Gilgit– Baltistan^[69]^{: 337–352}^[ad]
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	21,113,214	77.43%	13,022,160	75.06%	3,462,015	71.52%	2,788,797	91.8%	785,181	91.53%	939,460	87.54%	115,601	99.62%
Hinduism ^[g]	3,981,565	14.6%	2,373,466	13.68%	1,279,530	26.43%	180,321	5.94%	54,394	6.34%	93,559	8.72%	295	0.25%
Sikhism	1,672,753	6.13%	1,530,112	8.82%	32,627	0.67%	57,939	1.91%	12,044	1.4%	39,910	3.72%	121	0.1%
Christianity	432,724	1.59%	395,311	2.28%	20,304	0.42%	10,889	0.36%	6,056	0.71%	136	0.01%	28	0.02%
Tribal	37,603	0.14%	—	—	37,598	0.78%	—	—	3	0%	0	0%	2	0%
Jainism	13,215	0.05%	9,520	0.05%	3,687	0.08%	1	0%	7	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Zoroastrianism	4,253	0.02%	312	0%	3,841	0.08%	24	0%	76	0.01%	0	0%	0	0%
Judaism	1,180	0.004%	7	0%	1,082	0.02%	71	0%	20	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Buddhism	266	0.001%	87	0%	111	0%	25	0%	43	0.01%	0	0%	0	0%
Others	19,228	0.07%	19,128	0.11%	0	0%	0	0%	11	0%	89	0.01%	0	0%
Total responses	27,266,001	91.98%	17,340,103	100%	4,840,795	100%	3,038,067^[n]	56.1%	857,835	100%	1,073,154	100%	116,047	100%
Total population	29,643,600	100%	17,340,103	100%	4,840,795	100%	5,415,666^[n]	100%	857,835	100%	1,073,154	100%	116,047	100%

1951 census

Religion in Pakistan (1951 Official census)^[35]^[36]

Islam (97.1%)

Hinduism (1.6%)

Christianity (1.2%)

Others (0.1%)

After partition, when first census of Pakistan was conducted in the year 1951, It was found that the Muslim proportion in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) increased from approximately 77.3 percent according to the 1941 census,^[e] to 97.1 percent as per the 1951 census;^[70] in contrast, the combined Hindu and Sikh proportion in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) decreased from approximately 20.7 percent^[e] to just 1.7 percent during the same timeframe, as the 1947 Partition of India gave rise to bloody rioting and indiscriminate inter-communal killing of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the Indian subcontinent, especially in Punjab region. As a result, around 7.3 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India and 7.2 million Muslims moved to Pakistan permanently, leading to demographic change of both the nations to a certain extent.^[71]^[72]

Religious groups in Pakistan (1951)^[35]^[36]
Religious group	Pakistan^[35]^[36]		Punjab^[73]		Sindh^[ae]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[74]		Balochistan^[75]		AJK		Gilgit– Baltistan
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	32,731,582	97.12%	20,200,794	97.89%	5,535,645	91.53%	5,858,080	99.89%	1,137,063	98.52%	—	—	—	—
Hinduism	531,131	1.58%	33,052	0.16%	482,560	7.98%	2,432	0.04%	13,087	1.13%	—	—	—	—
Christianity	432,978	1.28%	402,617	1.95%	22,601	0.37%	3,823	0.07%	3,937	0.34%	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	5,320	0.02%	195	0%	5,046	0.08%	—	—	79	0.01%	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	680	0.002%	9	0%	670	0.01%	—	—	1	0%	—	—	—	—
Others	1,476	0.004%	35	0%	1,226	0.02%	215	0%	0	0%	—	—	—	—
Total responses	33,703,167^[af]	99.77%	20,636,702^[ag]	99.93%	6,047,748^[ah]	99.89%	5,864,550^[ai]	99.4%	1,154,167^[aj]	98.31%	—	—	—	—
Total population	33,779,555	100%	20,651,140	100%	6,054,474	100%	5,899,905	100%	1,174,036	100%	—	—	—	—

1961 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1961)^[37]^[38]
Religious group	Pakistan		Punjab		Sindh		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa		Balochistan		AJK		Gilgit– Baltistan
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	41,666,153	97.17%	25,013,796	97.78%	7,936,979	92.73%	7,569,026	99.88%	1,146,352	98.74%	—	—	—	—
Hinduism	621,805	1.45%	41,965	0.16%	568,530	6.64%	1,474	0.02%	9,836	0.85%	—	—	—	—
Christianity	583,884	1.36%	524,770	2.05%	46,931	0.55%	7,463	0.1%	4,720	0.41%	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	5,219	0.01%	251	0%	4,866	0.06%	10	0%	92	0.01%	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	2,445	0.01%	757	0%	1,683	0.02%	4	0%	1	0%	—	—	—	—
Others	872	0.002%	104	0%	549	0.01%	209	0%	10	0%	—	—	—	—
Total responses	42,880,378^[ak]	99.77%	25,581,643^[al]	99.85%	8,559,538^[am]	99.92%	7,578,186^[an]	99.72%	1,161,011^[ao]	97.34%	—	—	—	—
Total population	42,978,261	100%	25,619,437	100%	8,566,512	100%	7,599,627	100%	1,192,685	100%	—	—	—	—

1972 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1972)^[39]
Religious group	Pakistan^[39]		Punjab^[76]		Sindh^[77]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[78]^[79]		Balochistan^[80]		ICT^[81]		AJK		Gilgit– Baltistan
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	60,434,659	96.75%	36,610,508	97.34%	13,212,500	93.34%	7,998,232	99.58%	2,381,810	98.07%	231,609	98.64%	—	—	—	—
Christianity	907,861	1.45%	786,494	2.09%	95,777	0.68%	12,828	0.16%	9,807	0.4%	2,955	1.26%	—	—	—	—
Hinduism	900,206	1.44%	61,405	0.16%	815,452	5.76%	5,014	0.06%	18,223	0.75%	112	0.05%	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	9,589	0.02%	375	0%	8,923	0.06%	39	0%	173	0.01%	79	0.03%	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	4,318	0.01%	1,386	0%	2,736	0.02%	77	0%	61	0%	58	0.02%	—	—	—	—
Others	205,250	0.33%	149,991	0.4%	20,521	0.14%	16,134	0.2%	18,604	0.77%	0	0%	—	—	—	—
Total responses	62,461,883	95.64%	37,610,159	100%	14,155,909	100%	8,032,324^[n]	73.83%	2,428,678	100%	234,813	100%	—	—	—	—
Total population	65,309,340	100%	37,610,159	100%	14,155,909	100%	10,879,781^[n]	100%	2,428,678	100%	234,813	100%	—	—	—	—

