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{{Short description|Brazilian beed of horse}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{rough translation|1=Portuguese|listed=yes|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox horse breed
{{Infobox horse breed
|name= Pampa
|name= Pampa
|image=
|image= Pampa Campolina (cropped).JPG
|image_caption=
|image_caption=
|features = [[Ambling|Gaited]] and [[pinto horse|Pinto coat color]]
|features = [[Ambling|Gaited]] and [[pinto horse|Pinto coat color]]
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The '''Pampa Horse''' is a breed of spotted, or pinto, horse that evolved in largely unknown parts of Brasilia, from horses that had been brought to South America in the early 16th century. They are an obedient, all-purpose breed, with uses in agriculture, equestrian, and general riding. These [[gaited]] horses combine the [[equine conformation|conformational]] characteristics of [[List of Brazilian horse breeds|Brazilian Horses]] with a [[Pinto horse|pinto]] spotting pattern of white and dark [[equine coat color|coat colors]]. Developed from a base of spotted horses of the [[Mangalarga Marchador]], [[Campolina]], Brazilian crossbred horses, and others. It is a [[color breed]]: only pinto horses may be registered.
The '''Pampa Horse''' is a Brazilian [[list of horse breed|breed]] of [[riding horse|riding]], [[sport horse|sport]] and [[working horse]].{{r|cabi|page=493}} It combines the [[equine conformation|conformational]] characteristics of [[List of Brazilian horse breeds|Brazilian Horses]] that are [[List of gaited horse breeds|gaited]] with a [[Pinto horse|pinto]] spotting pattern of white and dark [[equine coat color|coat colors]]. Developed from a base of spotted horses of the [[Mangalarga Marchador]], [[Campolina]], Brazilian crossbred horses, and others. It is a [[color breed]]: only pinto horses may be registered.


==History==
==History==


As the '''Pampa''' is a spotted breed of Brazilian horses, their history begins with the introduction of this coat in Brazil, and there is no record of a precise date for the arrival of these types of horses.
As the Pampa is a spotted breed of Brazilian horse, its history begins with the introduction of this coat color pattern in Brazil. Though there is no record of a precise date for the arrival of these types of horses, it is believed that the color pattern was introduced with the first horses brought by Spanish settlers to [[South America]] (such as the [[Andalusian horse]] and [[Jaca Navarra]]),<ref name=BACHB>{{Cite web|title = Criollo Horse History|url = http://cavalocrioulo.org.br/studbook/historia|website = Brazilian Association of Criollo Horse Breeders = 2015-09-21}}</ref> which is also where breeds such as the [[Criollo horse|Criollo]]<ref name=BACHB/> and [[Campeiro]]<ref name=CHH>{{Cite web|title = Campeiro Horse History|url = http://cavalocampeiro.com/cavalo-campeiro/historico/|website = Cavalo Campeiro|access-date = 2015-09-21}}
</ref> originated). The pattern may have been introduced with a few horses of [[Barb horse]] origin brought by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] settlers, or by horses from Holland brought to north-eastern Brazil during the [[Dutch invasion of Brazil|Dutch invasion]] in and after 1629.{{r|abc}}


⚫
[[File:Rafael Tobias D'Aguiar - Litografia (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Brigadier]] [[Rafael Tobias de Aguiar]], who originated and popularized the names ''Pampa'' and ''Tobiano'']]
However it is believed that the color pattern was introduced with the first horses brought by Spanish settlers to [[South America]] (such as the [[Andalusian horse]] and [[Jaca Navarra]])<ref name=BACHB>{{Cite web|title = Criollo Horse History|url = http://cavalocrioulo.org.br/studbook/historia|website = Brazilian Association of Criollo Horse Breeders = 2015-09-21}}</ref> in the south of the South American continent (which is also where breeds such as the [[Criollo horse|Criollo]]<ref name=BACHB/> and [[Campeiro]]<ref name=CHH>{{Cite web|title = Campeiro Horse History|url = http://cavalocampeiro.com/cavalo-campeiro/historico/|website = Cavalo Campeiro|accessdate = 2015-09-21}}
</ref> originated), as well as a few horses of [[Barb horse]] origin, brought by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] settlers, and Dutch horses, brought to northeastern of Brazil with the [[Pernambuco]] invasion.<ref name=Origin>{{Cite web|title = Origin of Pampa by Lúcio Sérgio Andrade|url = http://www.abcpampa.org.br/raca-pampa/origem-do-pampa/|website = ABCPAMPA|accessdate = 2015-09-21}}</ref>


⚫
The origin of the Pampa horse name and Tobiano coat color come from the same man, the [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] [[Brigadier]] and horse breeder [[Rafael Tobias de Aguiar]], who bred [[pinto horse]]s in the mid-19th century.
== Name Reason==


