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{{Short description|2003 battle of the Iraq War}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} |
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|conflict=Battle of Debecka Pass |
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{{more footnotes|date=January 2014}} |
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|colour_scheme=background:#ffcccc |
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|image=[[Image:Fgm-148a.jpg|300px]] |
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| conflict = Battle of Debecka Pass |
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|partof= |
| partof = [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]] |
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|date= |
| date = 6–7 April 2003 |
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| place = [[Erbil Governorate]], [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] <br> {{coord|35|53|03|N|43|47|02|E}} |
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|place=Between [[Mosul]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]] |
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|result= |
| result = U.S. and Peshmerga Victory |
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|combatant1=United States |
| combatant1 = {{flagu|United States|1960}}<br />{{Flagdeco|Iraqi Kurdistan}} [[Peshmerga]] |
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|combatant2=Iraq |
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} |
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|strength1=26 [[U.S. Special Forces]] |
| strength1 = 26 [[U.S. Special Forces]] Operators<br>3 Air Force Combat Controllers<br>2 Military Intelligence Operators<br>about 150 Kurdish fighters |
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| strength2 = A motorized company (about 100 soldiers) |
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|strength2=>100 Troops, Motorized Company |
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| casualties1 = {{Flagdeco|United States|1960}} 4 wounded <br> {{flagicon|Iraqi Kurdistan}} 18 killed, 45 wounded (friendly fire) |
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|casualties1=17 Civilians and Kurdish Fighters |
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|casualties2=2 [[T-55]] |
| casualties2 = 2 [[T-55]] tanks, 8 [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, 4 troop trucks, unknown number of soldiers killed, 20 captured |
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}} |
}} |
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| ⚫ | The '''Battle of Debecka Pass''', sometimes known as the '''Battle of Debecka Ridge''', or otherwise referred to as the [[Alamo]] of the Iraq War, was a successful operation launched by U.S. Special Forces to secure a major crossroads near the village of [[Debecka]]. It was notable for its use of the [[Raytheon]] |
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{{Campaignbox Iraq War}} |
{{Campaignbox Iraq War}} |
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| ⚫ | The '''Battle of Debecka Pass''' (Dibagah, Dibege, دیبهگه) on 6–7 April 2003, sometimes known as the '''Battle of Debecka Ridge or Debecka Crossroads''', or otherwise referred to as the [[Battle of the Alamo|Alamo]] of the [[Iraq War]], was a successful operation launched by U.S. Special Forces to secure a major crossroads near the village of [[Debecka]] (Dibege, دیبهگه in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]), between [[Mosul]] and [[Kirkuk]] in northern [[Iraq]]. It was notable for its use of the [[Raytheon]]/[[Lockheed-Martin]] [[Javelin anti-tank missile]]. The weapon demonstrated how lethal and crucial technology can be in determining the outcome of a battle. The light unarmored SOF and Peshmerga (KDP) force faced a mechanized force of Iraqi infantry and tanks. The US and KPD force was able to defeat the Iraqi mechanized infantry & tank force with combined air-to-ground strikes, superior maneuvering, and the use of the Javelin missiles. |
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==Objective== |
==Objective== |
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This battle was one of a 4- pronged simultaneous assault across the battlefield south of Erbil. Emboldened by successful US Special Forces operations vicinity of Aski Kalak, Kurdish forces attempted an independent assault on 5 April that was repelled. Upon hearing this, |
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| ⚫ | On April |