1981 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1981)^[40]^[41]
Religious group	Pakistan^[40]^[41]		Punjab^[82]		Sindh^[83]		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa^[84]		Balochistan^[85]		ICT		AJK		Gilgit– Baltistan
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	81,450,057	96.67%	46,110,205	97.5%	17,556,712	92.26%	13,194,345	99.51%	4,257,628	98.27%	331,167	97.32%	—	—	—	—
Christianity	1,310,426	1.56%	1,061,037	2.24%	176,898	0.93%	44,514	0.34%	20,131	0.46%	7,846	2.31%	—	—	—	—
Hinduism	1,276,116	1.51%	29,268	0.06%	1,221,961	6.42%	5,253	0.04%	19,598	0.45%	36	0.01%	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	104,244	0.12%	63,694	0.13%	21,210	0.11%	12,333	0.09%	5,824	0.13%	1,183	0.35%	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	7,007	0.01%	1,766	0%	4,305	0.02%	462	0%	439	0.01%	35	0.01%	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	2,639	0.003%	756	0%	1,714	0.01%	58	0%	106	0%	5	0%	—	—	—	—
Sikhism	2,146	0.003%	832	0%	393	0%	729	0.01%	189	0%	3	0%	—	—	—	—
Others	101,009	0.12%	24,883	0.05%	45,473	0.24%	2,181	0.02%	28,461	0.66%	11	0%	—	—	—	—
Total responses	84,253,644	100%	47,292,441	100%	19,028,666	100%	13,259,875	100%	4,332,376	100%	340,286	100%	—	—	—	—
Total population	84,253,644	100%	47,292,441	100%	19,028,666	100%	13,259,875	100%	4,332,376	100%	340,286	100%	—	—	—	—

1998 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1998)^[42]
Religious group	Pakistan^[42]		Punjab		Sindh		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa		Balochistan		ICT		AJK		Gilgit– Baltistan
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	127,433,409	96.28%	71,574,830	97.22%	27,796,814	91.32%	20,808,480	99.47%	6,484,006	98.75%	769,279	95.53%	—	—	—	—
Hinduism	2,443,614	1.85%	116,410	0.16%	2,280,842	7.49%	7,011	0.03%	39,146	0.6%	205	0.03%	—	—	—	—
Christianity	2,092,902	1.58%	1,699,843	2.31%	294,885	0.97%	38,974	0.19%	26,462	0.4%	32,738	4.07%	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	286,212	0.22%	181,428	0.25%	43,524	0.14%	48,703	0.23%	9,800	0.15%	2,757	0.34%	—	—	—	—
Others	96,142	0.07%	48,779	0.07%	23,828	0.08%	16,808	0.08%	6,471	0.1%	256	0.03%	—	—	—	—
Total responses	132,352,279	100%	73,621,290	100%	30,439,893	100%	20,919,976	100%	6,565,885	100%	805,235	100%	—	—	—	—
Total population	132,352,279	100%	73,621,290	100%	30,439,893	100%	20,919,976	100%	6,565,885	100%	805,235	100%	—	—	—	—

2017 census

As per 2017 Census of Pakistan, the country has a population of 207,684,000.The CCI approved the release of provisional population figures of 207.754 million people. The final results showed the total population of Pakistan to be 207.684 million, a reduction of 68,738 people or 0.033% against provisional results,^[86] Pakistan has a population of 224,418,238 as of 2021.^[87]

As of 2018, there are 3.63 million non-Muslim voters in Pakistan- 1.77 million were Hindus, 1.64 million Christians, 167,505 were Ahmadi Muslims, 31,543 were Baháʼís, 8,852 were Sikhs, 4,020 were Parsis, 1,884 were Buddhist and others such as Kalashas.^[88] The NADRA makes it nearly impossible to declare and change the religion to anything from Islam making the statistics somewhat misleading.^[89]

Religious groups in Pakistan (2017)^[43]
Religious group	Pakistan^[43]		Punjab		Sindh		Khyber Pakhtunkhwa		Balochistan		ICT		AJK		Gilgit– Baltistan
Religious group	Total Population	Percentage	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	200,362,718	96.47%	107,541,602	97.77%	43,234,107	90.34%	35,428,857	99.79%	12,246,275	99.28%	1,911,877	95.43%	—	—	—	—
Hinduism	4,444,870	2.14%	211,641	0.19%	4,176,986	8.73%	6,373	0.02%	49,133	0.4%	737	0.04%	—	—	—	—
Christianity	2,642,048	1.27%	2,063,063	1.88%	408,301	0.85%	50,018	0.14%	33,819	0.27%	86,847	4.34%	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	191,737	0.09%	158,021	0.14%	21,661	0.05%	7,204	0.02%	2,113	0.02%	2,738	0.14%	—	—	—	—
Others	43,253	0.02%	15,328	0.01%	13,455	0.03%	9,512	0.03%	3,789	0.03%	1,169	0.06%	—	—	—	—
Total responses	207,684,626	100%	109,989,655	100%	47,854,510	100%	35,501,964	100%	12,335,129	100%	2,003,368	100%	—	—	—	—
Total population	207,684,626	100%	109,989,655	100%	47,854,510	100%	35,501,964	100%	12,335,129	100%	2,003,368	100%	—	—	—	—

Details

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021.^[90] 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.14% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadi Muslims and 0.02% others.

These are some maps of religious minority groups. The 2017 census showed an increasing share in Hinduism, mainly caused by a higher birth rate among the impoverished Hindus of Sindh province. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority.

On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. This is due to Pakistani Christians having a significantly lower fertility rate than Pakistani Muslims and Pakistani Hindus as well as them being concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.

The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadi Muslim.

Here are some maps of Pakistan's religious minority groups as of the 2017 census by district:

Hindu proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Christian proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
Ahmadiyya Muslim proportion of each Pakistani District of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

2023 census

Pakistan religious diversity as per 2023 census^[91]

Religion	Population	%
Muslims ()	231,686,709	96.35%
Hindus ()	5,217,216	2.17%
Christians ()	3,300,788	1.37%
Ahmadiyya Muslims	162,684	0.07%
Sikhs	15,992	0.01%
Zoroastrians	2,348	<0.01%
Others (inc. Kalashas,Baháʼís, Buddhists)	72,346	0.03%
Total	240,458,089	100%

