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Coordinates: 54°20′51″N 18°38′43″E / 54.34750°N 18.64528°E / 54.34750; 18.64528
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{{about|the city in Poland}}
{{short description|City in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland}}
{{redirect|Danzig}}
{{redirect|Danzig||Danzig (disambiguation)|and|Gdańsk (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Gdańsk
| name = Gdańsk
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|motto=''[[Nec Temere, Nec Timide]]'' <br />(Neither rashly, nor timidly)
| total_width = 280
|image_skyline= {{nowrap|<!--
| border = infobox
-->[[File:Calle Dlugie Pobrzeze, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 06.jpg|260px]]<br/><!--
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
-->[[File:Corte Artus, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg|130px]]<!--
| caption_align = center
-->[[File:Gdansk Kosciol mariacki5.jpg|130px]]<br><!--
-->[[File:Gran Armería, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 08.jpg|130px]]<!--
| image1 = Calle Dlugie Pobrzeze, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 06.jpg
| alt1 = Motława River
-->[[File:7629vik Gdańsk, fontanna Neptuna. Foto Barbara Maliszewska.jpg|130px]]<br/><!--
| caption1 = [[Motława|Motława River]]
-->[[File:Politech gda elektrotech automat.jpg|130px]]<!--
| image2 = Corte Artus, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg
-->[[File:Gdansk diabelski mlyn 1.jpg|130px]]<!--
| alt2 = Artus Court
-->}}
| caption2 = [[Artus Court]]
|imagesize=
| image3 = Gdansk Kosciol mariacki5.jpg
|image_caption= {{hlist|Left to right: [[Motława|Motława River]]|[[Artus Court]]|[[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary's Church]] and [[Gdańsk Town Hall]]|[[Mannerism|Dutch mannerist armoury]]|[[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]]|[[Gdańsk University of Technology]]|[[Ferris wheel]] on [[Islands of Gdańsk|Granary Island]]}}
| alt3 = St. Mary's Church and Main Town Hall
|image_flag=Gdansk flag.svg
| caption3 = [[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary's Church]] and [[Gdańsk Town Hall|Main Town Hall]]
|image_shield=POL Gdańsk COA.svg
| image4 = Gran Armería, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 08.jpg
|pushpin_map=Poland#European Union
| alt4 = Mannerist Great Armoury
|pushpin_label_position=bottom
| caption4 = [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] Great Armoury
|subdivision_type=Country
| image5 = 7629vik Gdańsk, fontanna Neptuna. Foto Barbara Maliszewska.jpg
|subdivision_name=[[Poland]]
| alt5 = ''Długi Targ'' (Long Market) and Neptune's Fountain
|subdivision_type1=[[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| caption5 = [[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]]
| image6 = Museum WWII 2.jpg
|subdivision_type2=[[Powiat|County]]
| alt6 = World War II Museum
|subdivision_name2=''city county''
| caption6 = [[Museum of the Second World War|World War II Museum]]
|leader_title=Mayor
| image7 = Memorial to Defenders - Westerplatte - Gdansk - Poland - 01 (27474123574).jpg
|leader_name=[[Paweł Adamowicz]] ([[Civic Platform|PO]])
| alt7 = Westerplatte Monument
|established_title=Established
| caption7 = [[Westerplatte Monument]]
|established_date=10th century
}}
|established_title3=City rights
| image_shield = POL Gdańsk COA (grand).svg
|established_date3=1263
| motto = ''[[Nec temere, nec timide]]'' <br />(Neither rashly, nor timidly)
|area_total_km2=262
| pushpin_map_alt =
|population_as_of=2016
| pushpin_map = Poland
|population_total=463,754 {{increase}}
| pushpin_label =
|population_density_km2=auto
| pushpin_label_position = right
|population_metro=1080700
| coordinates = {{coord|54|20|51|N|18|38|43|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
|timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|utc_offset=+1
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
|timezone_DST=[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
|utc_offset_DST=+2
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties of Poland|County]]
|coordinates = {{coord|54|22|N|18|38|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]]
|postal_code_type=Postal code
| subdivision_name2 = ''city county''
|postal_code=80-008 to 80–958
| established_title = Established
|area_code=+48 58
| established_date = 10th century
|website= [http://www.gdansk.pl/en/ gdansk.pl]
| established_title3 = City rights
|blank_name=[[Vehicle registration plates of Poland|Car plates]]
| established_date3 = 1263
|blank_info=GD}}
| leader_title = [[List of city mayors of Gdańsk|City mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Aleksandra Dulkiewicz]] [[Independent politician|(Ind.)]]
| governing_body = [[Gdańsk City Council]]
| area_total_km2 = 266
| area_urban_km2 = 414.81
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-08-31|date=27 July 2023|title=Największe miasta w Polsce. Warszawa wyprzedzona, jest nowy lider|url=https://tvn24.pl/biznes/z-kraju/gdansk-wyprzedzil-warszawe-najwieksze-miasta-w-polsce-pod-wzgledem-powierzchni-zmiany-w-przepisach-7264170|website=[[TVN24]]}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-08-31|date=20 July 2023|title=Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2023 roku|url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2023-roku,7,20.html|website=[[Główny Urząd Statystyczny]]}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
| population_total = 486,492 ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|6th]])<ref>[https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx}} (in Polish)</ref>
| population_as_of = 30 June 2023
| population_density_km2 = 1800
| population_urban = 749,786
| population_metro = 1,080,700
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Urban
| demographics2_info1 = €20.529 billion (2020)
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 80-008 to 80–958
| area_code = +48 58
| website = {{URL|https://www.gdansk.pl|gdansk.pl}}
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Poland|Car plates]]
| blank_info = GD
| elevation_max_m = 180
| image_flag = POL Gdańsk flag.svg
| image_map = {{infobox mapframe |coord={{coord|54|20|53|N|18|39|18|E}} }}
}}


'''Gdańsk'''{{Efn|
'''Gdańsk''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|s|k|,_|-|ˈ|d|æ|n|s|k}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gdansk|title=the definition of gdansk|website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> {{IPA-pl|ɡdaɲsk|lang|Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}}; {{lang-de|Danzig}} {{IPA-de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|d|æ|n|s|ɪ|ɡ}}) is a [[Poland|Polish]] city on the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] coast. It is the capital of the [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]], Poland's principal [[port|seaport]] and the centre of the country's fourth-largest [[metropolitan area]].<ref name="lvhmzm">{{cite web|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-173&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan |title=Poland – largest cities (per geographical entity) |publisher=World Gazetteer |accessdate=2009-05-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226221438/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-173&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan |archivedate=December 26, 2008 }}</ref>
* Pronunciation:
** {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdãj̃sk|audio=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Gdańsk.wav|label=Polish:}} sometimes {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdaɲsk||audio=Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}}
** {{IPA|en-GB|ɡəˈdænsk}} {{respell|gə|DANSK}}
** {{IPA|en-US|ɡəˈdɑːnsk}} {{respell|gə|DAHNSK}}<ref>{{cite web |title=the definition of gdansk |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gdansk |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref>
* Other names:
** {{langx|csb|Gduńsk}} {{IPA|csb|ɡduɲsk|}}<ref name="Stefan Ramułt 1893">Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6.</ref>
** {{langx|de|Danzig}} {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig2.ogg}} or {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪk||De-Danzig3.ogg}}
** {{langx|la|Gedania}}, {{Langx|la|Gedanium|label=none}} or {{Langx|la|Dantiscum|label=none}}.<ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237">Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben''. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung (C. A. Werner), 1861, p. 71, 237.</ref>}} is a city on the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] coast of northern [[Poland]], and the capital of the [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]]. With a population of 486,492,<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka |title=Local Data Bank |access-date=18 July 2022 |publisher=Statistics Poland }} Data for territorial unit 2261000.</ref> it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal [[seaport]].<ref name="lvhmzm">{{cite web |url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-173&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan |title=Poland – largest cities (per geographical entity) |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=5 May 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237"/> Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the [[Motława]] River and is situated at the southern edge of [[Gdańsk Bay]], close to the city of [[Gdynia]] and the [[resort town]] of [[Sopot]]; these form a [[metropolitan area]] called the [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] (''Trójmiasto''), with a population of approximately 1.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gdansk.stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_pomorskie/portret_obszaru_metropolitalnego/obszar_metropolitalny_gda%C5%84sk-gdynia-sopot.pdf |title=Obszar Metropolitalny Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417124953/https://gdansk.stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_pomorskie/portret_obszaru_metropolitalnego/obszar_metropolitalny_gda%C5%84sk-gdynia-sopot.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


The city has a complex history, having had periods of Polish, German and self rule. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the [[Middle Ages]], in 1361 it became a member of the [[Hanseatic League]] which influenced its economic, demographic and [[#Architecture|urban landscape]]. It also served as Poland's principal seaport, and was the largest city of Poland in the 15th-17th centuries. In 1793, within the [[Partitions of Poland]], the city became part of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], and thus a part of the [[German Empire]] from 1871 after the [[unification of Germany]]. Following [[World War I]] and the [[Treaty of Versailles]], it was a [[Free City of Danzig|Free City]] under the protection of the [[League of Nations]] from 1920 to 1939. On 1 September 1939 it was the scene of the [[Battle of Westerplatte|first clash]] of [[World War II]] at [[Westerplatte]]. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive [[Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II|border changes]], [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|expulsions]] and [[Gdańsk#Demographics|new settlement]] after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of the [[Eastern Bloc]], the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] and the dissolution of the [[Warsaw Pact]].
The city lies on the southern edge of [[Gdańsk Bay]] (of the [[Baltic Sea]]), in a [[conurbation]] with the city of [[Gdynia]], [[spa town]] of [[Sopot]], and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] (''Trójmiasto''), with a population approaching 1.4 million. Gdańsk itself has a population of 460,427 (December 2012), making it the largest city in the [[Pomerania]] region of Northern Poland.


Gdańsk is home to the [[University of Gdańsk]], [[Gdańsk University of Technology]], the [[National Museum, Gdańsk|National Museum]], the [[Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre]], the [[Museum of World War II in Gdańsk|Museum of the Second World War]], the [[Polish Baltic Philharmonic]], the [[Polish Space Agency]] and the [[European Solidarity Centre]]. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the [[Gdańsk Town Hall|Town Hall]], the [[Green Gate]], [[Artus Court]], [[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]], and [[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary's Church]], one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by [[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport]], the country's [[List of airports in Poland|third busiest airport]] and the most important international airport in northern Poland.
Gdańsk is the capital of [[Gdańsk Pomerania]] and the largest city of [[Kashubia]]. With its origins as a Polish stronghold erected in the 980s by [[Mieszko I of Poland]], the city's history is complex, with periods of Polish rule, periods of [[Prussia|Prussian]] or [[Germany|German]] rule, and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a "[[City-state|free city]]". In the early-modern age Gdańsk was a [[Royal city in Poland|royal city of Poland]]. It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland, prior to the 18th century rapid growth of [[Warsaw]]. Between the world wars, the [[Free City of Danzig]] was in a customs union with Poland and was located between German East Prussia and the so-called [[Polish Corridor]].


Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/Ile-turystow-Gdansk-2019-rok-turystyka-co-zwiedzic-w-gdansku,a,164557 |language=pl |title=Wszystkie Strony Miasta. Rok 2019 rekordowy w gdańskiej turystyce - 3,4 mln gości |website=gdansk.pl |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> The city also hosts [[St. Dominic's Fair]], which dates back to 1260,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/saint-dominics-fair-is-760-years-old-14619 |title=Saint Dominic's Fair is 760 years old! |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929035944/https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/saint-dominics-fair-is-760-years-old-14619 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pap.pl/en/news-/news,621550,millions-at-gdansks-st-dominics-fair.html |website=www.pap.pl |title=Millions at Gdansk's St. Dominic's Fair |date=21 August 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 <!--Article copied to [https://polska.pl/economy/investments-projects/millions-gdansks-st-dominics-fair/ polska.pl]-->}}</ref> Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city centre has been listed as one of Poland's [[List of Historic Monuments (Poland)|national monuments]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/Pomniki_historii/Lista_miejsc/ |title=Pomniki historii |date=n.d. |website=nid.pl |publisher=Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011072200/https://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/Pomniki_historii/Lista_miejsc/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |title=Quality of Life Index by City 2019 Mid-Year |website=www.numbeo.com |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612070505/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,24341452,gdansk-najlepiej-ocenionym-polskim-miastem-w-miedzynarodowym.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312090719/https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,24341452,gdansk-najlepiej-ocenionym-polskim-miastem-w-miedzynarodowym.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.ug.edu.pl/media/aktualnosci/85193/gdansk_high_quality_life_index |title=Gdańsk high in Quality of Life Index |website=en.ug.edu.pl |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920145542/https://en.ug.edu.pl/media/aktualnosci/85193/gdansk_high_quality_life_index |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the [[Motława]] River, connected to the [[Leniwka]], a branch in the delta of the nearby [[Vistula|Vistula River]], which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital, [[Warsaw]]. Together with the nearby port of [[Gdynia]], Gdańsk is also an important industrial center. In the late [[Middle Ages]] it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town, and in the 14th and 15th centuries a member of the [[Hanseatic League]].


== Names==
In the [[interwar period]], owing to its multi ethnic make-up and history, Danzig lay in a disputed region between [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and the [[Weimar Republic]], and later [[Nazi Germany]]. The city's ambiguous [[Free City of Danzig|political status]] was exploited, [[Causes of World War II#Danzig crisis|furthering tension]] between the two countries, which would ultimately culminate in the [[Invasion of Poland]] and the [[Battle of Westerplatte|first clash of the Second World War]] just outside the city limits. In the 1980s it would become the birthplace of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement, which played a major role in bringing an end to [[Communism|Communist]] rule in Poland and helped precipitate the collapse of the [[Eastern Bloc]], the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]].
=== Origin===
[[File:Johannes Canaparius (Jan Kanapariusz) Gyddanyzc Gdańsk Danzig.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A manuscript fragment featuring ''gydda<sup>n</sup>yzc'']]
The name of the city was most likely derived from ''Gdania'', a river presently known as [[Motława]] on which the city is situated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Breza |first=Edward |date=2002 |title=Nazwiska Pomorzan. Pochodzenie i zmiany |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEQrAQAAIAAJ&q=gda%C5%84sk%20gdania%20rzeki%20nazwa |location=Gdańsk |publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego |page=90 |isbn=9788373260573 |oclc=643402493 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032225/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Nazwiska_Pomorzan/aEQrAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=gda%C5%84sk+gdania+rzeki+nazwa |url-status=live }}</ref> Other linguists also argue that the name stems from the [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] [[adjective]]/[[prefix]] ''gъd-'', which meant '[[wetness|wet]]' or '[[moisture|moist]]' with the addition of the [[morpheme]] ''[[ń]]''/''ni'' and the [[suffix]] ''-sk''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historiagdanska.pl/roznosci/gdansk/ |title=Gdańsk. Skąd wzięła się nazwa miasta |last=Mamok |first=Szymon |date=8 October 2020 |website=Historia Gdańska |publisher= |access-date=31 October 2021 |quote= |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164243/https://historiagdanska.pl/roznosci/gdansk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== History===
Gdańsk is home to the [[University of Gdańsk]], [[Gdańsk University of Technology]], the [[National Museum, Gdańsk|National Museum]], the [[Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre]], the [[Museum of World War II in Gdańsk|Museum of the Second World War]], [[Polish Baltic Philharmonic]] and the [[European Solidarity Centre]]. The city also hosts [[St. Dominic's Fair]], which dates back to 1260, and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pap.pl/en/news-/news,621550,millions-at-gdansks-st-dominics-fair.html |website=www.pap.pl |title=Millions at Gdansk's St. Dominic's Fair |date=2016-08-21 |access-date=2016-12-30 |others=Article copied to [https://polska.pl/economy/investments-projects/millions-gdansks-st-dominics-fair/ polska.pl]}}</ref>
The name of the settlement was recorded after [[Adalbert of Prague|St. Adalbert's]] death in 997 CE as ''urbs Gyddanyzc'' and it was later written as ''Kdanzk'' in 1148, ''Gdanzc'' in 1188, ''Danceke''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfEeAAAAMAAJ&q=Zwantepolc |first=Marian |last=Gumowski |title=Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde |year=1966 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008134300/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfEeAAAAMAAJ&q=Zwantepolc |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1228, ''Gdańsk'' in 1236,{{efn|Also in 1454, 1468, 1484, and 1590}} ''Danzc'' in 1263, ''Danczk'' in 1311,{{efn|Also in 1399, 1410, and 1414–1438}} ''Danczik'' in 1399,{{efn|Also in 1410, 1414}} ''Danczig'' in 1414, and ''Gdąnsk'' in 1656.<ref>{{cite book |first=Carl |last=Tighe |title=Gdańsk: national identity in the Polish-German borderlands |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBpAAAAMAAJ&q=Gyddanyzc |isbn=9780745303468 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008115634/https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBpAAAAMAAJ&q=Gyddanyzc |url-status=live }}</ref>


In Polish documents, the form Gdańsk was always used. The German form Danzig developed later, simplifying the consonant clusters to something easier for German speakers to pronounce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Treder |first=Jerzy |date=2007 |title=Historyk o nazwach "Gdańsk" i "Gdania" |journal=Acta Cassubiana |volume=9 |pages=48}}</ref> The cluster "gd" became "d" (''Danzc'' from 1263),{{Sfn|Śliwiński|2006|p=12}} the combination "ns" became "nts" (''Danczk'' from 1311),{{Sfn|Śliwiński|2006|p=12}} and finally an [[epenthesis|epenthetical]] "i" broke up the final cluster (''Danczik'' from 1399).{{Sfn|Śliwiński|2006|p=12}}
==Names==
The city's name is thought to originate from the [[Motława|Gdania River]],<ref>[http://google.com/search?q=cache:CricehQx6TwJ:www.directferries.co.uk/gdansk_guide.htm+Gdania+river&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=ca From the history of Gdańsk city name, as explained at Gdańsk Guide]{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the original name of the Motława branch on which the city is situated. The name of a settlement was recorded after [[Adalbert of Prague|St. Adalbert's]] death in AD 997 as ''urbs Gyddanyzc''<ref name=Tighe>{{cite book |first=Carl |last=Tighe |title=Gdańsk: national identity in the Polish-German borderlands |publisher=Pluto Press |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBpAAAAMAAJ&q=Gyddanyzc&dq=Gyddanyzc|isbn=9780745303468|accessdate=2016-02-11 }}</ref> and later was written as ''Kdanzk'' in 1148, ''Gdanzc'' in 1188, ''Danceke''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=VfEeAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Zwantepolc+de%22&q=Zwantepolc#search |first=Marian |last=Gumowski |title=Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde |year=1966 |language=German |accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref> in 1228, ''Gdansk'' in 1236,<ref>Also in 1454, 1468, 1484, and 1590</ref> ''Danzc'' in 1263, ''Danczk'' in 1311,<ref>Also in 1399, 1410, and 1414–1438</ref> ''Danczik'' in 1399,<ref name=Tighe/><ref>Also in 1410, 1414</ref> ''Danczig '' in 1414, ''Gdąnsk'' in 1656. In Polish the modern name of the city is pronounced {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Gdańsk.ogg|g|d|a|ń|s|k}}. In English (where the [[Polish alphabet|diacritic]] over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|n|s|k}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|s|k}}. The German name, "Danzig", is pronounced as {{IPA-de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig.ogg}}.


The city's [[Latin]] name may be given as either ''Gedania'', ''Gedanum'' or ''Dantiscum''; the variety of Latin names reflects the mixed influence of the city's Polish, German and Kashubian heritage. Other former spellings of the name include ''Dantzig'', ''Dantsic'' and ''Dantzic''.
In Polish, the modern name of the city is pronounced {{IPA|pl|ɡdaj̃sk||Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}}. In English (where the [[Polish alphabet|diacritic]] over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|n|s|k}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|s|k}}. The German name, ''Danzig'', is usually pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig2.ogg}}, or alternatively {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪk||De-Danzig3.ogg}} in more Southern German-speaking areas. The city's [[Latin]] name may be given as either ''Gedania'', ''Gedanum'', or ''Dantiscum''; the variety of Latin and German names typically reflects the difficulty of pronunciation of the Polish/Slavonic city's name, all German- and Latin/Romance-speaking populations always encounter in trying to pronounce the difficult and complex Polish/Slavonic words.


===Ceremonial names===
===Ceremonial names===
On special occasions the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish ''Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk'', Latin ''Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis'', Kashubian ''Królewsczi Polsczi Gard Gduńsk'').<ref>Gdańsk, in: Kazimierz Rymut, ''Nazwy Miast Polski'', [[Ossolineum]], Wrocław 1987</ref><ref>Hubert Gurnowicz, ''Gdańsk'', in: ''Nazwy miast Pomorza Gdańskiego'', [[Ossolineum]], Wrocław 1978</ref><ref>''Baedeker's Northern Germany'', [[Baedeker|Karl Baedeker Publishing]], Leipzig 1904</ref> In the [[Kashubian language]] the city is called ''Gduńsk''. Kashubians also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (''Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk'') or "The Kashubian Capital City Gduńsk" (''Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk'').
On special occasions, the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish: ''Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk'', Latin: ''Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis'', Kashubian: ''Królewsczi Pòlsczi Gard Gduńsk'').<ref>Gdańsk, in: Kazimierz Rymut, ''Nazwy Miast Polski'', [[Ossolineum]], Wrocław 1987</ref><ref>Hubert Gurnowicz, ''Gdańsk'', in: ''Nazwy must Pomorza Gdańskiego'', [[Ossolineum]], Wrocław 1978</ref><ref>''Baedeker's Northern Germany'', [[Baedeker|Karl Baedeker Publishing]], Leipzig 1904</ref> In the [[Kashubian language]] the city is called {{lang|csb|Gduńsk}}. Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (''Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk'') or "Our (regional) Capital City Gduńsk" (''Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk''), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of [[Kashubia]] are debatable and use of such names raises controversy among Kashubians.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Labuda |first=Aleksander |date= |title=Gduńsk, nasz stoleczny gard |url=http://strona.kaszebsko.nazwa.pl/uploads/symbole/Gdu%C5%84sk,%20nasz%20stoleczny%20gard.pdf |magazine=Zrzesz Kaszëbskô |location= |publisher= |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308190400/http://strona.kaszebsko.nazwa.pl/uploads/symbole/Gdu%C5%84sk,%20nasz%20stoleczny%20gard.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{Main article|History of Gdańsk|Timeline of Gdańsk history}}
{{Main|History of Gdańsk}}
{{For timeline}}

===Ancient history===
The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the [[Bronze Age]] (which is estimated to be from 2500&ndash;1700 BCE). The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an [[agriculture]] and [[fishing]]-dependent village.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historia.trojmiasto.pl/historia-gdanska.html |title=Gdańsk na przestrzeni dziejów |website=Trójmiasto.pl Historia |publisher=Trójmiasto |access-date=15 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215162949/https://historia.trojmiasto.pl/historia-gdanska.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://polskatampabay.com/2018/04/09/gdansk-jedno-z-najstarszych-polskich-miast/ |title=Gdańsk – jedno z najstarszych polskich miast |date=9 April 2018 |website=Polska Tampa Bay |publisher= |access-date=15 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180000/http://polskatampabay.com/2018/04/09/gdansk-jedno-z-najstarszych-polskich-miast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the beginning of the 10th century, it began becoming an important centre for [[trade]] (especially between the [[Pomeranians (tribe)|Pomeranians]]) until its annexation in {{circa}} 975 by [[Mieszko I]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gedanopedia.pl/gdansk/?title=GDA%C5%83SK_%E2%80%93_POCZ%C4%84TKI_MIASTA |title=GDAŃSK – POCZĄTKI MIASTA |date=25 December 2019 |website=Gedanopedia |publisher=Gdańsk Foundation |access-date=15 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609183651/https://www.gedanopedia.pl/gdansk/?title=GDA%C5%83SK_%E2%80%93_POCZ%C4%84TKI_MIASTA |url-status=dead}}</ref>


