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{{Year dab|1812|the work by Tchaikovsky|1812 Overture{{!}}''1812 Overture''|the war|War of 1812}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2015}}
{{more footnotes|date=November 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1812|the work by Tchaikovsky|1812 Overture}}
{{Year nav|1812}}
{{Year nav|1812}}
[[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|250px|thumb|[[May 11]]: British Prime Minister [[Spencer Perceval]] is assassinated.]]
[[File:Fire of Moscow 1812.jpg|250px|thumb|[[September 15]]: Moscow's Military Governor Rostopchin orders the Russian capital to be [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|evacuated and burned down]] in advance of Napoleon's invasion.]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:Siege of Badajoz, by Richard Caton Woodville Jr.jpg|thumb|right|[[March 16]] – [[April 6]]: [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Siege of Badajoz]]]]
[[File:Siege of Badajoz, by Richard Caton Woodville Jr.jpg|thumb|right|[[March 16]] [[April 6]]: [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Siege of Badajoz]]]]
{{Year article header|1812}}
{{Year article header|1812}}


== Events ==
== Events ==


=== January–March ===
=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] – The ''[[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]'' (the Austrian [[civil code]]) enters into force in the [[Austrian Empire]].
* [[January 1]] The ''[[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]'' (the Austrian [[civil code]]) enters into force in the [[Austrian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ÖNB-ALEX - Justizgesetzsammlung |url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=jgs&datum=10120003&seite=00000275 |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=alex.onb.ac.at}}</ref>
* [[January 19]] – [[Peninsular War]]: The French-held fortress of [[Ciudad Rodrigo]] [[Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)|is stormed]] by the [[Anglo-Portuguese Army]], under the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Earl of Wellington]].<ref>{{cite web | last=lipscombe | year=2019 | url=http://www.nick-lipscombe.net/Papers/Ciudad%20Rodrigo%20-%20A%20Paper.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124616/http://www.nick-lipscombe.net/Papers/Ciudad%20Rodrigo%20-%20A%20Paper.pdf | archive-date=9 February 2019 | access-date=28 May 2021 | title=The Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo 1810 & 1812}}</ref>
* [[February 7]]
** The last [[1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes|New Madrid earthquake]] strikes [[New Madrid, Missouri]], with an estimated [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of over 8.
* [[February 7]] – The last [[1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes|New Madrid earthquake]] strikes [[New Madrid, Missouri]], with an estimated [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of over 8.<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1996AREPS..24..339J The Enigma of the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812]. Johnston, A. C. & Schweig, E. S. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 24, 1996, pp. 339–384. Available on SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</ref>
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Napoleon]] authorizes the usage of ''[[Mesures usuelles]]'', the basis of the [[metric system]].
* [[February 12]] [[Napoleon]] authorizes the usage of ''[[Mesures usuelles]]'', the basis of the [[metric system]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/metro/aquoisert/metre.htm|title=Un historique du mètre|language=fr|author=Denis Février|publisher=Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie|access-date=2011-03-10}}</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; The first Chilean newspaper ''[[Aurora de Chile]]'' deals with political philosophy, and stands in favor of the new national government.
* [[February 13]] – The first Chilean newspaper ''[[Aurora de Chile]]'' deals with political philosophy, and stands in favor of the new national government.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Early Relations of the United States with Chile|author=John J. Johnson|journal=The Pacific Historical Review|volume=13|issue=3| pages=266|type = JSTOR|date=September 1944|doi=10.2307/3635952|jstor=3635952}}</ref>
* [[February 27]]
* [[February 27]]
** [[Argentine War of Independence]]: [[Manuel Belgrano]] raises the [[Flag of Argentina]] (which he designed) in the city of [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], for the first time.
** [[Argentine War of Independence]]: [[Manuel Belgrano]] raises the [[Flag of Argentina]] (which he designed) in the city of [[Rosario]], for the first time.{{Cite book|title= Grandes protagonistas de la Historia Argentina: Manuel Belgrano|last= Luna|first= Félix|year= 2004|publisher=Grupo Editorial Planeta
|location= Argentina|page=77|language= es|isbn= 950-49-1247-8}}
** English poet [[Lord Byron]] gives his first address as a member of the British [[House of Lords]], in defense of [[Luddite]] violence against [[industrialism]], in his home county of [[Nottinghamshire]].
** English poet [[Lord Byron]] gives his first address as a member of the British [[House of Lords]], in defense of [[Luddite]] violence against [[industrialism]], in his home county of [[Nottinghamshire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1812/feb/27/frame-work-bill#S1V0021P0_18120227_HOL_7|title=Frame Work Bill. (Hansard, 27 February 1812)|website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514082629/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1812/feb/27/frame-work-bill#S1V0021P0_18120227_HOL_7|date=27 February 1812|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[March 5]] &ndash; Prussia and France sign the [[Treaty of Paris (1812)|Treaty of Paris]].
* [[February 24]] – Prussia and France sign the [[Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)|Treaty of Paris]], a military alliance.<ref name=Koch>{{cite book |first=Hannsjoachim W. |last=Koch |title=A History of Prussia |publisher=Routledge |location=Oxford |orig-year=1978|pages=193-194 |year=2014}}</ref>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[Luddite]]s attack the [[wool]]-processing factory of [[Frank Vickerman]] in [[West Yorkshire]].
* [[March 14]] – Prussia and Austria sign the [[Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref name=Koch/>
* [[March 16]]&ndash;[[April 6]] &ndash; [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Siege of Badajoz]] ([[Peninsular War]]): The [[Anglo-Portuguese Army]], under the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Earl of Wellington]], besieges [[Badajoz]], Spain and forces the surrender of the French garrison.
* [[March 19]] &ndash; The [[Cádiz Cortes]] creates the first modern [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Spanish constitution]].
* [[March 15]] [[Luddite]]s attack the [[wool]]-processing factory of [[Frank Vickerman]] in [[West Yorkshire]].
* [[March 16]]–[[April 6]] – [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Siege of Badajoz]] ([[Peninsular War]]): The [[Anglo-Portuguese Army]], under the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Earl of Wellington]], besieges [[Badajoz]], Spain and forces the surrender of the French garrison.<ref>{{cite book | last=Fletcher | first=Ian | year=2001 | title=In Hell before Daylight: The Siege and Storming of the Castle of Badajoz, March–April 1812 | publisher=Spellmount Ltd. | isbn=1-873376-26-X}}</ref>
* [[March 19]] – The [[Cortes of Cádiz]] creates the first modern [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Spanish constitution]].<ref>Thiessen, Heather. "Spain: Constitution of 1812." ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 5, p. 165. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</ref>
* [[March 26]]
* [[March 26]]
[[File:The Gerry-Mander Edit.png|120px|thumb|The original Gerrymander]]
** In the United States, the ''[[Boston Gazette]]'' prints a political cartoon coining the term ''[[Gerrymandering|Gerrymander]]'', after former [[Massachusetts]] [[Governor]] [[Elbridge Gerry]]'s approval (on February 11) of legislation creating oddly shaped electoral districts, designed to help incumbents win re-election.
** In the United States, the ''[[Boston Gazette]]'' prints a political cartoon coining the term ''[[Gerrymandering|Gerrymander]]'', after former [[Massachusetts]] [[Governor]] [[Elbridge Gerry]]'s approval (on February 11) of legislation creating oddly shaped electoral districts, designed to help incumbents win re-election.<ref>{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Elmer|title=The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=6o2HAAAAMAAJ |page=73 }} |pages=72–73|location=Chicago |publisher=Scott, Foresman and Co |year=1907 |oclc=45790508}}</ref>
** The [[1812 Caracas earthquake]] destroys [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]].
** The [[1812 Caracas earthquake]] destroys [[Caracas]], capital of [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nacimiento de una nación; Terremoto de 1812|url=http://www.fpolar.org.ve/Encarte/fasciculo7/fasc0709.html|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060820151845/http://www.fpolar.org.ve/Encarte/fasciculo7/fasc0709.html |archivedate = August 20, 2006|language=spanish}}</ref>


