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{{Short description|Species of scorpion}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Vaejovis sculpturatus 07 L.D.JPG
⚫
| image = Paravaejovis spinigerus.jpg
| image_caption =
⚫
| genus = Paravaejovis
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| species = spinigerus
|phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
⚫
| authority = (Wood, 1863)
|classis = [[Arachnid]]a
| synonyms =
|ordo = [[Scorpion]]es
* ''Hoffmannius spinigerus''
| familia = Vaejovidae
* ''Vaejovis spinigerus''
⚫
|genus = ''[[Paravaejovis]]''
⚫
|species = '''''P. spinigerus'''''
⚫
|binomial = ''Paravaejovis spinigerus''
⚫
|binomial_authority = (Wood, 1863)
|subphylum = [[Chelicerata]]
}}
}}


'''''Paravaejovis'' (''Hoffmannius) spinigerus''''',<ref>[http://www.ub.ntnu.no/scorpion-files/vaejovidae_updates.pdf Updates to Vaejovidae 2008]</ref> commonly known as the '''Stripe-tailed scorpion''' or the "devil" scorpion, is very common and widely distributed in [[Arizona]] and southwestern [[New Mexico]]. This species is one of larger members of the ''eusthenura'' group of the genus ''Hoffmannius'', which also includes ''[[Hoffmannius coahuilae]]'' and ''H. confusus''.
'''''Paravaejovis spinigerus''''',<ref>[http://www.ub.ntnu.no/scorpion-files/vaejovidae_updates.pdf Updates to Vaejovidae 2008]</ref> commonly known as the '''stripe-tailed scorpion''' or '''devil scorpion''', is a species of [[scorpion]] in the family [[Vaejovidae]]. It is found in the south-western United States and north-western Mexico.


==Description==
==Description==
''Hoffmannius spinigerus'' is a medium-sized [[scorpion]] with large adult males and females reaching nearly 60–70&nbsp;mm, weighing approximately 9.5&nbsp;g.<ref>Oscar, F. Francke, and Lorenzo Prendini. "Phylogeny and Classification of the Giant Hairy Scorpions, Hadrurus Thorell (Iuridae Thorell): A Reappraisal." Systematics and Biodiversity 6.2 (2008): 205-23. ProQuest. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.</ref> It can be differentiated from the [[Arizona bark scorpion]] (''Centruroides sculpturatus'') by the brownish-tan stripes on the back of its tail along the keels or ridges; the tail is typically thicker than the hands and pedipalps, both of which are quite slender in the bark scorpions. Some others may have a base color of light yellow/golden brown with variable underlying ducky markings along its tail.<ref>Hughes, Garrett Brady. "Morphological analysis of montane scorpions of the genus Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) in Arizona with revised diagnoses and description of a new species." Journal of Arachnology 39.3 (2011): 420-438.</ref> The name ''spinigerus'' is derived from the spiniform granules at the ends of the dorsal keels of the tail.
''Paravaejovis spinigerus'' is a medium-sized [[scorpion]] with large adult males and females reaching nearly 60–70&nbsp;mm, weighing approximately 9.5&nbsp;g.<ref>Oscar, F. Francke, and Lorenzo Prendini. "Phylogeny and Classification of the Giant Hairy Scorpions, Hadrurus Thorell (Iuridae Thorell): A Reappraisal." Systematics and Biodiversity 6.2 (2008): 205-23. ProQuest. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.</ref> It can be differentiated from the [[Arizona bark scorpion]] (''Centruroides sculpturatus'') by the brownish-tan stripes on the back of its tail along the keels or ridges; the tail is typically thicker than the hands and pedipalps, both of which are quite slender in the bark scorpions. Some others may have a base color of light yellow/golden brown with variable underlying ducky markings along its tail.<ref>Hughes, Garrett Brady. "Morphological analysis of montane scorpions of the genus Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) in Arizona with revised diagnoses and description of a new species." Journal of Arachnology 39.3 (2011): 420-438.</ref> The name ''spinigerus'' is derived from the spiniform granules at the ends of the dorsal keels of the tail.


''Hoffmanius spinigerus'' was placed into the genus ''Paravaejovis'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorenzo.|first=Prendini,|last2=Edmundo.|first2=González-Santillán,|date=2013-12-02|title=Redefinition and generic revision of the North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, with descriptions of six new genera. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 382)|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6459|language=en-US}}</ref>
''Paravaejovis spinigerus'' was formerly classified in the genus ''[[Hoffmannius]]'' prior to 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorenzo.|first=Prendini|last2=Edmundo.|first2=González-Santillán|date=2013-12-02|title=Redefinition and generic revision of the North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, with descriptions of six new genera. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 382)|language=en-US|hdl=2246/6459}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Habitat==
Found in the [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]] desert (Arizona, New Mexico and parts of [[California]]), commonly found under rocks and surface objects, such as sleeping bags or shoes, or on sandy soils in a variety of habitats, from [[desert]] floor to rocky hillsides. It seeks the most humid areas it can find.<ref>Wolf, Harold. The Pectine Organs of the Scorpion, Vaejovis Spinigerus: Structure and (glomerular) Central Projections. N.p.: Elsevier Ltd, 2007. PDF.</ref>
''Paravaejovis spinigerus'' is found in the [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]] desert of north-western Mexico ([[Sonora]], [[Baja California]], and [[Baja California Sur]]) and the south-western United States ([[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]] and parts of [[California]]), where it is commonly found under rocks and surface objects, such as sleeping bags or shoes, or on sandy soils in a variety of habitats, from [[desert]] floor to rocky hillsides. It seeks the most humid areas it can find.<ref>Wolf, Harold. The Pectine Organs of the Scorpion, Vaejovis Spinigerus: Structure and (glomerular) Central Projections. N.p.: Elsevier Ltd, 2007. PDF.</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==