===Early Poland===
===Early Poland===
[[File:Brama Zuraw W Gdansku (153003103).jpeg|thumb|The largest medieval port crane in Europe, situated over the river [[Motława]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.nmm.pl/crane/the-crane-past-and-present |title=The Crane: past and present – Crane – National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk |website=en.nmm.pl |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081538/https://en.nmm.pl/crane/the-crane-past-and-present |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:635498 Gdansk Żuraw 01.JPG|thumb|right|The medieval port crane, called ''Żuraw'', over the river [[Motława]]]]
The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the ''vita'' of [[Adalbert (Archbishop of Magdeburg)|Saint Adalbert]]. Written in 999, it describes how in 997 Saint [[Adalbert of Prague]] baptised the inhabitants of ''urbs Gyddannyzc'', "which separated the great realm of the duke [i.e. [[Bolesław I Chrobry|Boleslaw the Brave]] of Poland] from the sea."<ref name=Loew24>Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 24.</ref> No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries.<ref name=Loew24/> Based on the date in Adalbert's ''vita'', the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.<ref name=Waznyetal>Wazny, Tomasz; Paner, Henryk; Golebiewski, Andrzej; Koscinski, Bogdan: Early medieval Gdansk/Danzig revisited (EuroDendro 2004), Rendsburg 2004, [http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf pdf-abstract] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224137/http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf |date=September 9, 2013 }}.</ref>
The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the ''vita'' of [[Adalbert (Archbishop of Magdeburg)|Saint Adalbert]]. Written in 999, it describes how in 997 Saint [[Adalbert of Prague]] baptised the inhabitants of ''urbs Gyddannyzc'', "which separated the great realm of the duke [i.e., [[Bolesław I Chrobry|Bolesław the Brave]] of Poland] from the sea."<ref name=Loew24>Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 24.</ref> No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries.<ref name=Loew24/> Based on the date in Adalbert's ''vita'', the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.<ref name=Waznyetal>Wazny, Tomasz; Paner, Henryk; Golebiewski, Andrzej; Koscinski, Bogdan: Early medieval Gdańsk/Danzig revisited (EuroDendro 2004), Rendsburg 2004, [http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf pdf-abstract] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224137/http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf |date=9 September 2013 }}.</ref>


Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after [[World War II]] had laid 90 percent of the city center in ruins, enabling excavations.<ref name=LoewWazny>Loew (2011), p. 24; Wazny et al. (2004), [http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf abstract] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224137/http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf |date=September 9, 2013 }}.</ref> The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308.<ref name=Waznyetal/> It is generally thought that [[Mieszko I of Poland]] erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the [[History of Poland (966–1385)|Polish state]] ruled by the [[Piast dynasty]] with the trade routes of the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=Hess39>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|page=39}}</ref> Traces of buildings and housing from 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archeologia.pl/en/exhibitions/permanent/95-1000-lat-gdanska-w-swietle-wykopalisk|title=1000 LAT GDAŃSKA W ŚWIETLE WYKOPALISK|first=|last=admin2|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref>.
Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after [[World War II]] had laid 90{{nbsp}}percent of the city centre in ruins, enabling excavations.<ref name=LoewWazny>Loew (2011), p. 24; Wazny et al. (2004), [http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf abstract] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224137/http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf|date=9 September 2013 }}.</ref> The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308.<ref name=Waznyetal/> [[Mieszko I of Poland]] erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the [[History of Poland (966–1385)|Polish state]] ruled by the [[Piast dynasty]] with the trade routes of the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=Hess39>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=39}}</ref> Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archeologia.pl/en/exhibitions/permanent/95-1000-lat-gdanska-w-swietle-wykopalisk |title=1000 LAT GDAŃSKA W ŚWIETLE WYKOPALISK |last=admin2 |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013801/http://archeologia.pl/en/exhibitions/permanent/95-1000-lat-gdanska-w-swietle-wykopalisk |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Pomeranian Poland===
===Pomeranian Poland===
[[File:Hala Targowa w Gdańsku podziemia.jpg|thumb|Excavated remains of Gdańsk buildings from the 12th century]]
[[File: Hala Targowa w Gdańsku podziemia.jpg|thumb|Excavated remains of 12th-century buildings in Gdańsk]]
The site was ruled on behalf of Poland by the [[Samborides]]' [[Duke|duchy]] and consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, craftsmen settlements along the ''Old Ditch'', German merchant settlements around the ''St Nicolas'' church and the old Piast stronghold.<ref name=Hess40>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|page=40}}</ref> In 1186, a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monastery was set up in nearby [[Oliwa]], which is now within the city limits. In 1215, the ducal stronghold became the centre of a [[Pomeranian duchies and dukes#Duchy of Pomerelia|Pomerelian splinter duchy]]. At that time the area of the later city comprised different villages. At least since 1224/25 a German market settlement with merchants from [[Lübeck]] existed in the area of today's [[Long Market]].<ref name="ReferenceA">name="harlander">{{cite book | title=Stadtanlage und Befestigung von Danzig (zur Zeit des Deutschen Ordens) | publisher=GRIN Verlag | author=Harlander, Christa | year=2004 | pages=2 | isbn=978-3-638-75010-3}}</ref> In 1224/25, merchants from [[Lübeck]] were invited as "hospites" (''immigrants with specific privileges'') but were soon forced to leave by [[Swantopolk II, Duke of Pomerania|Swantopolk II]] of the Samborides in 1238 during a war between Swantopolk and the [[Teutonic Knights]], during which Lübeck supported the latter. Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257.<ref name="zbierski">{{cite book | title=Struktura zawodowa, spoleczna i etnicza ludnosci. In Historia Gdanska, Vol. 1 | publisher=Wydawnictwo Morskie | author=Zbierski, Andrzej | year=1978 | pages=228–9 | isbn=83-86557-00-1}}</ref> Significant German influence did not appear until the 14th century, after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights.<ref name="turnock">{{cite book | title=The Making of Eastern Europe: From the Earliest Times to 1815 | publisher=Routledge | author=Turnock, David | year=1988 | page=180 | isbn=0-415-01267-8}}</ref>
The site was ruled as a [[Duke|duchy]] of Poland by the [[Samborides]]. It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch, German merchant settlements around St Nicholas' Church and the old Piast stronghold.<ref name=Hess40>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=40}}</ref> In 1215, the ducal stronghold became the centre of a [[Pomeranian duchies and dukes#Duchy of Pomerelia|Pomerelian splinter duchy]]. At that time the area of the later city included various villages.
In 1224/25, merchants from [[Lübeck]] were invited as ''hospites'' (immigrants with specific privileges) but were soon (in 1238) forced to leave by [[Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania|Swietopelk II]] of the Samborides during a war between Swietopelk and the [[Teutonic Knights]], during which Lübeck supported the latter. Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257.<ref name="zbierski">{{cite book |title=Struktura zawodowa, spoleczna i etnicza ludnosci. In Historia Gdanska, Vol. 1 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Morskie |author=Zbierski, Andrzej |year=1978 |pages=228–9 |isbn=978-83-86557-00-4}}</ref> Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century, after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights.<ref name="turnock">{{cite book |title=The Making of Eastern Europe: From the Earliest Times to 1815 |publisher=Routledge |author=Turnock, David |year=1988 |page=180 |isbn=978-0-415-01267-6}}</ref>

At latest in 1263 [[Pomerelia]]n duke, Swantopolk II. granted city rights under [[Lübeck law]] to the emerging market settlement.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It was an [[German town law|autonomy charter]] similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.<ref name=Hess40/> In a document of 1271 the [[Pomerelia]]n duke [[Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania|Mestwin II.]] addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.<ref>name="lingenberg">{{cite book | title=Die Anfänge des Klosters Oliva und die Entstehung der deutschen Stadt Danzig: die frühe Geschichte der beiden Gemeinwesen bis 1308/10 | publisher=Klett-Cotta | author=Lingenberg, Heinz | year=1982 | pages=292 | isbn=978-3-129-14900-3}}</ref><ref>‘The Slippery Memory of Men’: The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland
At latest in 1263 [[Pomerelia]]n duke, Swietopelk II granted city rights under [[Lübeck law]] to the emerging market settlement.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=Stadtanlage und Befestigung von Danzig (zur Zeit des Deutschen Ordens) |publisher=GRIN Verlag |author=Harlander, Christa |year=2004 |page=2 |isbn=978-3-638-75010-3}}</ref> It was an [[German town law|autonomy charter]] similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.<ref name=Hess40/> In a document of 1271 the [[Pomerelia]]n duke [[Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania|Mestwin II]] addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.<ref name="lingenberg">{{cite book |title=Die Anfänge des Klosters Oliva und die Entstehung der deutschen Stadt Danzig: die frühe Geschichte der beiden Gemeinwesen bis 1308/10 |publisher=Klett-Cotta |author=Lingenberg, Heinz |year=1982 |page=292 |isbn=978-3-129-14900-3}}</ref><ref>'The Slippery Memory of Men': The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland by Paul Milliman p. 73, 2013</ref>
by Paul Milliman page 73, 2013</ref>


In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000.<ref name=Hess4041>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|pages=40–41}}</ref> While overall the town was not a very important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name=Hess4041/> Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and Brandenburg left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301. The [[Teutonic Knights]] were hired by the Polish nobles to clear out the Danes.
In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000. While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with [[Eastern Europe]]. Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and the Brandenburgians left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301.<ref>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |pages=40–41}}</ref>


===Teutonic Knights===
===Teutonic Knights===
[[File:Gdanskmemorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Monument to defenders of Polish Gdańsk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights]]
[[File:Gdanskmemorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Monument to defenders of Polish Gdańsk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights.]]
{{main|Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)}}
In 1308, the town was taken by [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a [[Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)|massacre]] carried out by the Teutonic Knights on the local population,<ref name=Hess41>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|page=41}}</ref> of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.<ref name=Boockmann158>[[Hartmut Boockmann]], ''Ostpreussen und Westpreussen'', Siedler, 2002, p.158, {{ISBN|3-88680-212-4}}</ref> Some authors accept the number given in the original sources,<ref name="p.376">James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, {{ISBN|0-313-30984-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA376&dq=1308+Gdansk+massacre&as_brr=3&ei=cilQSPHSMom2iwGE8JU0&sig=OR_a7-g10jIZsYOJGkmBe5ZwfSY p.376 Google Books]</ref> while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.<ref name=Boockmann158/> The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.<ref name=Boockmann158/><ref name="Thomas Urban">Thomas Urban: "[http://www.thomas-urban.pl/gdansk.php Rezydencja książąt Pomorskich]". {{pl icon}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825225724/http://www.thomas-urban.pl/gdansk.php |date=August 25, 2005 }}</ref>
In 1308, the town was taken by [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a [[Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)|massacre]] carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population,<ref name=Hess41>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=41}}</ref> of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.<ref name=Boockmann158>[[Hartmut Boockmann]], ''Ostpreußen und Westpreußen'', Siedler, 2002, p. 158, {{ISBN|3-88680-212-4}}</ref> Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources,<ref name="p.376">James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, {{ISBN|0-313-30984-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&dq=1308+Gdansk+massacre&pg=PA376 p. 376 Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102110148/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA376&dq=1308+Gdansk+massacre&as_brr=3&ei=cilQSPHSMom2iwGE8JU0&sig=OR_a7-g10jIZsYOJGkmBe5ZwfSY |date=2 November 2020 }}</ref> while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.<ref name=Boockmann158/> The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.<ref name=Boockmann158/><ref name="Thomas Urban">[[Thomas Urban]]: "[http://www.thomas-urban.pl/gdansk.php Rezydencja książąt Pomorskich]". {{in lang|pl}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825225724/http://www.thomas-urban.pl/gdansk.php |date=25 August 2005 }}</ref>


The knights colonised the area, replacing local [[Kashubians]] and Poles with German settlers.<ref name="p.376"/> In 1308, they founded ''Osiek'' ''Hakelwerk'' near the town, initially as a Slavic fishing settlement.<ref name=Hess41/> In 1340, the Teutonic Knights built a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' [[Komtur]].<ref name=Hess4142>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|pages=41–42}}</ref> In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the ''[[Rechtstadt]]'', to [[Kulm law]].<ref name=frankot>{{cite book|title='Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen': Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe|first=Edda|last=Frankot|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7486-4624-1|page=100}}</ref> In 1358, Danzig joined the [[Hanseatic League]], and became an active member in 1361.<ref name=Hess42>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|page=42}}</ref> It maintained relations with the trade centers [[Bruges]], [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]], [[Lisbon|Lisboa]] and [[Seville|Sevilla]].<ref name=Hess42/> Around 1377, the [[Old Town (Gdańsk)|Old Town]] was equipped with city rights as well.<ref name=Loew>{{cite book|title=Danzig: Biographie einer Stadt|first=Peter O.|last=Loew|publisher=C.H.Beck|location=München|year=2011|isbn=978-3-406-60587-1|page=43}}</ref> In 1380, the ''New Town'' was founded as the third, independent settlement.<ref name=Hess41/>
The knights colonized the area, replacing local [[Kashubians]] and Poles with German settlers.<ref name="p.376"/> In 1308, they founded ''Osiek Hakelwerk'' near the town, initially as a Slavic fishing settlement.<ref name=Hess41/> In 1340, the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' [[Komtur]].<ref name=Hess4142>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |pages=41–42}}</ref> In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the ''[[Rechtstadt]]'', to [[Kulm law]].<ref name=frankot>{{cite book |title='Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen': Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe |first=Edda |last=Frankot |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7486-4624-1 |page=100}}</ref> In 1358, Danzig joined the [[Hanseatic League]], and became an active member in 1361.<ref name=Hess42>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=42}}</ref> It maintained relations with the trade centres [[Bruges]], [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]], [[Lisbon|Lisboa]], and [[Seville|Sevilla]].<ref name=Hess42/> Around 1377, the [[Old Town (Gdańsk)|Old Town]] was equipped with city rights as well.<ref name=Loew>{{cite book |title=Danzig: Biographie einer Stadt |first=Peter O. |last=Loew |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=München |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-406-60587-1 |page=43}}</ref> In 1380, the ''New Town'' was founded as the third, independent settlement.<ref name=Hess41/>


After a series of [[Polish–Teutonic War|Polish-Teutonic Wars]], in the [[Treaty of Kalisz (1343)]] the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as an [[alms|alm]] from the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]]. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, potash, tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the [[Vistula|Vistula River]] [[trade route|trading routes]], although after its capture, the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of [[Teutonic Knights|the Teutonic Order]] German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sobecki|first1=Sebastian|title=Danzig|journal=Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace|date=2016|pages=635–41|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford}}</ref> A new war broke out in 1409, ending with the [[Battle of Grunwald]] (1410), and the city came under the control of the [[Poland during the Jagiellon dynasty|Kingdom of Poland]]. A year later, with the [[Peace of Thorn (1411)|First Peace of Thorn]], it returned to the Teutonic Order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgdansk.pl/ii-pokoj-torunski-i-przylaczenie-gdanska-do-rzeczpospolitej,10.html|title=II Pokój Toruński i przyłączenie Gdańska do Rzeczpospolitej|author=|date=|work=mgdansk.pl}}</ref>
After a series of [[Polish–Teutonic War|Polish-Teutonic Wars]], in the [[Treaty of Kalisz (1343)]] the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a [[fief]] from the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]]. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, [[potash]], tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the [[Vistula]] River [[trade route|trading routes]], although after its capture, the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of [[Teutonic Knights|the Teutonic Order]] German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sobecki |first1=Sebastian |title=Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace |date=2016 |pages=635–41 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |isbn=9780198735359 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |url-status=live }}</ref> A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the [[Battle of Grunwald]] (1410), and the city came under the control of the [[Poland during the Jagiellon dynasty|Kingdom of Poland]]. A year later, with the [[Peace of Thorn (1411)|First Peace of Thorn]], it returned to the Teutonic Order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgdansk.pl/ii-pokoj-torunski-i-przylaczenie-gdanska-do-rzeczpospolitej,10.html |title=II Pokój Toruński i przyłączenie Gdańska do Rzeczpospolitej |work=mgdansk.pl |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019234200/http://www.mgdansk.pl/ii-pokoj-torunski-i-przylaczenie-gdanska-do-rzeczpospolitej,10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Kingdom of Poland===
===Kingdom of Poland===
[[File:Allegory of Gdańsk trade.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[Apotheosis]] of Gdańsk'' by Izaak van den Blocke. The [[Vistula]]-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.]]
[[File:Allegory of Gdańsk trade.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[Apotheosis]] of Gdańsk'' by Izaak van den Blocke. The [[Vistula]]-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.]]


In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the [[Prussian Confederation]] which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. This led to the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] of independence from the [[State of the Teutonic Order|Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia]] (1454–1466). On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights and independence as an autonomous city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Poland.htm|title=Poland|first=Ben|last=Cahoon|date=|work=worldstatesmen.org}}</ref><ref>[http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Gdańsk.html Danzig – Gdańsk until 1920] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the [[Prussian Confederation]] which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|pages=16, 18}}</ref> On the request of the organisation King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV of Poland]] reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.<ref>Górski, pp. 51, 56</ref> This led to the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years' War]] between Poland and the [[State of the Teutonic Order]] (1454–1466). Since 1454, the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins.<ref>Górski, p. 63</ref> The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in [[Kraków]],<ref>Górski, pp. 71-72</ref> and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in [[Elbląg]], recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful.<ref>Górski, pp. 79-80</ref> On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Gdańsk.html |title=Danzig – Gdańsk until 1920}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


On 15 May 1457, [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV of Poland]] granted the town the ''Great Privilege'', after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks.<ref name=Hess45>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|page=45}}</ref> With the ''Great Privilege'', the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland.<ref name=Hess45A>{{cite book|title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit|first=Corina|last=Hess|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=2007|isbn=3-8258-8711-1|page=45}}: "Geben wir und verlehen unnsir Stadt Danczk das sie zcu ewigen geczeiten nymands for eynem herrn halden noc gehorsam zcu weszen seyn sullen in weltlichen sachen."</ref> It clearly states that Danzig is free and no citizen is subject to any king. The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania and Ruthenia (present day Belarus and Ukraine) and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of her territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin.<ref name=Hess45/> Furthermore, the privilege united ''Old Town'', ''Osiek'' and ''Main Town'', and legalised the demolition of ''New Town'', which had sided with the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref name=Hess45/> By 1457, ''New Town'' was demolished completely, no buildings remained.<ref name=Hess41/>
On 15 May 1457, [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV of Poland]] granted the town the ''Great Privilege'', after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks.<ref name=Hess45>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=45}}</ref> With the ''Great Privilege'', the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland.<ref name=Hess45A>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=45}}: "Geben wir und verlehen unnsir Stadt Danczk das sie zcu ewigen geczeiten nymands for eynem herrn halden noc gehorsam zcu weszen seyn sullen in weltlichen sachen."</ref> The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia (present day [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]]), and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of her territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin.<ref name=Hess45/> Furthermore, the privilege united ''Old Town'', ''Osiek'', and ''Main Town'', and legalised the demolition of ''New Town'', which had sided with the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref name=Hess45/> By 1457, ''New Town'' was demolished completely, no buildings remained.<ref name=Hess41/>


Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)]] with the Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia the warfare between the latter and the Polish crown ended permanently. After the [[Union of Lublin]] between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. [[Danzig law|Danzig Law]]). Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the [[Royal elections in Poland|royal election]] period in Poland.
Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)]] between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently; Gdańsk became part of the Polish province of [[Royal Prussia]], and later also of the [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Greater Poland Province]]. The city was visited by [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] in 1504 and 1526, and ''[[Narratio Prima]]'', the first printed abstract of his [[heliocentric theory]], was published there in 1540.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://szlakkopernikowski.pl/pl/gdansk|title=Gdańsk|website=Szlak Kopernikowski|access-date=11 January 2024|language=pl}}</ref> After the [[Union of Lublin]] between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. [[Danzig law]]). Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the [[Royal elections in Poland|royal election]] period in Poland.


In the 1560s and 1570s, a large [[Mennonite]] community started growing in the city, gaining significant popularity.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Graaf |first=Tjeerd |author-link= |date=2004 |title= The Status of an Ethnic Minority in Eurasia: The Mennonites and Their Relation with the Netherlands, Germany and Russia |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</ref> In the 1575 election to the Polish throne, Danzig supported [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] in his struggle against [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]]. It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city, encouraged by the secret support of [[Denmark]] and [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Maximilian]], shut its gates against Stephen. After the [[Siege of Danzig (1577)|Siege of Danzig]], lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] confirmed the city's special status and her [[Danzig law]] privileges granted by earlier [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish kings]]. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200,000 [[Guilder|guldens]] in gold as payoff ("apology").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historykon.pl/bitwa-pod-lubieszowem-w-swietle-wybranych-zrodel-pisanych/ |title=Bitwa pod Lubieszowem w świetle wybranych źródeł pisanych |last=Włusek |first=Andrzej |date=23 May 2017 |website=HistoryKon |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
[[File:Gdańsk Zielona Brama.jpg|thumb|right|[[Green Gate]], inspired by the [[Antwerp City Hall]],<ref>{{cite book |authors=Juliette Roding, Lex Heerma van Voss|title=The North Sea and culture (1550–1800): proceedings of the international conference held at Leiden 21–22 April 1995|year=1996 |page=103 |pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren|location=|isbn=90-6550-527-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDxJ0g5AokC&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=}}</ref> was built to serve as the formal residence of the [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish monarchs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://miasta.gazeta.pl/trojmiasto/1,49422,3928314.html|title=Zielona Brama w Gdańsku|work=wilanowmiasta.gazeta.pl|publisher=|pages=|page=|date=2007-02-18|accessdate=2008-12-29|language=pl|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229054623/http://miasta.gazeta.pl/trojmiasto/1%2C49422%2C3928314.html|archivedate=2007-12-29|df=}}</ref>]]
In 1569 a [[Vistula delta Mennonites|Mennonite Church]] was founded here.


During the [[Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)|Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629]], in 1627, the naval [[Battle of Oliwa]] was fought near the city, and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the [[Polish Navy]]. During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, commonly known as the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]], the city was unsuccessfully [[Siege of Danzig (1655–1660)|besieged by Sweden]]. In 1660, the war was ended with the [[Treaty of Oliwa]], signed in the present-day district of [[Oliwa]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Wojny na Bałtyku X - XIX wiek |last=Kosiarz |first=Edmund |publisher=Wydawnictwo Morskie |location=Gdańsk |year=1978|page=}}</ref> In 1677, a Polish-Swedish alliance was signed in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jonasson|first=Gustav|year=1980|title=Polska i Szwecja za czasów Jana III Sobieskiego|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|publisher=[[Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich]], Wydawnictwo [[Polish Academy of Sciences|Polskiej Akademii Nauk]]|location=Wrocław|language=pl|volume=XXXV|issue=2|page=240|issn=0037-7511}}</ref> Around 1640, [[Johannes Hevelius]] established his [[:pl:Obserwatorium Astronomiczne Jana Heweliusza w Gdańsku|astronomical observatory]] in the [[Old Town (Gdańsk)|Old Town]]. Polish King [[John III Sobieski]] regularly visited Hevelius numerous times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://culture.pl/pl/tworca/jan-heweliusz |title=Jan Heweliusz - życie i twórczość |last= |first= |date= |website=Culture.pl |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland)|Ministry of Culture and National Heritage]] |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote=}}</ref>
In the 1575 election of a king to the Polish throne, Danzig supported [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] against [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]]. It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city, encouraged by the secret support of [[Denmark]] and [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Maximilian]], shut its gates against Stephen. After the [[Siege of Danzig (1577)]], lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] confirmed the city's special status and her [[Danzig law|Danzig Law]] privileges granted by earlier [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish kings]]. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200,000 [[Guilder|guldens]] in gold as payoff ("apology").


Beside a majority of German-speakers,<ref name=Zamoyski>{{cite book |last=Zamoyski |first=Adam |year=2015 |title=Poland. A History |publisher=William Collins |isbn=978-0007556212 |pages=26, 92}}</ref> whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as [[Pomerelia]]n,<ref>Bömelburg, Hans-Jürgen, ''Zwischen polnischer Ständegesellschaft und preußischem Obrigkeitsstaat: vom Königlichen Preußen zu Westpreußen (1756–1806)'', München: Oldenbourg, 1995, (Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Ostdeutsche Kultur und Geschichte (Oldenburg); 5), zugl.: Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ., Diss., 1993, p. 549</ref> the city was home to a large number of Polish-speaking Poles, Jewish Poles, [[Latvian language|Latvian-speaking]] [[Kursenieki]], [[Southern Netherlands|Flemings]], and [[Dutch people|Dutch]]. In addition, a number of [[Scottish people|Scots]] took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city, with first Scots arriving in 1380.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wijaczka|first=Jacek|editor-last1=Kopczyński|editor-first1=Michał|editor-last2=Tygielski|editor-first2=Wojciech|year=2010|title=Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona|chapter=Szkoci|page=201|isbn=978-83-11-11724-2}}</ref> During the [[Protestant Reformation]], most German-speaking inhabitants adopted [[Lutheranism]]. Due to the special status of the city and significance within the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<ref name=Chwalba>Historia Polski 1795–1815 [[Andrzej Chwalba]] Kraków 2000, p. 441</ref>
Around 1640, [[Johannes Hevelius]] established his [[:pl:Obserwatorium Astronomiczne Jana Heweliusza w Gdańsku|astronomical observatory]] in the [[Old Town (Gdańsk)|Old Town]]. Polish King [[John III Sobieski]] regularly visited Hevelius numerous times.


