Tungabhadra River: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|River in southern India}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}} |
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{{About||the 2015 Telugu film|Tungabhadra (film)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} |
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{{Geobox | River |
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{{Infobox river |
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|name = Tungabhadra River |
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| name = Tungabhadra River |
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|native_name = |
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| native_name = |
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|map =Karnataka topo deu.png |
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| native_name_lang = |
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|map_caption =A map featuring the river |
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| name_other = |
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|country = {{flag|India}}<br/> |
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| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> |
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|state = [[Karnataka]] |
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| image = Hampi, Tungabhadra River, India.jpg |
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|state1 = [[Telangana]] |
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| image_size = |
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|city = [[Harihar]] |
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| image_caption = Tungabhadra River at [[Hampi]] |
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|city1 = [[Hospet]] |
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| map = Karnataka topo deu.png |
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|city2 = [[Hampi]] |
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| map_size = |
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|city3 = [[Mantralayam]] |
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| map_caption = Tungabhadra River |
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|city4 = [[Kurnool]] |
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| pushpin_map = |
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|length = 531 |
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| pushpin_map_size = |
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|length_imperial = |
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| pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> |
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|watershed = 71417 |
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| subdivision_type1 = Country |
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|watershed_imperial = |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br/> |
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|discharge_location = [[Krishna River]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = State |
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|discharge_average = |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] |
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|discharge_average_imperial = |
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| subdivision_type3 = |
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|discharge_max_month = |
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| subdivision_name3 = |
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|discharge_max = |
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| subdivision_type4 = |
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|discharge_max_imperial = |
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| subdivision_name4 = |
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|discharge_min_month = |
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| subdivision_type5 = Cities |
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|discharge_min = |
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| subdivision_name5 = [[Siruguppa]], [[Sringeri]], [[Hospet]], [[Hampi]], [[Kampli]], [[Mantralayam]], [[Kurnool]], [[Gangavathi]] |
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|discharge_min_imperial = |
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<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|531|km|mi|abbr=on}} |
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|discharge1_location = |
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| width_min = |
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|discharge1_average = |
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| width_avg = |
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|discharge1_average_imperial = |
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| width_max = |
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<!-- *** Source *** --> |
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| depth_min = |
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|source_name = [[Koodli]] (place where the [[Thunga]] and [[Bhadra River|Bhadra]] rivers meet |
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| depth_avg = |
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|source_location = [[Koodli]], [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], Karnataka |
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| depth_max = |
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|source_country = [[India]] |
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| discharge1_location = [[Krishna River]] |
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|source_elevation = 610 |
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| discharge1_min = |
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|source_elevation_imperial = |
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| discharge1_avg = |
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|source_coordinates = {{coord|14|0|30|N|75|40|27|E|display=inline}} |
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| discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> |
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|mouth_name = [[Krishna River]] |
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| source1 = [[Koodli]] (The place where the [[Thunga]] and [[Bhadra River|Bhadra]] rivers meet) |
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|mouth_location = Sangameswaram, [[Mehaboobnagar District]] |
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| source1_location = [[Koodli]], [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] |
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|mouth_country = [[India]] |
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| source1_coordinates = {{coord|14|0|30|N|75|40|27|E|display=inline}} |
