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{{Short description|Clade of mammals}}
{{automatic Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Cladotherians
| name = Cladotheres
| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]] - [[Holocene]], {{fossil range|165|0}}
| fossil_range = {{Geological range/linked|Middle Jurassic|Recent}}
|image=Kangaroo and joey03.jpg
| image = Henkeloth.jpg
|image_caption=[[Kangaroo]] with her [[Joey (marsupial)|joey]]
| image_caption = Fossil of the basal cladotherian ''[[Henkelotherium guimarotae]]''
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| taxon = Cladotheria
| authority = McKenna, 1975
| authority = McKenna, 1975
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subgroups]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
| subdivision = * {{Extinct}}[[Meridiolestida]]
* {{Extinct}}[[Dryolestida]]
*†[[Dryolestoidea]]
* {{Extinct}}[[Donodontidae]]
*[[Zatheria]]
* {{Extinct}} ''[[Brancatherulum]]''
* '''Prototribosphenida'''<ref name="Luo2002" />
** {{Extinct}}''[[Arguimus]]''
** {{Extinct}}''[[Mozomus]]''
** {{Extinct}}''[[Nanolestes]]''
** {{Extinct}}''[[Vincelestes]]''
** {{Extinct}}''[[Tendagurutherium]]''?
** {{Extinct}}[[Amphitheriidae]]
** '''Zatheria'''<ref name="Luo2002" />
*** {{Extinct}}[[Peramuridae]]
*** [[Tribosphenida]]
}}
}}


'''Cladotheria''' is a [[clade]] (sometimes ranked as a [[Legion (taxonomy)|legion]])<ref name="McKenna1997" /> of [[mammal]]s. It contains modern [[theria]]n mammals ([[marsupial]]s and [[Placentalia|placentals]]) and several [[extinct]] groups, such as the "[[dryolestoid]]s", [[amphitheriid]]s and [[peramurid]]s. The clade was named in 1975 by [[Malcolm McKenna]]. In 2002, it was defined as a [[node-based taxon]] containing "the common ancestor of dryolestids and living therians, plus all its descendants".<ref name="Luo2002" /> A different, [[stem-based taxon|stem-based]] definition was given in 2013, in which Cladotheria contains all taxa that are closer to ''[[Mus musculus]]'' (the house mouse) than to the "[[symmetrodont]]" ''[[Spalacotherium tricuspidens]]''.<ref name="Averianov2013" />
'''Cladotheria''' is a group (legion) of mammals that includes the ancestor of [[Dryolestoidea]], [[Peramuridae]] and [[Zatheria]] (living [[theria]]ns plus all of its ancestors).


Cladotheria incorporates a set of nested mammal clades culminating in [[Tribosphenida]] (also known as Boreosphenida), mammals with fully [[Tribosphenic molar|tribosphenic]] teeth such as therians and a few of their closest relatives. The clade '''Prototribosphenida''' includes "the common ancestor of ''[[Vincelestes]]'' and living therians, plus all of its descendants". Apart from tribosphenids, Prototribosphenida also includes amphitheriids and peramurids, as well as a few isolated genera such as ''Vincelestes''. It excludes the various basal cladotherian groups which have been combined under the label "dryolestoids".<ref name="Luo2002" /> The clade '''Zatheria''' is even more exclusive, restricted to solely peramurids and tribosphenids. Zatheria is defined as "the common ancestor of ''[[Peramus]]'' and living marsupials and placentals, plus all of its descendants".<ref name="Luo2002" />
==Phylogeny==
Below is a [[cladogram]] from Rowe (1988) and [[Malcolm McKenna|McKenna]] and Bell (1997) showing one hypothesis of mammal relationships:<ref name="Rowe1988">{{cite journal|last1=Rowe|first1=Timothy|title=Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=8|issue=3|year=1988|pages=241–264|issn=0272-4634|doi=10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708}}</ref><ref name="McKennaBell1997">{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Malcolm C.|authorlink1=Malcolm McKenna|last2=Bell|first2=Susan K.|title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLYifwU8bqQC&pg=PP9|accessdate=16 March 2015|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11012-9|pages=9–10}}</ref>


== Description ==
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
[[File:Representative jaws and molars of early cladotherians and their close relatives.png|thumb|left|Comparison of the jaw and tooth morphology of cladotherians and other mammals]]
|label1=[[Mammaliaformes]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1=†[[Morganucodontidae]]
|label2=[[Mammalia]]&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=[[Prototheria]]→[[Monotremata]]
|label2=[[Theriiformes]]
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Allotheria]]→†[[Multituberculata]]
|label2=[[Holotheria]]
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Kuehneotheria]]
|label2=[[Trechnotheria]]
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Amphiodon]]
|label2=[[Symmetrodonta]]
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Zhangheotherium]]
|label2=&nbsp;Cladotheria&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Dryolestoidea]]
|label2=&nbsp;[[Zatheria]]&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Peramura]]
|label2=Tribosphenida
|2={{clade
|1=†[[Aegialodontia]]
|label2=&nbsp;[[Theria]]&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=[[Metatheria]]→[[Marsupialia]]
|2=[[Eutheria]]→[[Placentalia]]}}
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}