[[File:Brama św. Jakuba w Gdańsku.jpg|thumb|Old Town in the 1770s with the Saint James church on the left and Saint Bartholomew church on the right]]
Beside the large numbers of German-speakers, whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as [[Pomerelia]]n,<ref>Bömelburg, Hans-Jürgen, ''Zwischen polnischer Ständegesellschaft und preußischem Obrigkeitsstaat: vom Königlichen Preußen zu Westpreußen (1756–1806)'', München: Oldenbourg, 1995, (Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Ostdeutsche Kultur und Geschichte (Oldenburg); 5), zugl.: Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ., Diss., 1993, 549 pp.</ref> the city was home to a large number of Polish-speaking Poles, [[Jews|Jewish]] Poles, [[Latvian language|Latvian speaking]] [[Kursenieki]], [[Southern Netherlands|Flemings]] and [[Dutch people|Dutch]]. In addition, a number of [[Scottish people|Scots]] took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city. During the [[Protestant Reformation]], most German-speaking inhabitants adopted [[Lutheranism]]. Due to the special status of the city and significance within the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<ref name=Chwalba>Historia Polski 1795–1815 [[Andrzej Chwalba]] Kraków 2000, page 441</ref>
The city suffered a [[The plague during the Great Northern War|last great plague]] and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. After peace was restored in 1721, Danzig experienced steady economic recovery. As a stronghold of [[Stanisław Leszczyński]]'s supporters during the [[War of the Polish Succession]], it was taken by the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] after the [[Siege of Danzig (1734)|Siege of Danzig]] in 1734. In the 1740s and 1750s Danzig was restored and Danzig port was again the most significant grain exporting ports in the [[Baltic region]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= The Rise of Prussia 1700-1830 | author1=Philip G. Dwyer |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=9781317887034 | pages=134}}</ref> The [[Danzig Research Society]], which became defunct in 1936, was founded in 1743.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~gornig/danzig/geschichte.htm |title=Geschichte der Danziger Naturforschenden Gesellschaft |last=Letkemann |first=Peter |date=2000 |website=uni-marburg.de |publisher=[[University of Marburg]] |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote= |archive-date=31 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050131091324/http://staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~gornig/danzig/geschichte.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>


In 1772, the [[First Partition of Poland]] took place and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] annexed almost all of the former Royal Prussia, which became the [[Province of West Prussia]]. However, Gdańsk remained a part of Poland as an [[exclave]] separated from the rest of the country. The [[List of monarchs of Prussia|Prussian king]] cut off Danzig with a military controlled barrier, also blocking shipping links to foreign ports, on the pretense that a [[cattle plague]] may otherwise break out. Danzig declined in its economic significance. However, by the end of the 18th century, Gdańsk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland. It was well-connected and traded actively with [[German cities]], while other [[Polish cities]] became less well-integrated towards the end of the century, mostly due to greater risks for long-distance [[trade]], given the number of [[Violence|violent]] conflicts along the trade routes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baten |first1=Jörg |last2=Wallusch |first2=Jacek |date=2005 |title=Market Integration and Disintegration of Poland and Germany in the 18th Century |journal=Economies et Sociétés}}</ref>
The city suffered a [[The plague during the Great Northern War|last great plague]] and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. As a stronghold of [[Stanisław Leszczyński]]'s supporters during the [[War of the Polish Succession]], it was taken by the Russians after the [[Siege of Danzig (1734)|Siege of Danzig]] in 1734.

The [[Danzig Research Society]] founded in 1743 was one of the first of its kind.


===Prussia and Germany===
===Prussia and Germany===
Danzig was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1793,<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/pomerania/gdansk/history |title=History of Gdańsk – Lonely Planet Travel Information |first=Lonely |last=Planet |work=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171335/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/pomerania/gdansk/history |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[Second Partition of Poland]]. Both the Polish and the German-speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland.<ref>Górski, p. XVI</ref> The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation.<ref>Andrzej Januszajtis, ''Karol Fryderyk von Conradi'', "Nasz Gdańsk", 11 (196)/2017, p. 3 (in Polish)</ref> The notable city councilor Jan (Johann) Uphagen, historian and art collector, also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation. His house exemplifies [[Baroque in Poland]] and is now a museum, known as [[Uphagen's House]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gait.pl/patron-cpt/jan-uphagen/ |title=Jan Uphagen |website=Gdańskie Autobusy i Tramwaje |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=pl |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130048/https://www.gait.pl/patron-cpt/jan-uphagen/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.<ref>''Dzieje Gdańska'' Edmund Cieślak, Czesław Biernat Wydawn. Morskie, 1969 p. 370</ref><ref>''Dzieje Polski w datach Jerzy Borowiec'', Halina Niemiec p. 161</ref><ref>''Polska, losy państwa i narodu'' Henryk Samsonowicz 1992 Iskry p. 282</ref>
[[File:Danzig Lange Bruecke c1850.jpg|thumb|[[Friedrich Eduard Meyerheim]]'s painting of the waterfront (1850)]]
[[File:Danzig Partie am Krahnthor (1890-1900).jpg|thumb|Colorized photo, c. 1900, showing prewar roof of the ''Krantor'' (''Brama Żuraw'').]]


During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], in 1807, the city was [[Siege of Danzig (1807)|besieged and captured]] by a coalition of [[First French Empire|French]], [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish]], [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Italian]], [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxon]], and [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] forces. Afterwards, it was a [[Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)|free city]] from 1807 to 1814, when it was [[Siege of Danzig (1813)|captured]] by combined Prussian-Russian forces.
Danzig was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1793,<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/pomerania/gdansk/history|title=History of Gdańsk – Lonely Planet Travel Information|first=Lonely|last=Planet|date=|work=lonelyplanet.com}}</ref> in the [[Second Partition of Poland]]. An attempt of student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.<ref>''Dzieje Gdańska'' Edmund Cieślak, Czesław Biernat Wydawn. Morskie, 1969 page 370</ref><ref>''Dzieje Polski w datach Jerzy Borowiec'', Halina Niemiec page 161</ref><ref>''Polska, losy państwa i narodu'' Henryk Samsonowicz 1992 Iskry page 282</ref> During the era of [[Napoleon]] the city became a [[Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)|free city]] in the period extending from 1807 to 1814.


[[File:Danzig Partie am Krahnthor (1890-1900).jpg|thumb|Colorized photo, {{circa}} 1900, showing prewar roof of the ''Krantor'' crane (''Brama Żuraw'').]]
In 1815, after [[France]]'s defeat in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], it again became part of Prussia<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> and became the capital of [[Danzig (region)|Regierungsbezirk Danzig]] within the province of [[West Prussia]]. The city's longest serving president was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutions of 1848]], until 1863. With the unification of Germany under Prussian [[hegemony]], the city became part of Imperial Germany (the [[German Empire]]) in 1871, and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in [[World War I]].
In 1815, after France's defeat in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of {{lang|de|[[Danzig (region)|Regierungsbezirk Danzig]]}} within the province of [[West Prussia]]. Since the 1820s, the [[Wisłoujście Fortress]] served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including [[Resistance movements in partitioned Poland (1795–1918)|resistance members]], protesters, insurgents of the [[November Uprising|November]] and [[January Uprising|January]] uprisings and refugees from the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kubus| first=Radosław| year=2019|title=Ucieczki z twierdzy Wisłoujście w I połowie XIX wieku|journal=Vade Nobiscum|location=Łódź| publisher=Wydawnictwo [[University of Łódź|Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego]]|language=pl| volume=XX|pages=154–155}}</ref> and insurgents of the November Uprising were also imprisoned in [[Biskupia Górka]] (''Bischofsberg'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Kasparek|first=Norbert|editor-last=Katafiasz|editor-first=Tomasz| year=2014|title=Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu| language=pl| location=Koszalin|publisher=Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie|page=177| chapter=Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację}}</ref> In May–June 1832 and November 1833, more than 1,000 Polish insurgents departed partitioned Poland through the city's port, boarding ships bound for [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] (see ''[[Great Emigration]]'').<ref>Kasparek, pp. 175–176, 178–179</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=|date=6 July 1832| title=Rozmaite wiadomości| magazine=Gazeta Wielkiego Xięstwa Poznańskiego|location=Poznań| language=pl|issue=155|page=852}}</ref>


The city's longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|revolutions of 1848]], until 1863. With the [[unification of Germany]] in 1871 under Prussian [[hegemony]], the city became part of the [[German Empire]] and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in [[World War I]].<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> Starting from the 1850s, long-established Danzig families often felt marginalized by the new town elite originating from mainland Germany. This situation caused the Polish to allege that the Danzig people were oppressed by German rule and for this reason allegedly failed to articulate their natural desire for strong ties with Poland.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Germanoslavica Zeitschrift für germano-slawische Studien|publisher=Verlag Georg Olms|volume =28|issue=1–2|year=207|place=Hildesheim|first=Peter Oliver|last=Loew|title=Danzig oder das verlorene Paradies. Vom Herausgeben und vom Hineinerzählen|pages=109–122}}</ref>
===Inter-war years and World War II===


{{main article|Free City of Danzig}}
===Free City of Danzig and World War II===
{{main|Free City of Danzig}}
[[File:DAN-62-Bank von Danzig-100 Gulden (1931, specimen).jpg|thumb|A 100 [[Danzig gulden]] banknote issued by the Bank of Danzig in 1931.]]
[[File:Danzig NARA-68155011.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the historic city centre around 1920]]
When Poland regained its independence after [[World War I]] with access to the sea as promised by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] on the basis of [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s "[[Fourteen Points]]" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland. However, since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority,<ref>In the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian or [[Masurian dialect|Masurian]] as their native language. {{cite book|title=Ergebnisse der Volks- und Berufszählung vom 1. November 1923 in der Freien Stadt Danzig|publisher=Verlag des Statistischen Landesamtes der Freien Stadt Danzig|year=1926|language=German}}. Polish estimates of the Polish minority during the interwar era, however, range from 37,000 to 100,000 (9%–34%). Studia historica Slavo-Germanica, Tomy 18–20page 220 Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Instytut Historii Wydawnictwo Naukowe imienia. Adama Mickiewicza, 1994.</ref> the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles Treaty]], it became the [[Free City of Danzig]] (German: Freie Stadt Danzig), an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the [[League of Nations]] with its external affairs largely under Polish control. Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland. This led to a considerable tension between the city and the [[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]]. The Free City had its own constitution, [[national anthem]], parliament (''[[Volkstag]]''), and government (''Senat''). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the [[Danzig gulden]].
When Poland regained its independence after [[World War I]] with access to the sea as promised by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] on the basis of [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s "[[Fourteen Points]]" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland.<ref name="Amtliche">{{cite book |date=1920 |title=Amtliche Urkunden zur Konvention zwischen Danzig und Polen vom 15. November 1920 : zusammegestellt und mit Begleitbericht versehen von der nach Paris entsandten Delegation der Freien Stadt Danzig |url=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/221530/edition/235125/content |publication-place=Danzig |publisher=Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Toruniu |page= |isbn=}}</ref> However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority (in the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian, or [[Masurian dialects|Masurian]] as their native language)<ref>{{cite book |title=Ergebnisse der Volks- und Berufszählung vom 1. November 1923 in der Freien Stadt Danzig |publisher=Verlag des Statistischen Landesamtes der Freien Stadt Danzig |year=1926 |language=de}}. Polish estimates of the Polish minority during the interwar era, however, range from 37,000 to 100,000 (9%–34%). Studia historica Slavo-Germanica, Tomy 18–20page 220 Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Instytut Historii Wydawnictwo Naukowe imienia. Adama Mickiewicza, 1994.</ref> – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles|Versailles Treaty]], it became the [[Free City of Danzig]], an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the [[League of Nations]] with its external affairs largely under Polish control.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=37}}</ref> Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland.<ref name="auto"/> The Free City had its own constitution, [[national anthem]], [[Volkstag|parliament]], and government ({{lang|de|Senat}}). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the [[Danzig gulden]].<ref name="Amtliche" />


With the growth of [[Nazism]] among Germans, [[anti-Polish sentiment]] increased and both [[Germanisation]] and [[Racial segregation|segregation]] policies intensified, in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration.<ref name="auto"/> Polish children were refused admission to public Polish-language schools, premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools.<ref name=mw40>Wardzyńska, p. 40</ref> Due to such policies, only eight Polish-language public schools existed in the city, and Poles managed to organize seven more private Polish schools.<ref name=mw40/>
In the early 1930s the local [[Nazi Party]] capitalised on pro-German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50% of vote in the parliament. Thereafter, the Nazis under [[Gauleiter]] [[Albert Forster]] achieved dominance in the city government, which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations' [[High Commissioner]]. [[NSDAP|The German government]] officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial (meaning under German [[jurisdiction]]) highway through the area of the [[Polish Corridor]] for land-based access from the rest of Germany. Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and on May 1939, during a high level meeting of German military officials explained to them: "It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us it is a matter of expanding our [[Lebensraum]] in the east", adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation, and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity, after isolating the country from its Western Allies.<ref>''The history of the German resistance, 1933–1945'' Peter Hoffmann page 37 McGill-Queen's University Press 1996</ref><ref>''Hitler'' Joachim C. Fest page 586 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002</ref><ref>''Blitzkrieg w Polsce wrzesien 1939'' Richard Hargreaves page 84 Bellona, 2009</ref><ref>''A military history of Germany, from the eighteenth century to the present day''Martin Kitchen page 305 Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975</ref><ref>International history of the twentieth century and beyond Antony Best page 181 Routledge; 2 edition (July 30, 2008)</ref> As Nazi demands increased, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany [[Invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]] on September 1 after having signed [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|a non-aggression pact]] with the Soviet Union in late August.


In the early 1930s, the local [[Nazi Party]] capitalised on pro-German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50% of vote in the parliament. Thereafter, the Nazis under [[Gauleiter]] [[Albert Forster]] achieved dominance in the city government, which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations' [[High Commissioner]].
The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at [[Westerplatte]] by the German battleship {{SMS|Schleswig-Holstein||2}}, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte [[Battle of Westerplatte|resisted]] for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long [[Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig|fight]] (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of [[Zaspa]] in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence.
[[File:Arrested defendants of the Polish Post Office in Gdansk.jpg|thumb|left| Captured [[Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig|Polish defenders of the Polish Post Office]] in Danzig shortly before their trial and execution by the [[Wehrmacht]]]]
The city was officially annexed by [[Nazi Germany]] and incorporated into the [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]]. About 50 percent of members of the [[History of the Jews in Gdańsk|Jewish Community of Danzig]] had left the city within a year after a [[Pogrom]] in October 1937,<ref name=JVL>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07105.html|title=Gdansk|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> after the [[Kristallnacht]] riots in November 1938 the community decided to organize its emigration<ref name=Bauer>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WOd3rLul-LcC&pg=PA145&dq=jewish+danzig#v=onepage&q=jewish%20danzig&f=false |title=American Jewry and the Holocaust|first1=Yehuda|last1=Bauer|publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1981|isbn=0-8143-1672-7|page=145|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref> and in March 1939 a first transport to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] started.<ref name=shoa>{{cite web |url=http://www.shoa.de/holocaust/deportations-und-vernichtungspraxis/763.html |website=www.shoa.de |language=de |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629204011/http://www.shoa.de/holocaust/deportations-und-vernichtungspraxis/763.html |archivedate=2011-06-29 |title=Die „Lösung der Judenfrage“ in der Freien Stadt Danzig}}</ref> By September 1939 barely 1,700 mostly elderly Jews remained. In early 1941, just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig, most of whom were later murdered in the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=JVL/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol6_00033.html|title=Gdansk, Poland|author=|date=|work=jewishgen.org}}</ref>
Out of the 2,938 [[Kehilla (modern)|Jewish community]] in the city 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.<ref>''Żydzi na terenie Wolnego Miasta Gdańska w latach 1920–1945:działalność kulturalna, polityczna i socjalna''Grzegorz Berendt Gdańskie Tow. Nauk., Wydz. I Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych, 1997 page 245</ref>{{Dubious|date=August 2010}} [[Gestapo|Nazi secret police]] had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in [[Operation Tannenberg]]. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 [[Poles|ethnic Poles]] were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the [[Stutthof concentration camp|Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof]] some {{convert|30|mi|0|abbr=out}} from Danzig, and murdered.<ref>[http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm Museums Stutthof in Sztutowo]. Retrieved January 31, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824163259/http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm |date=August 24, 2005 }}</ref> Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the [[Piaśnica]] forest.


In 1937, Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were required to transfer children to German schools, under threat of police intervention, and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth.<ref name=mw40/> German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists, scouts and even postal workers, as "punishment" for distributing the Polish press.<ref name=mw41>Wardzyńska, p. 41</ref> German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university.<ref name=mw41/> Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized,<ref name=mw41/> while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdańsk was part of Poland were removed from the city's landmarks, such as the [[Artus Court]] and the [[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]].<ref name=mw42>Wardzyńska, p. 42</ref>
In 1941, [[Hitler]] ordered the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]], eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany. As the [[Red Army|Soviet Army]] advanced in 1944, German populations in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] took flight, resulting in the beginning of a great population shift. After the [[East Pomeranian Offensive|final Soviet offensives]] began in January 1945, hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig, many of whom had fled on foot from [[East Prussia]], some tried to escape through the city's port in a large-scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships. Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets, including the {{MV|Wilhelm Gustloff||2}} after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring [[Gdynia]]. In the process, tens of thousands of refugees were killed.


From 1937, the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited, and already employed Poles were fired, the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants, in particular those owned by Germans.<ref name=mw42/> In 1939, before the German [[invasion of Poland]] and outbreak of [[World War II]], local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings, and after the invasion, they were also imprisoned and murdered in [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]].<ref>Wardzyńska, pp. 39-40, 85</ref>
The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/en/article.php?category=453&article=926&history=453:|title=Gdańsk.pl|date=3 March 2006|publisher=|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303025650/http://www.gdansk.pl/en/article.php?category=453&article=926&history=453:|archivedate=3 March 2006|df=}}</ref> followed by large-scale [[Rape during the liberation of Poland|rape]]<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2458778/Komm-Frau-Gdansk-tears-statue-marking-rape-millions-German-women-Russian-soldiers.html Brady, Tara. 2013. Polish town tears down statue marking the rape of millions of German women by Russian soldiers. ''Mail Online'' (October 14).]</ref><ref name="Baziur">{{cite journal | title=Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1945–1947 (Red Army in Gdańsk [[Pomerania]] 1945–1947) | author=Grzegorz Baziur, OBEP [[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]] [[Kraków]] | journal=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej ([[Institute of National Remembrance]] [[Academic journal|Bulletin]]) | year=2002 | volume=7 | pages=35–38}}</ref> and looting.<ref>Biskupski, Mieczysław B. ''The History of Poland''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p. 97.</ref><ref>Tighe, Carl. ''Gdańsk: National Identity in the Polish-German Borderlands''. London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 199.</ref> In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] and [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam]] conferences, the city was annexed by Poland. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|fled or were forcibly expelled]] to postwar Germany, and the city was repopulated by ethnic Poles; up to 18 percent (1948) of them had been [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|deported by the Soviets]] in [[Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)|two major waves]] from [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]], i.e. from the [[Kresy|eastern portion]] of [[Second Polish Republic|pre-war Poland]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=danzig#v=onepage&q=3200&f=false|title=Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt|first1=Peter Oliver|last1=Loew|publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2011|isbn=978-3-406-60587-1|page=232|language=German|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref>


[[NSDAP|The German government]] officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial (meaning under German [[jurisdiction]]) highway through the area of the [[Polish Corridor]] for land-based access from the rest of Germany. Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939, during a high-level meeting of German military officials explained to them: "It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us it is a matter of expanding our [[Lebensraum]] in the east", adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation, and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity, after isolating the country from its Western Allies.<ref>''The history of the German resistance, 1933–1945'' Peter Hoffmann p. 37 McGill-Queen's University Press 1996</ref><ref>''Hitler'' Joachim C. Fest p. 586 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002</ref><ref>''Blitzkrieg w Polsce wrzesien 1939'' Richard Hargreaves p. 84 Bellona, 2009</ref><ref>''A military history of Germany, from the eighteenth century to the present day''Martin Kitchen p. 305 Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975</ref><ref>International history of the twentieth century and beyond Antony Best p. 181 Routledge; 2 edition (30 July 2008)</ref>
===Contemporary times===
[[File:Gran Armería, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 12.jpg|thumb|right|Example of [[Architecture of the Netherlands|Dutch-style]] buildings rebuilt after the war: The Old Arsenal by Anthony van Obberghen, Jan Strakowski and Abraham van den Blocke, 1602–1605.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lech Krzyżanowski |author2=Michał Wożniak |author3=Marek Źak |author4=Wacław Górski |title=Beautiful historic Gdańsk|year=1995 |page=769 |pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|publisher=Excalibur |location=|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=18O1AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=}}</ref>]]


After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany [[Invasion of Poland|attacked Poland]] on 1 September after having signed [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|a non-aggression pact]] with the Soviet Union.<ref name="Reduta">{{cite book |last=Drzycimski |first=Andrzej |author-link= |date=2014 |title=Reduta Westerplatte |url= |location= |publisher=Oficyna Gdańska |page= |isbn=978-8364180187}}</ref>
Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction was not tied to the city's pre-war appearance, but instead was politically motivated as a means of culturally cleansing and destroying all traces of German influence from the city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&pg=PA80&dq=wiederaufbau+Danzig#v=onepage&q=%20Danzig&f=false |title=Die Schleifung – Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau historischer Bauten in Deutschland und Polen |first1=Bogdana |last1=Kozinska|first2=Dieter |last2=Bingen|publisher=Deutsches Polen-Institut |year=2005|isbn=3-447-05096-9|page=67|language=German|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=danzig#v=snippet&q=Wiederaufbau&f=false|title=Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt|first1=Peter Oliver|last1=Loew|publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2011|isbn=978-3-406-60587-1|page=146|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&pg=PA80&dq=wiederaufbau+Danzig#v=onepage&q=%20Danzig&f=false |title=Die Schleifung – Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau historischer Bauten in Deutschland und Polen |first1=Konstanty |last1=Kalinowski|first2=Dieter|last2=Bingen|publisher=Deutsches Polen-Institut |year=2005|isbn=3-447-05096-9|page=89|language=German|accessdate=2016-02-11}}</ref> Any traces of German tradition were ignored, suppressed, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" only worthy of demolition,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=Barbarei#v=snippet&q=Barbarei&f=false|title=Neue Stadt in altem Glanz – Der Wiederaufbau Danzigs 1945–1960|first1=Jacek|last1=Friedrich|publisher=Böhlau |year=2010|isbn=3-412-20312-2|pages=30, 40|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ztVJLYq9WtoC&pg=PA82&dq=reconstruction+gdansk#v=onepage&q=reconstruction%20gdansk&f=false |title=Cultural landscapes of post-socialist cities: representation of powers and needs|first1=Mariusz|last1=Czepczynski|publisher=Ashgate publ. |year=2008|isbn=978-0-7546-7022-3 |page=82 }}</ref> while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were used to replace the historically accurate Germanic architecture which the city was built upon since the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=italienische&f=false|title=Neue Stadt in altem Glanz – Der Wiederaufbau Danzigs 1945–1960|first1=Jacek|last1=Friedrich|publisher=Böhlau |year=2010|isbn=3-412-20312-2|pages=34, 102|language=German}}</ref>


[[File:The Nazi-soviet Invasion of Poland, 1939 HU106374.jpg|thumb|The German battleship {{SMS|Schleswig-Holstein}} firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot during the [[Battle of Westerplatte]] in September 1939]]
[[File:Gdańsk Arkońska Business Park A3, A4 i A5.JPG|thumb|Gdańsk Arkońska Business Park|left]]
The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at [[Westerplatte]] by the German battleship {{SMS|Schleswig-Holstein||2}}, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte [[Battle of Westerplatte|resisted]] for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long [[Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig|fight]] (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of [[Zaspa]] in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence.<ref name="Reduta" /> The city was officially annexed by [[Nazi Germany]] and incorporated into the [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]].