Demographics of religion by province/territory

Punjab

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (1881–2023)
Religious group	1881^[92]^[93]^[94]^[95]^[ap]		1901^[45]^[96]^[j]		1911^[50]^[97]^[o]		1921^[55]^[s]		1931^[61]^[w]		1941^[65]^[ab]		1951^[35]^[36]^[73]		1998^[42]		2017^[43]^[4]		2023^[44]^[98]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	6,201,859	78.09%	7,951,155	76.25%	8,494,314	76.49%	8,975,288	75.49%	10,570,029	75.28%	13,022,160	75.06%	20,200,794	97.89%	71,574,830	97.22%	107,541,602	97.77%	124,462,897	97.75%
Hinduism ^[aq]	1,449,913	18.26%	1,944,363	18.65%	1,645,758	14.82%	1,797,141	15.12%	1,957,878	13.94%	2,373,466	13.68%	33,052	0.16%	116,410	0.16%	211,641	0.19%	249,716	0.2%
Sikhism	272,908	3.44%	483,999	4.64%	813,441	7.33%	863,091	7.26%	1,180,789	8.41%	1,530,112	8.82%	—	—	—	—	—	—	5,649	0.004%
Christianity	12,992	0.16%	42,371	0.41%	144,514	1.3%	247,030	2.08%	324,730	2.31%	395,311	2.28%	402,617	1.95%	1,699,843	2.31%	2,063,063	1.88%	2,458,924	1.93%
Jainism	4,352	0.05%	5,562	0.05%	5,977	0.05%	5,930	0.05%	6,921	0.05%	9,520	0.05%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	354	0.004%	300	0.003%	377	0.003%	309	0.003%	413	0.003%	312	0.002%	195	0.001%	—	—	—	—	358	0.0003%
Buddhism	0	0%	6	0.0001%	168	0.002%	172	0.001%	32	0.0002%	87	0.001%	9	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—
Judaism	—	—	9	0.0001%	36	0.0003%	16	0.0001%	6	0%	7	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	181,428	0.25%	158,021	0.14%	140,512	0.11%
Others	21	0.0003%	0	0%	0	0%	8	0.0001%	0	0%	19,534	0.11%	35	0.0002%	48,779	0.07%	15,328	0.01%	15,249	0.01%
Total responses	7,942,399	100%	10,427,765	100%	11,104,585	100%	11,888,985	100%	14,040,798	100%	17,350,103	100%	20,636,702	99.93%	73,621,290	100%	109,989,655	100%	127,333,305	99.72%
Total population	7,942,399	100%	10,427,765	100%	11,104,585	100%	11,888,985	100%	14,040,798	100%	17,350,103	100%	20,651,140	100%	73,621,290	100%	109,989,655	100%	127,688,922	100%

Sindh

Religion in Sindh (1872−2023)
Religious group	1872^[99]^[ar]		1881^[100]^[as]		1891^[101]^[at]		1901^[46]^[k]		1911^[51]^[p]		1921^[56]^[t]		1931^[62]^[x]		1941^[66]^: 28^[ac]		1951^[35]^[36]^[ae]		1998^[42]		2017^[43]^[4]		2023^[44]^[1]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	1,712,221	78.1%	1,989,630	78.24%	2,318,180	77.18%	2,609,337	76.52%	2,822,756	75.53%	2,562,700	73.8%	3,017,377	73.34%	3,462,015	71.52%	5,535,645	91.53%	27,796,814	91.32%	43,234,107	90.34%	50,126,428	90.09%
Hinduism ^[au]	475,848	21.7%	544,848	21.43%	674,371	22.45%	787,683	23.1%	877,313	23.47%	876,629	25.24%	1,055,119	25.65%	1,279,530	26.43%	482,560	7.98%	2,280,842	7.49%	4,176,986	8.73%	4,901,407	8.81%
Christianity	3,329	0.15%	6,082	0.24%	7,768	0.26%	7,825	0.23%	10,917	0.29%	11,734	0.34%	15,152	0.37%	20,304	0.42%	22,601	0.37%	294,885	0.97%	408,301	0.85%	546,968	0.98%
Zoroastrianism	810	0.04%	1,063	0.04%	1,534	0.05%	2,000	0.06%	2,411	0.06%	2,913	0.08%	3,537	0.09%	3,841	0.08%	5,046	0.08%	—	—	—	—	1,763	0.003%
Judaism	35	0%	153	0.01%	210	0.01%	428	0.01%	595	0.02%	671	0.02%	985	0.02%	1,082	0.02%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Jainism	—	—	1,191	0.05%	923	0.03%	921	0.03%	1,349	0.04%	1,534	0.04%	1,144	0.03%	3,687	0.08%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	—	—	9	0%	2	0%	0	0%	21	0.001%	41	0.001%	53	0.001%	111	0.002%	670	0.01%	—	—	—	—	—	—
Sikhism	—	—	—	—	720	0.02%	—^[av]	—	12,339	0.33%	8,036	0.23%	19,172	0.47%	32,627	0.67%	—	—	—	—	—	—	5,182	0.01%
Tribal	—	—	—	—	—	—	—^[av]	—	9,224	0.25%	8,186	0.24%	204	0%	37,598	0.78%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	43,524	0.14%	21,661	0.05%	18,266	0.03%
Others	172	0.01%	0	0%	3	0%	2,029	0.06%	298	0.01%	64	0.002%	1,510	0.04%	0	0%	1,226	0.02%	23,828	0.08%	13,455	0.03%	38,395	0.07%
Total Responses	2,192,415	94.39%	2,542,976	100%	3,003,711	100%	3,410,223	100%	3,737,223	100%	3,472,508	100%	4,114,253	100%	4,840,795	100%	6,047,748	99.89%	30,439,893	100%	47,854,510	100%	55,638,409	99.9%
Total Population	2,322,765	100%	2,542,976	100%	3,003,711	100%	3,410,223	100%	3,737,223	100%	3,472,508	100%	4,114,253	100%	4,840,795	100%	6,054,474	100%	30,439,893	100%	47,854,510	100%	55,696,147	100%

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1881–2023)
Religious group	1881^[102]		1891^[103]		1901^[47]		1911^[52]		1921^[57]		1931^[63]		1941^[67]		1951^[35]^[36]^[74]		1998^[42]		2017^[43]^[4]		2023^[44]^[1]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	1,787,341	91.4%	2,088,015	91.51%	1,890,479	92.19%	2,039,994	92.86%	2,062,786	91.62%	2,227,303	91.84%	2,788,797	91.8%	5,858,080	99.89%	20,808,480	99.47%	35,428,857	99.79%	40,486,153	99.62%
Hinduism ^[aw]	154,081	7.88%	166,984	7.32%	129,306	6.31%	119,942	5.46%	149,881	6.66%	142,977	5.9%	180,321	5.94%	2,432	0.04%	7,011	0.03%	6,373	0.02%	6,102	0.02%
Sikhism	9,205	0.47%	21,110	0.93%	25,733	1.25%	30,345	1.38%	28,040	1.25%	42,510	1.75%	57,939	1.91%	—	—	—	—	—	—	4,050	0.01%
Christianity	4,725	0.24%	5,437	0.24%	5,119	0.25%	6,585	0.3%	10,610	0.47%	12,213	0.5%	10,889	0.36%	3,823	0.07%	38,974	0.19%	50,018	0.14%	134,884	0.33%
Jainism	106	0.01%	108	0.005%	37	0.002%	4	0.0002%	3	0.0001%	0	0%	1	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Zoroastrianism	52	0.003%	48	0.002%	46	0.002%	49	0.002%	20	0.001%	60	0.002%	24	0.001%	—	—	—	—	—	—	36	0.0001%
Buddhism	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	2	0.0001%	25	0.001%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Judaism	—	—	4	0.0002%	4	0.0002%	14	0.001%	0	0%	11	0.0005%	71	0.002%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	48,703	0.23%	7,204	0.02%	951	0.002%
Others	5	0.0003%	2	0.0001%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	215	0.004%	16,808	0.08%	9,512	0.03%	8,944	0.02%
Total Responses^[ax]	1,955,515	100%	2,281,708	100%	2,050,724	96.48%	2,196,933	57.53%	2,251,340	44.35%	2,425,076	51.77%	3,038,067	56.1%	5,864,550	99.4%	20,919,976	100%	35,501,964	100%	40,641,120	99.47%
Total Population^[ax]	1,955,515	100%	2,281,708	100%	2,125,480	100%	3,819,027	100%	5,076,476	100%	4,684,364	100%	5,415,666	100%	5,899,905	100%	20,919,976	100%	35,501,964	100%	40,856,097	100%
Note1: Pre-partition populations for religious data is for North-West Frontier Province only and excludes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time. Note2: 1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.