⚫
[[Brigadier]] [[Rafael Tobias de Aguiar]] led the [[Liberal rebellions of 1842 (Empire of Brazil)|Liberal Revolution]] in Brazil, along with Father [[Diogo Antônio Feijó]] combatting the rise of the Conservatives during the early reign of [[Dom Pedro II]]. He was defeated by the imperial forces in the [[Sorocaba]] province, and fled with his army and his horses to [[Rio Grande do Sul]], to join the rebels of the [[Ragamuffin War]]. However, six months after having fled the Sorocaba province, Tobias was arrested in [[Palmeira das Missões]] and taken to the Laje Fortress, in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar|url = http://www.infoescola.com/biografias/brigadeiro-rafael-tobias-de-aguiar/|website = InfoEscola|access-date = 2015-09-23}}</ref>
⚫
[[Image:Tobias de Aguiar.jpg|thumb|left|[[Brigadier]] [[Rafael Tobias de Aguiar]] the man that is responsible by the names ''Pampa'' and ''Tobiano'']]


⚫
[[Image:Archivo General de la Nación Argentina 1927 cabalgata en caballos criollos.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aimé Félix Tschiffely]] and Mancha, a [[Criollo horse|Criollo]] [[Overo]] of the "[[Pampas]]" in the middle of the journey starting from [[Buenos Aires]] until [[New York City]]]]'''Tobiano'''
⚫
The origin of the Pampa horse name and Tobiano coat color comes from the same man, the [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] [[Brigadier]] and horse breeder [[Rafael Tobias de Aguiar]], that which created spotted horses, [[pinto horse]]s, in the mid-19th century.


⚫
Tobias, in his passage through Rio Grande do Sul, presented a gaúcho farmer of [[Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul|Cruz Alta]] with one of his spotted horses, and because of that and the fact that he passed through the towns and villages of the Rio Grande do Sul with his spotted horses, the horses of this type became known in this region as Tobias' horses, which eventually evolved into "Tobian" Horses, or ''Cavalos Tobianos'', and this denomination eventually made its way throughout South America all the way to North America.
⚫
The [[Brigadier]] [[Rafael Tobias de Aguiar]] led the Liberal Revolution in [[Brazil]] along with Father [[Diogo Antônio Feijó]] to combat the rise of the Conservatives during the early reign of [[Dom Pedro II]]. With all he was defeated by the imperial forces in the [[Sorocaba]] province, and he fled with his army and troop of [[pinto horse]]s to [[Rio Grande do Sul]], to join the rebels of the [[Ragamuffin War]]. However, six months after having fled the Sorocaba province, Tobias was arrested in [[Palmeira das Missões]] and taken to the Laje Fortress, in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar|url = http://www.infoescola.com/biografias/brigadeiro-rafael-tobias-de-aguiar/|website = InfoEscola|accessdate = 2015-09-23}}</ref>


⚫
When the pinto horses of the soldiers that accompanied the Brigadier returned to São Paulo, they became gradually known throughout the country as the horses of the [[Pampa]]s,{{r|abc}} the predominant biome of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] (occupying about 63% of the state territory), where Tobias fled.
=== Relationship of the Names: Pampa and Tobiano ===


The same man ended up being responsible for both denominations, even if not intentionally: While traveling from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul with his horses, he ended up spreading the "Pampa" name, since the horses were originary from the Pampa biome in Rio Grande do Sul. The "Tobiano" name appeared almost simultaneously, due to the direct association made between the breed and the Brigadier himself, who always traveled with his personal stud of Pampa horses.
*'''Pampa'''


A breed association, the {{lang|pt|italic=no|Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa}}, was formed in 1993.{{r|abc2}}
⚫
[[Image:Archivo General de la Nación Argentina 1927 cabalgata en caballos criollos.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aimé Félix Tschiffely]] and Mancha a [[Criollo horse|Criollo]] [[Overo]] of the "[[Pampas]]" in the middle of the journey starting from [[Buenos Aires]] until the [[New York City]]]]

⚫
However when these pinto horses of the soldiers that accompanied Brigadier returned to São Paulo, they became gradually known throughout the Brazil as the horses of the "[[Pampa]]s",<ref name=Origin/> the predominant biome of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] (occupying about 63% of the state territory), where Tobias fled.