About 50 percent of members of the [[History of the Jews in Gdańsk|Jewish community]] had left the city within a year after a [[pogrom]] in October 1937.<ref name=JVL>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07105.html |title=Gdansk |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113051709/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07105.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[Kristallnacht]] riots in November 1938, the community decided to organize its emigration<ref name=Bauer>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOd3rLul-LcC&q=jewish+danzig&pg=PA145 |title=American Jewry and the Holocaust |first1=Yehuda |last1=Bauer |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8143-1672-6 |page=145 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032226/https://books.google.com/books?id=WOd3rLul-LcC&q=jewish+danzig&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in March 1939 a first transport to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] started.<ref name=shoa>{{cite web |url=http://www.shoa.de/holocaust/deportations-und-vernichtungspraxis/763.html |website=www.shoa.de |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629204011/http://www.shoa.de/holocaust/deportations-und-vernichtungspraxis/763.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=Die "Lösung der Judenfrage" in der Freien Stadt Danzig |date=30 November 2018}}</ref> By September 1939 barely 1,700 mostly elderly Jews remained. In early 1941, just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig, most of whom were later murdered in the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=JVL/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol6_00033.html |title=Gdansk, Poland |work=jewishgen.org |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021208/https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol6_00033.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Out of the 2,938 [[Kehilla (modern)|Jewish community]] in the city, 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.<ref>''Żydzi na terenie Wolnego Miasta Gdańska w latach 1920–1945:działalność kulturalna, polityczna i socjalna''Grzegorz Berendt Gdańskie Tow. Nauk., Wydz. I Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych, 1997 p. 245</ref>
Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the [[Baltic region]], Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial center of the [[Communism|Communist]] [[People's Republic of Poland]].


[[Gestapo|Nazi secret police]] had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in [[Operation Tannenberg]]. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 [[Polish people|ethnic Poles]] were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the [[Stutthof concentration camp|Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof]] some {{cvt|30|mi|km|-1|order=flip}} from Danzig, and murdered.<ref>[http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm Museums Stutthof in Sztutowo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824163259/http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm |date=24 August 2005 }}. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the [[Massacres in Piaśnica|Piaśnica forest]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm |title=Museums Stutthof |access-date=16 January 2006 |archive-date=24 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824163259/http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In December 1970, Gdańsk was the scene of [[Polish 1970 protests|anti-regime demonstrations]], which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader [[Władysław Gomułka]]. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August, 1980, [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] was the birthplace of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] [[trade union]] movement, whose opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that successfully overturned the Communist regimes of the former [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet bloc]]. Solidarity's leader, [[Lech Wałęsa]], became [[President of Poland]] in 1990. In 2014 the [[European Solidarity Centre]], a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/w-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci |title=W Gdańsku otwarto Europejskie Centrum Solidarności |publisher=[[Onet.pl]] |date=31 August 2014 |accessdate=7 August 2015 |language=pl }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>


During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1516 |title=Schweres NS-Gefängnis Danzig, Neugarten 27 |website=Bundesarchiv.de |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=de |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918124617/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1516 |url-status=live }}</ref> an ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]''-operated penal camp,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1515 |title=Einsatzgruppen-Straflager in der Danziger Holzgasse |website=Bundesarchiv.de |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=de |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918124616/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1515 |url-status=live }}</ref> a camp for [[Romani people]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1018 |title=Zigeunerlager Danzig |website=Bundesarchiv.de |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=de |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918124615/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1018 |url-status=live }}</ref> two subcamps of the [[Stalag XX-B]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] POWs,<ref>{{cite book|last=Niklas|first=Tomasz|editor-last=Grudziecka|editor-first=Beata|title=Stalag XX B: historia nieopowiedziana|language=pl|location=Malbork|publisher=Muzeum Miasta Malborka|page=29|chapter=Polscy jeńcy w Stalagu XX B Marienburg|date=23 August 2023 |isbn=978-83-950992-2-9}}</ref> and several subcamps of the [[Stutthof concentration camp]] within the present-day city limits.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gliński |first=Mirosław |title=Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945) |journal=Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum |language=pl |volume=3 |pages=165, 167–168, 175–176, 179 |issn=0137-5377}}</ref>
Gdańsk native [[Donald Tusk]] became [[Prime Minister of Poland]] in 2007, and [[President of the European Council]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28989875 |title=Italy's Mogherini and Poland's Tusk get top EU jobs |publisher=BBC |date=30 August 2014 |accessdate=8 August 2015 }}</ref> Today Gdańsk is a major shipping port and [[tourist destination]].


In 1941, [[Hitler]] ordered the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]], eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany. As the [[Red Army|Soviet Army]] advanced in 1944, German populations in [[Central Europe|Central]] and Eastern Europe took flight, resulting in the beginning of a great population shift. After the [[East Pomeranian Offensive|final Soviet offensives]] began in January 1945, hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig, many of whom had fled on foot from [[East Prussia]], some tried to escape through the city's port in a large-scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships. Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets, including the {{MV|Wilhelm Gustloff||2}} after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring [[Gdynia]]. In the process, tens of thousands of refugees were killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiekdwudziesty.pl/bitwa-o-gdansk-1945/ |title=Bitwa o Gdańsk 1945 |last=Voellner |first=Heinz |date=31 August 2020 |website=wiekdwudziesty.pl |publisher= |access-date=9 August 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
== Geography ==


The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which [[Siege of Danzig (1945)|captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdansk.pl/en/article.php?category=453&article=926&history=453: |title=Gdańsk.pl |date=3 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303025650/http://www.gdansk.pl/en/article.php?category=453&article=926&history=453: |archive-date=3 March 2006}}</ref> followed by large-scale [[Rape during the liberation of Poland|rape]]<ref name="Baziur">{{cite journal |title=Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1945–1947 (Red Army in Gdańsk Pomerania 1945–1947) |author=Grzegorz Baziur, OBEP [[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]] [[Kraków]] |journal=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (Institute of National Remembrance Bulletin) |year=2002 |volume=7 |pages=35–38|title-link=Pomerania}}</ref> and looting.<ref>Biskupski, Mieczysław B. ''The History of Poland''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p. 97.</ref><ref>Tighe, Carl. ''Gdańsk: National Identity in the Polish-German Borderlands''. London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 199.</ref>
=== Climate ===
Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an [[oceanic climate]] (Cfb)<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=5121&cityname=Gdansk%2C+Pomeranian+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units= ''Weatherbase.com - Gdansk''] Retrieved 14.02.2018</ref>, while others classify it as belonging to the [[continental climate]] zone (Dfb)<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/media/full/276210/206711 ''Britannica - Köppen climate classification''] Retrieved 14.02.2018</ref>. It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at -3&nbsp;°C (26.6&nbsp;°F) or 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F). Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.


In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] and [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam]] conferences, the city became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the [[Fall of Communism]] in the 1980s. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war [[Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|fled or were expelled]] to postwar Germany. The city was repopulated by ethnic [[Polish people|Poles]]; up to 18 percent (1948) of them had been [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|deported by the Soviets]] in [[Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)|two major waves]] from pre-war eastern [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=3200 |title=Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt |first1=Peter Oliver |last1=Loew |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-406-60587-1 |page=232 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032302/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=3200 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with temperature means in January and February staying below 0°C, and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from {{convert|-1.0|to|17.2|C|F|abbr=on}} and average rainfall varies from 17.9&nbsp;mm/month to 66.7&nbsp;mm/month with a rather low annual total of 507.3&nbsp;mm. In general it is damp, variable and mild. The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often very sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times (with temperature reaching as high as 30-35C at least
once per year) with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. The average annual hours of sunshine for Gdańsk are 1700. July and August are the hottest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as {{convert|-15|°C|0|abbr=on}}.


===Post World War II (1945-1989)===
{{Weather box|location = Gdańsk (1971–2000)

|collapsed =
In 1946, the communists executed 17-year-old [[Danuta Siedzikówna]] and 42-year-old [[:pl:Feliks Selmanowicz|Feliks Selmanowicz]], known [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] members, in the local prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://europeremembers.com/destination/inka-monument/ |title=Inka Monument |website=Europe Remembers |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918152908/https://europeremembers.com/destination/inka-monument/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mkidn>{{cite web |url=http://mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/panstwowy-pogrzeb-zolnierzy-niezlomnych---bdquoinkirdquo-i-bdquozagonczykardquo-6535.php |title=Państwowy pogrzeb Żołnierzy Niezłomnych - "Inki" i "Zagończyka" |website=Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918152908/http://mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/panstwowy-pogrzeb-zolnierzy-niezlomnych---bdquoinkirdquo-i-bdquozagonczykardquo-6535.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|metric first = y

|single line = y
The port of Gdańsk was one of the three Polish ports through which [[Greeks]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], [[refugees of the Greek Civil War]], reached Poland.<ref name=ik>{{cite book |last=Kubasiewicz |first=Izabela |editor-last1=Dworaczek |editor-first1=Kamil |editor-last2=Kamiński |editor-first2=Łukasz |year=2013 |title=Letnia Szkoła Historii Najnowszej 2012. Referaty |language=pl |location=Warszawa |publisher=IPN |pages=114 |chapter=Emigranci z Grecji w Polsce Ludowej. Wybrane aspekty z życia mniejszości}}</ref> In 1949, four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdańsk, from where they were transported to new homes in Poland.<ref name=ik/>
|Jan high C = 1.4

|Feb high C = 2.1
Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the "German character" of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |title=Die Schleifung – Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau historischer Bauten in Deutschland und Polen |first1=Bogdana |last1=Kozinska |first2=Dieter |last2=Bingen |publisher=Deutsches Polen-Institut |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-447-05096-8 |page=67 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032225/https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=Wiederaufbau |title=Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt |first1=Peter Oliver |last1=Loew |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-406-60587-1 |page=146 |language=de |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032232/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=Wiederaufbau |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |title=Die Schleifung – Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau historischer Bauten in Deutschland und Polen |first1=Konstanty |last1=Kalinowski |first2=Dieter |last2=Bingen |publisher=Deutsches Polen-Institut |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-447-05096-8 |page=89 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032225/https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worthy of demolition,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=Barbarei |title=Neue Stadt in altem Glanz – Der Wiederaufbau Danzigs 1945–1960 |first1=Jacek |last1=Friedrich |publisher=Böhlau |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-412-20312-2 |pages=30, 40 |language=de |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032230/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=Barbarei |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztVJLYq9WtoC&q=reconstruction+gdansk&pg=PA82 |title=Cultural landscapes of post-socialist cities: representation of powers and needs |first1=Mariusz |last1=Czepczynski |publisher=Ashgate publ. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-7022-3 |page=82 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032226/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztVJLYq9WtoC&q=reconstruction+gdansk&pg=PA82 |url-status=live }}</ref> while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=italienische |title=Neue Stadt in altem Glanz – Der Wiederaufbau Danzigs 1945–1960 |first1=Jacek |last1=Friedrich |publisher=Böhlau |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-412-20312-2 |pages=34, 102 |language=de |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008143038/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=italienische |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Mar high C = 5.5

|Apr high C = 10.1
[[File:Strajk sierpniowy w Stoczni Gdańskiej im. Lenina 07.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] strike in 1980]]
|May high C = 15.6

|Jun high C = 19.0
Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the [[Baltic region]], Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the [[People's Republic of Poland]]. In December 1970, Gdańsk was the scene of [[Polish 1970 protests|anti-regime demonstrations]], which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader [[Władysław Gomułka]]. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August 1980, [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] was the birthplace of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] trade union movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isj.org.uk/the-rise-of-solidarnosc/ |title=The rise of Solidarnosc |last=Barker |first=Colin |date=17 October 2005 |website=International Socialism |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote=}}</ref>
|Jul high C = 21.0

|Aug high C = 21.3
In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched [[Exercise Zapad-81]], the largest military exercise in history, during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdańsk. Meanwhile, the Solidarity held its first national congress in [[Hala Olivia]], Gdańsk when more than 800 deputies participated. Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref name="Onet.pl">{{cite news |url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/w-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci |title=W Gdańsku otwarto Europejskie Centrum Solidarności |publisher=Onet.pl |date=31 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2015 |language=pl |archive-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151213151647/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/w-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|Sep high C = 16.9

|Oct high C = 12.0
===Contemporary history (1990-present)===
|Nov high C = 6.0
Solidarity's leader, [[Lech Wałęsa]], became [[President of Poland]] in 1990. In 2014 the [[European Solidarity Centre]], a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.<ref name="Onet.pl"/>
|Dec high C = 2.9

|year high C = 11.2
On 9 July 2001, the city was flooded, with 200 million [[Polish złoty|zł]] being estimated in damage, 4 people killed, and 304 evacuated. As a result, the city has built 50 reservoirs, the number of which is rising.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/powodz-w-gdansku-9-lipca-2001-r-gwaltowna-ulewa-zatopila-czesc-miasta-18-rocznica-tragicznych-wydarzen-archiwalne-zdjecia/ar/c1-14259993 |title=Powódź w Gdańsku. 9 lipca 2001 r. gwałtowna ulewa zatopiła część miasta. 18 rocznica tragicznych wydarzeń [archiwalne zdjęcia] |last=Bednarz |first=Beata |date=9 July 2019 |publisher=Dziennik Bałtycki |access-date=16 October 2022 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-mija-20-lat-od-tragicznej-powodzi-zdjecia/68zqwqh |title=Gdańsk. Mija 20 lat od tragicznej w skutkach powodzi [ZDJĘCIA] |last=Olejarczyk |first=Piotr |date=9 July 2021 |publisher=[[Onet.pl]] |access-date=16 October 2022 |quote=}}</ref>
|Jan mean C = -1.0

|Feb mean C = -0.5
[[File:Spain vs Italy (7381934294).jpg|thumb|[[UEFA Euro 2012]] in Gdańsk]]
|Mar mean C = 2.5
Gdańsk native [[Donald Tusk]] is [[Prime Minister of Poland]] from 2007 to 2014 and again from 2023 to present and was [[President of the European Council]] from 2014 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28989875 |title=Italy's Mogherini and Poland's Tusk get top EU jobs |publisher=BBC |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831010253/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28989875 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, the remains of [[Danuta Siedzikówna]] and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery, and then their state burial was held in Gdańsk in 2016, with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities.<ref name=mkidn/>
|Apr mean C = 6.4

|May mean C = 11.5
In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, [[Paweł Adamowicz]], was [[Assassination of Paweł Adamowicz|assassinated]] by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/14/europe/pawel-adamowicz-gdansk-mayor-stabbed-poland-intl/index.html |title=Gdansk mayor Pawel Adamowicz dies after being stabbed in heart on stage | publisher=CNN|date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114150906/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/14/europe/pawel-adamowicz-gdansk-mayor-stabbed-poland-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/mayor-of-polish-city-dies-after-stabbing-at-charity-event/ar-BBSeqqz?ocid=chromentpshop |title=Mayor of Polish city dies after stabbing at charity event | publisher=www.msn.com |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023117/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/mayor-of-polish-city-dies-after-stabbing-at-charity-event/ar-BBSeqqz?ocid=chromentpshop |archive-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Jun mean C = 15.0

|Jul mean C = 17.2
In October 2019, the City of Gdańsk was awarded the [[Princess of Asturias Awards|Princess of Asturias Award]] in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/polish-city-of-gdansk-wins-princess-of-asturias-award-8170 |title=Polish city of Gdansk wins Princess of Asturias Award |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019135303/https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/polish-city-of-gdansk-wins-princess-of-asturias-award-8170 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Aug mean C = 17.2

|Sep mean C = 13.3
In a 2023 Report on the Quality of Life in European Cities compiled by the [[European Commission]], Gdańsk was named as the fourth best city to live in Europe alongside [[Leipzig]], [[Stockholm]] and [[Geneva]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/reports/qol2023/2023_quality_life_european_cities_en.pdf |title=Report on the quality of life in European cities, 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
|Oct mean C = 8.9

|Nov mean C = 3.8
==Geography==
|Dec mean C = 0.7
Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the [[Motława]] river to the [[Martwa Wisła]], a branch of the [[Vistula]]. It is located on the border between different [[physiographic region]]s: [[Vistula Spit]] (waterside part of the city), [[Vistula Fens]] (eastern part of the city), [[Kashubian Coastland]] (north-western part of the city) and [[Kashubian Lake District]] (western part of the city).
|year mean C = 8.0

|Jan low C = -3.4
===Climate===
|Feb low C = -3.0
{{climate chart
|Mar low C = -0.5
|Gdańsk
|Apr low C = 2.7
|−3.8|1.4|28.7
|May low C = 7.4
|−3.1|2.3|22.5
|Jun low C = 11.0
|−0.7|6.1|27.9
|Jul low C = 13.3
|3.1|11.4|31.2
|Aug low C = 13.1
|7.9|16.7|54.8
|Sep low C = 9.7
|11.1|19.6|68
|13.6|22.6|68.4
|13.2|22.9|69.2
|9.9|17.7|63.9
|5.6|12.6|49.3
|1.2|6.1|46.4
|−2.2|2.5|38.8

|float=right
|source=[http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=25 World Meteorological Organisation]
}}
Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an [[oceanic climate]] (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the [[humid continental climate]] (Dfb).<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/media/full/276210/206711 Köppen climate classification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202852/https://www.britannica.com/media/full/276210/206711 |date=14 February 2018 }}". ''Britannica''. Retrieved 14 February 2018</ref> It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at {{cvt|-3|C|F}} or {{cvt|0|C|F}}. Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.<ref name = Weatherbase>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=5121&cityname=Gdansk%2C+Pomeranian+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units= Gdansk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106230835/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=5121&cityname=Gdansk%2C+Pomeranian+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units= |date=6 November 2018 }}". ''Weatherbase.com''. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</ref>

The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below {{cvt|0|C|F}} and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from {{cvt|-1.0|to|17.2|C|F|0}} and average monthly rainfall varies {{cvt|17.9|to|66.7|mm|in|0}} per month with a rather low annual total of {{cvt|507.3|mm|in|0}}. In general, the weather is damp, variable, and mild.<ref name = Weatherbase />

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as {{cvt|30|to|35|C|F|0}} at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as {{cvt|-15|C|0}}.<ref name = Weatherbase />

{{Weather box|location= Gdańsk (1991–2020)
|width= auto
|metric first= y
|single line= y
|Jan record high C = 13.4
|Feb record high C = 18.1
|Mar record high C = 24.5
|Apr record high C = 30.6
|May record high C = 32.3
|Jun record high C = 34.6
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 35.8
|Sep record high C = 31.7
|Oct record high C = 28.1
|Nov record high C = 21.1
|Dec record high C = 13.7
| Jan avg record high C = 7.6
| Feb avg record high C = 8.4
| Mar avg record high C = 14.9
| Apr avg record high C = 22.1
| May avg record high C = 25.9
| Jun avg record high C = 28.9
| Jul avg record high C = 30.0
| Aug avg record high C = 29.9
| Sep avg record high C = 24.8
| Oct avg record high C = 19.2
| Nov avg record high C = 11.8
| Dec avg record high C = 8.4
|year avg record high C = 31.8
|Jan high C = 1.7
|Feb high C = 2.9
|Mar high C = 6.6
|Apr high C = 12.1
|May high C = 16.8
|Jun high C = 20.4
|Jul high C = 22.6
|Aug high C = 22.9
|Sep high C = 18.5
|Oct high C = 12.7
|Nov high C = 6.7
|Dec high C = 3.1
|year high C = 12.3
| Jan mean C = -1.4
| Feb mean C = -0.8
| Mar mean C = 1.8
| Apr mean C = 6.9
| May mean C = 11.9
| Jun mean C = 15.5
| Jul mean C = 17.7
| Aug mean C = 17.3
| Sep mean C = 12.9
| Oct mean C = 8.0
| Nov mean C = 3.4
| Dec mean C = 0.1
| year mean C = 7.7
|Jan low C = -3.3
|Feb low C = -2.7
|Mar low C = -0.4
|Apr low C = 3.6
|May low C = 8.1
|Jun low C = 11.6
|Jul low C = 14.2
|Aug low C = 13.9
|Sep low C = 10.4
|Oct low C = 5.8
|Oct low C = 5.8
|Nov low C = 1.5
|Nov low C = 1.9
|Dec low C = -1.6
|Dec low C = -1.6
|year low C = 4.7
|year low C = 5.1
|Jan precipitation mm = 24.6
| Jan avg record low C = -15.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 17.9
| Feb avg record low C = -13.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 22.4
| Mar avg record low C = -9.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 29.5
| Apr avg record low C = -3.8
|May precipitation mm = 48.9
| May avg record low C = 0.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 63.5
| Jun avg record low C = 4.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 66.7
| Jul avg record low C = 7.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 55.8
| Aug avg record low C = 7.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 54.9
| Sep avg record low C = 3.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 47.4
| Oct avg record low C = -2.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 42.0
| Nov avg record low C = -6.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 33.7
| Dec avg record low C = -11.3
|year precipitation mm = 507.3
|year avg record low C = -19.1
|Jan precipitation days = 15
|Jan record low C = -27.4
|Feb precipitation days = 13
|Feb record low C = -29.8
|Mar precipitation days = 13
|Mar record low C = -22.8
|Apr precipitation days = 11
|Apr record low C = -7.7
|May precipitation days = 12
|May record low C = -4.3
|Jun precipitation days = 13
|Jun record low C = -0.5
|Jul precipitation days = 13
|Jul record low C = 2.1
|Aug precipitation days = 12
|Aug record low C = 4.4
|Sep precipitation days = 14
|Sep record low C = -1.9
|Oct precipitation days = 14
|Oct record low C = -7.0
|Nov precipitation days = 16
|Nov record low C = -16.9
|Dec precipitation days = 16
|Dec record low C = -23.3
|year precipitation days = 162
|year record low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 28.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 23.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 27.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 32.0
|May precipitation mm = 53.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 58.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 79.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 70.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 64.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 42.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 36.0
|year precipitation mm = 571.0
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 16.67
|Feb precipitation days = 14.25
|Mar precipitation days = 14.03
|Apr precipitation days = 11.43
|May precipitation days = 13.07
|Jun precipitation days = 14.03
|Jul precipitation days = 13.43
|Aug precipitation days = 14.03
|Sep precipitation days = 12.40
|Oct precipitation days = 15.27
|Nov precipitation days = 15.93
|Dec precipitation days = 17.97
|year precipitation days = 172.51
| Jan humidity = 87.7
| Feb humidity = 85.9
| Mar humidity = 82.5
| Apr humidity = 75.5
| May humidity = 71.6
| Jun humidity = 72.2
| Jul humidity = 74.7
| Aug humidity = 78.1
| Sep humidity = 82.6
| Oct humidity = 84.6
| Nov humidity = 89.1
| Dec humidity = 89.8
| year humidity =
|Jan sun = 39
|Jan sun = 39
|Feb sun = 70
|Feb sun = 70
Line 244: Line 407:
|Dec sun = 32
|Dec sun = 32
|year sun = 1726
|year sun = 1726
| Jan uv =1
|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization<ref>{{cite web
| Feb uv =2
| url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=25
| Mar uv =2
| title=World Weather Information Service – Gdańsk
| Apr uv =4
| publisher=WMO
| May uv =4
| accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref>
| Jun uv =5
|date=October 2015}}
| Jul uv =5
| Aug uv =4
| Sep uv =4
| Oct uv =3
| Nov uv =1
| Dec uv =1
| Jan dew point C = -3
| Feb dew point C = -3
| Mar dew point C = -1
| Apr dew point C = 2
| May dew point C = 6
| Jun dew point C = 10
| Jul dew point C = 13
| Aug dew point C = 12
| Sep dew point C = 9
| Oct dew point C = 6
| Nov dew point C = 2
| Dec dew point C = -1
|source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 31 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2= meteomodel.pl,{{efn|Record temperatures are from all Gdańsk stations.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354180155&par=tmax&max_empty=3 |title=Gdańsk Średnie i sumy miesięczne |date=6 April 2018 |publisher=meteomodel.pl |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309021457/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354180155&par=tmax&max_empty=3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/gdansk-climate
| title = Gdańsk, Poland – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 1 August 2022}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/gdansk/climate
| title = Climate & Weather Averages in Gdańsk
| publisher = Time and Date
| access-date = 31 July 2022}}</ref>
| date = October 2015
}}


==Economy==
==Economy==
[[File:GdanskShipyard2009.jpg|thumb|[[Gdańsk Shipyard]] in 2009]]
The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical & chemical industries, and food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals is on the rise. [[Amber]] processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] coast. The [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]], including Gdańsk, is also a major tourist destination in the summer, as millions of Poles and other European tourists flock to the beaches of the Baltic coastline.