Balochistan

Religion in Balochistan (1901–2023)
Religious group	1901^[48]		1911^[53]		1921^[58]		1931^[64]		1941^[68]		1951^[35]^[36]^[75]		1998^[42]		2017^[43]^[4]		2023^[44]^[1]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	765,368	94.4%	782,648	93.76%	733,477	91.73%	798,093	91.88%	785,181	91.53%	1,137,063	98.52%	6,484,006	98.75%	12,255,528	99.28%	14,429,568	99.09%
Hinduism	38,158	4.71%	38,326	4.59%	51,348	6.42%	53,681	6.18%	54,394	6.34%	13,087	1.13%	39,146	0.6%	49,378	0.4%	59,107	0.41%
Sikhism	2,972	0.37%	8,390	1.01%	7,741	0.97%	8,425	0.97%	12,044	1.4%	—	—	—	—	—	—	1,057	0.007%
Christianity	4,026	0.5%	5,085	0.61%	6,693	0.84%	8,059	0.93%	6,056	0.71%	3,937	0.34%	26,462	0.4%	33,330	0.27%	62,731	0.43%
Zoroastrianism	166	0.02%	170	0.02%	165	0.02%	167	0.02%	76	0.01%	79	0.01%	—	—	—	—	181	0%
Judaism	48	0.01%	57	0.01%	19	0.002%	17	0.002%	20	0.002%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Jainism	8	0.001%	10	0.001%	17	0.002%	17	0.002%	7	0.001%	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Buddhism	0	0%	16	0.002%	160	0.02%	68	0.01%	43	0.01%	1	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—
Ahmadiyya	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9,800	0.15%	2,469	0.02%	557	0.004%
Others	0	0%	1	0%	5	0.001%	75	0.009%	14	0.002%	0	0%	6,471	0.1%	3,703	0.03%	8,810	0.06%
Total responses	810,746	100%	834,703	100%	799,625	100%	868,617	100%	857,835	100%	1,154,167	98.31%	6,565,885	100%	12,344,408	100%	14,562,011	97.77%
Total population	810,746	100%	834,703	100%	799,625	100%	868,617	100%	857,835	100%	1,174,036	100%	6,565,885	100%	12,344,408	100%	14,894,402	100%

Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Religious groups in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1891–1941)
Religious group	1891^[104]^[ay]		1901^[49]^[l]		1911^[54]^[q]		1921^[59]^[u]		1931^[60]^[aa]		1941^[69]^{: 337–352}^[y]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	659,265	86.87%	747,426	85.62%	749,945	87.76%	780,607	88.02%	850,135	87.68%	939,460	87.54%
Hinduism	92,639	12.21%	108,331	12.41%	84,130	9.85%	81,733	9.22%	87,554	9.03%	93,559	8.72%
Sikhism	6,918	0.91%	17,132	1.96%	20,391	2.39%	24,491	2.76%	31,709	3.27%	39,910	3.72%
Jainism	64	0.01%	0	0%	8	0%	6	0%	11	0%	0	0%
Christianity	21	0%	18	0%	55	0.01%	24	0%	168	0.02%	136	0.01%
Buddhism	0	0%	0	0%	2	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Zoroastrianism	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	1	0%	0	0%
Tribal	0	0%	—	—	—	—	—	—	0	0%	0	0%
Judaism	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0	0%
Others	0	0%	8	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	89	0.01%
Total population	758,907	100%	872,915	100%	854,531	100%	886,861	100%	969,578	100%	1,073,154	100%

Gilgit–Baltistan

Religious groups in Gilgit–Baltistan (1891–1941)
Religious group	1891^[104]^[az]		1901^[49]^[m]		1911^[54]^[r]		1921^[59]^[v]		1931^[60]^[z]		1941^[69]^{: 337–352}^[ad]
Religious group	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	110,161	86.68%	58,779	96.54%	77,189	98.45%	88,643	98.82%	94,940	98.44%	115,601	99.62%
Tribal	16,615	13.07%	—	—	—	—	—	—	0	0%	2	0%
Buddhism	239	0.19%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Hinduism	77	0.06%	2,001	3.29%	1,112	1.42%	948	1.06%	1,361	1.41%	295	0.25%
Christianity	2	0%	28	0.05%	22	0.03%	16	0.02%	49	0.05%	28	0.02%
Sikhism	0	0%	74	0.12%	81	0.1%	90	0.1%	93	0.1%	121	0.1%
Jainism	0	0%	1	0%	0	0%	0	0%	3	0%	0	0%
Zoroastrianism	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Judaism	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0	0%
Others	0	0%	2	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Total population	127,094	100%	60,885	100%	78,404	100%	89,697	100%	96,446	100%	116,047	100%

Islam

Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 96–98% of Pakistanis are Muslim.^[7] Pakistan has the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia.^[105] The majority are Sunni (estimated at 85-90%),^[11]^[12] with an estimated 10–15% Shia.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[106] A PEW survey in 2012 found that 6% of Pakistani Muslims were Shia.^[107] There are a number of Islamic law schools called Madhab (schools of jurisprudence), which are called fiqh or 'Maktab-e-Fikr' in Urdu. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic school of thought, while a small number belong to the Hanbali school. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch, with significant minority who adhere to Ismailism branch that is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others.^[108] Sufis and above mentioned Sunni and Shia sects are considered to be Muslims according to the Constitution of Pakistan; the Ahmadiyya (though self-described Muslims) are specifically declared not to be.

The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan.^[109]^[110] Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.