* ''' Tobiano'''

⚫
Tobias, in his passage through Rio Grande do Sul, presented some gaucho farmer of [[Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul|Cruz Alta]] with one of their spotted horses, and because of that and the fact that he passed through the towns and villages of the Rio Grande do Sul, with their spotted horses, the horses of this type, in this region, they were named by Tobia's Horses, which eventually evolve into Tobianos Horses, and this name was eventually spread throughout South America then to the North America

The interesting thing is that this flight was that gave reason to name, for different reasons, but with the same fact, the same Brigadier and his troops of horses, who cross São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul with their tobiano horses and spread the "Pampa" name, because of the relationship of the origin of the horses with the Rio Grande do Sul biome, and "Tobiano" because of the name of Brigadier (Tobias).


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==


By features and characteristics, the Pampa horse appears to be quite similar to the American Paint Horse, or saddle horse, preserving the forms of progress. But unlike the paint horses, the registration of the Pampa horse is based on certain physical characteristics not just the genetic quality of coat colors.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Raças de Cavalos criadas no Brasil / Horses breed raised in Brazil |author=André Galvão Cintra |url = http://www.sna.agr.br/uploads/AnimalBusiness_05_07.pdf | publisher=Animal Business Brasil da Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura|language=pt|date=September 2013}}</ref>
The Pampa horse can only be registered based on certain physical characteristics, not only on color.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Raças de Cavalos criadas no Brasil / Horses breed raised in Brazil |author=André Galvão Cintra |url = http://www.sna.agr.br/uploads/AnimalBusiness_05_07.pdf | publisher=Animal Business Brasil da Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura|language=pt|date=September 2013}}</ref>


⚫
There are separate accounts that cite an Argentinian horse of the pampas that had small stature. This breed, however, was not Brazilian-bred from a stock brought by the Spaniards to the colonies. One of the detailed descriptions stated that this breed had "intelligent and fiery eyes, clean legs, round feet, and well-set sloping shoulders, long pasterns, and silky manes and tails."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Living Age, 5th Series|publisher=Littell, Son and Company|year=1890|location=Boston|pages=824}}</ref> It is said to be prized for its size and endurance. There are documents that describe how this horse performed well in the plains but will struggle in the mountain country.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Four Years in the Pacific in Her Majesty's Ship "Collingwood", from 1844 to 1848, Volume 1|last=Walpole|first=Frederick|publisher=Richard Bentley|year=1849|pages=150}}</ref> Nevertheless, historical records show that despite its build, the horse was noted for its speed and endurance.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition, Volume 1|last=Adams|first=Charles|publisher=A.J. Johnson Company|year=1893|location=New York|pages=306}}</ref>
Ancestors of the Pampa horse come from [[crossbreed]]ing between the [[Anglo-Arabian]], [[Campeiro]], [[Campolina]], [[Criollo horse|Criollo]], [[Mangalarga]], [[Mangalarga Marchador]], [[Thoroughbred]], and Brazilian crossbred horses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pampa Horse|url=http://www.horsebreedspictures.com/pampa-horse.asp|website=horsebreedspictures|accessdate=19 December 2017}}</ref>

⚫
There are separate accounts that cite an Argentinian horse of the pampas that had small stature, almost resembling an English pony. This breed, however, was native to South America and not Brazilian-bred from a stock brought by the Spaniards to the colonies. One of the detailed descriptions stated that this breed had "intelligent and fiery eyes, clean legs, round feet, and well-set sloping shoulders, long pasterns, and silky manes and tails."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Living Age, 5th Series|last=|first=|publisher=Littell, Son and Company|year=1890|isbn=|location=Boston|pages=824}}</ref> It is said to be prized for its size and bottom. There are documents that describe how this horse performed well in the plains but will struggle in the mountain country.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Four Years in the Pacific in Her Majesty's Ship "Collingwood", from 1844 to 1848, Volume 1|last=Walpole|first=Frederick|publisher=Richard Bentley|year=1849|isbn=|location=|pages=150}}</ref> Nevertheless, historical records show that despite its build, the horse was noted for its speed and endurance.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition, Volume 1|last=Adams|first=Charles|publisher=A.J. Johnson Company|year=1893|isbn=|location=New York|pages=306}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of gaited horse breeds|List of Gaited Horse Breeds]]
* [[List of Brazilian horses]]


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=


<ref name=abc>Lúcio Sérgio Andrade (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130920065245/http://www.abcpampa.org.br/raca-pampa/origem-do-pampa/ Origem do Pampa] (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa. Archived 20 September 2013.</ref>

<ref name=abc2>[s.n.] (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130920064106/http://www.abcpampa.org.br/a-associacao/historico/ Histórico] (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa. Archived 20 September 2013.</ref>


<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.it/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.</ref>
<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{isbn|9781780647944}}.</ref>


}}
}}


{{Horse breeds of Brazil}}
{{Horse breeds of Brazil}}
{{equine|state=collapsed}}


[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Horse breeds]]

Latest revision as of 04:17, 14 March 2023

Pampa
Country of originBrazil
Traits
Height
  • 140–147 cm[1]: 493 
Distinguishing featuresGaited and Pinto coat color

The Pampa Horse is a Brazilian breed of riding, sport and working horse.[1]: 493  It combines the conformational characteristics of Brazilian Horses that are gaited with a pinto spotting pattern of white and dark coat colors. Developed from a base of spotted horses of the Mangalarga Marchador, Campolina, Brazilian crossbred horses, and others. It is a color breed: only pinto horses may be registered.