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the AOB 040 CDR quickly deployed to that location to meet with the Peshmerga general. They agreed upon a combined assault across a broad front at day break. The objective vicinity Debeka pass was labeled Objective Rock. The force assigned to secure OBJ Rock consisted of ODA 044, ODA 391, and ODA 392. The 26 [[United States Army Special Forces]] Green Berets were divided into two A-teams; ODA 391 & ODA 392, and 150 Peshmerga<ref>Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.102</ref> who were equipped with GMVs (Ground Mobility Vehicles)-modified Humvees with .50 caliber HMGs and Mark 19 grenade launchers that could travel a thousand miles without resupply. The ODAs conducted battle training in [[Fort Bragg]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Fort Pickett]], [[Virginia]] between October and December 2002. On 8 March 2003, the ODAs flew from [[Pope Air Force Base]] to [[Romania]] and on 26 March 2003 they infiltrated northern Iraq via an [[Lockheed MC-130|MC-130 Combat Talon]] landing at Al-Sulaymaniya, some 60 miles east of Kirkuk. In their first few days in Iraq, they participated in [[Operation Viking Hammer]]. On 1 April 2003, they moved to [[Irbil]] and onto a staging area where they linked up with ODA 044, [[10th Special Forces Group (United States)|10th SFG]], and their [[Peshmerga]] allies. On 4 April 2003, they were given a new mission, code-named Northern Safari.<ref>Cawthorne, Nigel, '' The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces'', Robinson, 2008 {{ISBN|1845298217}} {{ISBN|978-1845298210}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | On 6 April 2003, the 26 Green Berets were given the task to capture a strategically important junction between Mosul and Kirkuk, near the village of Debecka (Dibege, '''دیبهگه''' in Kurdish). Were it captured, it would sever [[Highway 2 (Iraq)|Highway 2]] and impede Iraqi movement in the north, as well as provide a springboard to eventually drive on and capture the important Kirkuk oil fields.<ref>{{Citation | last = Lowery | first = Nathan | title = The Battle for Debecka Crossroads| newspaper = Tip of the Spear| pages = 79–85 | date = Winter 2005}}</ref> They were to seize the Debecka intersection until relieved by the [[173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team|173rd Airborne Brigade's]] artillery component.<ref>Cawthorne, Nigel, '' The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces'', Robinson, 2008 {{ISBN|1845298217}} {{ISBN|978-1845298210}}</ref> |
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On the eighteenth day of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, the Green Berets moved in for the attack. The battle began with an aerial bombardment from [[B-52]] bombers. The Special Forces troops linked up with the Peshmerga resistance, and reached the base of the ridge. Peshmerga troops then proceeded to clear a minefield before them. Iraqi troops attacked and stopped the force from destroying a large dirt [[berm]]. The force made their way over the top of the ridgeline, and engaged Iraqis in bunkers, capturing about twenty soldiers. The troops returned and destroyed the berm, as they would need an avenue of escape should withdrawal from the area prove necessary. The troops then mounted a small hill known as Press Hill, obscuring an approach to the crossroads from the south. Soon they found themselves facing an Iraqi mechanized company with hundreds of troops, and the four-and-a-half-hour battle began. Early into the battle two Armored Personnel Carriers were destroyed along with two occupied troop trucks by javelin anti-tank missiles. Soon after two more Armored Personnel Carriers were destroyed along with another transport truck, from the same deadly weapon. The attacking Iraqis halted the offensive and laid down fire from defensive [[trench|trenches]]. As the battle wore on, the less organized the Iraqi attack became. |
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Later three trucks approached the company with flashing headlights, most likely fooling the Green Berets into believing that it might be a surrender. However, it was a mere ploy, catching the special forces troops off guard for the final, very organized attack. A [[Phalanx formation|phalanx]] of three Armored Personnel Carriers and three troop trucks came out of a smokescreen laid by the Iraqis, firing doggedly. They parted and made way for the next wave, four T-55 tanks. The men quickly rushed back up the ridge to their final stand. Coordinated air-strikes helped break the back of the Iraqi offensive. The only casualties on the coalition's side occurred as a result of an airstrike, which killed seventeen Kurdish rebels and civilians huddled around a smoldering T-55. There were no Green Beret deaths. |