Sunni

Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni Muslims

There are two major Sunni sects in Pakistan, the Barelvi movement and Deobandi movement. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous",^[111] but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to followers of the Barelvi school, while 15–25% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.^[112]^[113]^[114]

However, the Hanbali school is also gaining popularity due to Ahl-i Hadith movement and also recent Wahhabi and Salafi movement influence from the Middle East.^[115]

Sufi

Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. 11th century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century).^{[citation needed]} Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, promoted by Fariduddin Ganjshakar in Pakpatan, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, 5 in 2010 that killed 64 people.^[116]^[117]

Ahmadiyya

According to the last Census in Pakistan, Ahmadi Muslim made up 0.07% of the population; however, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community boycotted the census. Independent groups generally estimate the population to be somewhere between two and five million Ahmadi Muslims. In media reports, four million is the most commonly cited figure.^[118]

In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended the Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim according to Qu'ran 33:40,^[119] as a person who believes in finality of Muhammad under the Ordinance XX. According to Ordinance XX, Ahmadi Muslims cannot call themselves Muslim or "pose as Muslims" which is punishable by three years in prison.^[120] Ahmadi Muslims believe in Muhammad as the final law-bearing prophet, but also believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be a prophet, the prophecised Mehdi and second coming of Jesus. Consequently, Ahmadi Muslims were declared non-Muslims by a parliamentary tribunal and are subject to persecution under Pakistani blasphemy laws.

Hinduism

Hinduism is the second largest religion affiliation in Pakistan after Islam.^[122] As of 2020, Pakistan has the fourth largest Hindu population in the world after India, Nepal and Bangladesh.^[123] According to the 1998 Census, the Hindu population was found to be 2,111,271 (including 332,343 scheduled castes Hindus). While according to latest census of 2017, There are 4.4 million Hindus in Pakistan out of 207.68 million total population comprising 2.14% of the country's population of both General and Schedule caste.^[86] Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in Sindh. About 93% of Hindus live in Sindh, 5% in Punjab and nearly 2% in Balochistan.^[124] They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, Vaghri^[125] and Gujarati.^[126]

The Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu text, is believed to have been composed in the Punjab region in the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE^[127] and spread from there across South and South East Asia slowly developing and evolving into the various forms of the faith we see today.^[128]

Many ancient Hindu temples are located throughout Pakistan. A significant Hindu pilgrimage site known as Hinglaj Mata takes place in southern Balochistan, where over 250,000 people visit during spring as a pilgrimage.

Cases collected by Global Human Rights Defence show that underage Hindu (and Christian) girls are often targeted by Muslims for forced conversion to Islam.^[129] According to the National Commission of Justice and Peace and the Pakistan Hindu Council (PHC) around 1,000 non-Muslim minority women are converted to Islam and then forcibly married off to their abductors or rapists.^[130]^[131]

Christianity

Christians (Urdu: مسيحى، عیسائی) make up 1.3% of Pakistan's population.^[132] The majority of the Pakistani Christian community consists of Punjabis who converted during the British colonial era and their descendants. In British colonial India, there were waves of conversions to Christianity among the Chuhra and Chamar between the 1870s and 1930s in the Punjab Province and United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.^[133] Christians mainly live in the urban centres of Punjab. There is also a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed between the two World Wars. A few Protestant groups conduct missions in Pakistan. The present Christian population in Pakistan is ranged between 2 and 3 million as per as recent (2020–21) year estimation by various institution and NGOs of Pakistan.^[3]

There are a number of church-run schools in Pakistan that admit students of all religions, including Forman Christian College,^[134]^[135] St. Patrick's Institute of Science & Technology and Saint Joseph's College for Women, Karachi.

Sikhism

In the 15th century, the Sikh faith was born in the Punjab region (of present day India and Pakistan) where Sikhism's founder Guru Nanak was born. Home to some of the world's most sacred gurdwaras, Sikhs have a become a crucial part in Pakistan's religious tourism with large numbers coming to the country particularly during festivals. Aside from religious tourists, estimates on the Sikh population permanently residing in Pakistan vary due to the community being excluded from the national census up until 2023 which marks the first inclusion of Sikhs in census data since partition (where almost 99% fled to India).^[136] The results of the 2023 Census of Pakistan thus are significant in the first official Sikh count since the formation of Pakistan as a sovereign nation.

In a news article published in December 2022, there was an estimated 30,000–35,000 Sikhs in Pakistan according to Gurpal Singh.^[137] Other sources, including the US Department of State, claim the Sikh population in Pakistan to be at 20,000.^[138]^[139] Though full community counts have not yet been available, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) does provide the numbers of eligible voters belonging to minority religions (registered in electoral rolls):

2013: 5,934 Sikh Voters ^[140]
2018: 8,852 Sikh Voters^[140]

In recent years, their numbers have increased with many Sikhs migrating from neighboring Afghanistan who have joined their co-religionists in Pakistan.^[141]

Other religions

Baháʼí

The Baháʼí Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was still under British colonial rule. The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844,^[142] with Shaykh Sa'id Hindi who was from Multan.^[143] During Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to the area that is present day Pakistan.^[144]

The Baháʼís in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils.^[145] Bahá'í sources claim their population to be around 30,000.^[146] Shoba Das of Minority Rights Group International reported around 200 Baháʼís in Islamabad and between 2,000 and 3,000 Baháʼís in Pakistan, in 2013.^[147] One more PhD thesis says that "It is an assumption that the Bahá’ís do not want to declare their exact population, which is supposed to be more or less 3,000 in total". Most of these Bahá’ís have their roots in Iran.^[148]

Zoroastrianism

There are at least 4,000 Pakistani citizen practicing the Zoroastrian religion.^[149] The region of Balochistan is believed to be a stronghold of Zoroastrianism before the advent of Islam.^[150]^[151] With the flight of Zoroastrians from Greater Iran into the Indian subcontinent, the Parsi communities were established. More recently, from the 15th century onwards, Zorastrians came to settle the coast of Sindh and have established thriving communities and commercial enterprises. At the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi and Lahore were home to a thriving Parsi business community. Karachi had the most prominent population of Parsis in Pakistan, though their population is declining.^[152]^[153] Parsis have entered Pakistani public life as social workers, business folk, journalists and diplomats. The most prominent Parsis of Pakistan today include Ardeshir Cowasjee, Byram Dinshawji Avari, Jamsheed Marker, as well as Minocher Bhandara. The founding father of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, married Ratti Bai who belonged to a Parsi family before her conversion to Islam.^[154]

Kalash

The Kalash people practise a form of ancient Hinduism^[155] mixed with animism.^[156] Adherents of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit three remote valleys in Chitral; Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion has been compared to that of ancient Greece, but they are much closer to the Hindu traditions in other parts of the Indian subcontinent.^[155] It is more similar to the historical Vedic religion, than later forms of Hinduism.^[157]

Jainism

A Jain Temple at Sirkap, part of the Indo-Greek kingdom, near modern-day Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan

Several ancient Jain shrines are scattered across the country.^[158] Baba Dharam Dass was a holy man whose tomb is located near the bank of a creek called (Deoka or Deokay or Degh) near Chawinda Phatic, behind the agricultural main office in Pasrur, near the city of Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. Another prominent Jain monk of the region was Vijayanandsuri of Gujranwala, whose samadhi (memorial shrine) still stands in the city.^[158]

Buddhism

Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan; currently there is a small community of at least 1500 Pakistani Buddhist in the country.^[149] The country is dotted with numerous ancient and disused Buddhist stupas along the entire breadth of the Indus River that courses through the heart of the country. Many Buddhist empires and city states existed, notably in Gandhara but also elsewhere in Taxila, Punjab and Sindh.^[159]

The number of Buddhist voters was 1,884 in 2017 and are mostly concentrated in Sindh and Punjab.^[160]

Judaism

Various estimates suggest that there were about 1,500 Jews living in Pakistan at the time of its independence on 14 August 1947, with the majority living in Karachi and a few living in Peshawar. However, almost all emigrated to Israel after 1948. There are a few disused synagogues in both cities; while one Karachi synagogue was torn down for the construction of a shopping mall. The one in Peshawar still exists, although the building is not being used for any religious purpose. There is a small Jewish community of Pakistani origin settled in Ramla, Israel.