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|mouth_elevation = 264 |
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| source1_elevation = {{convert|560|m|abbr=on}} |
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|mouth_elevation_imperial = |
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| mouth = [[Krishna River]] |
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|capital_coordinates = |
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| mouth_location = Murvakonda, [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal District]], [[India]] |
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|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|53|19|N|78|09|51|E|display=inline,title}} |
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| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|53|19|N|78|09|51|E|display=inline,title}} |
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|tributary_left = Tunga River |
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| mouth_elevation = {{convert|264|m|abbr=on}} |
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|tributary_left1 = Kumudvati River |
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| progression = |
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|tributary_left2 = Varada River |
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| river_system = |
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|tributary_left3 = |
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| basin_size = {{convert|71417|km2|abbr=on}} |
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|tributary_left4 = |
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| tributaries_left = [[Tunga River]], Kumudvati River, [[Varada|Varada River]] |
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|tributary_right = Bhadra River |
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| |
| tributaries_right = [[Bhadra River]], [[Vedavathi River]], |
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| custom_label = |
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|tributary_right2 = Handri River |
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| custom_data = |
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|tributary_right3 = |
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| extra = |
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|tributary_right4 = |
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}} |
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Image |
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|image = Tungabhadra river at Hampi.jpg |
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|image_size = |
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|image_caption = Tungabhadra River at [[Hampi]] |
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|state2=[[Andhra Pradesh]]}} |
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<!--{{Infobox river |
<!--{{Infobox river |
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| river_name = Tungabhadra River |
| river_name = Tungabhadra River |
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| caption = Tungabhadra River at [[Hampi]] |
| caption = Tungabhadra River at [[Hampi]] |
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| origin = Koodali, [[Bhadravathi]], [[Karnataka]] |
| origin = Koodali, [[Bhadravathi]], [[Karnataka]] |
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| mouth = |
| mouth = [[Murvakonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Jogulamba Gadwal District]], [[Telangana]], [[India]] |
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| basin_countries = [[India]] |
| basin_countries = [[India]] |
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| length = |
| length = |
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}}--> |
}}--> |
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The '''Tungabhadra River''' |
The '''Tungabhadra River''' ({{IPA|kn|t̪uŋɡɐbʱɐd̪rɐ|lang}}) starts and flows through the state of [[Karnataka]], India, during most of its course, then through [[Andhra Pradesh]], and ultimately joins the [[Krishna River]] near Murvakonda in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. |
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The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams, the Tunga, about {{convert|147|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, and the Bhadra, about {{convert|178|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, which rise in the Western Ghats. The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga runs for about {{convert|531|km|mi|abbr=on}} till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for {{convert|382|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} and further runs for the next {{convert|91|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river is {{convert|69,552|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} up to its confluence with the Krishna and it is {{convert|28,177|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} up to [[Tungabhadra Dam]]. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river, but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec (100 to 50 cusec).<ref>{{Cite web |title=TUNGABHADRA RIVER {{!}} TUNGABHADRA BOARD |url=https://tbboard.gov.in/tungabhadra-river/ |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=tbboard.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
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A compound of its 2 main tributaries from the Sanskrit words ''tunga'' "high" and ''bhadra'' "auspicious". |
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==Course== |
==Course== |
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The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the [[Tunga River]] and the [[Bhadra River]] at [[Koodli]] which flow down the eastern slope of the [[Western Ghats]] in the state of [[Karnataka]].The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of [[Chikmagalur District]] of Karnataka along with the [[Nethravathi]] (west-flowing river, joining the [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Mangalore]]), the Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of |
The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the [[Tunga River]] and the [[Bhadra River]] at [[Koodli]] which flow down the eastern slope of the [[Western Ghats]] in the state of [[Karnataka]]. The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of [[Chikmagalur District]] of Karnataka along with the [[Nethravathi]] (west-flowing river, joining the [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Mangalore]]), the Tunga and the Bhadra rise at [[Gangamoola]], in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458 metres (near Samse Village). According to a Hindu mythological legend, after killing the demon Hiranyaksha, Varaha Swamy (the third incarnation of [[Vishnu]]) felt very tired. He took rest on the region now known as Varaha Parvatha. When he sat on that peak, sweat began flowing from his scalp. The sweat which flowed from the left side of his scalp became the Tunga river, and the sweat which flowed from his right side became Bhadra River. |