Major companies in Gdańsk:
The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise. [[Amber]] processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] coast.<ref name = "biznes">{{cite web |url=https://businessinsider.com.pl/firmy/8-biznesowych-rzeczy-ktorych-nie-wiedziales-o-gdansku/7yhqcfl |title=Gdańsk – dobry klimat dla interesów. 8 biznesowych rzeczy, których nie wiedziałeś o Gdańsku |date=13 July 2020 |website=Business Insider |publisher=[[Onet]] |access-date=31 October 2021 |quote= |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101856/https://businessinsider.com.pl/firmy/8-biznesowych-rzeczy-ktorych-nie-wiedziales-o-gdansku/7yhqcfl |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Acxiom]] – IT
Major companies based in Gdańsk include multinational clothing company [[LPP (company)|LPP]], [[Energa]], [[Remontowa]], the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]], Ziaja, and [[BreakThru Films]]. The city also served as a major base for [[Grupa Lotos]], with the [[Gdańsk Refinery]] having been the second-largest in Poland, with a capacity of {{convert|210000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lotos.pl/en/869/this_is_lotos/lotos_group/history |title=LOTOS Group History |website=lotos.pl |publisher=Grupa Lotos |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref><ref name = "biznes" /> Gdańsk also hosts the biennial BALTEXPO International Maritime Fair and Conference, the largest fair dedicated to the [[maritime industry]] in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polandatsea.com/baltexpo-international-maritime-fair-and-conference-2023-is-coming-soon/ |title=Baltexpo International Maritime Fair and Conference 2023 is coming soon! |website=polandatsea.com |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://baltexpo.eu/en/ |title=BALTEXPO will return in 2025! |website=baltexpo.com |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>
* [[Arla Foods]] – food processing

* Bayer Shared Service Centre – finance & accounting
The largest shopping center located in the city is [[Forum Gdańsk]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pomorskie-prestige.eu/en/shoppinglifestyle-en/shopping-inspirations/forum-gdansk-the-new-face-of-the-city/ |title=Forum Gdańsk. The new face of the city |last= |first= |date=9 June 2018 |website=pomorskie-prestige.eu |publisher= |access-date=4 April 2024 |quote=}}</ref> which covers a large plot in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archdaily.com/909887/forum-gdansk-sud-polska |title=Forum Gdańsk / SUD Polska |last= |first= |date= 16 August 2019|website=archdaily.com |publisher=[[ArchDaily]] |access-date=9 September 2021 |quote=}}</ref> In 2021, the registered unemployment rate in the city was estimated at 3.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/rynek-pracy/bezrobocie-rejestrowane/bezrobotni-zarejestrowani-i-stopa-bezrobocia-stan-w-koncu-lipca-2021-r-,2,108.html |language=pl |title=Bezrobotni zarejestrowani i stopa bezrobocia. Stan w końcu lipca 2021 r. |website=stat.gov.pl |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>
* Cognor – steel, engineering, capital goods

* Coleman Research – knowledge broker
==Main sights==
* Crist – shipbuilding
{{Wide image|2012-08-30 pano gdansk sm2.jpg|900px|View of Gdańsk's Main Town from the [[Motława]] River (2012)}}{{Clear}}
* [[Delphi Corporation|Delphi]] – automotive parts
* [[Dr. Oetker]] – food processing
* [[Grupa Lotos]] – energy, petrol refinery
* Energa Trading – electrical and heat energy
* [[Bank BPH]] – finance
* Gdańska Stocznia Remontowa – shipbuilding
* Elektrociepłownie Wybrzeże – energy
* [[LPP (company)|LPP]] – retail
* Polnord Energobudowa – construction company
* [[Petrobaltic]] – energy, oil drilling
* [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] – IT
* [[IBM]] – IT
* [[IVONA]] – IT
* [[FINEOS]] – IT [https://archive.is/20130124034524/http://www.fineos.com/about/locations/ FINEOS Locations]
* [[Wirtualna Polska]] – internet service
* [[Kainos]] – IT
* [[Lufthansa Systems]] – IT
* [[Jeppesen]] – IT
* [[Compuware]] – IT
* [[Thomson Reuters]] – media
* [[ThyssenKrupp]] – steel, engineering, capital goods
* [[A. P. Moller-Maersk Group|Maersk Line]] – services & pick-up
* Transcom WorldWide – business processing outsourcing
* [[Jysk (store)|Jysk]] – retail
* Meritum Bank – finance
* [[Glencore]] – raw materials
* [[PKN Orlen|Orlen Morena]] – energy
* [[CIECH|Fosfory Ciech]] – chemical company
* Hydrobudowa – construction company
* Llentabhallen – steel constructions
* Ziaja – cosmetics and beauty company
* Stabilator – construction company
* [[Skanska]] – construction company
* Flügger – paints manufacturing
* HD heavy duty – retail
* Dresser Wayne – retail fueling systems
* [[First Data]] – finance
* Masterlease – finance
* Transcom WorldWide – business processing outsourcing
* Weyerhaeuser Cellulose Fibres – cellulose fibre manufacturing
* [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] – shipbuilding
* Remontowa Shipbuilding – shipbuilding
* OIE Support – education services (part of [[Laureate International Universities]])
* [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP]] – professional services
* [[Kemira]] – chemical industry group
* [[BreakThru Films]] – animated film studio
* [[Schibsted]] – IT
* [[Regus]] – business support services
* Mango Media – home shopping channel
* [[Mitsui O.S.K. Lines|MOL Europe]] – shipping
* VB Leasing – finance
* [[Metsä Group]] – forest industry
* Competence Call Centre – call centre
* [[EPAM Systems]] – IT
* Esotiq&Henderson – retail
* [[Bayer]] – chemical and pharmaceutical company
* Playsoft – IT
* [[Staples Advantage]] – office products
* [[Deloitte]] – professional services
* [[KPMG]] – professional services
* [[Comarch]] – IT
* ESO Audit – professional services
* TF Bank – finance
{{div col end}}


== Main sights ==
[[File:2012-08-30 pano gdansk sm2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.2|View of Gdańsk's Main Town from the [[Motława]] River (2012)]]
{{-}}
[[File:Puerta Alta, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 02.jpg|thumb|The Highland Gate marks the beginning of the Royal Route]]
===Architecture===
===Architecture===
{{multiple image
The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the [[Hanseatic League]]. Most [[tourist attraction]]s are located along or near Ulica Długa (''Long Street'') and Długi Targ (''Long Market''), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate [[city gate]]s. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the former path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.
| align = right
[[File:Ayuntamiento Principal, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 02.jpg|thumb|[[Long Lane, Gdańsk|Long Lane]] filled with picturesque tenements is part of the Royal Route]]
| caption_align = center
[[File:Monumento Neptuno, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 01.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]] in the centre of the Long Market, a masterpiece by architect [[Abraham van den Blocke]], 1617.<ref name="Sturgis">{{cite book |author1=Russell Sturgis |author2=Arthur Lincoln Frothingham |title=A history of architecture|year=1915 |page=293 |pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|publisher=Baker & Taylor |location=|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Inw3AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul Wagret |author2=Helga S. B. Harrison |title=Poland|year=1964 |page=302 |pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|publisher=Nagel |location=|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uXu0AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=}}</ref>]]
| perrow = 2
[[File:Corte Artus, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Artus Court]]]]
| total_width = 350
[[File:Danzig - Die Königliche Kapelle - Kaplica Królewska - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Royal Chapel of the Polish King – [[John III Sobieski]] was built in [[baroque]] style between 1678–1681 by [[Tylman van Gameren]].<ref name="ROBiDZ">{{cite web|author=ROBiDZ w Gdańsku |url=http://www.wrotapomorza.pl/pl/kultura/zabytki/wybrane_zabytki/kosciol/krolewska |title=Kaplica Królewska w Gdańsku |work=www.wrotapomorza.pl |publisher= |language=Polish |page= |date= |accessdate=2008-12-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210010543/http://www.wrotapomorza.pl/pl/kultura/zabytki/wybrane_zabytki/kosciol/krolewska |archivedate=February 10, 2015 }}</ref>]]
| header = Sights at the Royal Route
[[File:Danzig Marienkirche Profil (2011).JPG|thumb|[[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary's Church]] – the second largest brick church in the world]]
| image1 = Puerta Alta, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 02.jpg
| image2 = Gdańsk, Brama Złota (HB1).jpg
| image3 = Ayuntamiento Principal, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 01.jpg
| image4 = Corte Artus, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg
| image5 = Gdańsk Złota Kamienica.jpg
| image6 = Monumento Neptuno, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 05.jpg
| caption1 = Highland Gate
| caption2 = Mansion of the Society of Saint George and [[Golden Gate (Gdańsk)|Golden Gate]]
| caption3 = ''[[Ulica Długa]]''
| caption4 = [[Artus Court]]
| caption5 = Sculptures at the top of the Golden House
| caption6 = [[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]] and ''[[Długi Targ]]''
}}


The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the [[Hanseatic League]]. Most [[tourist attraction]]s are located in the area of the Main City of Gdańsk,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Główne i Stare Miasto Gdańsk |url=https://www.suerteprzewodnicy.pl/blog/glowne-i-stare-miasto-gdansk-odkrywamy-gdanska-starowke/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=suerteprzewodnicy.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> along or near Ulica Długa (''Long Street'') and Długi Targ (''Long Market''), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate [[city gate]]s. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.<ref name="Richard Franks">{{Cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/poland/articles/20-must-visit-attractions-in-gdansk-poland/ |title=Must-Visit Attractions in Gdańsk, Poland |website=theculturetrip.com |author=Richard Franks |date=15 November 2017 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:
* Highland Gate (''[[:pl:Brama Wyżynna w Gdańsku|Brama Wyżynna]]'')
* Torture House (''Katownia'')
* Prison Tower (''Wieża więzienna'')
* Mansion of the Society of Saint George (''[[:pl:Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego w Gdańsku|Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego]]'')
* [[Golden Gate (Gdańsk)|Golden Gate]] (''Złota Brama'')
* [[Long Lane, Gdańsk|Long Street]] (''Ulica Długa'')
** [[Uphagen's House]] (''Dom Uphagena'')
** Lion's Castle (''[[:pl:Lwi Zamek|Lwi Zamek]]'')
** [[Gdańsk Town Hall|Main Town Hall]] (''Ratusz Głównego Miasta'')
* [[Long Market]] (''Długi Targ'')
** [[Artus Court|Artus' Court]] (''Dwór Artusa'')
** [[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]] (''Fontanna Neptuna'')
** Golden House (''[[:pl:Złota Kamienica w Gdańsku|Złota Kamienica]]'')
* [[Green Gate]] (''Zielona Brama'')


Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:<ref name="Richard Franks" />
Gdańsk has a number of historical churches:
*Highland Gate (''[[:pl:Brama Wyżynna w Gdańsku|Brama Wyżynna]]''), which marks the beginning of the Royal Route
* St. Bridget
*Torture House (''Katownia'') and Prison Tower (''Wieża więzienna''), now housing the Amber Museum (''[[:pl:Muzeum Bursztynu w Gdańsku|Muzeum Bursztynu]]'')
* [[St Catherine's Church, Gdańsk|St. Catherine]]
*Mansion of the Society of Saint George (''[[:pl:Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego w Gdańsku|Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego]]'')
* St. John
*[[Golden Gate (Gdańsk)|Golden Gate]] (''Złota Brama'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://its-poland.com/attraction/golden-gate-gdansk |title=Golden Gate, Gdańsk |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary]] (''Bazylika Mariacka''), a municipal church built during the 15th century, is the largest brick church in the world.
*''[[Ulica Długa]]'' ("Long Lane"), filled with picturesque tenements
* St. Nicholas
**[[Uphagen's House]] (''Dom Uphagena''), branch of the Museum of Gdańsk
* St. James
**Lion's Castle (''[[:pl:Lwi Zamek|Lwi Zamek]]'')
* St. Joseph
**[[Gdańsk Town Hall|Main Town Hall]] (''Ratusz Głównego Miasta'', built 1378–1492)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/green-gate,a,16,7 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Main City Town Hall |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202154623/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/green-gate,a,16,7 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* St. Peter and Paul
*''[[Długi Targ]]'' ("Long Market")
* St. Barbara
**[[Artus Court|Artus' Court]] (''Dwór Artusa'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/neptune-s-fountain,a,16,5 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Artus Court |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155753/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/neptune-s-fountain,a,16,5 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Corpus Christi
**[[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]] (''Fontanna Neptuna''), a masterpiece by architect [[Abraham van den Blocke]], 1617.<ref name="Sturgis">{{cite book |author1=Russell Sturgis |author2=Arthur Lincoln Frothingham |title=A history of architecture |year=1915 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryarchite01sturgoog/page/n315 293] |publisher=Baker & Taylor |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryarchite01sturgoog}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul Wagret |author2=Helga S. B. Harrison |title=Poland |year=1964 |page=302 |publisher=Nagel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXu0AAAAIAAJ |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010230031/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXu0AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the oldest working fountain in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Fontanna Neptuna w Gdańsku |url=https://www.suerteprzewodnicy.pl/blog/fontanna-neptuna-w-gdansku/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=suerteprzewodnicy.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref>
**New Jury House (''[[:pl:Nowy Dom Ławy w Gdańsku|Nowy Dom Ławy]]''), in which the seemingly 17th-century ''Maiden in the Window'' appears every day during the tourist season, referring to a popular novel ''Panienka z okienka'' ("Maiden in the Window") by [[Jadwiga Łuszczewska]], set in 17th-century Gdańsk<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pomorskie.travel/en/-/nowy-dom-lawy-sien-gdanska- |title=The New Jury House (The Gdańsk Hall) |website=Pomorskie.travel |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032307/https://pomorskie.travel/en/punkty-poi/nowy-dom-lawy-sien-gdanska/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
**Golden House (''[[:pl:Złota Kamienica w Gdańsku|Złota Kamienica]]''), a distinctive [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] townhouse from the early 17th century, decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/golden-house,a,16,9 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Golden House |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202154656/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/golden-house,a,16,9 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Green Gate]] (''Zielona Brama''), a [[Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland|Mannerist]] gate, built as a formal residence of Polish kings, now housing a branch of the [[National Museum, Gdańsk|National Museum in Gdańsk]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/Green-Gate,a,16,8 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Green Gate |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202154610/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/Green-Gate,a,16,8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Olivia Business Centre]], a district made up of six buildings
**Olivia Star, the tallest building in Gdańsk and the rest of northern Poland. It was finished in 2018 and measures at {{convert|156|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivia Star - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/olivia-star/27585 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>


[[File:Gdansk Royal Chapel.jpg|thumb|right|Royal Chapel of the Polish King – [[John III Sobieski]] was built in [[baroque]] style between 1678 and 1681 by [[Tylman van Gameren]].<ref name="ROBiDZ">{{cite web |author=ROBiDZ w Gdańsku |url=http://www.wrotapomorza.pl/pl/kultura/zabytki/wybrane_zabytki/kosciol/krolewska |title=Kaplica Królewska w Gdańsku |work=www.wrotapomorza.pl |language=pl |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210010543/http://www.wrotapomorza.pl/pl/kultura/zabytki/wybrane_zabytki/kosciol/krolewska |archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>]]
The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national [[List of Historical Monuments (Poland)|Historic Monuments]] (''[[Pomnik historii]]''), as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the [[Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa|National Heritage Board of Poland]].
[[File:Bazylika Mariacka DSC01870.jpg|thumb|[[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary's Church]] – one of the largest brick churches in the world]]
[[File:Gdańsk (DerHexer) 2010-07-15 091.jpg|thumb|[[Polish Post Office (Danzig)|Polish Post Office]], site of the [[Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig|1939 battle]]]]
Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including [[St Catherine's Church, Gdańsk|St. Catherine's Church]] and [[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk|St. Mary's Church]] (''Bazylika Mariacka''). This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century, and is one of the largest brick churches in the world.<ref name="Richard Franks"/> The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national [[List of Historical Monuments (Poland)|Historic Monuments]] (''[[Pomnik historii]]''), as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the [[Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa|National Heritage Board of Poland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/Pomniki_historii/Lista_miejsc/|title=Pomniki historii}}</ref>


Other main sights in the historical city centre include:
Other main sights in the historical city centre include:<ref name="Richard Franks"/>
* Royal Chapel of the Polish King [[John III Sobieski]]
*Royal Chapel of the Polish King [[John III Sobieski]]
*''Żuraw'' – medieval port crane<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/the-crane,a,16,10 |title=Classical Gdańsk. The Crane |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155757/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/the-crane,a,16,10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Żuraw'' – medieval port crane
*Granaries on the [[Ołowianka]] and Granary Islands
* Gradowa Hill
*[[John III Sobieski Monument in Gdańsk|John III Sobieski Monument]]
* Granaries on the [[Ołowianka]] and Granary Islands
*Old Town Hall<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/town-hall-of-the-old-town,a,16,11 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Town Hall of the Old Town |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155755/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/town-hall-of-the-old-town,a,16,11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Great Armoury
*Mariacka Street<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/mariacka-street,a,16,12 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Mariacka Street |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155749/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/mariacka-street,a,16,12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* John III Sobieski Monument
*[[Polish Post Office (Danzig)|Polish Post Office]], site of the [[Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig|1939 battle]]
* Old Town Hall
*Brick gothic town gates, i.e., Mariacka Gate, Straganiarska Gate, Cow Gate
* Jan Heweliusz Monument
* Great Mill
* Small Mill
* House of Research Society
* [[Polish Post Office (Danzig)|Polish Post Office]], site of the [[Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig|1939 battle]]
* brick gothic town gates, i.e. Mariacka Gate, Straganiarska Gate, Cow Gate


Main sights outside the historical city centre include:
Main sights outside the historical city centre include:<ref name="Richard Franks" />
* [[Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)|Abbot's Palace]] in the Oliwa Park
*[[Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)|Abbot's Palace]] in the Oliwa Park
*[[Oliwa Cathedral]]
* Lighthouse in Nowy Port
* [[Oliwa Cathedral]]
*[[Brzeźno Pier]]
*[[City walls of Gdańsk|Medieval city walls]]
* Pachołek Hill – an observation point in Oliwa
*[[Westerplatte]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muzeum1939.pl/historia-polwyspu-westerplatte-m2wswirtualnie/aktualnosci/3298.html |language=pl |title=HISTORIA PÓŁWYSPU WESTERPLATTE |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
* Pier in Brzeźno
*[[Wisłoujście Fortress]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://podroze.onet.pl/ciekawe/twierdza-wisloujscie-jak-dojechac/mpc6ey5 |language=pl |title=Twierdza Wisłoujście - mało znana sąsiadka Westerplatte |website=onet.pl |date=24 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[Westerplatte]]
*[[Gdańsk Zoo]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zoo.gda.pl/en/homepage/ |title=Zoo Gdansk|access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[Wisłoujście Fortress]]
* Zoo in Oliwa


===Museums===
===Museums===
[[File:Gdańsk Kościół Franciszkanów 051.jpg|thumb|[[National Museum, Gdańsk|National Museum]]]]
[[File:Gdańsk, Brama Mariacka (WLZ14).jpg|thumb|Archeological Museum and Mariacka Gate]]
*[[National Museum, Gdańsk|National Museum]] (''Muzeum Narodowe'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/pl/miejsce/muzeum-narodowe-w-gdansku |language=pl |title=Muzeum Narodowe w Gdańsku |website=culture.pl |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Palacio de Oliwa, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-21, DD 05.jpg|thumb|[[Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)|Abbot's Palace]] in Oliwa]]
**Department of Ancient Art – contains a number of important artworks, including [[Hans Memling]]'s ''[[The Last Judgment (Memling)|Last Judgement]]''
[[File:Museum WWII 2.jpg|thumb|[[Museum of the Second World War]]]]
*[[National Museum, Gdańsk|National Museum]] (''Muzeum Narodowe'')
**Department of Ancient Art - contains a number of important artworks, including [[Hans Memling]]'s ''[[The Last Judgment (Memling)|Last Judgement]]''
**[[Green Gate]]
**[[Green Gate]]
**Department of Modern Art - in the [[Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)|Abbot's Palace]] in Oliwa
**Department of Modern Art in the [[Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)|Abbot's Palace]] in Oliwa
**Ethnography Department - in the Abbot's Granary in Oliwa
**Ethnography Department in the Abbot's Granary in Oliwa
**Gdańsk Photography Gallery
**Gdańsk Photography Gallery
*Historical Museum (''[[:pl:Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańska|Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańska]]''):
*Historical Museum (''[[:pl:Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańska|Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańska]]''):<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/en/place/historical-museum-of-the-city-of-gdansk |title=Historical Museum of the City of Gdansk |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
**[[Gdańsk Town Hall|Main Town Hall]]
**[[Gdańsk Town Hall|Main Town Hall]]
**[[Artus Court|Artus' Court]]
**[[Artus Court|Artus' Court]]
Line 413: Line 619:
**[[Wisłoujście Fortress]]
**[[Wisłoujście Fortress]]
*[[National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk]] (''Narodowe Muzeum Morskie''):
*[[National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk]] (''Narodowe Muzeum Morskie''):
**[[museum ship]] ''[[SS Sołdek]]'' is anchored on the [[Motława]] River and was the first ship built in post-war Poland.
**Żuraw Crane
*[[European Solidarity Centre]]. Museum and library dedicated to the history of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/en/work/the-european-solidarity-centre |title=The European Solidarity Centre |website=culture.pl |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
**Granaries in Ołowianka
**[[museum ship]] ''[[SS Sołdek|SS Soldek]]'' is anchored on the [[Motława]] River and was the first ship built in post-war Poland.
*Archeological Museum (''[[:pl:Muzeum Archeologiczne w Gdańsku|Muzeum Archeologiczne]]'')
*Gdańsk Nowy Port Lighthouse (''[[:pl:Latarnia Morska Gdańsk Nowy Port|Latarnia Morska Gdańsk Nowy Port]]'')
*''Izba Pamięci Wincentego Pola w Gdańsku-Sobieszewie''
*Archdiocese Museum (''[[:pl:Muzeum Archidiecezjalne w Gdańsku|Muzeum Archidiecezjalne]]'')
*Archdiocese Museum (''[[:pl:Muzeum Archidiecezjalne w Gdańsku|Muzeum Archidiecezjalne]]'')
*[[Museum of the Second World War]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/gdansk-rising-the-cradle-of-the-second-world-war-defies-it-past-and-embraces-a-bold-future-7397 |title=Gdańsk rising: the cradle of the Second World War defies it past and embraces a bold future |website=thefirstnews.com |author=Alex Webber |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
*[[Museum of the Second World War]]


===Entertainment===
===Entertainment===
*[[Polish Baltic Philharmonic]]
*[[Polish Baltic Philharmonic]]
*[[Baltic State Opera|Baltic Opera]]
*[[Baltic State Opera|Baltic Opera]]
*[[Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre]] is a Shakespearean theatre built on the historical site of a 17th-century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform. The new theatre, completed in 2014, hosts the annual [[Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Elizabethan playhouse in Poland to host work by Shakespeare's Globe |last=Snow |first=Georgia |url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2014/09/elizabethan-playhouse-poland-host-work-shakespeares-globe/ |newspaper=[[The Stage]] |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912235038/http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2014/09/elizabethan-playhouse-poland-host-work-shakespeares-globe/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Teatr Wybrzeże''
*[[Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre]] is a Shakespearean theatre built on the historical site of a 17th-century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform. The new theatre, completed in 2014, hosts the annual [[Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Elizabethan playhouse in Poland to host work by Shakespeare’s Globe |last=Snow | first=Georgia |url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2014/09/elizabethan-playhouse-poland-host-work-shakespeares-globe/ |newspaper=[[The Stage]] |date=3 September 2014 |accessdate=15 September 2014 }}</ref>


==Transport==
==Transport==
[[File:Port Lotniczy im Lecha Walesy Terminal 2.jpg|thumb|[[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport]] (2012, before the 2022 expansion)]]
[[File:SA136-019, Gdańsk Brętowo, 2015-09-25 (Muri WG 2015-34).jpg|thumb|right|[[Pesa Atribo]] of the [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|PKP Fast Urban Railways]] (SKM) in Gdańsk]]
[[File:Port Lotniczy im Lecha Walesy Terminal 2.jpg|thumb|[[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport]]]]
[[File:Maersk Elba in Gdańsk.JPG|thumb|[[Maersk]] container ship in the [[Port of Gdańsk]]]]
[[File:Gdańsk Główny station 1.jpg|thumb|[[Gdańsk Główny railway station]]]]
* [[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport]] – an international [[airport]] located in Gdańsk;
* The [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|Szybka Kolej Miejska]], (SKM) the ''Fast Urban Railway'', functions as a Metro system for the [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] area including Gdańsk, [[Sopot]] and [[Gdynia]], operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity.<ref>SKM Passenger Information, Map http://www.skm.pkp.pl/</ref> The service is operated by [[electric multiple unit]] trains at a frequency of 6 minutes to 30 minutes between trains (depending on the time of day) on the central section between Gdańsk and Gdynia, and less frequently on outlying sections. The SKM system has been extended northwest of the Tricity, to [[Wejherowo]], [[Lębork]] and [[Słupsk]], {{convert|110|km|abbr=off}} west of Gdynia, and to the south it has been extended to [[Tczew]], {{convert|31|km|abbr=off}} south of Gdańsk.
* Railways: The principal station in Gdańsk is [[Gdańsk Główny railway station]], served by both [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|SKM]] local trains and [[Polskie Koleje Panstwowe|PKP]] long distance trains. In addition, long distance trains also stop at [[Gdańsk Oliwa railway station]], [[Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station]], [[Sopot railway station|Sopot]] and [[Gdynia Główna railway station|Gdynia]]. Gdańsk also has nine (9) other railway stations, served by local [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|SKM]] trains;
* Long distance trains are operated by [[PKP Intercity]] which provides connections with all major [[List of cities and towns in Poland|Polish cities]], including [[Warsaw]], [[Kraków]], [[Łódź]], [[Poznań]], [[Katowice]] and [[Szczecin]], and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region.