===Diet===
===Diet===
Like most scorpions, ''Paravaejovis'' (''Hoffmannius) spinigerus'' feeds primarily on small [[invertebrate]]s, including other scorpions, as well as crickets, meal worms and roaches.<ref>Sissom, W. David. "The genus'' Vaejovis'' in Sonora, Mexico (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae)." Insecta Mundi (1991): 417.</ref>
Like most scorpions, ''Paravaejovis spinigerus'' feeds primarily on small [[invertebrate]]s, including other scorpions, as well as crickets, meal worms and roaches.<ref>Sissom, W. David. "The genus'' Vaejovis'' in Sonora, Mexico (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae)." Insecta Mundi (1991): 417.</ref>


===Predators===
===Predators===
Pallid birds, meerkats, "sand-swimmer" [[snakes]], [[spiders]], [[centipedes]], [[lizards]], [[birds]], mammals and other scorpions all prey on ''Hoffmannius spinigerus''.
Pallid bats, "sand-swimmer" [[snakes]], [[spiders]], [[centipedes]], [[lizards]], [[birds]], mammals and other scorpions all prey on ''Paravaejovis spinigerus''.


===Venom===
===Venom===
Like all scorpions, ''Paravaejovis'' (''Hoffmannius) spinigerus'' is venomous <ref>Sissom, W. David. "A new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae) from western Arizona, with supplemental notes on the male of Vaejovis spicatus Haradon." Journal of Arachnology (1993): 64-68.</ref> however the venom of this species is not medically significant for humans or other mammals and is not considered dangerous.
Like all scorpions, ''Paravaejovis spinigerus'' is venomous <ref>Sissom, W. David. "A new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae) from western Arizona, with supplemental notes on the male of Vaejovis spicatus Haradon." Journal of Arachnology (1993): 64-68.</ref> however the venom of this species is not medically significant for humans or other mammals and is not considered dangerous.


===Mating/Reproduction===
===Reproduction===
Smell and vibrations are two ways the Hoffmannius Spinigerus mate with other scorpions. When a couple find each other, they may display a dance with each other that can take a few minutes to hours. After they are finished dancing with each other, they will go their separate ways. If the male stays dancing longer than the female, the female will then attack him and eat him.
Smell and vibrations are two ways the ''Paravaejovis spinigerus'' mate with other scorpions. When a couple find each other, they may display a dance with each other that can take a few minutes to hours. After they are finished dancing with each other, they will go their separate ways. If the male stays dancing longer than the female, the female will then attack him and eat him.
The offspring grows inside of the female scorpion and be born alive from her body <ref>Warburg, Michael R. "Scorpion Reproductive Strategies, Allocation and Potential; a Partial Review." European Journal of Entomology 108.2 (2011): 173-81. ProQuest. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.</ref>
The offspring grows inside of the female scorpion and be born alive from her body <ref>Warburg, Michael R. "Scorpion Reproductive Strategies, Allocation and Potential; a Partial Review." European Journal of Entomology 108.2 (2011): 173-81. ProQuest. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.</ref>
You will notice the [[females]] posture is different from any other scorpion during this gestation period, which usually lasts for 3–8 months. Her body will look very inflexible and rigid. Around the time of birth, her front legs will be lowered, allowing the offspring to come out of her body. Some will emerge one at a time with a few minutes apart, others will emerge all at once at a constant flow. Her stiff posture will remain until all of the offspring have left her body. She will care for them and carry them on her back up until they go through the first molting period. "Scorplings" (her offspring) can range anywhere from 1- 100 at a time. Depending on the species and their environmental factors, the mothers will either care for them or eat them. The reason for this behavior is unknown. <ref>Walker, Gabrielle. "The Collector." New Scientist Jul 26 2003: 38. ProQuest. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.</ref>
The [[females]] posture is different from any other scorpion during this gestation period, which usually lasts for 3–8 months. Her body will look very inflexible and rigid. Around the time of birth, her front legs will be lowered, allowing the offspring to come out of her body. Some will emerge one at a time with a few minutes apart, others will emerge all at once at a constant flow. Her stiff posture will remain until all of the offspring have left her body. She will care for them and carry them on her back up until they go through the first molting period. "Scorplings" (her offspring) can range anywhere from 1- 100 at a time. Depending on the species and their environmental factors, the mothers will either care for them or eat them. The reason for this behavior is unknown. <ref>Walker, Gabrielle. "The Collector." New Scientist Jul 26 2003: 38. ProQuest. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 03:51, 7 January 2024

Paravaejovis spinigerus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Scorpiones
Family: Vaejovidae
Genus: Paravaejovis
Species:
P. spinigerus
Binomial name
Paravaejovis spinigerus
(Wood, 1863)
Synonyms
  • Hoffmannius spinigerus
  • Vaejovis spinigerus

Paravaejovis spinigerus,[1] commonly known as the stripe-tailed scorpion or devil scorpion, is a species of scorpion in the family Vaejovidae. It is found in the south-western United States and north-western Mexico.