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On the eighteenth day of the U.S.-led [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]], [[U.S. special forces]] moved in for the attack. The battle began with an aerial bombardment from [[B-52]] bombers. Green Berets from ODA 044 with 150 Peshmerga fighters advanced towards Objective Rock - a T junction leading to the crossroads and the town of Debecka. ODA 391 and 392 would provide fire support for supported ODA 044 and the Peshmerga, to their immediate north two groups of 500 Peshmerga fighters advanced on the ridgeline; further North, ODA 043, with 150 [[Kurds]], supported by ODAs 394 and 395 acting as fire support attacked Objective Stone - a commanding hilltop occupied by Iraqi forces. <ref>Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.102</ref> |
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The central column of 500 Peshmerga reached the ridgeline; only running into token resistance, they seized their sector of the ridgeline. ODAs 394 and 395 began suppressing the defenders of Objective Stone, after a scheduled airstrike failed to soften up the Iraqi defenses, causing the Peshmerga to initially refuse to attack the objective, the two ODAs were engaged by Iraqi heavy machine guns and 120 mm mortar fire. The ODAs managed to call in additional [[Close air support|CAS]] which covered the withdrawal of the fire support ODAs out of mortar range and finally suppressed the majority of Objective Stone's defenders, ODAs 394 and 395 quickly resupplied on ammunition and returned to the battle. However, the ODAs were not in place when ODA 043 convinced the Peshmerga to advance again, but the Peshmerga advanced and captured the hilltop objective.<ref>Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.103</ref> |
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To the South, ODAs 044, 391, and 392 ran into dirt [[berm]]s that the Iraqis had built across the road leading to Objective Rock, scattering mines over the roadway, whilst the Peshmerga attempted to clear the mines, the ODAs bypassed the roadblock. As the teams crested the ridge they engaged Iraqi infantry in prepared positions and bunkers who soon surrendered under the firepower of the [[Army Ground Mobility Vehicle|GMV]]s; an Iraqi Colonel who was taken prisoner said that an Iraqi Army armored unit that was supporting them had withdrawn south. The ODAs returned to breach the dirt berm on the road behind them with demolition charges in case of a hasty retreat was required and moved up onto a small hill known as Press Hill, obscuring an approach to the crossroads from the south. The ODAs then advanced down to the Debecka crossroads themselves, at the edge of Debecka, ODA 392 pursued several Iraqi light mortar teams until it was engaged at long range by [[ZSU-57-2]], whilst ODA 391 destroyed several trucks and [[Technical (vehicle)|technicals]] from Debecka with its [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin anti-tank missile]]s and .50 caliber heavy machine guns. |
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Soon after, the ODAs spotted a number of Iraqi [[MT-LB]] tracked armored personnel carriers appear out of the haze - advancing cautiously toward the crossroads and using their smoke generators to lay down a smoke screen behind them. The Green Berets attempted to suppress and halt them with .50 caliber machine gun and MK19 grenade launchers, they needed to buy themselves time to call in airstrikes and to cool down the Command Launch Units of their Javelins. At that moment, four Iraqi [[T-55]] tanks appeared from behind the MT-LBs, firing their 100 mm guns directly at the Green Berets, the ODAs mounted their GMVs and pulled back to a ridgeline some 900m from the crossroads which they dubbed their "Alamo", the Green Berets continued to ask for air support only to be told it would take a further 30 minutes to arrive on-station. The ODAs Javelin units were finally ready and began destroying the MT-LBs, however, they were running low on missiles. The sudden onslaught of missiles temporarily halted the Iraqi attack. The T-55s used a dirt berm to approach the crossroads slowly, effectively shielding them from the "lock on" of a Javelin; finally - some 35 minutes after the initial request was made two [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14 Tomcats]] arrived. |