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Many [[Rivulet|rivulets]] and streams join these tributaries. |
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After emerging from the same source, the Bhadra river flows through Kudremukh mountain region, Tarikere Taluk and the industrial city of Bhadravathi, while the Tunga river flows through Sringeri Taluk, Thirthahalli Taluk and Shimoga Taluk. More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and the like contribute to the two rivers. The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is {{convert|147|and|171|km|mi|abbr=on}} respectively, till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 560 metres near Holehonnur, about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. Though both Tunga and Bhadra rivers start at same source (Gangamoola), they flow separately for some distance and then they later unite with each other at Koodli village. Hence from there, the composite name Tungabhadra was given. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through the plains to a distance of {{convert|531|km|mi|abbr=on}}. After confluence, the Tungabhadra river flows through Honnali and Harihara taluks of [[Davangere district]]. Then it flows through Harapanahalli, Hoovina Hadagali, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet and Siruguppa Taluks of [[Bellary district]]. In Siruguppa Taluk of Bellary district, it receives its tributary [[Vedavathi River]]. The river forms a natural boundary between Bellary and Koppal districts and then between Bellary and Raichur districts along its course. After entering Andhra Pradesh, it flows through Mantralaya and then through Kurnool. It receives its tributary Handri river near Kurnool. Then it joins the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] near Gundimalla Village of [[Jogulamba Gadwal]] district of Telangana state. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site - The Sangameswaram Temple. The Jogulamba Temple(dedicated to Devi) is present near Alampur village. The Sangameswaram Temple (Dedicated to Shiva) is present in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. The Varada flowing through [[Shimoga]], [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Haveri]] districts and [[Vedavathi]] in [[Chikkamagalur]], [[Chitradurga]] and [[Bellary district]]s in Karnataka and the Handrail in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] are the main tributaries of the Tungabhadra. Many [[rivulet]]s and streams join these tributaries. There is a popular saying in Kannada "Tunga Paana, Ganga Snana", which means "Drink Tunga River water, which is tasty & sweet, and bath in Ganga River, which is holy".{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} |
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There are many holy places all along the rivers: primarily temples of Saiva Cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of the Tunga. Sringeri, Sarada Petham established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream of its origin. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampur]] in Mahaboobnagar District, Jogulamba is the presiding deity, known as Dakshina Kashi are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas. |
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There are many holy places all along the rivers: primarily temples of Saiva cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of the Tunga. [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream of its origin. The earlier Shringeri Sharada Peetham established by Adi Shankaracharya is at Koodli, the place of confluence of Tunga and Bhadra rivers. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of the Tunga Bhadra River. One can view the Tunga Bhadra River from famous Yantroddaraka Hanuman Temple at Hampi. Virupaksha Temple is also on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. The resting spot of Vasudendra Teertha is also on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River at Kenchangudda, Siruguppa. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampur]] District, Jogulamba is the presiding deity at this holy place of Alampur- known as Dakshina Kashi, are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} |
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An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by [[Sri Krishna Devaraya]] between 1525 and 1527 AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during the floods. It starts at [[Sringeri]] and ends at [[Kurnool]], just few kilometers from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction.[[File:Two Coracles and Tungabhadra River.jpg|251x251px|thumbnail|left|Two [[Coracle|coracles]] in the river ]] |
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An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by [[Sri Krishna Devaraya]] between 1525 and 1527 AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during the floods. It starts at [[Sringeri]] and ends at [[Kurnool]], just few kilometres from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} |
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Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine the river in a deep ravine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vijayanagara.org/HTML/Phy_Land.html |title=Physical landscape of Vijayanagara |accessdate=20 September 2006}}</ref> |
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[[File:Two Coracles and Tungabhadra River.jpg|251x251px|thumbnail|left|Two [[coracle]]s in the river ]] |
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In this setting the ruins of [[Vijayanagara]] and [[Hampi]], the seat of power of the [[Vijayanagar empire]], overlook this holy river, creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/VRP/default.html |title=Vijayanagara Site |
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|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> |
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Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine the river in a deep ravine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vijayanagara.org/HTML/Phy_Land.html |title=Physical landscape of Vijayanagara |access-date=20 September 2006 |archive-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629080013/http://www.vijayanagara.org/HTML/Phy_Land.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of the Sandur hills, rich in iron and [[manganese]], beyond which is the town of [[Hosapete]]. The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region. |