Description

[edit]

Paravaejovis spinigerus is a medium-sized scorpion with large adult males and females reaching nearly 60–70 mm, weighing approximately 9.5 g.[2] It can be differentiated from the Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) by the brownish-tan stripes on the back of its tail along the keels or ridges; the tail is typically thicker than the hands and pedipalps, both of which are quite slender in the bark scorpions. Some others may have a base color of light yellow/golden brown with variable underlying ducky markings along its tail.[3] The name spinigerus is derived from the spiniform granules at the ends of the dorsal keels of the tail.

Paravaejovis spinigerus was formerly classified in the genus Hoffmannius prior to 2013.[4]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Paravaejovis spinigerus is found in the Sonoran desert of north-western Mexico (Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur) and the south-western United States (Arizona, New Mexico and parts of California), where it is commonly found under rocks and surface objects, such as sleeping bags or shoes, or on sandy soils in a variety of habitats, from desert floor to rocky hillsides. It seeks the most humid areas it can find.[5]

Ecology

[edit]

Diet

[edit]

Like most scorpions, Paravaejovis spinigerus feeds primarily on small invertebrates, including other scorpions, as well as crickets, meal worms and roaches.[6]

Predators

[edit]

Pallid bats, "sand-swimmer" snakes, spiders, centipedes, lizards, birds, mammals and other scorpions all prey on Paravaejovis spinigerus.

Venom

[edit]

Like all scorpions, Paravaejovis spinigerus is venomous [7] however the venom of this species is not medically significant for humans or other mammals and is not considered dangerous.

Reproduction

[edit]

Smell and vibrations are two ways the Paravaejovis spinigerus mate with other scorpions. When a couple find each other, they may display a dance with each other that can take a few minutes to hours. After they are finished dancing with each other, they will go their separate ways. If the male stays dancing longer than the female, the female will then attack him and eat him. The offspring grows inside of the female scorpion and be born alive from her body [8] The females posture is different from any other scorpion during this gestation period, which usually lasts for 3–8 months. Her body will look very inflexible and rigid. Around the time of birth, her front legs will be lowered, allowing the offspring to come out of her body. Some will emerge one at a time with a few minutes apart, others will emerge all at once at a constant flow. Her stiff posture will remain until all of the offspring have left her body. She will care for them and carry them on her back up until they go through the first molting period. "Scorplings" (her offspring) can range anywhere from 1- 100 at a time. Depending on the species and their environmental factors, the mothers will either care for them or eat them. The reason for this behavior is unknown. [9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Updates to Vaejovidae 2008
  2. ^ Oscar, F. Francke, and Lorenzo Prendini. "Phylogeny and Classification of the Giant Hairy Scorpions, Hadrurus Thorell (Iuridae Thorell): A Reappraisal." Systematics and Biodiversity 6.2 (2008): 205-23. ProQuest. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
  3. ^ Hughes, Garrett Brady. "Morphological analysis of montane scorpions of the genus Vaejovis (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) in Arizona with revised diagnoses and description of a new species." Journal of Arachnology 39.3 (2011): 420-438.
  4. ^ Lorenzo., Prendini; Edmundo., González-Santillán (2013-12-02). "Redefinition and generic revision of the North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, with descriptions of six new genera. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 382)". hdl:2246/6459. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Wolf, Harold. The Pectine Organs of the Scorpion, Vaejovis Spinigerus: Structure and (glomerular) Central Projections. N.p.: Elsevier Ltd, 2007. PDF.
  6. ^ Sissom, W. David. "The genus Vaejovis in Sonora, Mexico (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae)." Insecta Mundi (1991): 417.
  7. ^ Sissom, W. David. "A new species of Vaejovis (Scorpiones, Vaejovidae) from western Arizona, with supplemental notes on the male of Vaejovis spicatus Haradon." Journal of Arachnology (1993): 64-68.
  8. ^ Warburg, Michael R. "Scorpion Reproductive Strategies, Allocation and Potential; a Partial Review." European Journal of Entomology 108.2 (2011): 173-81. ProQuest. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.
  9. ^ Walker, Gabrielle. "The Collector." New Scientist Jul 26 2003: 38. ProQuest. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.

[1]

  1. ^ Warburg, Michael R. "Scorpion Reproductive Strategies, Allocation and Potential; a Partial Review." European Journal of Entomology 108.2 (2011): 173-81. ProQuest. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.
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