One Pakistani, Faisal Khalid (a.k.a. Fishel Benkhald) of Karachi claims to be Pakistan's only Jew.^[161]^[162] He claimed that his mother is Jewish (making him Jewish by Jewish custom) but, his father is a Muslim. Pakistani authorities have issued him a passport which stated Judaism as his religion and have allowed him to travel to Israel.^[163]^[164]^[165]

Irreligion

Irreligion is present among a minority of mainly young people in Pakistan. There are people who do not profess any faith (such as atheists and agnostics) in Pakistan, but their numbers are not known.^[166] They are particularly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population, but social pressure against claiming no religion was strong.^[141] A 2012 study by Gallup Pakistan found that people not affiliated to any religion account for 1% of the population.^[167] Many atheists in Pakistan have been lynched and imprisoned over unsubstantiated allegations of blasphemy. When the state initiated a full-fledged crackdown on atheism since 2017, it has become worse with secular bloggers being kidnapped and the government running advertisements urging people to identify blasphemers among them and the highest judges declaring such people to be terrorists.^[168]

Freedom of religion in Pakistan

A few aspects of secularism have also been adopted by Pakistani constitution from British colonial concept.^[169]^[170]^[171]^[172] In 2022, Freedom House rated Pakistan’s religious freedom as 1 out of 4,^[173] noting that the blasphemy laws are often exploited by religious vigilantes and also curtail the freedom of expression by Christians and Muslims, especially Ahmadi Muslims. Hindus have spoken of vulnerability to kidnapping and forced conversions. Pakistan, a Muslim-majority country of about 220 million, is often under fire for crimes against members of its religious minorities, including Christians, Ahmadi and Shi’ite Muslims, and Hindus.^[174]^[175]

Notes

^ ^a ^b 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[45]^[j] Sindh,^[46]^[k] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[47] Balochistan,^[48] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[49]^[l] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[49]^[m]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[50]^[o] Sindh,^[51]^[p] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[52] Balochistan,^[53] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[54]^[q] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[54]^[r]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[55]^[s] Sindh,^[56]^[t] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[57] Balochistan,^[58] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[59]^[u] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[59]^[v]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[61]^[w] Sindh,^[62]^[x] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[63] Balochistan,^[64] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[60]^[y] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[60]^[z]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[65]^: 42^[ab] Sindh,^[66]^: 28^[ac] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[67]^: 22 Balochistan,^[68]^: 13–18 Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[69]^{: 337–352}^[y] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[69]^{: 337–352}^[ad]
^ 1947 figures (the year of partition and the accompanying mass population transfer) for Pakistan are estimates based on the annualized growth rates between the 1931 census^[d] and 1941 census^[e] for adherents of Islam (+1.86% p.a.), Hinduism (+1.90% p.a.), Sikhism (+2.69% p.a.), Christianity (+1.85% p.a.), Jainism (+5.02% p.a.), and others (+24.23% p.a.).
^ ^a ^b ^c Including Ad-Dharmis
^ Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated.
^ Includes Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, Tribal Religion, Ahmadiyya, not stated, and others.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: ^[45]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here: ^[46]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Bhimber and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1901 census data here:^[49]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1901 figure taken from census data using the total population of Gilgit District in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1901 census data here:^[49]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Religious data only collected in North West Frontier Province, and not in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Total responses to religion includes North West Frontier Province, and total population includes both North West Frontier Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later amalgamated to become Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: ^[50]^[97]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here: ^[51]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1911 census data here:^[54]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1911 census data here:^[54]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: ^[55]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here: ^[56]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1921 census data here:^[59]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1921 census data here:^[59]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: ^[61]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here: ^[62]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1941 census data here:^[69]^{: 337–352}
^ ^a ^b ^c 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1931 census data here:^[60]
^ ^a ^b 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1931 census data here:^[60]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:^[65]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here: ^[66]
^ ^a ^b ^c 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of one district (Astore) and one agency (Gilgit) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1941 census data here:^[69]^{: 337–352}
^ ^a ^b Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)
^ Excluding 76,388 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Excluding 14,438 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Sindh: Excluding 2,715 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

Karachi Federal Capital Territory: Excluding 4,011 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Excluding 35,355 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Excluding 19,869 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Excluding 97,883 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Excluding 37,794 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Sindh: Excluding 6,974 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Excluding 21,441 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ Excluding 31,674 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here:^[92]^[93]^[94]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
^ 1931–1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis
^ 1872 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. Religious affiliation was not enumerated in Khairpur. See 1872 census data here: ^[99]
^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1881 census data here: ^[100]
^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1891 census data here: ^[101]
^ 1872 census: Also includes Tribals, Jains, Buddhists, and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).

1881 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).

1891 census: Also includes Tribals.

1901 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
^ ^a ^b 1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.
^ 1951, 1998, 2017, 2023: Including Hindu (Jati) and Scheduled Castes.
^ ^a ^b Pre-partition populations for religious data is for North-West Frontier Province only and excludes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.