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In this setting the ruins of [[Vijayanagara]] and [[Hampi]], the seat of power of the [[Vijayanagar empire]], overlook this [[holy river]], creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/VRP/default.html |title=Vijayanagara Site |
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The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The wedge of land that lies north of the Tungabhadra River, between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna, is known as the [[Raichur Doab]]. |
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|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref> |
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The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of the Sandur hills, rich in iron and [[manganese]], beyond which is the town of [[Hosapete]]. The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pyati |first=Anandateertha |date=29 February 2024 |title=A riverside harvest |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/a-riverside-harvest-2914701 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Vijesh |date=29 November 2014 |title=State may build balancing reservoir downstream TB dam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/state-may-build-balancing-reservoir-2226845 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref> |
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The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] border. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The wedge of land between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna is known as the [[Raichur Doab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=H |first=Pavan Kumar |date=5 October 2020 |title=Raichur, once a preferred destination of birds, not any more |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/raichur-once-a-preferred-destination-of-birds-not-any-more-896591.html |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref> |
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==Temples== |
==Temples== |
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*[[Shringeri]] Sharadamba Temple is on the banks of the Tunga River in [[Chikmagalur]] District, Karnataka. |
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{{main|Hampi|Kishkindha}} |
{{main|Hampi|Kishkindha}} |
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* The Huligema Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at [[Koppal district]], [[Karnataka]]. |
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*There are a number of ancient and holy sites on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. At [[Harihara]] there is a temple dedicated to Harihareshwara. Surrounding the modern town of [[Hampi]] are the ruins of [[Vijayanagara]], the site of the powerful [[Vijayanagara Empire]]'s capital city and now a [[World Heritage Site]]. The site, including the [[Vijayanagara]] temple complex ruins, are being restored. |
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* The Markendeshwara Temple to Lord Shiva on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Shivapur village, [[Koppal district]], [[Karnataka]]. |
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*Alampur, on the left northern bank of the river, known as Dakshina Kashi in Mahaboobnagar District about 25 km from Kurnool is another important place, where the early Chalukyas built a cluster of temples. The Nava Brahma Temples complex is one of the earliest models of temple architecture in India. Jogulamba is the presiding deity. |
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* [[Shringeri|Sri Shringeri Sharadamba Temple]] and [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Dakshinamnaya Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] on the banks of the Tunga River in [[Chikmagalur]] district, [[Karnataka]]. |
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*The Moola Brindavana of Guru [[Raghavendra]] is located on the banks of the Tungabhadra at [[Mantralayam]], Andhra Pradesh. |
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* [[Bidarahalli|Bidarallamma Temple]] to Goddess Renuka on the banks of the Tunga River in [[Gadag]] district, Mundaragi taluk [[Karnataka]]. |
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* Pampapati Temple in Kampli of Ballari district, [[Karnataka]]. |
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* Harihareshwara Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at [[Harihara]]. |
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* Surrounding the modern town of [[Hampi]] are the ruins of [[Vijayanagara]], the site of the powerful [[Vijayanagara Empire]]'s capital city and now a [[World Heritage Site]]. The site includes the [[Vijayanagara]] temple complex ruins. |
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* The Moola Brindavana of Guru [[Raghavendra|Raghavendra Swamy]] on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at [[Mantralayam]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. |
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* Sri Dakshina Shirdi Sai Baba Temple to Shirdi Sai Baba, known as ''Dakshina Shirdi'', on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at [[Kurnool]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. |
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* Sri Jogulamba Temple to Goddess Parvathi, known as ''Dakshina Kashi'', in [[Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal district|Alampur]] about 25 km from [[Kurnool]]. |
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* The early Chalukyas built a cluster of temples on the left northern banks of the Tungabhadra river. |
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* The Nava Brahma Temples complex, one of the earliest models of temple architecture in India. |
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* The Sangameswaram Temple to Lord Shiva at the place where several holy rivers meet in [[Sangameswaram]], [[Kurnool district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. According to myth, the Pandavas of Mahabharata once came to [[Kurnool]] during their exile. They decided to install a Shiva Linga in this region after visiting [[Srisailam]] Mallikarjuna Temple. So, Dharmaraya (Yudhishtira) told his brother Bhima to bring a Shiva Linga from [[Varanasi|Kashi]]. Later, they consecrated the Linga at the confluence of the [[Krishna River]] and the Tungabhadra River along with 5 other tributaries. Hence, the Linga was named Sangameshwaram (Sangama means "where rivers meet"). Tunga Bhadra River Pushkara (festival) is held once in 12 years. |
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==Recent dams== |