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Despite being directed onto the T-55s, the first [[GBU-16 Paveway II|GBU-16]] (1000LB) bomb landed among friendly forces, including a Green Beret AOB (Advanced Operational Base) at Objective Rock. The F-14 pilot got confused and targeted an old rusting hulk of a similar T-55 at Objective Rock rather than the four engaging the ODAs. The bomb killed 18 Peshmerga and wounded 45 along with 4 AOB Green Berets, and [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson's]] [[BBC News|BBC]] camera crew accompanying the Peshmerga, killing his translator. Half of ODA 391 immediately drove to the scene and began treating casualties.<ref name="usbomb">{{cite news |date=6 April 2003 |title='This is just a scene from hell' |publisher=BBC |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2921807.stm |access-date=6 April 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=John Simpson - Flak Jacket |url=https://canvas-story.bbcrewind.co.uk/100objectsjohnsimpsonsflakjacket/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=BBC Rewind |quote=This is the protective jacket that the BBC's World Affairs Editor, John Simpson, was wearing when accompanying a convoy of US special forces and Kurdish fighters in Northern Iraq, in April 2003. By a tragic error, the convoy came under attack from an American warplane. At least ten people were killed, including a Kurdish translator working with the BBC team, Kamaran Abdurrazaq Muhamed. John Simpson was himself wounded with shrapnel in his leg and bleeding on his face. Moments after the 'friendly fire' attack, in which he was wounded, John Simpson broadcast live by satellite telephone on the BBC news channel.}}</ref> |
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The rest of the Green Berets were forced to pull back from the "Alamo" to Press Hill as Iraqi artillery began to bracket them, one of the Green Berets managed to destroy one T-55 that broke cover and attempted to advance toward them, finally a pair of US Navy [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]]s arrived and drove off the remaining tanks with several bombs, ending the battle. |
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SSG Jason Brown (ODA 391) SGT Jeff Adamec (ODA 392) and SSG Eric Strigotte (ODA 044) all were awarded Silver Star Medals for their actions during the battle.<ref>Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.103-105</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references/> |
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==Further reading== |
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*Roughneck Nine-One by Sgt.1st Class Frank Antenori and Hans Halberstradt, St.Martins Press New York, Copyright 2006 |
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==External links== |
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{{Portal|Iraq}} |
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*[http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/roughnecks-at-war-the-battle-of-debecka-pass The Battle of Debecka Pass: Roughnecks at War] by John D. Gresham, Defense Media Network, 12 April 2010 |
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{{Iraq War}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Debecka Pass}} |
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[[Category:Battles of the Iraq War involving the United States]] |
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[[Category:Battles of the Iraq War involving Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Battles of the 2003 invasion of Iraq]] |
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[[Category:Erbil Governorate in the Iraq War]] |
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[[Category:Friendly fire incidents of the Iraq War]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:25, 17 June 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2014) |
| Battle of Debecka Pass | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of 2003 Invasion of Iraq | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States Peshmerga |
 Iraq | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
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26 U.S. Special Forces Operators 3 Air Force Combat Controllers 2 Military Intelligence Operators about 150 Kurdish fighters | A motorized company (about 100 soldiers) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
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4 wounded 18 killed, 45 wounded (friendly fire) | 2 T-55 tanks, 8 armoured personnel carriers, 4 troop trucks, unknown number of soldiers killed, 20 captured | ||||||
The Battle of Debecka Pass (Dibagah, Dibege, دیبهگه) on 6–7 April 2003, sometimes known as the Battle of Debecka Ridge or Debecka Crossroads, or otherwise referred to as the Alamo of the Iraq War, was a successful operation launched by U.S. Special Forces to secure a major crossroads near the village of Debecka (Dibege, دیبهگه in Kurdish), between Mosul and Kirkuk in northern Iraq. It was notable for its use of the Raytheon/Lockheed-Martin Javelin anti-tank missile. The weapon demonstrated how lethal and crucial technology can be in determining the outcome of a battle. The light unarmored SOF and Peshmerga (KDP) force faced a mechanized force of Iraqi infantry and tanks. The US and KPD force was able to defeat the Iraqi mechanized infantry & tank force with combined air-to-ground strikes, superior maneuvering, and the use of the Javelin missiles.