History

[edit]

As the Pampa is a spotted breed of Brazilian horse, its history begins with the introduction of this coat color pattern in Brazil. Though there is no record of a precise date for the arrival of these types of horses, it is believed that the color pattern was introduced with the first horses brought by Spanish settlers to South America (such as the Andalusian horse and Jaca Navarra),[2] which is also where breeds such as the Criollo[2] and Campeiro[3] originated). The pattern may have been introduced with a few horses of Barb horse origin brought by Portuguese settlers, or by horses from Holland brought to north-eastern Brazil during the Dutch invasion in and after 1629.[4]

Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar, who originated and popularized the names Pampa and Tobiano

The origin of the Pampa horse name and Tobiano coat color come from the same man, the Brazilian Brigadier and horse breeder Rafael Tobias de Aguiar, who bred pinto horses in the mid-19th century.

Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar led the Liberal Revolution in Brazil, along with Father Diogo Antônio Feijó combatting the rise of the Conservatives during the early reign of Dom Pedro II. He was defeated by the imperial forces in the Sorocaba province, and fled with his army and his horses to Rio Grande do Sul, to join the rebels of the Ragamuffin War. However, six months after having fled the Sorocaba province, Tobias was arrested in Palmeira das Missões and taken to the Laje Fortress, in Rio de Janeiro.[5]

Aimé Félix Tschiffely and Mancha, a Criollo Overo of the "Pampas" in the middle of the journey starting from Buenos Aires until New York City

Tobiano

Tobias, in his passage through Rio Grande do Sul, presented a gaúcho farmer of Cruz Alta with one of his spotted horses, and because of that and the fact that he passed through the towns and villages of the Rio Grande do Sul with his spotted horses, the horses of this type became known in this region as Tobias' horses, which eventually evolved into "Tobian" Horses, or Cavalos Tobianos, and this denomination eventually made its way throughout South America all the way to North America.

When the pinto horses of the soldiers that accompanied the Brigadier returned to São Paulo, they became gradually known throughout the country as the horses of the Pampas,[4] the predominant biome of Rio Grande do Sul (occupying about 63% of the state territory), where Tobias fled.

The same man ended up being responsible for both denominations, even if not intentionally: While traveling from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul with his horses, he ended up spreading the "Pampa" name, since the horses were originary from the Pampa biome in Rio Grande do Sul. The "Tobiano" name appeared almost simultaneously, due to the direct association made between the breed and the Brigadier himself, who always traveled with his personal stud of Pampa horses.

A breed association, the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa, was formed in 1993.[6]

Characteristics

[edit]

The Pampa horse can only be registered based on certain physical characteristics, not only on color.[7]

There are separate accounts that cite an Argentinian horse of the pampas that had small stature. This breed, however, was not Brazilian-bred from a stock brought by the Spaniards to the colonies. One of the detailed descriptions stated that this breed had "intelligent and fiery eyes, clean legs, round feet, and well-set sloping shoulders, long pasterns, and silky manes and tails."[8] It is said to be prized for its size and endurance. There are documents that describe how this horse performed well in the plains but will struggle in the mountain country.[9] Nevertheless, historical records show that despite its build, the horse was noted for its speed and endurance.[10]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
  2. ^ a b "Criollo Horse History". Brazilian Association of Criollo Horse Breeders = 2015-09-21.
  3. ^ "Campeiro Horse History". Cavalo Campeiro. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  4. ^ a b Lúcio Sérgio Andrade (2013). Origem do Pampa (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa. Archived 20 September 2013.
  5. ^ "Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar". InfoEscola. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
  6. ^ [s.n.] (2013). Histórico (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo Pampa. Archived 20 September 2013.
  7. ^ André Galvão Cintra (September 2013). "Raças de Cavalos criadas no Brasil / Horses breed raised in Brazil" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Animal Business Brasil da Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura.
  8. ^ Living Age, 5th Series. Boston: Littell, Son and Company. 1890. p. 824.
  9. ^ Walpole, Frederick (1849). Four Years in the Pacific in Her Majesty's Ship "Collingwood", from 1844 to 1848, Volume 1. Richard Bentley. p. 150.
  10. ^ Adams, Charles (1893). Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition, Volume 1. New York: A.J. Johnson Company. p. 306.
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