Early cladotherians can be distinguished from other mammals by a number of derived traits ([[apomorphies]]). Their teeth differed from those of the "[[symmetrodont]]s" by the evolution of a talonid shelf ([[hypoflexid]]) on the lower [[Molar (tooth)|molars]], which [[Occlusion_(dentistry)|occluded]] with the [[Cusp (anatomy)#Paracone|paracone]] of the corresponding upper molars. A true [[Talonid|talonid basin]], allowing for the crushing and grinding of food, was however absent in early-diverging groups like the [[dryolestoid]]s, [[amphitheriid]]s and [[peramurid]]s. Cladotherians are also distinguished by a backwards-pointing [[angular process]] at the rear end of the [[dentary bone]], below the jaw joint. The shape of this process indicates that early cladotherians had a more transverse (side-to-side) chewing motion than more basal mammal groups. The connection of the [[Ossicles|middle ear bones]] to the dentary through an ossified [[Meckel's cartilage]] appears to have been lost in cladotherians, but a [[cartilaginous]] connection may have been retained in early-diverging groups.<ref name="Grossnickle2017" />
==Further reading==

Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, ''Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 14, 531.
== Phylogeny ==


The [[cladogram]] below is simplified after a 2022 phylogenetic analysis by Lasseron and colleagues:<ref name="Lasseron2022" />

{{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1='''Cladotheria'''
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Meridiolestida]]
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Cronopio (mammal)|Cronopio]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Necrolestes]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Leonardus]]''
|label2=[[Mesungulatoidea]]
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Reigitherium]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Orretherium]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Peligrotherium]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Coloniatherium]]''
|2=''[[Mesungulatum]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Dryolestida]]
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Anthracolestes]]''
|2=''[[Tathiodon]]''
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Euthlastus]]''
|2=''[[Paurodon]]''
}} }}
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Drescheratherium]]''
|2=''[[Henkelotherium]]''
|label3=[[Dryolestidae]]
|3={{Clade
|1=''[[Amblotherium]]''
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Dryolestes]]''
|2=''[[Laolestes]]''
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Krebsotherium]]''
|2=''[[Thereuodon]]''
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Guimarotodus]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Crusafontia]]''
|2=''[[Hercynodon]]''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Donodontidae]]
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Stylodens]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Amazighodon]]''
|2=''[[Anoualestes]]''
|3=''[[Donodon minor]]''
|4=''[[Donodon prescriptoris]]''
}} }}
|label2=[[Prototribosphenida]]
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Vincelestes]]''
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Amphitherium]]''
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Amphibetulimus]]''
|2=''[[Nanolestes]]''
}}
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Palaeoxonodon]]''
|label2=[[Zatheria]]
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Arguimus]]''
|2=''[[Peramus]]''
}}
|2=[[Tribosphenida]]
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Averianov2013">{{cite journal |last1=Averianov |first1=A. O. |last2=Martin |first2=T. |last3=Lopatin |first3=A. V. |title=A new phylogeny for basal Trechnotheria and Cladotheria and affinities of South American endemic Late Cretaceous mammals |journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=2013 |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=311–326 |doi=10.1007/s00114-013-1028-3|pmid=23494201 |bibcode=2013NW....100..311A |s2cid=91383652 }}</ref>
<ref name="Grossnickle2017">{{cite journal |last1=Grossnickle |first1=D. M. |title=The evolutionary origin of jaw yaw in mammals |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=45094 |doi=10.1038/srep45094|pmid=28322334 |pmc=5359619 |bibcode=2017NatSR...745094G }}</ref>
<ref name="Lasseron2022">{{cite journal |last1=Lasseron |first1=M. |last2=Martin |first2=T. |last3=Allain |first3=R. |last4=Haddoumi |first4=H. |last5=Jalil |first5=N.-E. |last6=Zouhri |first6=S. |last7=Gheerbrant |first7=E. |title=An African Radiation of 'Dryolestoidea' (Donodontidae, Cladotheria) and its Significance for Mammalian Evolution |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |date=2022 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=733–761 |doi=10.1007/s10914-022-09613-9|s2cid=249324444 |url=https://hal-mnhn.archives-ouvertes.fr/mnhn-03693015/file/Lasseron%20et%20al%202022_Donodontidae%20Ksar%20Metlili_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t%20HAL.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name="Luo2002">{{cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Z.-X. |last2=Kielan-Jaworowska |first2=Z. |last3=Cifelli |first3=R. L. |title=In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |date=2002 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–78 |url=https://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app47/app47-001.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="McKenna1997">{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=M. C.|last2=Bell|first2=S. K.|title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLYifwU8bqQC&pg=PP9|access-date=16 March 2015|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11012-9|pages=9–10}}</ref>
}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cladoth.htm MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Stem zatherians, zatherians & Peramuridae, an internet directory]
* [http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cladoth.htm MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Stem zatherians, zatherians & Peramuridae, an internet directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008124935/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cladoth.htm |date=2009-10-08 }}
* [http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/430Mammalia/430.500.html#Cladotheria Palaeos Vertebrates 430_500 Mammalia Spalacotheroidea & Cladotheria]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100911212001/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/430Mammalia/430.500.html#Cladotheria Palaeos Vertebrates 430_500 Mammalia Spalacotheroidea & Cladotheria]