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A dam was constructed about {{convert|15|km|mi}} upstream from Shimoga at Gajanur across the River Tunga. Another dam was constructed at Lakkavalli about {{convert|15|km|mi}} upstream of Bhadravati across the River Bhadra. They are multipurpose dams (multipurpose dams help in generation of electricity, [[irrigation]] of land, prevention and control of floods, etc.) and irrigate lands in Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Davanagere and Haveri. |
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[[Tungabhadra Dam]] |
[[Tungabhadra Dam]] (TB Dam), also considered a multipurpose dam, is across the river [[Tungabhadra]]. The dam is near the town of [[Hosapete]] in [[Karnataka]]. Its storage capacity is 135 [[Tmcft]]. Owing to siltation, the capacity has come down by about 30 tmcft. If there are seasonal and late rains, an estimated 235 tmcft is released. It is filled when water is let into the canals during the rainy season. The main architect of the dam was Thirumalai Iyengar, an engineer from [[Madras]]. A general-purpose hall was named after him. It has become a [[picnic]] or tourist spot over the years. TB Dam is near the [[cultural heritage|heritage]] site [[Hampi]]. One of the major problems and concerns associated with TB Dam is that it has been undergoing a lot of [[siltation]]. Because of silt deposition in the dam, the storage capacity of the dam is coming down. Another major problem associated with TB Dam is increased pollution, resulting in decreasing fish population. This is seriously affecting fishermen, who are solely dependent on the river for their livelihood. |
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The [[Sunkesula|Sunkesula Barrage]] near [[Kurnool]] city, a long [[Barrage (dam)|barrage dam]], was constructed across the Tungabhadra River around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as ''Bhagiratha'' for [[Rayalaseema]], [[Sir Arthur Cotton]]. Originally, it was intended to be used for navigation during the [[British Raj]]. The barrage was reconstructed by Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy as [[Sunkesula|Tungabhadra Barrage]], to provide irrigation for [[Kadapa district]]. As road and rail transportation increased, it is now supplying water for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, through the [[K. C. Canal]]. It impounds about 15 billion cuft of water and irrigates about {{convert|300000|acre|km2}} amount of land in Kurnool and Kadapa districts. |
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Few miles upstream the Tungabhadra river from [[Mantralayam]] town, Interstate [[Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme|Rajolibanda barrage]] is located which supplies water for irrigation in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh on the right bank of river. |
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==Problems== |
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At Sunkesula, about 25 km upstream from [[Kurnool]], a barrage was constructed around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as Bhagiratha for Andhras, Arthur Cotton. Originally it was intended to be used for navigation also. As the road and rail transportation increased it is now an irrigation project, for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, carrying water through the [[K. C. Canal]] (Kurnool-Cuddapah; until recently Kadapa was spelled "Cuddapah"). The barrage was replaced by the Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Project, a permanent dam. It impounds about {{convert|15000000000|cuft|km3}} of water and irrigates about {{convert|300000|acre|km2}} of land in Kurnool and Kadapa districts.{{cn|date=November 2015}}<gallery widths="210" heights="170"> |
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File:TungabhadraRiver Dam 1.jpg|Reservoir of the dam |
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File:TungabhadraRiver Dam.jpg|Dam on river in Hosapete, Bellary District |
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</gallery> |
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Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh generate enormous amounts of effluents. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents are released into the Tunga from [[Shimoga]] each year."<ref>''The Hindu'', 6 June 2008</ref> This is the contribution of just one city which, unlike Bhadravathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As a result of the effluents, Tungabhadra is one of [[List of most-polluted rivers|the most polluted rivers]] in the country. |
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==Problems== |
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Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Bellary, Koppal and Raichcur districts of Karnataka and Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh and Mahaboobnagar in Telangana (almost all the districts along the course of the river) generate enormous amounts of effluents. According to M. Shankar, "It is disturbing to note that nearly three [[crore]]s of litres of effluents were being released to the Tunga from [Shimoga] every year."<ref>''The Hindu'', 6 June 2008</ref> This is the contribution of one city which, like Bhadrvathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As such, it is one of the most polluted rivers in the country. |
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Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent |
Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent odor. Tungabhadra river's pollution has affected 1 million people in the sub-basin as most villages use the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water, previously obtained through an ancient [[Irrigation tank|tank]] system. The livelihood of village fishermen has been harmed by regular [[fish kill]]s that have exhausted Tungabhadra's fisheries.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm |title=River Krishna | |
|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm |title=River Krishna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226013942/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm|archive-date=26 February 2020|url-status=dead|website=rainwaterharvesting.org|publisher=Centre for Science and Environment}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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<gallery widths="240" heights="150"> |
<gallery .widths="240" heights="150"> |
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File:Hampi, India, Banks of the Tungabhadra River, Rocky hills of Hampi.jpg |
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File:Contemplating the river in Hampi.jpg|Contemplating the river, in Hampi |
File:Contemplating the river in Hampi.jpg|Contemplating the river, in Hampi |
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File:1 River Tungabhadra Karnataka India.jpg|Near [[Hampi]] |
File:1 River Tungabhadra Karnataka India.jpg|Near [[Hampi]] |
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File:Tungabhadra River.jpg| |
File:Tungabhadra River.jpg|Tungabhadra Basin |