The city's core transport infrastructure includes [[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport]], an international airport located in Gdańsk,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.airport.gdansk.pl/airport/airport-history-p27.html |title=Airport History |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref>
In 2011–2015 the Warsaw-Gdańsk-Gdynia railway route underwent a major upgrading costing $3 billion, partly funded by the [[European Investment Bank]], including track replacement, realignment of curves and relocation of sections of track to allow speeds up to {{convert|200|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}, modernization of stations, and installation of the most modern [[European Train Control System|ETCS]] signalling system, which was completed in June 2015. In December 2014 new [[Alstom]] [[Pendolino]] high-speed trains were put into service between Gdańsk, Warsaw and [[Kraków]] reducing the rail travel time from Gdańsk to Warsaw to 2 hours 58 minutes,<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/polish-pendolino-launches-200-kmh-operation.html Polish Pendolino launches 200 km/h operation, Railway Gazette International], 15 December 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Pendolino-z-Trojmiasta-do-Warszawy-Wiecej-pytan-niz-odpowiedzi-n71010.html|title=Pendolino z Trójmiasta do Warszawy. Więcej pytań niż odpowiedzi|author=|date=|work=trojmiasto.pl}}</ref> further reduced in December 2015 to 2 hours 39 minutes.<ref>';Jeszcze szybciej z Warszawy do Gdańska,' Kurier Kolejowy 9 01 2015 http://www.kurierkolejowy.eu/aktualnosci/22716/Jeszcze-szybciej-z-Warszawy-do-Gdanska.html</ref>
and the [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|Szybka Kolej Miejska]], (SKM)<ref name = "skmka">{{Cite web |url=https://www.skm.pkp.pl/o-nas/nasza-historia/ |language=pl |title=Nasza historia |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105140651/http://www.skm.pkp.pl/o-nas/nasza-historia |url-status=dead }}</ref> which functions as a [[rapid transit]] system for the Tricity area, including Gdańsk, [[Sopot]] and [[Gdynia]], operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity.,<ref>SKM Passenger Information, Map http://www.skm.pkp.pl/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227081243/http://www.skm.pkp.pl/ |date=27 December 2014 }}</ref> as well as the long-distance railways.


The principal station in Gdańsk is [[Gdańsk Główny railway station]], served by both [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|SKM]] local trains and [[Polskie Koleje Panstwowe|PKP]] long-distance trains. In addition, long-distance trains also stop at [[Gdańsk Oliwa railway station]], [[Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station]], [[Sopot railway station|Sopot]], and [[Gdynia Główna railway station|Gdynia]]. Gdańsk also has nine other railway stations, served by local [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|SKM]] trains;<ref name = "skmka" /> Long-distance trains are operated by [[PKP Intercity]] which provides connections with all major [[List of cities and towns in Poland|Polish cities]], including [[Warsaw]], [[Kraków]], [[Łódź]], [[Poznań]], [[Katowice]], [[Szczecin]], and [[Częstochowa]], and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/49466/bariera_300_km_h_nie_padla_na_koniec_testow_293_km_h.htm |title = Wszystko na temat branży kolejowej: PKP, Intercity, przewozy regionalne, koleje mazowieckie, rozkłady jazdy PKP, Kolej |website = Rynek-kolejowy.pl |access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref>
* A new railway, [[Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna]] (PKM, the 'Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway'), commenced service on 1 September 2015, connecting Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport with [[Gdańsk Wrzeszcz (SKM stop)|Wrzeszcz]] and downtown Gdańsk. It connects to the [[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)]] (SKM) which provides further connections to the entire area served by SKM.
* [[Bus transport in Gdańsk|City buses]] and [[Trams in Gdańsk|trams]] are operated by [http://www.ztm.gda.pl/ ZTM Gdańsk] (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).
* [[Port of Gdańsk]] – a seaport located on the southern coast of [[Gdańsk Bay]] within the city;
* [[Obwodnica Trójmiejska|Obwodnica Trojmiejska]] – part of [[Expressway S6 (Poland)|expressway S6]] that bypasses the cities of Gdańsk, [[Sopot]] and [[Gdynia]].
* The [[A1 autostrada (Poland)|A1 motorway]] connects the port and city of Gdańsk with the southern border of the country. {{As of|2014}}, some fragments of the A1 motorway are still incomplete.


Between 2011 and 2015, the rail route between Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Warsaw underwent a major upgrade, resulting in improvements in the railway's speed and critical infrastructure such as signalling systems, as well as the construction of the [[Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna]], a major suburban railway, which was opened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Pendolino-z-Trojmiasta-do-Warszawy-Wiecej-pytan-niz-odpowiedzi-n71010.html |title=Pendolino z Trójmiasta do Warszawy. Więcej pytań niż odpowiedzi |date=30 July 2013 |work=trojmiasto.pl |access-date=25 December 2014 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728035932/http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Pendolino-z-Trojmiasta-do-Warszawy-Wiecej-pytan-niz-odpowiedzi-n71010.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>';Jeszcze szybciej z Warszawy do Gdańska,' Kurier Kolejowy 9 January 2015 http://www.kurierkolejowy.eu/aktualnosci/22716/Jeszcze-szybciej-z-Warszawy-do-Gdanska.html {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110043951/http://kurierkolejowy.eu/aktualnosci/22716/Jeszcze-szybciej-z-Warszawy-do-Gdanska.html |date=10 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pkm-sa.pl/2020/12/22/pkm-sa-podpisala-umowe-na-realizacje-tzw-bajpasu-kartuskiego-z-gdynska-firma-torhamer/ |title=PKM SA podpisała umowę na realizację tzw. "bajpasu kartuskiego" z gdyńską firmą Torhamer |date=22 December 2020 |website=PKM |language=pl }}</ref>
Gdańsk is the starting point of the [[EuroVelo]] 9 cycling route which continues southward through Poland, then into the [[Czech Republic]], [[Austria]] and [[Slovenia]] before ending at the [[Adriatic Sea]] in [[Pula|Pula, Croatia]].


City buses and [[Trams in Gdańsk|trams]] are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Oleksy |first=Ewelina |date=21 June 2018 |title=W Gdańsku dzieci będą jeździć za darmo. Ale tylko z kartą |magazine=Naszemiasto.pl}}</ref> The [[Port of Gdańsk]] is a seaport located on the southern coast of [[Gdańsk Bay]], located within the city,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.portgdansk.pl/en/about-port/investments-and-development/the-port-and-the-city/ |title=The port and the city |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> and the [[Obwodnica Trójmiejska]] and [[A1 autostrada (Poland)|A1 autostrada]] allow for automotive access to the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historia.trojmiasto.pl/42-lata-temu-otwarto-Obwodnice-Trojmiasta-n140985.html |title=42 lata temu otwarto Obwodnicę Trójmiasta |last=Brancewicz |first=Michał |date=30 December 2019 |website=trojmiasto.pl |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the [[Rail-2-Sea]] project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian [[Black Sea]] port of [[Constanța]] with a {{cvt|3,663|km|abbr=off}} long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://universul.net/rail-2-sea-and-via-carpathia-the-us-backed-highway-and-rail-links-from-the-baltic-to-the-black-sea/ |title=Rail-2-Sea and Via Carpathia, the US-backed highway and rail links from the Baltic to the Black Sea |first=Alison |last=Mutler |newspaper=Universul.net |date=12 October 2020 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110070034/https://universul.net/rail-2-sea-and-via-carpathia-the-us-backed-highway-and-rail-links-from-the-baltic-to-the-black-sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347344614 |title=The Three Seas Initiative as a new model of regional cooperation in Central Europe: A Polish perspective |first=Łukasz |last=Lewkowicz |journal=UNISCI Journal |volume=18 |pages=177–194 |year=2020 |issue=54 |doi=10.31439/UNISCI-101 |doi-access=free |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032231/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347344614_The_Three_Seas_Initiative_as_a_new_model_of_regional_cooperation_in_Central_Europe_A_Polish_perspective |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Gallery|title=|width=165|height=145|lines=2|align=center
|File:Gdańsk (DerHexer) 2010-07-12 016.jpg|Gdańsk main railway station (built 1896–1900)
|File:31WE-028+027, Gdańsk Główny, 2016-11-18.jpg|[[Szybka Kolej Miejska (Tricity)|Fast Urban Rail]] train
|File:Gdansk tramwaj 1052 2.jpg|Gdańsk tram – [[Pesa Jazz|Pesa Jazz Duo]]
|File:New Solaris Urbino 12, Gdańsk.JPG|Gdańsk bus - [[Solaris Urbino 12]]
|File:Expressway S6 Tricity PL ubt.JPG|S6 expressway Tricity
}}


==Sports==
==Sport==
[[File:PGE Arena, Gdańsk, 2015-09-25 (Muri WG 2015-34).jpg|thumb|right|[[Stadion Energa Gdańsk]]]]
[[File:PGE Arena, Gdańsk, 2015-09-25 (Muri WG 2015-34).jpg|thumb|right|[[Stadion Miejski (Gdańsk)|Stadion Miejski]]]]
There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. The city's professional [[Association football|football]] club is [[Lechia Gdańsk]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldfootballindex.com/2019/04/lechia-gdansk-history-rebirth-promotion-title-challenge/ |title=The Story of Lechia Gdansk |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> Founded in 1945, they play in the {{Lang|pl|[[Ekstraklasa]]|italic=no}}, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, [[Stadion Miejski (Gdańsk)|Stadion Miejski]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.e-architect.com/poland/stadion-energa-in-gdansk |title=Stadion Energa in Gdansk |date=3 August 2017 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the [[UEFA Euro 2012]] competition,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7c89050219-0fe6f9752206-1000--selection-of-host-cities-for-uefa-euro-2012tm/ |title=Selection of host cities for UEFA EURO 2012™ |date=12 May 2009 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> as well as the host of the [[2021 UEFA Europa League Final]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0245-0e98d40b6826-86b29d622244-1000--2021-final-gdansk/ |title=2021 UEFA Europa League final: Gdańsk |date=September 2020 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> Other notable football clubs are [[Gedania 1922 Gdańsk]] and [[SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk]], which both played in the second tier in the past.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gedania1922.pl/historia/ |title=Historia - Klub Sportowy Gedania 1922 |website=Gedania 1922 |publisher=Gedania 1922 Gdańsk |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grüne |first=Hardy |date=1996 |title=Vom Kronprinzen bis zur Bundesliga |publisher=Agon Sportverlag|isbn=3-928562-85-1}}</ref> Other notable clubs include speedway club [[Wybrzeże Gdańsk]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wybrzezegdansk.pl/|title=Zdunek Wybrzeże Gdańsk|first=Wirtualna Polska|last=Media|website=sportowefakty.wp.pl}}</ref> rugby club [[RC Lechia Gdańsk|Lechia Gdańsk]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lechiarugby.pl/Zarys_50_lat_RC_Lechia.pdf |title=Zarys pięćdziesięcioletnich dziejów rugby w Gdańskiej Lechii |last=Bocheński |first=Damian |date=2007 |website=lechiarugby.pl |access-date=9 August 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033733/http://lechiarugby.pl/Zarys_50_lat_RC_Lechia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ice hockey club [[Stoczniowiec Gdańsk]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sport.trojmiasto.pl/Gdansk-nie-bedzie-mial-druzyny-w-Polskiej-Hokej-Lidze-Stoczniowiec-wycofuje-sie-n153704.html |title=Gdańsk nie będzie miał drużyny w Polskiej Hokej Lidze. Stoczniowiec wycofuje się |last=Główczyński |first=Jacek |date=28 February 2021 |website=trojmiasto.pl|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> and volleyball club [[Trefl Gdańsk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sport.trojmiasto.pl/Mika-najlepszym-siatkarzem-Final-Four-Trefl-Gdansk-n89743.html |title=Lotos Trefl zdobył Puchar Polski! |date=19 April 2015 |website=trojmiasto.pl |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>
[[File:GdanskSopot ErgoArena 20110603.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ergo Arena]]]]
There are many popular [[professional sports]] teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. [[Amateur sports]] are played by thousands of Gdańsk citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).


The city's [[Hala Olivia]] was a venue for the official [[2009 EuroBasket]],<ref>[https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html 2009 EuroBasket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807052744/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html |date=7 August 2016 }}, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com, Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref> and the [[Ergo Arena]] was one of the [[2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship]], [[2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship]] and [[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships]] venues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todor66.com/volleyball/Europe/Men_2013.html |title=Men's Volleyball XXVIII European Championship 2013 |website=Todor66 |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://fivb.com/en/FIVB/viewnews.asp?No=18145 |title=FIVB signs agreement for Men's 2014 Volleyball World Championship to be hosted in Poland |access-date=2008-04-06 |publisher=Federation Internationale de Volleyball |date=2010-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924084519/http://fivb.com/EN/FIVB/viewNews.asp?No=18145 |archive-date=2010-09-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url = http://pzla.pl/index.php?_a=1&kat_id=4&_id=5335 | title = HALOWE MŚ 2014 W SOPOCIE! |publisher = Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki | date=2011-11-18}}</ref>
The city's professional [[Association football|football]] club is [[Lechia Gdańsk]]. Founded in 1945, they play in the [[Ekstraklasa]], Poland's top division. Their home stadium, [[Stadion Energa Gdańsk]], was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the [[UEFA Euro 2012]] competition. Other notable clubs include rugby club Lechia Gdańsk (12 times Polish Champion) and [[motorcycle speedway]] club [[Wybrzeże Gdańsk]].

The city's [[Hala Olivia]] was a venue for the official [[2009 EuroBasket]].<ref>[http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html 2009 EuroBasket], ARCHIVE.FIBA.com, Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref>


==Politics and local government==
==Politics and local government==
{{Main article|Politics of Gdańsk}}
{{Main|Politics of Gdańsk}}
[[File:Gdansk Urzad Marszalkowski.jpg|thumb|Pomeranian Voivodeship Office in Gdańsk]]
<!--[[File:Gdańsk 69 Baltic Philharmonic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Polish Baltic Philharmonic]] on the [[Motława]] river]]struck out to reduce image flood-->
Contemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the [[Polish Space Agency]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C403961%2Cpolish-space-agency-may-launch-operations-in-gdansk-in-early-march.html |title=Polish Space Agency may launch operations in Gdańsk in early March |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> several supra-regional branches of further central institutions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ulc.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/5326-informacja-dla-klientow-delegatury-polnocno-zachodniej-w-gdansku |title=nformacja dla klientów Delegatur w Gdańsku i we Wrocławiu |date=15 December 2020 |website=ulc.gov.pl |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gdansk.sa.gov.pl/zasieg-terytorialny-apelacji-gdanskiej,m,m1,214,227 |title=Zasięg terytorialny apelacji gdańskiej |website=gdansk.sa.gov.pl |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> As the capital of the [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]] it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshall's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.<ref>{{cite act |title=Ustawa z dnia 24 lipca 1998 r. |date=24 July 1998 |institution=[[Sejm]] |at=Dz.U. 1998 nr 96 poz. 603 |url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19980960603 |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>
Contemporary Gdańsk is the capital of the province called [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]] and is one of the major centers of economic and administrative life in Poland. Many important agencies of the state and [[local government]] levels have their main offices here: the Provincial Administration Office, the Provincial Government, the Ministerial Agency of the State Treasury, the Agency for Consumer and Competition Protection, the National Insurance regional office, the Court of Appeals, and the High Administrative Court.


Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk [[city council]] (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees, which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/pelna-lista-radni-gdanska-prezydenci-przewodniczacy-1990-2020,a,171617 |title=30 lat samorządu terytorialnego. Zobacz pełną listę radnych, prezydentów i ich zastępców |date=25 May 2020 |website=gdansk.pl |access-date=15 May 2020 |quote=}}</ref>
===Regional centre===
[[Gdańsk Voivodeship]] was extended in 1999 to include most of former [[Słupsk Voivodeship]], the western part of [[Elbląg Voivodeship]] and [[Chojnice County]] from [[Bydgoszcz Voivodeship]] to form the new [[Pomeranian Voivodeship]].
The area of the region was thus extended from {{convert|7394|to|18293|km²|0|abbr=out}} and the population rose from 1,333,800 (1980) to 2,198,000 (2000). By 1998, [[Tricity, Poland|Tricity]] constituted an [[absolute majority]] of the population; almost half of the inhabitants of the new region live in the centre.


; City Council in 2024–2029:
===Municipal government===
Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk [[City council|City Council]] (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.


* {{Color box|{{party color|Civic Platform}}}} [[Civic Coalition (Poland)|KO]] (15)
; City Council in 2002–2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza: Wybory samorządowe|url=http://wybory2002.pkw.gov.pl/grada/gw1/w22/m2261/index.html|agency=wybory2002.pkw.gov.pl|accessdate=2015-10-09}}</ref>:
* [[Civic Platform|Platforma Obywatelska]] – 15 seats
** {{Color box|{{party color|Civic Platform}}}} [[Civic Platform|PO]] (9)
** {{color box|{{party color|Polish Initiative}}}} [[Polish Initiative|iPL]] (1)
* [[Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union|Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej-Unia Pracy]] – 6 seats
** {{color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|Ind.]] (5)
* [[Law and Justice|KW Wyborców i Sympatyków Lecha Kaczyńskiego Prawo i Samorządność]] – 6 seats
* {{Color box|{{party color|Yes! For Poland}}}} [[Everything for Gdańsk|WDG]] (11)
* [[League of Polish Families|Liga Polskich Rodzin]] – 5 seats
** {{Color box|{{party color|Yes! For Poland}}}} [[Everything for Gdańsk|WDG]] (10)
* [[Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland|Samoobrona]] – 1 seat
** {{Color box|{{party color|New Left (Poland)}}}} [[New Left (Poland)|NL]] (1)
* [[Bogdan Borusewicz|Obywatelski Komitet Bogdana Borusewicza]] – 1 seat
* {{Color box|{{party color|Law and Justice}}|border=silver}} [[Law and Justice (Poland)|PiS]] (8)

** {{color box|{{party color|Law and Justice (Poland)}}}} [[Law and Justice (Poland)|PiS]] (6)
; City Council in 2006–2010<ref>{{cite web|title=Geografia wyborcza – Wybory samorządowe – Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza|url=http://wybory2006.pkw.gov.pl/kbw/wynikiRadaMiastaae6f.html?jdn=226101|agency=wybory2006.pkw.gov.pl|accessdate=2015-10-09}}</ref>:
* {{color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|Ind.]] (2)
* [[Civic Platform|Platforma Obywatelska]] – 21 seats
* [[Law and Justice|Prawo i Sprawiedliwość]] – 13 seats

; City Council in 2010–2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Wybory Samorządowe 2010 – Geografia wyborcza – Województwo pomorskie – – m. Gdańsk|url=http://wybory2010.pkw.gov.pl/geo/pl/220000/226101.html#tabs-4|agency=wybory2010.pkw.gov.pl|accessdate=2015-10-09}}</ref>:
* [[Civic Platform|Platforma Obywatelska]] – 26 seats
* [[Law and Justice|Prawo i Sprawiedliwość]] – 7 seats
* [[Democratic Left Alliance|Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej]] – 1 seat
[[File:Gdansk City Council in 2014 2018.svg|thumb|Gdansk City Council in 2014-2018]]
; City Council in 2014–2018<ref>{{cite web|title=Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza {{!}} Gdańsk|url=http://wybory2014.pkw.gov.pl/pl/wyniki/gminy/view/226101|agency=wybory2014.pkw.gov.pl|accessdate=2015-10-09}}</ref>:
* [[Civic Platform|Platforma Obywatelska]] – 22 seats
* [[Law and Justice|Prawo i Sprawiedliwość]] – 12 seats


===Districts===
===Districts===
Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 ''[[dzielnica]]s'' and 28 ''[[osiedle]]s''. Gdańsk ''dzielnicas'' include: [[Chełm i Gdańsk-Południe|Chełm]], [[Piecki-Migowo]], [[Przymorze Wielkie]], [[Śródmieście, Gdańsk|Śródmieście]], Wrzeszcz Dolny, Wrzeszcz Górny.
Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 {{lang|pl|[[dzielnica]]s}} and 28 {{lang|pl|[[osiedle]]s}}. A full list can be found at [[Districts of Gdańsk]], but the largest include [[Śródmieście, Gdańsk|Śródmieście]], [[Przymorze Wielkie]], [[Chełm]], [[Wrzeszcz Dolny]], and [[Wrzeszcz Górny]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bip.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/Podzial-administracyjny-Gdanska,a,647 |title=Podział administracyjny Gdańska |date=31 December 2023 |website=Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej |publisher=Gdańsk City Council |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref>

''Osiedles'': [[Aniołki]], [[Brętowo]], [[Brzeźno]], Jasień, [[Kokoszki]], [[Port Island (Gdańsk)|Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie]], Letnica, [[Matarnia]], [[Młyniska]], [[Nowy Port]], Oliwa, Olszynka, Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce, Osowa, Przeróbka, [[Przymorze Małe]], [[Rudniki, Gdańsk|Rudniki]], [[Siedlce, Gdańsk|Siedlce]], [[Sobieszewo Island]], Stogi, Strzyża, [[Suchanino]], Ujeścisko-Łostowice, [[VII Dwór]], [[Wzgórze Mickiewicza]], [[Zaspa-Młyniec]], [[Zaspa-Rozstaje]], [[Jelitkowo|Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia]].