Objective
[edit]This battle was one of a 4- pronged simultaneous assault across the battlefield south of Erbil. Emboldened by successful US Special Forces operations vicinity of Aski Kalak, Kurdish forces attempted an independent assault on 5 April that was repelled. Upon hearing this, the AOB 040 CDR quickly deployed to that location to meet with the Peshmerga general. They agreed upon a combined assault across a broad front at day break. The objective vicinity Debeka pass was labeled Objective Rock. The force assigned to secure OBJ Rock consisted of ODA 044, ODA 391, and ODA 392. The 26 United States Army Special Forces Green Berets were divided into two A-teams; ODA 391 & ODA 392, and 150 Peshmerga[1] who were equipped with GMVs (Ground Mobility Vehicles)-modified Humvees with .50 caliber HMGs and Mark 19 grenade launchers that could travel a thousand miles without resupply. The ODAs conducted battle training in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Pickett, Virginia between October and December 2002. On 8 March 2003, the ODAs flew from Pope Air Force Base to Romania and on 26 March 2003 they infiltrated northern Iraq via an MC-130 Combat Talon landing at Al-Sulaymaniya, some 60 miles east of Kirkuk. In their first few days in Iraq, they participated in Operation Viking Hammer. On 1 April 2003, they moved to Irbil and onto a staging area where they linked up with ODA 044, 10th SFG, and their Peshmerga allies. On 4 April 2003, they were given a new mission, code-named Northern Safari.[2]
On 6 April 2003, the 26 Green Berets were given the task to capture a strategically important junction between Mosul and Kirkuk, near the village of Debecka (Dibege, دیبهگه in Kurdish). Were it captured, it would sever Highway 2 and impede Iraqi movement in the north, as well as provide a springboard to eventually drive on and capture the important Kirkuk oil fields.[3] They were to seize the Debecka intersection until relieved by the 173rd Airborne Brigade's artillery component.[4]
The battle
[edit]On the eighteenth day of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, U.S. special forces moved in for the attack. The battle began with an aerial bombardment from B-52 bombers. Green Berets from ODA 044 with 150 Peshmerga fighters advanced towards Objective Rock - a T junction leading to the crossroads and the town of Debecka. ODA 391 and 392 would provide fire support for supported ODA 044 and the Peshmerga, to their immediate north two groups of 500 Peshmerga fighters advanced on the ridgeline; further North, ODA 043, with 150 Kurds, supported by ODAs 394 and 395 acting as fire support attacked Objective Stone - a commanding hilltop occupied by Iraqi forces. [5]
The central column of 500 Peshmerga reached the ridgeline; only running into token resistance, they seized their sector of the ridgeline. ODAs 394 and 395 began suppressing the defenders of Objective Stone, after a scheduled airstrike failed to soften up the Iraqi defenses, causing the Peshmerga to initially refuse to attack the objective, the two ODAs were engaged by Iraqi heavy machine guns and 120 mm mortar fire. The ODAs managed to call in additional CAS which covered the withdrawal of the fire support ODAs out of mortar range and finally suppressed the majority of Objective Stone's defenders, ODAs 394 and 395 quickly resupplied on ammunition and returned to the battle. However, the ODAs were not in place when ODA 043 convinced the Peshmerga to advance again, but the Peshmerga advanced and captured the hilltop objective.[6]
To the South, ODAs 044, 391, and 392 ran into dirt berms that the Iraqis had built across the road leading to Objective Rock, scattering mines over the roadway, whilst the Peshmerga attempted to clear the mines, the ODAs bypassed the roadblock. As the teams crested the ridge they engaged Iraqi infantry in prepared positions and bunkers who soon surrendered under the firepower of the GMVs; an Iraqi Colonel who was taken prisoner said that an Iraqi Army armored unit that was supporting them had withdrawn south. The ODAs returned to breach the dirt berm on the road behind them with demolition charges in case of a hasty retreat was required and moved up onto a small hill known as Press Hill, obscuring an approach to the crossroads from the south. The ODAs then advanced down to the Debecka crossroads themselves, at the edge of Debecka, ODA 392 pursued several Iraqi light mortar teams until it was engaged at long range by ZSU-57-2, whilst ODA 391 destroyed several trucks and technicals from Debecka with its Javelin anti-tank missiles and .50 caliber heavy machine guns.