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File:TungabhadraRiver Dam 1.jpg|Tungabhadra Reservoir |
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File:TungabhadraRiver Dam.jpg| [[Tungabhadra Dam]] in Hosapete |
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File:Sunkesula barrage.jpg|[[Sunkesula|Sunkesula Barrage]] in Kurnool |
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File:Railway Bridge on Tungabhadra river.jpg|Dried up river during January 2020 |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]] |
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]] |
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*[[List of most-polluted rivers]] |
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*[[Tungabhadra Pushkaralu]] |
*[[Tungabhadra Pushkaralu]] |
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*[[Kishkindha]] |
*[[Kishkindha]] |
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*[[Sunkesula]] |
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*[[Tungabhadra Pushkaralu]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Tungabhadra River}} |
{{Commons category|Tungabhadra River}} |
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*[http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm River Krishna] |
*[http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/river-krishna.htm River Krishna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227125944/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/river-krishna.htm |date=27 December 2010 }} |
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*[http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Asia/vrp/HTML/Phy_Land.shtml Physical landscape] |
*[http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Asia/vrp/HTML/Phy_Land.shtml Physical landscape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727100419/http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/Exp_Rese_Disc/Asia/vrp/HTML/Phy_Land.shtml |date=27 July 2009 }} |
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*[http://www.shaktipeethas.org/tungabhadra-river-map-t77.html Temples on the banks of Tungabhadra river] |
*[http://www.shaktipeethas.org/tungabhadra-river-map-t77.html Temples on the banks of Tungabhadra river]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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<!--{{coord|15.888697|78.164291|format=dms|type:river|display=title}}--> |
<!--{{coord|15.888697|78.164291|format=dms|type:river|display=title}}--> |
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{{ |
{{Krishna basin|state=expanded}} |
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{{Hydrology of Karnataka}} |
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{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}} |
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}} |
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{{Hydrography of Telangana}} |
{{Hydrography of Telangana}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Dams in Karnataka]] |
[[Category:Dams in Karnataka]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]] |
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]] |
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[[Category:Hampi]] |
[[Category:Hampi]] |
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[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]] |
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]] |
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[[Category:Geography of |
[[Category:Geography of Vijayanagara district]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Ballari district]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Shimoga district]] |
[[Category:Geography of Shimoga district]] |
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[[Category:Geography of Davanagere district]] |
[[Category:Geography of Davanagere district]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:46, 26 December 2024
| Tungabhadra River | |
|---|---|
 Tungabhadra River at Hampi | |
 Tungabhadra River | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh |
| Cities | Siruguppa, Sringeri, Hospet, Hampi, Kampli, Mantralayam, Kurnool, Gangavathi |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Koodli (The place where the Thunga and Bhadra rivers meet) |
| • location | Koodli, Bhadravathi, Karnataka, India |
| • coordinates | 14°0′30″N 75°40′27″E / 14.00833°N 75.67417°E |
| • elevation | 560 m (1,840 ft) |
| Mouth | Krishna River |
• location | Murvakonda, Andhra Pradesh, and Jogulamba Gadwal District, India |
• coordinates | 15°53′19″N 78°09′51″E / 15.88861°N 78.16417°E |
• elevation | 264 m (866 ft) |
| Length | 531 km (330 mi) |
| Basin size | 71,417 km2 (27,574 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Krishna River |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Tunga River, Kumudvati River, Varada River |
| • right | Bhadra River, Vedavathi River, |
The Tungabhadra River (Kannada: [t̪uŋɡɐbʱɐd̪rɐ]) starts and flows through the state of Karnataka, India, during most of its course, then through Andhra Pradesh, and ultimately joins the Krishna River near Murvakonda in Andhra Pradesh.
The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams, the Tunga, about 147 km (91 mi) long, and the Bhadra, about 178 km (111 mi) long, which rise in the Western Ghats. The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga runs for about 531 km (330 mi) till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km (237 mi) in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km (36 mi) and further runs for the next 91 km (57 mi) in Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river is 69,552 km2 (26,854 sq mi) up to its confluence with the Krishna and it is 28,177 km2 (10,879 sq mi) up to Tungabhadra Dam. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river, but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec (100 to 50 cusec).[1]
Etymology
[edit]A compound of its 2 main tributaries from the Sanskrit words tunga "high" and bhadra "auspicious".
Course
[edit]The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the Tunga River and the Bhadra River at Koodli which flow down the eastern slope of the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka. The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of Chikmagalur District of Karnataka along with the Nethravathi (west-flowing river, joining the Arabian Sea near Mangalore), the Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458 metres (near Samse Village). According to a Hindu mythological legend, after killing the demon Hiranyaksha, Varaha Swamy (the third incarnation of Vishnu) felt very tired. He took rest on the region now known as Varaha Parvatha. When he sat on that peak, sweat began flowing from his scalp. The sweat which flowed from the left side of his scalp became the Tunga river, and the sweat which flowed from his right side became Bhadra River.