==Education and science==
==Education and science==
[[File:Gmach glowny politechnika.jpg|thumb|Gdańsk University of Technology]]
[[File:Gmach glowny politechnika.jpg|thumb|Gdańsk University of Technology]]
[[File:MUG Hospital Bldg 1.jpg|thumb|Gdańsk Medical University]]
[[File:Hotel Królewski and Filharmonia Bałtycka Gdańsk.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Polish Baltic Philharmonic]] on the [[Motława]] river ]]


There are 15 higher schools in the city, including three universities. Notable educational institutions include the [[University of Gdańsk]], [[Gdańsk University of Technology]], and [[Gdańsk Medical University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.studies-in-poland.pl/s/2333/57926-Studies-in-Poland/429-University-of-Gdansk.htm |title=University of Gdańsk (Uniwersytet Gdański), UG - Studies in Poland |website=Studies in Poland |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdio.org/cdio-action/school-profiles/gdansk-university-technology-europe-region |title=Gdansk University of Technology - Worldwide CDIO Initiative |website=CDIO |publisher=[[CDIO Initiative]] |access-date=15 May 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://naukawpolsce.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C85430%2Ctrzy-gdanskie-szkoly-wyzsze-utworzyly-zwiazek-uczelni-im-daniela-fahrenheita |title=Trzy gdańskie szkoły wyższe utworzyły Związek Uczelni im. Daniela Fahrenheita|website=Nauka w Polsce|access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> The city is also home to the [[Baltic Institute]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grzechnik |first=Marta |date=2018 |title=Love of Wide Open Waters. The Polish Maritime Programme according to the Baltic and Western Institutes in the Aftermath of the Second World War (1945–ca. 1950) |url=http://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/APH/article/view/APH.2018.117.07 |journal=Acta Poloniae Historica |volume=117 |pages=195 |doi=10.12775/APH.2018.117.07 |issn=0001-6829|doi-access=free }}</ref>
There are 15 higher schools including 3 universities. In 2001 there were 60,436 students, including 10,439 graduates.
* [[University of Gdańsk|Gdańsk University]] (''Uniwersytet Gdański'')
* [[Gdańsk University of Technology]] (''Politechnika Gdańska'')
* [[Gdańsk Medical University]] (''Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny'')
* Academy of Physical Education and Sport of Gdańsk (''Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu im. Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego'')
* Musical Academy (''Akademia Muzyczna im. Stanisława Moniuszki'')
* Arts Academy (''Akademia Sztuk Pięknych'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asp.gda.pl/|title=Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Gdańsku|author=|date=|work=asp.gda.pl}}</ref>
* ''[https://www.imp.gda.pl/en/ Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences] - [[:pl:Instytut Maszyn Przepływowych im. Roberta Szewalskiego PAN|Instytut Maszyn Przepływowych im. Roberta Szewalskiego PAN]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imp.gda.pl/en/|title=Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences|author=|date=|work=imp.gda.pl/en}}</ref>''
* ''Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN''
* ''Ateneum{{spaced ndash}}Szkoła Wyższa''
* ''Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna''
* ''Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Administracji''
* ''Wyższa Szkoła Społeczno-Ekonomiczna''
* ''Wyższa Szkoła Turystyki i Hotelarstwa w Gdańsku''
* ''Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania''
* [[WSB Universities]] – [[WSB University in Gdańsk]]<ref>[http://www.wsb.pl/english/about-wsb-group/wsb-gdansk WSB University in Gdańsk] – WSB Universities</ref>

===Scientific and regional organizations===
* [[Gdańsk Scientific Society]]
* [[Baltic Institute]] (Instytut Bałtycki), established 1925 in [[Toruń]], since 1946 (?) in Gdańsk
* TNOiK – Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierowania (Scientific Society for Organization and Management) O/Gdańsk
* IBNGR – Instytut Badań nad Gospodarką Rynkową (The Gdańsk Institute for [[Market economy|Market Economics]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibngr.edu.pl/english/index2.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209112613/http://www.ibngr.edu.pl/english/index2.htm |archivedate=2008-02-09 |title=The Gdańsk Institute for Market Economics |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=|accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>


==International relations==
==International relations==
===Consulates===
[[File:Gdansk dyrekcja stoczni 2024.jpg|thumb|Consulate General of Hungary]]
There are four consulates general in Gdańsk – [[China]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Russia]], one consulate – [[Ukraine]], and 17 honorary consulates – [[Austria]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Estonia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Mexico]], [[Moldova]], [[Netherlands]], [[Peru]], [[Seychelles]], [[Spain]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sweden]], [[Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gdansk.pl/turystyka-w-gdansku/konsulaty,a,3749|title=Wykaz konsulatów - informacja według stanu na 4 września 2024 r.|access-date=19 September 2024|language=pl}}</ref>

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Gdańsk is [[Sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Twin Cities |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/biuro-prezydenta/miasta-partnerskie,a,1620 |website=gdansk.pl |publisher=Gdańsk |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref>


{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
===Twin towns and sister cities===
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Helsingør]], Denmark
Gdańsk is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web |url=http://www.gdansk.pl/en/about,2,15.html |title=Partner Cities |publisher=City of Gdańsk |language=Polish, English |date=27 May 2008 |accessdate=2015-01-04}}</ref><sup>[in [[chronology|chronological]] order]</sup>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bremen]], Germany

*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], United States
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Kalmar]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Bremen]]''', [[Germany]] <small>''(since 1976)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/><ref name="Bremen twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.rathaus.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen54.c.2259.de|archive-url=https://archive.is/20110718204253/http://www.rathaus.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bremen54.c.2259.de|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-07-18|title=Bremen – Referat 32 Städtepartnerschaften / Internationale Beziehungen|trans-title=Bremen – Unit 32 Twinning / International Relations|accessdate=2013-08-09|last=Frohmader|first=Andrea|work=Das Rathaus Bremen Senatskanzlei [Bremen City Hall – Senate Chancellery]|language=German|df=}}</ref>
<!--Marseille - not twinning-->
* {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Turku]]''', [[Finland]] <small>''(since 1987)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nice]], France
* {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]]''', [[Ohio]], [[United States]] <small>''(since 1990)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/><ref name="Cleveland sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Cleveland,%20Ohio|title=Sister Cities International (SCI) |publisher=Sister-cities.org |date= |accessdate=2013-04-21}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SWE}} '''[[Kalmar]]''', [[Sweden]] <small>''(since 1991)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan
<!--Odessa - not twinning-->
* {{flagicon|DEN}} '''[[Helsingør]]''', [[Denmark]] <small>''(since 1992)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands
* {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Marseille]]''', Bouches-du-Rhône, [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[France]] <small>''(since 1992)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]], United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Rouen]]''', Seine-Maritime, [[Normandy]], [[France]] <small>''(since 1992)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Turku]], Finland
* {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Kaliningrad]]''', [[Russia]] <small>''(since 1993)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
*{{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania
* {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]]''', Merseyside, [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] <small>''(since 1993)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
* {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]''', [[Russia]] <small>''(since 1993)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/><ref name="St. Petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |archivedate=2009-02-24 |df= }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} '''[[Astana]]''', [[Kazakhstan]] <small>''(since 1996)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
* {{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Odessa]]''', [[Ukraine]] <small>''(since 1996)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
* {{flagicon|NLD}} '''[[Rotterdam]]''', South Holland, [[Netherlands]] <small>''(since 1998)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
* {{flagicon|LTU}} '''[[Vilnius]]''', [[Lithuania]] <small>''(since 1998)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Nice]]''', Alpes-Maritimes, [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], [[France]] <small>''(since 1999)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/><ref name="Nice Jumellage">{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |title=Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice |accessdate=2013-06-24 |publisher=Ville de Nice |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029114949/http://nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nice |archivedate=October 29, 2012 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Shanghai]]''', [[People's Republic of China|China]] <small>''(since 2004)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Palermo]]''', [[Province of Palermo|Palermo]], Sicily, [[Italy]] <small>''(since 2005)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
* {{flagicon|LTU}} '''[[Šilutė]]''', [[Lithuania]] <small>''(since 2004)''</small><ref name="Gdańsk"/>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


===Partnerships and cooperation===
===Former twin towns===
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Kaliningrad]], Russia
* {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Le Havre]]''', Seine-Maritime, [[Normandy]], France<ref name="Le Havre twins">{{cite web|url=http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire|title=Le Havre – Les villes jumelées|accessdate=2013-08-07|work=City of Le Havre|language=French|trans-title=Le Havre – Twin towns|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215238/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire|archivedate=2013-07-29 }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia


On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Koniec-wspolpracy-Trojmiasta-z-Rosja-n164797.html |title=Trójmiasto zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami |date=3 March 2022 | access-date = 3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-na-sali-byl-konsul-ukrainy-6743312033806944a |language = pl |title=Gdańsk zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami. Na sali był konsul Ukrainy |date = 3 March 2022 | access-date = 4 March 2022}}</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=160>
File:Ayuntamiento Principal, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 07.jpg|[[Gdańsk Town Hall]]
File:Gdańsk hotel Hilton.jpg|Gdańsk Hilton Hotel
File:Gdańsk, ul. Długi Targ 2.jpg|[[Green Gate]]
File:Gdansk tourist pictures 2009 0034.JPG|Długi Targ Street, Old Town
File:2010-07-08-gdansk-by-RalfR-067.jpg|Mariacka Street
File:Gdańsk Główne Miasto - Długa Street (131).jpg|Długa Street
File:Gdańsk, Długa 35.JPG|''Lion's Castle'' Tenement House
File:John III Sobieski Monument in Gdańsk 2669.JPG|[[John III Sobieski]] Monument in Gdańsk
File:Gdańsk - Neptune's Fountain.JPG|Gdańsk – [[Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk|Neptune's Fountain]]
File:Puerta Dorada, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 01.jpg|[[Golden Gate (Gdańsk)|Golden Gate ''Złota Brama'']]
File:Gdańsk - Townhouses.JPG|Gdańsk – Townhouses
File:Gdańsk-Oliwa, bazylika archikatedralna(Aw58).JPG|[[Oliwa Cathedral]]
File:Westerplatte-Denkmal Danzig 2010.jpg|[[Westerplatte]] – Monument nearby Gdańsk
File:SM Gdańsk Ratusz Staromiejski (0) ID 635538.jpg|Old Town Hall
File:Gdansk Wielki Mlyn2014.jpg|Great Mill (left) and Millers' Guild House (right)
File:Gdansk Wisłoujście Fortress 1.jpg|[[Wisłoujście Fortress]]
File:Danzig Johanniskirche.jpg|Church of St. John
File:2010-07-11-gdansk-by-RaBoe-039.JPG|Rybackie Pobrzeże
File:Danzig-Werftarbeiterdenkmal.jpg|[[Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970]] in Gdańsk
File:Danzig, Altes Müllergewerkshaus.jpg|Millers' Guild House
File:SM Gdańsk Kościół św Barbary (1) ID 635439.jpg|Saint Barbara church
File:Pl-gdansk-baszta-labedz-zamek2006.jpg|Swan Tower
File:635495 Gdańsk Wieża Więzienna 03.JPG|Gaol Tower
File:Danziger Bibliothek der Polnischen Akademie.JPG|Gdańsk Library of Polish Academy of Sciences
File:Gdańsk, pomnik Jana Heweliusza.jpg|[[Jan Heweliusz]] Monument
File:Park Oliwski (maj 2014).JPG|Oliwa Park
File:Port of Gdansk from mainmast of Fryderyk Chopin.jpg|[[Port of Gdańsk]] from mainmast of [[Fryderyk Chopin (ship)|Fryderyk Chopin]]
File:UG - WPiA ubt.jpeg|[[Gdańsk University]] – Faculty of Law and Administration
File:Przymorze-obroncow wybrzeza nowe bloki.jpg|Modern blocks in Obrońców Wybrzeża Street
</gallery>


===Partnerships and cooperation===
==Population==
Gdańsk also cooperates with:<ref name=twins/>
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ghent]], Belgium<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/biuro-prezydenta/miasta-wspolpracujace,a,1621 |title=Miasta współpracujące |access-date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918150542/https://www.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/biuro-prezydenta/miasta-wspolpracujace,a,1621 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Le Havre]], France<ref name="Le Havre twins">{{cite web |url=http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire |title=Le Havre – Les villes jumelées |access-date=7 August 2013 |work=City of Le Havre |language=fr |trans-title=Le Havre – Twin towns |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215238/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
{{Historical populations
|1890|120338
|align=right
|1910|170337
|1939|250000
|1929|256403
|1945|139078
|1946|117894
|1946|117894
|1950|194633
|1950|194633
|1960|286940
|1960|286940
|1970|365600
|1970|365600
|1978|442118|21=1988|22=464308|25=2002|26=461334|29=2011|30=460276|35=2021|36=486022|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Gdansk | title=Gdańsk (Pomorskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>}}
|1980|456707
[[File:Gdańsk population pyramid.svg|thumb|Gdańsk population pyramid in 2021]]
|1987|469053
{{Further|Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)|Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)|Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II}}
|1990|465143

|1995|463019
The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of [[World War II]] is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1923 |title=The Jews of the Free City of Danzig—census of 1923 and 1924 |url=https://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1930_1931_8_StatSupplements.pdf |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162154/https://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1930_1931_8_StatSupplements.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|2000|462995

|2005|458093
German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet [[Red Army]] advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of [[Soviet war crimes|Soviet atrocities]], and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.<ref name="Kacowicz100101">Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, ''Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study'', Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 100, 101 {{ISBN|0-7391-1607-X}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&dq=expulsion+germans+poland&pg=PA100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061435/https://books.google.de/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA103&dq=expulsion+germans+poland&lr=&as_brr=3&redir_esc=y#PPA100,M1|date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the [[Oder–Neisse line]] perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.<ref>Spieler, Silke. ed. ''Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948''. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). {{ISBN|3-88557-067-X}}. pp. 23–41</ref> German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Pavel Polian-''Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR'' Central European University Press 2003 {{ISBN|963-9241-68-7}} pp. 286-293</ref>{{sfn|Kamusella|2004|p=28}}
|2010|460509

|2012|460427
Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.<ref name=Curp42>{{cite book |title=A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945-1960 |first=T. David |last=Curp |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2006 |isbn=1-58046-238-3 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42 |access-date=2009-08-04 |archive-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128133042/http://www.google.de/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 March 1945, the [[Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)|Gdańsk Voivodeship]] was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the [[Recovered Territories]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of modern Poland: from the foundation of the State in the First World War to the present day |first=Hans |last=Roos |publisher=Knopf |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig |access-date=2009-08-04 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308120817/http://www.google.de/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&lr= |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.<ref name=Byk>{{cite book |title=The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II |author=Sylwia Bykowska |publisher=Peter-Lang-Verlagsgruppe |page=116 |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-631-67940-1}}</ref> The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain; as of 1 January 1949, 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II |first=Sylwia |last=Bykowska |publisher=Peter Lang |page=239 |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-631-67940-1}}</ref>
|2014|461489

}}
The settlers can be grouped according to their background:
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; font-size:85%;"
*Poles that had been freed from [[forced labor in Nazi Germany]]<ref name=Cordell168>Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, ''Poland and the European Union'', 2000, p. 168, {{ISBN|0-415-23885-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-23885-4}}: gives 4.55 million in the first years</ref><ref name=Hoffmann142/>
|colspan="2"|'''Largest groups of foreign residents'''
*[[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|Repatriates]]: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as [[Armenians in Poland|the Polish-Armenian community]]<ref name=Cordell168/><ref name=Hoffmann142>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js8XWnqR6HMC&q=vertreibung+polen&pg=PA140 |title=Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, ''Geglückte Integration?'', p. 142 |isbn=9783486645033 |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Dierk |last2=Schwartz |first2=Michael |year=1999 |publisher=Oldenbourg }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-\
*Poles incl. [[Kashubians]] relocating from nearby villages and small towns<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kaszebsko.com/kaszubi-w-gdansku.html |title=Kaszubi w Gdańsku |last= |first= |date= |website=Kaszëbskô Jednota |publisher=[[Kashubian Association]] |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162155/http://kaszebsko.com/kaszubi-w-gdansku.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!Nationality || Population (2018)
*Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily<ref name=Cordell168/>
|-
*Non-Poles forcibly resettled during [[Operation Vistula]] in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and [[Lemkos]], and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.<ref>Thum, p. 129</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Ukraine}} || 29,483<ref> https://m.trojmiasto.pl/praca/42-tys-nowych-pracownikow-ze-wschodu-w-Trojmiescie-n109054.html </ref>
*[[Jews|Jewish]] [[Holocaust]] survivors, most of them [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|Polish repatriates]] from the [[Eastern Borderlands]].<ref>Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, ''Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period'', pp. 283-284, 1992, {{ISBN|0-7146-3413-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7146-3413-5}}</ref>
|-
*[[Greeks in Poland|Greeks]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Slav Macedonians]], [[refugees of the Greek Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Grzegorz Waligóra |editor2=Łukasz Kamiński |date=2010 |title=NSZZ Solidarność, 1980-1989: Wokół Solidarności |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_M-AQAAIAAJ&q=grecy%20do%20gda%C5%84ska%20%20wojn%C4%85%20domow%C4%85 |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |page=463 |isbn=9788376291765 |language=pl |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032230/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/NSZZ_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_1980_1989_Wok%C3%B3%C5%82_Sol/c_M-AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=grecy+do+gda%C5%84ska++wojn%C4%85+domow%C4%85 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Belarus}} ||

1,808<ref> https://m.trojmiasto.pl/praca/42-tys-nowych-pracownikow-ze-wschodu-w-Trojmiescie-n109054.html </ref>
==People==
|-
{{main|List of people from Gdańsk}}
|{{flagcountry|Russia}} ||
1,731<ref> https://m.trojmiasto.pl/praca/42-tys-nowych-pracownikow-ze-wschodu-w-Trojmiescie-n109054.html </ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} ||
1,423
|-
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}} ||
1,244
|-
|{{flagcountry|China}} ||
1,037
|-
|{{flagcountry|North Korea}} ||
800<ref> https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/31/polish-firms-employing-north-korean-slave-labourers-benefit-from/ </ref>
|-
|}
{{See also|Category:People from Gdańsk|List of people from Gdańsk|List of mayors of Gdańsk|List of mayors of Danzig|List of Dukes of Gdańsk|List of Gdańsk aristocratic families|List of honorary citizens of Gdańsk
}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|Poland}}
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}}
* [[Tourism in Poland]]
*[[Tourism in Poland]]
*[[List of honorary citizens of Gdańsk]]
* [[764 Gedania]] – a minor planet orbiting the Sun
*[[764 Gedania]] – a minor planet orbiting the Sun
* [[Danzig Highflyer]]
* [[Father Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC Hospice]]
*[[Danzig Highflyer]]
*[[Father Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC Hospice]]
* [[Kashubians]]
*[[Kashubians]]
*[[List of neighbourhoods of Gdańsk]]
* [[Kursenieki]]
* [[List of corporations in Gdańsk]]
*[[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk]]
*[[Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art]]
* [[List of neighbourhoods of Gdańsk]]
* [[St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk]]
*[[Ronald Reagan Park]]
*''[[Live in Gdańsk]]''
* [[Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art]]
* [[Ronald Reagan Park]]
*[[Orunia Park]]
* ''[[Live in Gdańsk]]''


==References==
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


===Notes===
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


===Bibliography===
==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Kamusella |first=Tomasz |year=2004 |author-link=Tomasz Kamusella |url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/2599/HEC04-01.pdf |title=The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as 'Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland |publisher=European University Institute, Florence. Department of History and Civilization |work=Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees (ed.), The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War |id=EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 |format=PDF direct download, 2.52 MB |access-date=August 17, 2012 |pages=21–30}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kimmich|first=Christoph M,|title=The free city: Danzig and German foreign policy, 1919–1934|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3VxQgAACAAJ|accessdate=8 March 2010|year=1968|publisher=[[Yale University Press]], New Haven, Connecticut|ref=Kimmich68}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rudziński|first=Grzegorz |title=Gdańsk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AKfPQAACAAJ|accessdate=26 February 2010|date=1 March 2001|publisher=Bonechi|isbn=978-88-476-0517-6|ref=Rudziński69}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kimmich |first=Christoph M |title=The free city: Danzig and German foreign policy, 1919–1934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3VxQgAACAAJ |access-date=8 March 2010 |year=1968 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]], New Haven, Connecticut |ref=Kimmich68 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book|last=Simson|first=Paul |title=Geschichte Der Stadt Danzig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSmxtiBx4CoC|accessdate=26 February 2010|date=October 2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|isbn=978-1-115-53256-3|ref=Simson70}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rudziński |first=Grzegorz |title=Gdańsk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AKfPQAACAAJ |access-date=26 February 2010 |date=1 March 2001 |publisher=Bonechi |isbn=978-88-476-0517-6 |ref=Rudziński69 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011064134/http://books.google.com/books?id=9AKfPQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Simson |first=Paul |title=Geschichte Der Stadt Danzig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSmxtiBx4CoC |access-date=26 February 2010 |date=October 2009 |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC |isbn=978-1-115-53256-3 |ref=Simson70 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011050903/http://books.google.com/books?id=DSmxtiBx4CoC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Śliwiński |first=Błażej |date=2006 |title=O rzece "Gdani" i początkach Gdańska. Uwagi historyka do ustaleń językoznawców |trans-title=About the river "Gdania" and the beginnings of Gdańsk. Historian's comments on the findings of linguists |journal=Acta Cassubiana |volume=8 |pages=11–23}}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


==External links==
{{Commons|Gdańsk}}
{{Commons|Gdańsk}}
{{EB1911 poster|Danzig}}
{{Wikivoyage|Gdańsk}}
{{Wikivoyage|Gdańsk}}
{{Wiktionary|Gdańsk}}
{{Wiktionary|Gdańsk}}
* [http://www.en.gdansk.gda.pl/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930074120/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20040522/POLAND22/TPTravel/TopStories Extensive Danzig, East & West Prussian Historical Materials] {{en icon}} & {{de icon}}
* [http://www.shopandsee.eu/ Regional Tourist Board website]
* [http://www.gdansk4u.pl/ Local Tourist Board website]
* {{pl icon}} [http://www.wirtualny.gdansk.pl/ Virtual Gdańsk] (portal)
* {{de icon}} [http://www.danzig.info/ Danzig](portal)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725224352/https://panoramiczne.com.pl/blog/trojmiasto/gdansk/mariacka/01/ Mariacka Street Panoramic Photo]
* [http://www.ourpoland.com/gdansk/ Visit Gdanks]
* [http://culture.pl/en/article/7-reasons-to-fall-in-love-with-gdansk 7 Reasons to Fall in Love with Gdańsk]


{{Navboxes
{{Navboxes
| title = Articles related to Gdańsk
|list=
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| list = {{Gdansk}}
{{Principal cities of Poland}}
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{{Pomeranian Voivodeship|state=autocollapse}}
{{Pomeranian Voivodeship|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Mayors of Gdańsk}}
{{Mayors of Gdańsk}}
{{Polish coast|state=autocollapse}}
{{Polish coast|state=autocollapse}}
{{Princess of Asturias Award for Concord}}
{{Vistula}}
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{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gdansk}}
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[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Time balls]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Poland]]
[[Category:Geographical naming disputes]]
[[Category:Geographical naming disputes]]
[[Category:Lübeck law]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Nazi war crimes in Poland]]
[[Category:Sites of Nazi war crimes during the Invasion of Poland]]
[[Category:Former exclaves]]

Latest revision as of 15:45, 20 December 2024

Gdańsk
Motto(s): 
Nec temere, nec timide
(Neither rashly, nor timidly)
Map
Gdańsk is located in Poland
Gdańsk
Gdańsk
Coordinates: 54°20′51″N 18°38′43″E / 54.34750°N 18.64528°E / 54.34750; 18.64528
Country Poland
VoivodeshipPomeranian
Countycity county
Established10th century
City rights1263
Government
 • BodyGdańsk City Council
 • City mayorAleksandra Dulkiewicz (Ind.)
Area
 • City
266 km2 (103 sq mi)
 • Urban
414.81 km2 (160.16 sq mi)
Highest elevation
180 m (590 ft)
Population
 (30 June 2023)
 • City
486,492 (6th)[1]
 • Density1,800/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
749,786
 • Metro
1,080,700
GDP
 • Urban€20.529 billion (2020)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
80-008 to 80–958
Area code+48 58
Car platesGD
Websitegdansk.pl

Gdańsk[a] is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492,[8] it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport.[9][7] Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River and is situated at the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay, close to the city of Gdynia and the resort town of Sopot; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of approximately 1.5 million.[10]

The city has a complex history, having had periods of Polish, German and self rule. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the Middle Ages, in 1361 it became a member of the Hanseatic League which influenced its economic, demographic and urban landscape. It also served as Poland's principal seaport, and was the largest city of Poland in the 15th-17th centuries. In 1793, within the Partitions of Poland, the city became part of Prussia, and thus a part of the German Empire from 1871 after the unification of Germany. Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, it was a Free City under the protection of the League of Nations from 1920 to 1939. On 1 September 1939 it was the scene of the first clash of World War II at Westerplatte. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes, expulsions and new settlement after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the Solidarity movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.

Gdańsk is home to the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, the National Museum, the Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre, the Museum of the Second World War, the Polish Baltic Philharmonic, the Polish Space Agency and the European Solidarity Centre. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall, the Green Gate, Artus Court, Neptune's Fountain, and St. Mary's Church, one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, the country's third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland.

Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019.[11] The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260,[12] and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.[13] Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city centre has been listed as one of Poland's national monuments.[14][15][16][17]

Names

[edit]

Origin

[edit]
A manuscript fragment featuring gyddanyzc

The name of the city was most likely derived from Gdania, a river presently known as Motława on which the city is situated.[18] Other linguists also argue that the name stems from the Proto-Slavic adjective/prefix gъd-, which meant 'wet' or 'moist' with the addition of the morpheme ń/ni and the suffix -sk.[19]

History

[edit]

The name of the settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148, Gdanzc in 1188, Danceke[20] in 1228, Gdańsk in 1236,[b] Danzc in 1263, Danczk in 1311,[c] Danczik in 1399,[d] Danczig in 1414, and Gdąnsk in 1656.[21]

In Polish documents, the form Gdańsk was always used. The German form Danzig developed later, simplifying the consonant clusters to something easier for German speakers to pronounce.[22] The cluster "gd" became "d" (Danzc from 1263),[23] the combination "ns" became "nts" (Danczk from 1311),[23] and finally an epenthetical "i" broke up the final cluster (Danczik from 1399).[23]

In Polish, the modern name of the city is pronounced [ɡdaj̃sk] . In English (where the diacritic over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/. The German name, Danzig, is usually pronounced [ˈdantsɪç] , or alternatively [ˈdantsɪk] in more Southern German-speaking areas. The city's Latin name may be given as either Gedania, Gedanum, or Dantiscum; the variety of Latin and German names typically reflects the difficulty of pronunciation of the Polish/Slavonic city's name, all German- and Latin/Romance-speaking populations always encounter in trying to pronounce the difficult and complex Polish/Slavonic words.