{{Mammalia|H.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q766050}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q766050}}


[[Category:Mesozoic mammals]]
[[Category:Cladotheria| ]]
[[Category:Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances]]
[[Category:Extant Middle Jurassic first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1975]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Malcolm McKenna]]




{{paleo-mammal-stub}}
{{Mammal-stub}}

Latest revision as of 23:56, 22 May 2024

Cladotheres
Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Recent
Fossil of the basal cladotherian Henkelotherium guimarotae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Trechnotheria
Clade: Cladotheria
McKenna, 1975
Subgroups

Cladotheria is a clade (sometimes ranked as a legion)[2] of mammals. It contains modern therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and several extinct groups, such as the "dryolestoids", amphitheriids and peramurids. The clade was named in 1975 by Malcolm McKenna. In 2002, it was defined as a node-based taxon containing "the common ancestor of dryolestids and living therians, plus all its descendants".[1] A different, stem-based definition was given in 2013, in which Cladotheria contains all taxa that are closer to Mus musculus (the house mouse) than to the "symmetrodont" Spalacotherium tricuspidens.[3]

Cladotheria incorporates a set of nested mammal clades culminating in Tribosphenida (also known as Boreosphenida), mammals with fully tribosphenic teeth such as therians and a few of their closest relatives. The clade Prototribosphenida includes "the common ancestor of Vincelestes and living therians, plus all of its descendants". Apart from tribosphenids, Prototribosphenida also includes amphitheriids and peramurids, as well as a few isolated genera such as Vincelestes. It excludes the various basal cladotherian groups which have been combined under the label "dryolestoids".[1] The clade Zatheria is even more exclusive, restricted to solely peramurids and tribosphenids. Zatheria is defined as "the common ancestor of Peramus and living marsupials and placentals, plus all of its descendants".[1]

Description

[edit]
Comparison of the jaw and tooth morphology of cladotherians and other mammals

Early cladotherians can be distinguished from other mammals by a number of derived traits (apomorphies). Their teeth differed from those of the "symmetrodonts" by the evolution of a talonid shelf (hypoflexid) on the lower molars, which occluded with the paracone of the corresponding upper molars. A true talonid basin, allowing for the crushing and grinding of food, was however absent in early-diverging groups like the dryolestoids, amphitheriids and peramurids. Cladotherians are also distinguished by a backwards-pointing angular process at the rear end of the dentary bone, below the jaw joint. The shape of this process indicates that early cladotherians had a more transverse (side-to-side) chewing motion than more basal mammal groups. The connection of the middle ear bones to the dentary through an ossified Meckel's cartilage appears to have been lost in cladotherians, but a cartilaginous connection may have been retained in early-diverging groups.[4]

Phylogeny

[edit]

The cladogram below is simplified after a 2022 phylogenetic analysis by Lasseron and colleagues:[5]

Cladotheria

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Luo, Z.-X.; Kielan-Jaworowska, Z.; Cifelli, R. L. (2002). "In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (1): 1–78.
  2. ^ McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  3. ^ Averianov, A. O.; Martin, T.; Lopatin, A. V. (2013). "A new phylogeny for basal Trechnotheria and Cladotheria and affinities of South American endemic Late Cretaceous mammals". Naturwissenschaften. 100 (4): 311–326. Bibcode:2013NW....100..311A. doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1028-3. PMID 23494201. S2CID 91383652.
  4. ^ Grossnickle, D. M. (2017). "The evolutionary origin of jaw yaw in mammals". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45094. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745094G. doi:10.1038/srep45094. PMC 5359619. PMID 28322334.
  5. ^ Lasseron, M.; Martin, T.; Allain, R.; Haddoumi, H.; Jalil, N.-E.; Zouhri, S.; Gheerbrant, E. (2022). "An African Radiation of 'Dryolestoidea' (Donodontidae, Cladotheria) and its Significance for Mammalian Evolution" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 29 (4): 733–761. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09613-9. S2CID 249324444.
[edit]


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