After emerging from the same source, the Bhadra river flows through Kudremukh mountain region, Tarikere Taluk and the industrial city of Bhadravathi, while the Tunga river flows through Sringeri Taluk, Thirthahalli Taluk and Shimoga Taluk. More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and the like contribute to the two rivers. The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is 147 and 171 km (91 and 106 mi) respectively, till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 560 metres near Holehonnur, about 15 km (9.3 mi) from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. Though both Tunga and Bhadra rivers start at same source (Gangamoola), they flow separately for some distance and then they later unite with each other at Koodli village. Hence from there, the composite name Tungabhadra was given. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through the plains to a distance of 531 km (330 mi). After confluence, the Tungabhadra river flows through Honnali and Harihara taluks of Davangere district. Then it flows through Harapanahalli, Hoovina Hadagali, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet and Siruguppa Taluks of Bellary district. In Siruguppa Taluk of Bellary district, it receives its tributary Vedavathi River. The river forms a natural boundary between Bellary and Koppal districts and then between Bellary and Raichur districts along its course. After entering Andhra Pradesh, it flows through Mantralaya and then through Kurnool. It receives its tributary Handri river near Kurnool. Then it joins the Krishna near Gundimalla Village of Jogulamba Gadwal district of Telangana state. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site - The Sangameswaram Temple. The Jogulamba Temple(dedicated to Devi) is present near Alampur village. The Sangameswaram Temple (Dedicated to Shiva) is present in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. The Varada flowing through Shimoga, Uttara Kannada and Haveri districts and Vedavathi in Chikkamagalur, Chitradurga and Bellary districts in Karnataka and the Handrail in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh are the main tributaries of the Tungabhadra. Many rivulets and streams join these tributaries. There is a popular saying in Kannada "Tunga Paana, Ganga Snana", which means "Drink Tunga River water, which is tasty & sweet, and bath in Ganga River, which is holy".[citation needed]
There are many holy places all along the rivers: primarily temples of Saiva cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of the Tunga. Sringeri Sharada Peetham established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about 50 km (31 mi) downstream of its origin. The earlier Shringeri Sharada Peetham established by Adi Shankaracharya is at Koodli, the place of confluence of Tunga and Bhadra rivers. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of the Tunga Bhadra River. One can view the Tunga Bhadra River from famous Yantroddaraka Hanuman Temple at Hampi. Virupaksha Temple is also on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. The resting spot of Vasudendra Teertha is also on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River at Kenchangudda, Siruguppa. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and Alampur District, Jogulamba is the presiding deity at this holy place of Alampur- known as Dakshina Kashi, are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas.[citation needed]
An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by Sri Krishna Devaraya between 1525 and 1527 AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during the floods. It starts at Sringeri and ends at Kurnool, just few kilometres from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction.[citation needed]
Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine the river in a deep ravine.[2]
In this setting the ruins of Vijayanagara and Hampi, the seat of power of the Vijayanagar empire, overlook this holy river, creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities.[3]
The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of the Sandur hills, rich in iron and manganese, beyond which is the town of Hosapete. The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region.[4][5]
The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana border. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The wedge of land between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna is known as the Raichur Doab.[6]
Temples
[edit]- The Huligema Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Koppal district, Karnataka.
- The Markendeshwara Temple to Lord Shiva on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Shivapur village, Koppal district, Karnataka.
- Sri Shringeri Sharadamba Temple and Dakshinamnaya Sringeri Sharada Peetham on the banks of the Tunga River in Chikmagalur district, Karnataka.
- Bidarallamma Temple to Goddess Renuka on the banks of the Tunga River in Gadag district, Mundaragi taluk Karnataka.
- Pampapati Temple in Kampli of Ballari district, Karnataka.
- Harihareshwara Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Harihara.
- Surrounding the modern town of Hampi are the ruins of Vijayanagara, the site of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire's capital city and now a World Heritage Site. The site includes the Vijayanagara temple complex ruins.
- The Moola Brindavana of Guru Raghavendra Swamy on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Mantralayam, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
- Sri Dakshina Shirdi Sai Baba Temple to Shirdi Sai Baba, known as Dakshina Shirdi, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Kurnool, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
- Sri Jogulamba Temple to Goddess Parvathi, known as Dakshina Kashi, in Alampur about 25 km from Kurnool.