Soon after, the ODAs spotted a number of Iraqi MT-LB tracked armored personnel carriers appear out of the haze - advancing cautiously toward the crossroads and using their smoke generators to lay down a smoke screen behind them. The Green Berets attempted to suppress and halt them with .50 caliber machine gun and MK19 grenade launchers, they needed to buy themselves time to call in airstrikes and to cool down the Command Launch Units of their Javelins. At that moment, four Iraqi T-55 tanks appeared from behind the MT-LBs, firing their 100 mm guns directly at the Green Berets, the ODAs mounted their GMVs and pulled back to a ridgeline some 900m from the crossroads which they dubbed their "Alamo", the Green Berets continued to ask for air support only to be told it would take a further 30 minutes to arrive on-station. The ODAs Javelin units were finally ready and began destroying the MT-LBs, however, they were running low on missiles. The sudden onslaught of missiles temporarily halted the Iraqi attack. The T-55s used a dirt berm to approach the crossroads slowly, effectively shielding them from the "lock on" of a Javelin; finally - some 35 minutes after the initial request was made two U.S. Navy F-14 Tomcats arrived.
Despite being directed onto the T-55s, the first GBU-16 (1000LB) bomb landed among friendly forces, including a Green Beret AOB (Advanced Operational Base) at Objective Rock. The F-14 pilot got confused and targeted an old rusting hulk of a similar T-55 at Objective Rock rather than the four engaging the ODAs. The bomb killed 18 Peshmerga and wounded 45 along with 4 AOB Green Berets, and John Simpson's BBC camera crew accompanying the Peshmerga, killing his translator. Half of ODA 391 immediately drove to the scene and began treating casualties.[7][8]
The rest of the Green Berets were forced to pull back from the "Alamo" to Press Hill as Iraqi artillery began to bracket them, one of the Green Berets managed to destroy one T-55 that broke cover and attempted to advance toward them, finally a pair of US Navy F/A-18s arrived and drove off the remaining tanks with several bombs, ending the battle. SSG Jason Brown (ODA 391) SGT Jeff Adamec (ODA 392) and SSG Eric Strigotte (ODA 044) all were awarded Silver Star Medals for their actions during the battle.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1-4728-0790-8, p.102
- ^ Cawthorne, Nigel, The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces, Robinson, 2008 ISBN 1845298217 ISBN 978-1845298210
- ^ Lowery, Nathan (Winter 2005), "The Battle for Debecka Crossroads", Tip of the Spear, pp. 79–85
- ^ Cawthorne, Nigel, The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces, Robinson, 2008 ISBN 1845298217 ISBN 978-1845298210
- ^ Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1-4728-0790-8, p.102
- ^ Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1-4728-0790-8, p.103
- ^ "'This is just a scene from hell'". London: BBC. 6 April 2003. Retrieved 6 April 2003.
- ^ "John Simpson - Flak Jacket". BBC Rewind. 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
This is the protective jacket that the BBC's World Affairs Editor, John Simpson, was wearing when accompanying a convoy of US special forces and Kurdish fighters in Northern Iraq, in April 2003. By a tragic error, the convoy came under attack from an American warplane. At least ten people were killed, including a Kurdish translator working with the BBC team, Kamaran Abdurrazaq Muhamed. John Simpson was himself wounded with shrapnel in his leg and bleeding on his face. Moments after the 'friendly fire' attack, in which he was wounded, John Simpson broadcast live by satellite telephone on the BBC news channel.
- ^ Neville, Leigh, Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1-4728-0790-8, p.103-105
Further reading
[edit]- Roughneck Nine-One by Sgt.1st Class Frank Antenori and Hans Halberstradt, St.Martins Press New York, Copyright 2006
External links
[edit]
- The Battle of Debecka Pass: Roughnecks at War by John D. Gresham, Defense Media Network, 12 April 2010
- Special Operations Troops Recount Iraq Missions by Gerry J. Gilmore, American Forces Press Service, 5 February 2004
- The Battle of Debecka Pass Iraq, Raytheon Company website, Special Interest Stories