1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.
^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Bhimber and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1891 census data here:^[104]
^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Skardu District and Gilgit District in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1891 census data here:^[104]

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^ Singh, Y P (2016). Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789385505638. Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.
^ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress. 2005. pp. 2, 3, 6, 8. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity". Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2018. On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.
^ "Heart of darkness: Shia resistance and revival in Pakistan". Herald. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Malik, Jamal. Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
^ Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb (2015). "An anthropological perspective on the mosque in Pakistan" (PDF). Asian Anthropology. 14 (2): 166–181. doi:10.1080/1683478X.2015.1055543. S2CID 54051524.
^ Group, International Crisis (2022). A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan. International Crisis Group. pp. Page 8–Page 14. Retrieved 20 July 2023. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
^ Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009). "Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
^ Pike, John (5 July 2011). "Barelvi Islam". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2003. Retrieved 25 September 2020. By one estimate, in Pakistan, the Shias are 18%, Ismailis 2%, Ahmediyas 2%, Barelvis 50%, Deobandis 20%, Ahle Hadith 4%, and other minorities 4%. [...] By another estimate some 15% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims would consider themselves Deobandi, and some 60% are in the Barelvi tradition based mostly in the province of Punjab. But some 64% of the total seminaries are run by Deobandis, 25% by the Barelvis, 6% by the Ahle Hadith and 3% by various Shiite organisations.
^ Group, International Crisis (2022). A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan. International Crisis Group. pp. Page 8–Page 14. Retrieved 20 July 2023. Sunni Barelvis are believed to constitute a thin majority of the population {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
^ "Pakistan must confront Wahhabism | Adrian Pabst". TheGuardian.com. 20 August 2009.
^ Buchen, Charlotte. "Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan". The New York Times. Archived from the original (video) on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
^ Imtiaz, Huma; Buchen, Charlotte (6 January 2011). "The Islam That Hard-Liners Hate" (blog). The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^
The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya Muslim population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadi Muslims. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See:
- over 2 million: "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadi Muslims, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadi Muslims (2006 – Nov. 2008)". 4 December 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF)
- 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130
- 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52
- "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan". Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Surah Al-Ahzab – 40".
^ "Ordinance No. XX of 1984". The Persecution. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
^ Xafar, Ali (20 April 2016). "Mata Hinglaj Yatra: To Hingol, a pilgrimage to reincarnation". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
^ "Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
^ "Countries with the Largest Hindu Populations". 15 January 2019.
^ "Population by religion". Archived from the original on 2 April 2014.
^ "Pakistan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Rehman, Zia Ur (18 August 2015). "With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi". The News International. Retrieved 20 March 2018. In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.
^ "Rigveda | Hindu literature". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). How the Brahmins Won: From Alexander to the Guptas. Brill. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-90-04-31519-8.
^ GHRD Human Rights Report 2019 (PDF) (Report). Global Human Rights Defence. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
^ "Forced conversions of Pakistani Hindu girls". 19 September 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "Pakistan: Islamists angry at new law against forced conversions". FRANCE 24 English. 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
^ "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF). Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
^ Frykenberg, Robert Eric (26 June 2008). Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-19-826377-7.
^ Najam, Adil (30 March 2008). "Forman Christian (F.C.) College's Political Clout". Pakistaniat. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
^ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan. "FC College: an amazing transformation". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
^ "Pakistan census to have column for Sikhs". The Times of India. 15 December 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ Rana, Yudhvir (15 December 2022). "Pakistan census to have column for Sikhs | Amritsar News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2022. He said roughly there were around 30,000-35,000 Sikhs in Pakistan.
^ "Pakistan's dwindling Sikh community wants improved security". Dawn.com. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
^ "Pakistan". State.gov. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b Khan, Iftikhar A. (28 May 2018). "Number of non-Muslim voters in Pakistan shows rise of over 30pc". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
^ "The Bahá'í Faith -Brief History". Official Website of the National Spiritual Assembly of India. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of India. 2003. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "History of the Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan". Official Webpage of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Pakistan. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Pakistan. 2008. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter. "Bahá'í History". Draft A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith. Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Wardany, Youssef (2009). "The Right of Belief in Egypt: Case study of Baha'i minority". Al Waref Institute. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Wagner, Ralph D. "Pakistan". Synopsis of References to the Bahá'í Faith, in the US State Department's Reports on Human Rights 1991–2000. Bahá'í Academics Resource Library. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Das, Shobha (10 April 2013). "A Pakistani Baha'i's story". Blog. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
^ Fareed, Abdul (2015). Religious and SOcial Life of Religious Minorities (Thesis thesis). Islamabad, Pakistan: International Islamic University.
^ ^a ^b Ghauri, Irfan (2 September 2012). "Over 35,000 Buddhists, Baha'is call Pakistan home". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Zeb, Rizwan (12 December 2019). Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan: The Baloch Movement. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-000-72992-4.
^ Boyajian, Vahe S. (19 December 2016). "Is There an Ethno-religious Aspect in Balochi Identity?". Iran and the Caucasus. 20 (3–4): 397–405. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20160309. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ "'Two decades from now, Pakistan will have no Parsis'". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
^ "In a shrinking community, one Parsi family chooses Pakistan". The Express Tribune. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
^ "Quaid i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Early days". Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008.
^ ^a ^b West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 357. ISBN 9781438119137. The Kalasha are a unique people living in just three valleys near Chitral, Pakistan, the capital of North-West Frontier Province, which borders Afghanistan. Unlike their neighbors in the Hindu Kush Mountains on both the Afghani and Pakistani sides of the border the Kalasha have not converted to Islam. During the mid-20th century a few Kalasha villages in Pakistan were forcibly converted to this dominant religion, but the people fought the conversion and once official pressure was removed the vast majority continued to practice their own religion. Their religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash… However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.
^ Sheehan, Sean (1 October 1993). Pakistan. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-1-85435-583-6. The Kalash people are small in number, hardly exceeding 3,000, but they ... and as well as having their own language and costume, they practice animism (the worship of spirits in nature)...
^ Witzel, Michael (2004), "Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents')" (PDF), in A. Griffiths; J. E. M. Houben (eds.), The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual, Groningen: Forsten, pp. 581–636
^ ^a ^b Khalid, Haroon (4 September 2016). "Sacred geography: Why Hindus, Buddhist, Jains, Sikhs should object to Pakistan being called hell". Dawn. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (31 December 1997). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120800953.
^ Ahmad, Imtiaz (28 May 2018). "Pakistan elections: Non-Muslim voters up by 30%, Hindus biggest minority". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
^ "Brothers of Pakistani man claiming to be Jewish call him insane". Israel National News. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Karachi, Pakistan – Brothers Of Pakistani Man Claiming Jewish Roots Call Him 'Insane'". VosIzNeias. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Caldwell, Simon (26 November 2015). "Pakistan's last Jew in battle to win 'empathy'". Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "'Last Jew in Pakistan' beaten by mob, arrested". Express Tribune. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Brothers of Pakistani man claiming Jewish roots call him 'insane'". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Being Pakistani and atheist a dangerous combo, but some ready to brave it". Pakistan Today. 17 September 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "Gallup Pakistan – Pakistan's Foremost Research Lab" (PDF).
^ Shahid, Kunwar Khuldune (11 June 2020). "Pakistan's forced conversions shame Imran Khan". The Spectator. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
^ Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Pakistan, Islam in". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 242. ISBN 0-19-512558-4. Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.
^ 2014 World Population Data Sheet (PDF). Population Reference Bureau (Report). August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
^ Information on other countries: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf ^{[page needed]}
^ "Population: 174,578,558 (July 2010 est.)". Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook on Pakistan. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
^ Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25
^ "Pakistan: How real is freedom of religion? | Special Report | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
^ "Pakistan and religious freedom". Daily Times. 30 June 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2023.