Ceremonial names

[edit]

On special occasions, the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish: Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk, Latin: Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis, Kashubian: Królewsczi Pòlsczi Gard Gduńsk).[24][25][26] In the Kashubian language the city is called Gduńsk. Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk) or "Our (regional) Capital City Gduńsk" (Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names raises controversy among Kashubians.[27]

History

[edit]

Ancient history

[edit]

The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the Bronze Age (which is estimated to be from 2500–1700 BCE). The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an agriculture and fishing-dependent village.[28][29] In the beginning of the 10th century, it began becoming an important centre for trade (especially between the Pomeranians) until its annexation in c. 975 by Mieszko I.[30]

Early Poland

[edit]
The largest medieval port crane in Europe, situated over the river Motława.[31]

The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the vita of Saint Adalbert. Written in 999, it describes how in 997 Saint Adalbert of Prague baptised the inhabitants of urbs Gyddannyzc, "which separated the great realm of the duke [i.e., Bolesław the Brave of Poland] from the sea."[32] No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries.[32] Based on the date in Adalbert's vita, the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.[33]

Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after World War II had laid 90 percent of the city centre in ruins, enabling excavations.[34] The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308.[33] Mieszko I of Poland erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea.[35] Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city.[36]

Pomeranian Poland

[edit]
Excavated remains of 12th-century buildings in Gdańsk

The site was ruled as a duchy of Poland by the Samborides. It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch, German merchant settlements around St Nicholas' Church and the old Piast stronghold.[37] In 1215, the ducal stronghold became the centre of a Pomerelian splinter duchy. At that time the area of the later city included various villages.

In 1224/25, merchants from Lübeck were invited as hospites (immigrants with specific privileges) but were soon (in 1238) forced to leave by Swietopelk II of the Samborides during a war between Swietopelk and the Teutonic Knights, during which Lübeck supported the latter. Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257.[38] Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century, after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights.[39]

At latest in 1263 Pomerelian duke, Swietopelk II granted city rights under Lübeck law to the emerging market settlement.[40] It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.[37] In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.[41][42]

In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000. While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with Eastern Europe. Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and the Brandenburgians left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301.[43]

Teutonic Knights

[edit]
Monument to defenders of Polish Gdańsk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights.

In 1308, the town was taken by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population,[44] of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.[45] Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources,[46] while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.[45] The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.[45][47]

The knights colonized the area, replacing local Kashubians and Poles with German settlers.[46] In 1308, they founded Osiek Hakelwerk near the town, initially as a Slavic fishing settlement.[44] In 1340, the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' Komtur.[48] In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the Rechtstadt, to Kulm law.[49] In 1358, Danzig joined the Hanseatic League, and became an active member in 1361.[50] It maintained relations with the trade centres Bruges, Novgorod, Lisboa, and Sevilla.[50] Around 1377, the Old Town was equipped with city rights as well.[51] In 1380, the New Town was founded as the third, independent settlement.[44]

After a series of Polish-Teutonic Wars, in the Treaty of Kalisz (1343) the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a fief from the Polish Crown. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, potash, tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the Vistula River trading routes, although after its capture, the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of the Teutonic Order German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.[52] A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), and the city came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland. A year later, with the First Peace of Thorn, it returned to the Teutonic Order.[53]

Kingdom of Poland

[edit]
Apotheosis of Gdańsk by Izaak van den Blocke. The Vistula-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.

In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict.[54] On the request of the organisation King Casimir IV of Poland reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.[55] This led to the Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order (1454–1466). Since 1454, the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins.[56] The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków,[57] and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in Elbląg, recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful.[58] On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city.[59]

On 15 May 1457, Casimir IV of Poland granted the town the Great Privilege, after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks.[60] With the Great Privilege, the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland.[61] The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia (present day Belarus and Ukraine), and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of her territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin.[60] Furthermore, the privilege united Old Town, Osiek, and Main Town, and legalised the demolition of New Town, which had sided with the Teutonic Knights.[60] By 1457, New Town was demolished completely, no buildings remained.[44]

Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently; Gdańsk became part of the Polish province of Royal Prussia, and later also of the Greater Poland Province. The city was visited by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1504 and 1526, and Narratio Prima, the first printed abstract of his heliocentric theory, was published there in 1540.[62] After the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. Danzig law). Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period in Poland.

In the 1560s and 1570s, a large Mennonite community started growing in the city, gaining significant popularity.[63] In the 1575 election to the Polish throne, Danzig supported Maximilian II in his struggle against Stephen Báthory. It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city, encouraged by the secret support of Denmark and Emperor Maximilian, shut its gates against Stephen. After the Siege of Danzig, lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: Stephen Báthory confirmed the city's special status and her Danzig law privileges granted by earlier Polish kings. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200,000 guldens in gold as payoff ("apology").[64]

During the Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629, in 1627, the naval Battle of Oliwa was fought near the city, and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the Polish Navy. During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, commonly known as the Deluge, the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Sweden. In 1660, the war was ended with the Treaty of Oliwa, signed in the present-day district of Oliwa.[65] In 1677, a Polish-Swedish alliance was signed in the city.[66] Around 1640, Johannes Hevelius established his astronomical observatory in the Old Town. Polish King John III Sobieski regularly visited Hevelius numerous times.[67]

Beside a majority of German-speakers,[68] whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as Pomerelian,[69] the city was home to a large number of Polish-speaking Poles, Jewish Poles, Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, Flemings, and Dutch. In addition, a number of Scots took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city, with first Scots arriving in 1380.[70] During the Protestant Reformation, most German-speaking inhabitants adopted Lutheranism. Due to the special status of the city and significance within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[71]

Old Town in the 1770s with the Saint James church on the left and Saint Bartholomew church on the right

The city suffered a last great plague and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. After peace was restored in 1721, Danzig experienced steady economic recovery. As a stronghold of Stanisław Leszczyński's supporters during the War of the Polish Succession, it was taken by the Russians after the Siege of Danzig in 1734. In the 1740s and 1750s Danzig was restored and Danzig port was again the most significant grain exporting ports in the Baltic region.[72] The Danzig Research Society, which became defunct in 1936, was founded in 1743.[73]

In 1772, the First Partition of Poland took place and Prussia annexed almost all of the former Royal Prussia, which became the Province of West Prussia. However, Gdańsk remained a part of Poland as an exclave separated from the rest of the country. The Prussian king cut off Danzig with a military controlled barrier, also blocking shipping links to foreign ports, on the pretense that a cattle plague may otherwise break out. Danzig declined in its economic significance. However, by the end of the 18th century, Gdańsk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland. It was well-connected and traded actively with German cities, while other Polish cities became less well-integrated towards the end of the century, mostly due to greater risks for long-distance trade, given the number of violent conflicts along the trade routes.[74]

Prussia and Germany

[edit]

Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793,[75] in the Second Partition of Poland. Both the Polish and the German-speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland.[76] The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation.[77] The notable city councilor Jan (Johann) Uphagen, historian and art collector, also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation. His house exemplifies Baroque in Poland and is now a museum, known as Uphagen's House.[78] An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.[79][80][81]

During the Napoleonic Wars, in 1807, the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French, Polish, Italian, Saxon, and Baden forces. Afterwards, it was a free city from 1807 to 1814, when it was captured by combined Prussian-Russian forces.

Colorized photo, c. 1900, showing prewar roof of the Krantor crane (Brama Żuraw).

In 1815, after France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Danzig within the province of West Prussia. Since the 1820s, the Wisłoujście Fortress served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including resistance members, protesters, insurgents of the November and January uprisings and refugees from the Russian Partition of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army,[82] and insurgents of the November Uprising were also imprisoned in Biskupia Górka (Bischofsberg).[83] In May–June 1832 and November 1833, more than 1,000 Polish insurgents departed partitioned Poland through the city's port, boarding ships bound for France, the United Kingdom and the United States (see Great Emigration).[84][85]

The city's longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the revolutions of 1848, until 1863. With the unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian hegemony, the city became part of the German Empire and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in World War I.[75] Starting from the 1850s, long-established Danzig families often felt marginalized by the new town elite originating from mainland Germany. This situation caused the Polish to allege that the Danzig people were oppressed by German rule and for this reason allegedly failed to articulate their natural desire for strong ties with Poland.[86]

Free City of Danzig and World War II

[edit]
An aerial view of the historic city centre around 1920

When Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland.[87] However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority (in the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian, or Masurian as their native language)[88] – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the Versailles Treaty, it became the Free City of Danzig, an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control.[89] Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland.[89] The Free City had its own constitution, national anthem, parliament, and government (Senat). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the Danzig gulden.[87]

With the growth of Nazism among Germans, anti-Polish sentiment increased and both Germanisation and segregation policies intensified, in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration.[89] Polish children were refused admission to public Polish-language schools, premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools.[90] Due to such policies, only eight Polish-language public schools existed in the city, and Poles managed to organize seven more private Polish schools.[90]

In the early 1930s, the local Nazi Party capitalised on pro-German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50% of vote in the parliament. Thereafter, the Nazis under Gauleiter Albert Forster achieved dominance in the city government, which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations' High Commissioner.

In 1937, Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were required to transfer children to German schools, under threat of police intervention, and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth.[90] German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists, scouts and even postal workers, as "punishment" for distributing the Polish press.[91] German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university.[91] Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized,[91] while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdańsk was part of Poland were removed from the city's landmarks, such as the Artus Court and the Neptune's Fountain.[92]

From 1937, the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited, and already employed Poles were fired, the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants, in particular those owned by Germans.[92] In 1939, before the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II, local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings, and after the invasion, they were also imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps.[93]

The German government officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial (meaning under German jurisdiction) highway through the area of the Polish Corridor for land-based access from the rest of Germany. Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939, during a high-level meeting of German military officials explained to them: "It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us it is a matter of expanding our Lebensraum in the east", adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation, and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity, after isolating the country from its Western Allies.[94][95][96][97][98]

After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany attacked Poland on 1 September after having signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union.[99]

The German battleship SMS Schleswig-Holstein firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot during the Battle of Westerplatte in September 1939

The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte resisted for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long fight (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of Zaspa in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence.[99] The city was officially annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.

About 50 percent of members of the Jewish community had left the city within a year after a pogrom in October 1937.[100] After the Kristallnacht riots in November 1938, the community decided to organize its emigration[101] and in March 1939 a first transport to Palestine started.[102] By September 1939 barely 1,700 mostly elderly Jews remained. In early 1941, just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig, most of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust.[100][103] Out of the 2,938 Jewish community in the city, 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.[104]

Nazi secret police had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in Operation Tannenberg. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 ethnic Poles were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof some 50 km (30 mi) from Danzig, and murdered.[105] Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the Piaśnica forest.[106]

During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city,[107] an Einsatzgruppen-operated penal camp,[108] a camp for Romani people,[109] two subcamps of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs,[110] and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present-day city limits.[111]

In 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union, eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany. As the Soviet Army advanced in 1944, German populations in Central and Eastern Europe took flight, resulting in the beginning of a great population shift. After the final Soviet offensives began in January 1945, hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig, many of whom had fled on foot from East Prussia, some tried to escape through the city's port in a large-scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships. Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets, including the Wilhelm Gustloff after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring Gdynia. In the process, tens of thousands of refugees were killed.[112]

The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945,[113] followed by large-scale rape[114] and looting.[115][116]

In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the city became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war fled or were expelled to postwar Germany. The city was repopulated by ethnic Poles; up to 18 percent (1948) of them had been deported by the Soviets in two major waves from pre-war eastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[117]

Post World War II (1945-1989)

[edit]

In 1946, the communists executed 17-year-old Danuta Siedzikówna and 42-year-old Feliks Selmanowicz, known Polish resistance members, in the local prison.[118][119]

The port of Gdańsk was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, reached Poland.[120] In 1949, four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdańsk, from where they were transported to new homes in Poland.[120]

Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the "German character" of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793.[121][122][123] Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worthy of demolition,[124][125] while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.[126]

The Gdańsk Shipyard strike in 1980

Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the Baltic region, Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the People's Republic of Poland. In December 1970, Gdańsk was the scene of anti-regime demonstrations, which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader Władysław Gomułka. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August 1980, Gdańsk Shipyard was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union movement.[127]

In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched Exercise Zapad-81, the largest military exercise in history, during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdańsk. Meanwhile, the Solidarity held its first national congress in Hala Olivia, Gdańsk when more than 800 deputies participated. Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former Eastern Bloc.[128]

Contemporary history (1990-present)

[edit]

Solidarity's leader, Lech Wałęsa, became President of Poland in 1990. In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre, a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.[128]

On 9 July 2001, the city was flooded, with 200 million being estimated in damage, 4 people killed, and 304 evacuated. As a result, the city has built 50 reservoirs, the number of which is rising.[129][130]

UEFA Euro 2012 in Gdańsk

Gdańsk native Donald Tusk is Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014 and again from 2023 to present and was President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019.[131] In 2014, the remains of Danuta Siedzikówna and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery, and then their state burial was held in Gdańsk in 2016, with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities.[119]

In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.[132][133]

In October 2019, the City of Gdańsk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".[134]

In a 2023 Report on the Quality of Life in European Cities compiled by the European Commission, Gdańsk was named as the fourth best city to live in Europe alongside Leipzig, Stockholm and Geneva.[135]

Geography

[edit]

Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława river to the Martwa Wisła, a branch of the Vistula. It is located on the border between different physiographic regions: Vistula Spit (waterside part of the city), Vistula Fens (eastern part of the city), Kashubian Coastland (north-western part of the city) and Kashubian Lake District (western part of the city).

Climate

[edit]
Gdańsk
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
29
 
 
1
−4
 
 
23
 
 
2
−3
 
 
28
 
 
6
−1
 
 
31
 
 
11
3
 
 
55
 
 
17
8
 
 
68
 
 
20
11
 
 
68
 
 
23
14
 
 
69
 
 
23
13
 
 
64
 
 
18
10
 
 
49
 
 
13
6
 
 
46
 
 
6
1
 
 
39
 
 
3
−2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Meteorological Organisation
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.1
 
 
35
25
 
 
0.9
 
 
36
26
 
 
1.1
 
 
43
31
 
 
1.2
 
 
53
38
 
 
2.2
 
 
62
46
 
 
2.7
 
 
67
52
 
 
2.7
 
 
73
56
 
 
2.7
 
 
73
56
 
 
2.5
 
 
64
50
 
 
1.9
 
 
55
42
 
 
1.8
 
 
43
34
 
 
1.5
 
 
37
28
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an oceanic climate (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the humid continental climate (Dfb).[136] It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at −3 °C (27 °F) or 0 °C (32 °F). Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.[137]

The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below 0 °C (32 °F) and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from −1.0 to 17.2 °C (30 to 63 °F) and average monthly rainfall varies 17.9 to 66.7 mm (1 to 3 in) per month with a rather low annual total of 507.3 mm (20 in). In general, the weather is damp, variable, and mild.[137]

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).[137]

Climate data for Gdańsk (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1)
18.1
(64.6)
24.5
(76.1)
30.6
(87.1)
32.3
(90.1)
34.6
(94.3)
36.0
(96.8)
35.8
(96.4)
31.7
(89.1)
28.1
(82.6)
21.1
(70.0)
13.7
(56.7)
36.0
(96.8)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7)
8.4
(47.1)
14.9
(58.8)
22.1
(71.8)
25.9
(78.6)
28.9
(84.0)
30.0
(86.0)
29.9
(85.8)
24.8
(76.6)
19.2
(66.6)
11.8
(53.2)
8.4
(47.1)
31.8
(89.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1)
2.9
(37.2)
6.6
(43.9)
12.1
(53.8)
16.8
(62.2)
20.4
(68.7)
22.6
(72.7)
22.9
(73.2)
18.5
(65.3)
12.7
(54.9)
6.7
(44.1)
3.1
(37.6)
12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5)
−0.8
(30.6)
1.8
(35.2)
6.9
(44.4)
11.9
(53.4)
15.5
(59.9)
17.7
(63.9)
17.3
(63.1)
12.9
(55.2)
8.0
(46.4)
3.4
(38.1)
0.1
(32.2)
7.7
(45.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1)
−2.7
(27.1)
−0.4
(31.3)
3.6
(38.5)
8.1
(46.6)
11.6
(52.9)
14.2
(57.6)
13.9
(57.0)
10.4
(50.7)
5.8
(42.4)
1.9
(35.4)
−1.6
(29.1)
5.1
(41.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9)
−13.5
(7.7)
−9.7
(14.5)
−3.8
(25.2)
0.0
(32.0)
4.3
(39.7)
7.5
(45.5)
7.2
(45.0)
3.0
(37.4)
−2.2
(28.0)
−6.3
(20.7)
−11.3
(11.7)
−19.1
(−2.4)
Record low °C (°F) −27.4
(−17.3)
−29.8
(−21.6)
−22.8
(−9.0)
−7.7
(18.1)
−4.3
(24.3)
−0.5
(31.1)
2.1
(35.8)
4.4
(39.9)
−1.9
(28.6)
−7.0
(19.4)
−16.9
(1.6)
−23.3
(−9.9)
−29.8
(−21.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.5
(1.12)
23.7
(0.93)
27.5
(1.08)
32.0
(1.26)
53.3
(2.10)
58.8
(2.31)
79.4
(3.13)
70.0
(2.76)
64.5
(2.54)
54.8
(2.16)
42.6
(1.68)
36.0
(1.42)
571.0
(22.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.67 14.25 14.03 11.43 13.07 14.03 13.43 14.03 12.40 15.27 15.93 17.97 172.51
Average relative humidity (%) 87.7 85.9 82.5 75.5 71.6 72.2 74.7 78.1 82.6 84.6 89.1 89.8 81.2
Average dew point °C (°F) −3
(27)
−3
(27)
−1
(30)
2
(36)
6
(43)
10
(50)
13
(55)
12
(54)
9
(48)
6
(43)
2
(36)
−1
(30)
4
(40)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 39 70 134 163 244 259 236 225 174 105 45 32 1,726
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 1 1 3
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145]
Source 2: meteomodel.pl,[e][146] Weather Atlas (UV),[147] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[148]

Economy

[edit]
Gdańsk Shipyard in 2009

The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise. Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast.[149]

Major companies based in Gdańsk include multinational clothing company LPP, Energa, Remontowa, the Gdańsk Shipyard, Ziaja, and BreakThru Films. The city also served as a major base for Grupa Lotos, with the Gdańsk Refinery having been the second-largest in Poland, with a capacity of 210,000 bbl/d (33,000 m3/d).[150][149] Gdańsk also hosts the biennial BALTEXPO International Maritime Fair and Conference, the largest fair dedicated to the maritime industry in Poland.[151][152]

The largest shopping center located in the city is Forum Gdańsk,[153] which covers a large plot in the city centre.[154] In 2021, the registered unemployment rate in the city was estimated at 3.6%.[155]

Main sights

[edit]
View of Gdańsk's Main Town from the Motława River (2012)

Architecture

[edit]
Sights at the Royal Route
Highland Gate
Mansion of the Society of Saint George and Golden Gate
Sculptures at the top of the Golden House

The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the Hanseatic League. Most tourist attractions are located in the area of the Main City of Gdańsk,[156] along or near Ulica Długa (Long Street) and Długi Targ (Long Market), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.[157]

Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:[157]

Royal Chapel of the Polish King – John III Sobieski was built in baroque style between 1678 and 1681 by Tylman van Gameren.[168]
St. Mary's Church – one of the largest brick churches in the world
Polish Post Office, site of the 1939 battle

Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including St. Catherine's Church and St. Mary's Church (Bazylika Mariacka). This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century, and is one of the largest brick churches in the world.[157] The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.[169]

Other main sights in the historical city centre include:[157]

Main sights outside the historical city centre include:[157]

Museums

[edit]
Archeological Museum and Mariacka Gate

Entertainment

[edit]

Transport

[edit]
Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport (2012, before the 2022 expansion)
Maersk container ship in the Port of Gdańsk
Gdańsk Główny railway station

The city's core transport infrastructure includes Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, an international airport located in Gdańsk,[181] and the Szybka Kolej Miejska, (SKM)[182] which functions as a rapid transit system for the Tricity area, including Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity.,[183] as well as the long-distance railways.

The principal station in Gdańsk is Gdańsk Główny railway station, served by both SKM local trains and PKP long-distance trains. In addition, long-distance trains also stop at Gdańsk Oliwa railway station, Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station, Sopot, and Gdynia. Gdańsk also has nine other railway stations, served by local SKM trains;[182] Long-distance trains are operated by PKP Intercity which provides connections with all major Polish cities, including Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Katowice, Szczecin, and Częstochowa, and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region.[184]

Between 2011 and 2015, the rail route between Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Warsaw underwent a major upgrade, resulting in improvements in the railway's speed and critical infrastructure such as signalling systems, as well as the construction of the Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna, a major suburban railway, which was opened in 2015.[185][186][187]

City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).[188] The Port of Gdańsk is a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdańsk Bay, located within the city,[189] and the Obwodnica Trójmiejska and A1 autostrada allow for automotive access to the city.[190] Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the Rail-2-Sea project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3,663 km (2,276 mi) long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.[191][192]

Sport

[edit]
Stadion Miejski

There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. The city's professional football club is Lechia Gdańsk.[193] Founded in 1945, they play in the Ekstraklasa, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, Stadion Miejski,[194] was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition,[195] as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final.[196] Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdańsk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, which both played in the second tier in the past.[197][198] Other notable clubs include speedway club Wybrzeże Gdańsk,[199] rugby club Lechia Gdańsk,[200] ice hockey club Stoczniowiec Gdańsk,[201] and volleyball club Trefl Gdańsk.[202]

The city's Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket,[203] and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships venues.[204][205][206]

Politics and local government

[edit]
Pomeranian Voivodeship Office in Gdańsk

Contemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the Polish Space Agency,[207] several supra-regional branches of further central institutions,[208] as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice.[209] As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshall's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.[210]

Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk city council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees, which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.[211]

City Council in 2024–2029
  •   KO (15)
  •   WDG (11)
  •   PiS (8)
  •   Ind. (2)

Districts

[edit]

Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 dzielnicas and 28 osiedles. A full list can be found at Districts of Gdańsk, but the largest include Śródmieście, Przymorze Wielkie, Chełm, Wrzeszcz Dolny, and Wrzeszcz Górny.[212]

Education and science

[edit]
Gdańsk University of Technology

There are 15 higher schools in the city, including three universities. Notable educational institutions include the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, and Gdańsk Medical University.[213][214][215] The city is also home to the Baltic Institute.[216]

International relations

[edit]

Consulates

[edit]
Consulate General of Hungary

There are four consulates general in Gdańsk – China, Germany, Hungary, Russia, one consulate – Ukraine, and 17 honorary consulates – Austria, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Estonia, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Netherlands, Peru, Seychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Uruguay.[217]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Gdańsk is twinned with:[218]

Former twin towns

[edit]

On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[219][220]

Partnerships and cooperation

[edit]

Gdańsk also cooperates with:[218]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1890120,338—    
1910170,337+41.5%
1929256,403+50.5%
1945139,078−45.8%
1946117,894−15.2%
1950194,633+65.1%
1960286,940+47.4%
1970365,600+27.4%
1978442,118+20.9%
1988464,308+5.0%
2002461,334−0.6%
2011460,276−0.2%
2021486,022+5.6%
source [223][224][225]
Gdańsk population pyramid in 2021

The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.[226]

German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.[227] Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.[228] German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the Soviet Union.[229][230]

Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.[231] On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories.[232] As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.[233] The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain; as of 1 January 1949, 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.[234]

The settlers can be grouped according to their background:

  • Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany[235][236]
  • Repatriates: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish-Armenian community[235][236]
  • Poles incl. Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns[237]
  • Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily[235]
  • Non-Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.[238]
  • Jewish Holocaust survivors, most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands.[239]
  • Greeks and Slav Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War.[240]

People

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
  2. ^ Also in 1454, 1468, 1484, and 1590
  3. ^ Also in 1399, 1410, and 1414–1438
  4. ^ Also in 1410, 1414
  5. ^ Record temperatures are from all Gdańsk stations.

References

[edit]
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