- The early Chalukyas built a cluster of temples on the left northern banks of the Tungabhadra river.
- The Nava Brahma Temples complex, one of the earliest models of temple architecture in India.
- The Sangameswaram Temple to Lord Shiva at the place where several holy rivers meet in Sangameswaram, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. According to myth, the Pandavas of Mahabharata once came to Kurnool during their exile. They decided to install a Shiva Linga in this region after visiting Srisailam Mallikarjuna Temple. So, Dharmaraya (Yudhishtira) told his brother Bhima to bring a Shiva Linga from Kashi. Later, they consecrated the Linga at the confluence of the Krishna River and the Tungabhadra River along with 5 other tributaries. Hence, the Linga was named Sangameshwaram (Sangama means "where rivers meet"). Tunga Bhadra River Pushkara (festival) is held once in 12 years.
Recent dams
[edit]A dam was constructed about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) upstream from Shimoga at Gajanur across the River Tunga. Another dam was constructed at Lakkavalli about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) upstream of Bhadravati across the River Bhadra. They are multipurpose dams (multipurpose dams help in generation of electricity, irrigation of land, prevention and control of floods, etc.) and irrigate lands in Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Davanagere and Haveri.
Tungabhadra Dam (TB Dam), also considered a multipurpose dam, is across the river Tungabhadra. The dam is near the town of Hosapete in Karnataka. Its storage capacity is 135 Tmcft. Owing to siltation, the capacity has come down by about 30 tmcft. If there are seasonal and late rains, an estimated 235 tmcft is released. It is filled when water is let into the canals during the rainy season. The main architect of the dam was Thirumalai Iyengar, an engineer from Madras. A general-purpose hall was named after him. It has become a picnic or tourist spot over the years. TB Dam is near the heritage site Hampi. One of the major problems and concerns associated with TB Dam is that it has been undergoing a lot of siltation. Because of silt deposition in the dam, the storage capacity of the dam is coming down. Another major problem associated with TB Dam is increased pollution, resulting in decreasing fish population. This is seriously affecting fishermen, who are solely dependent on the river for their livelihood.
The Sunkesula Barrage near Kurnool city, a long barrage dam, was constructed across the Tungabhadra River around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as Bhagiratha for Rayalaseema, Sir Arthur Cotton. Originally, it was intended to be used for navigation during the British Raj. The barrage was reconstructed by Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy as Tungabhadra Barrage, to provide irrigation for Kadapa district. As road and rail transportation increased, it is now supplying water for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, through the K. C. Canal. It impounds about 15 billion cuft of water and irrigates about 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) amount of land in Kurnool and Kadapa districts.
Problems
[edit]Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh generate enormous amounts of effluents. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents are released into the Tunga from Shimoga each year."[7] This is the contribution of just one city which, unlike Bhadravathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As a result of the effluents, Tungabhadra is one of the most polluted rivers in the country.
Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent odor. Tungabhadra river's pollution has affected 1 million people in the sub-basin as most villages use the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water, previously obtained through an ancient tank system. The livelihood of village fishermen has been harmed by regular fish kills that have exhausted Tungabhadra's fisheries.[8]
Gallery
[edit]-
-
Contemplating the river, in Hampi -
Near Hampi -
Tungabhadra Basin -
Tungabhadra Reservoir -
Tungabhadra Dam in Hosapete -
Sunkesula Barrage in Kurnool -
Dried up river during January 2020
See also
[edit]- List of dams and reservoirs in India
- List of most-polluted rivers
- Tungabhadra Pushkaralu
- Kishkindha
- Sunkesula
References
[edit]- ^ "TUNGABHADRA RIVER | TUNGABHADRA BOARD". tbboard.gov.in. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- ^ "Physical landscape of Vijayanagara". Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
- ^ "Vijayanagara Site". Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ^ Pyati, Anandateertha (29 February 2024). "A riverside harvest". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
- ^ Kamath, Vijesh (29 November 2014). "State may build balancing reservoir downstream TB dam". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
- ^ H, Pavan Kumar (5 October 2020). "Raichur, once a preferred destination of birds, not any more". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
- ^ The Hindu, 6 June 2008
- ^ "River Krishna". rainwaterharvesting.org. Centre for Science and Environment. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020.
External links
[edit]
- River Krishna Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Physical landscape Archived 27 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Temples on the banks of Tungabhadra river[permanent dead link]
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