External links

Ministry of Religious Affairs – (Government of Pakistan) Official website

[Pakistan1901-35] 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[45]^[j] Sindh,^[46]^[k] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[47] Balochistan,^[48] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[49]^[l] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[49]^[m]

[Pakistan1911-36] 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[50]^[o] Sindh,^[51]^[p] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[52] Balochistan,^[53] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[54]^[q] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[54]^[r]

[Pakistan1921-37] 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[55]^[s] Sindh,^[56]^[t] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[57] Balochistan,^[58] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[59]^[u] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[59]^[v]

[Pakistan1931-38] 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[61]^[w] Sindh,^[62]^[x] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[63] Balochistan,^[64] Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[60]^[y] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[60]^[z]

[Pakistan1941-39] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab,^[65]^: 42^[ab] Sindh,^[66]^: 28^[ac] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,^[67]^: 22 Balochistan,^[68]^: 13–18 Azad Jammu and Kashmir,^[69]^{: 337–352}^[y] and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[69]^{: 337–352}^[ad]

[Pakistan1947-40] 1947 figures (the year of partition and the accompanying mass population transfer) for Pakistan are estimates based on the annualized growth rates between the 1931 census^[d] and 1941 census^[e] for adherents of Islam (+1.86% p.a.), Hinduism (+1.90% p.a.), Sikhism (+2.69% p.a.), Christianity (+1.85% p.a.), Jainism (+5.02% p.a.), and others (+24.23% p.a.).

[ad-dharmiB-51] Including Ad-Dharmis

[Others1947-52] Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated.

[OtherPakistan-53] Includes Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, Tribal Religion, Ahmadiyya, not stated, and others.

[WestPunjab1901-55] 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: ^[45]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.

[Sindh1901-57] 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here: ^[46]

[AJK1901-61] 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Bhimber and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1901 census data here:^[49]

[GilgitBaltistan1901-62] 1901 figure taken from census data using the total population of Gilgit District in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1901 census data here:^[49]

[KPKPop-63] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Religious data only collected in North West Frontier Province, and not in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Total responses to religion includes North West Frontier Province, and total population includes both North West Frontier Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later amalgamated to become Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

[WestPunjab1911-65] 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: ^[50]^[97]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.

[Sindh1911-67] 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here: ^[51]

[AJK1911-71] 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1911 census data here:^[54]

[GilgitBaltistan1911-72] 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1911 census data here:^[54]

[WestPunjab1921-74] 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: ^[55]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.

[Sindh1921-76] 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here: ^[56]

[AJK1921-80] 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1921 census data here:^[59]

[GilgitBaltistan1921-81] 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1921 census data here:^[59]

[WestPunjab1931-84] 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: ^[61]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.

[Sindh1931-86] 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here: ^[62]

[AJK1941-89] 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1941 census data here:^[69]^{: 337–352}

[GilgitBaltistan1931-90] 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1931 census data here:^[60]

[AJK1931-91] 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1931 census data here:^[60]

[WestPunjab1941-93] 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:^[65]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.

[Sindh1941-95] 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here: ^[66]

[GilgitBaltistan1941-99] 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of one district (Astore) and one agency (Gilgit) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1941 census data here:^[69]^{: 337–352}

[Sindh1951-104] Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)

[Pakistan1951-107] Excluding 76,388 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[Punjab1951-108] Excluding 14,438 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[Sindh1951B-109] Sindh: Excluding 2,715 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

Karachi Federal Capital Territory: Excluding 4,011 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[KPK1951-110] Excluding 35,355 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[Balochistan1951-111] Excluding 19,869 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[Pakistan1961-112] Excluding 97,883 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[Punjab1961-113] Excluding 37,794 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[Sindh1961-114] Sindh: Excluding 6,974 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[KPK1961-115] Excluding 21,441 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[Balochistan1961-116] Excluding 31,674 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

[WestPunjab1881-137] 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here:^[92]^[93]^[94]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.

[ad-dharmi-141] 1931–1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis

[Sindh1872-143] 1872 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. Religious affiliation was not enumerated in Khairpur. See 1872 census data here: ^[99]

[Sindh1881-145] 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1881 census data here: ^[100]

[Sindh1891-147] 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1891 census data here: ^[101]

[SindhHindu-148] 1872 census: Also includes Tribals, Jains, Buddhists, and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).

1881 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).

1891 census: Also includes Tribals.

1901 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).

[1901Census-149] 1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.

[HinduCensus-152] 1951, 1998, 2017, 2023: Including Hindu (Jati) and Scheduled Castes.

[population-153] Pre-partition populations for religious data is for North-West Frontier Province only and excludes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.

1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.

[AJK1891-155] 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Bhimber and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1891 census data here:^[104]

[GilgitBaltistan1891-156] 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Skardu District and Gilgit District in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1891 census data here:^[104]

[salient-1] "Religious Demographics of Pakistan" (PDF).

[globalreligiousfutures.org-2] "Religions in Pakistan | PEW-GRF". www.globalreligiousfutures.org.

[refworld.org-3] "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan : Christians".

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over 2 million: "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadi Muslims, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadi Muslims (2006 – Nov. 2008)". 4 December 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

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3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130

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[173] 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130

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[202] Zeb, Rizwan (12 December 2019). Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan: The Baloch Movement. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-000-72992-4.

[203] Boyajian, Vahe S. (19 December 2016). "Is There an Ethno-religious Aspect in Balochi Identity?". Iran and the Caucasus. 20 (3–4): 397–405. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20160309. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

[204] "'Two decades from now, Pakistan will have no Parsis'". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 25 December 2022.

[205] "In a shrinking community, one Parsi family chooses Pakistan". The Express Tribune. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2022.

[206] "Quaid i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Early days". Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008.

[West2010-207] West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 357. ISBN 9781438119137. The Kalasha are a unique people living in just three valleys near Chitral, Pakistan, the capital of North-West Frontier Province, which borders Afghanistan. Unlike their neighbors in the Hindu Kush Mountains on both the Afghani and Pakistani sides of the border the Kalasha have not converted to Islam. During the mid-20th century a few Kalasha villages in Pakistan were forcibly converted to this dominant religion, but the people fought the conversion and once official pressure was removed the vast majority continued to practice their own religion. Their religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash… However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.

[Sheehan1993-208] Sheehan, Sean (1 October 1993). Pakistan. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-1-85435-583-6. The Kalash people are small in number, hardly exceeding 3,000, but they ... and as well as having their own language and costume, they practice animism (the worship of spirits in nature)...

[Witzel-209] Witzel, Michael (2004), "Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents')" (PDF), in A. Griffiths; J. E. M. Houben (eds.), The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual, Groningen: Forsten, pp. 581–636

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[215] Caldwell, Simon (26 November 2015). "Pakistan's last Jew in battle to win 'empathy'". Retrieved 20 March 2018.

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[222] 2014 World Population Data Sheet (PDF). Population Reference Bureau (Report). August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2014.

[223] Information on other countries: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf ^{[page needed]}

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[225] Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25

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