=== April&ndash;June ===
=== April–June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; U.S. President [[James Madison]] enacts a 90-day [[embargo]] on trade with the United Kingdom.
* [[April 4]] U.S. President [[James Madison]] enacts a 90-day [[embargo]] on trade with the United Kingdom.
* [[April 8]] &ndash; The capital of Finland is moved from [[Turku]] to [[Helsinki]], when Russia's Tsar Alexander I signs an edict moving the Government Council of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]]. <ref>[http://www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1812-emperor-alexander-i-promotes-helsinki-capital-grand-duchy/ Helsinki 200: 8 April 1812 Emperor Alexander I promotes Helsinki to the capital of the Grand Duchy.]
* [[April 8]] The capital of Finland is moved from [[Turku]] to [[Helsinki]], when Russia's Tsar Alexander I signs an edict moving the Government Council of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1812-emperor-alexander-i-promotes-helsinki-capital-grand-duchy/ |title=Helsinki 200: 8 April 1812 Emperor Alexander I promotes Helsinki to the capital of the Grand Duchy. |access-date=August 1, 2017 |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810032003/http://www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1812-emperor-alexander-i-promotes-helsinki-capital-grand-duchy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[April 30]] – [[Louisiana]] is admitted as the 18th [[U.S. state]].
</ref>
* [[May 11]] – [[John Bellingham]] [[Assassination of Spencer Perceval|assassinates]] British [[Prime Minister]] [[Spencer Perceval]], in the lobby of the [[British House of Commons]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Treherne| first= Philip |title=The Right Honourable Spencer Perceval |url=https://archive.org/stream/righthonourables00trehuoft#page/n7/mode/2up |publisher= T. Fisher Unwin |location = London | year = 1909 |pages=193-194 |oclc = 5825009 |url-status = live |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160408120735/https://archive.org/stream/righthonourables00trehuoft |archive-date = 2016-04-08 }}</ref>
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Louisiana]] is admitted as the 18th [[U.S. state]].
* [[May 16]] – Russian field marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] signs the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], ending the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)]] and annexing [[Bessarabia]] to [[Imperial Russia]].
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[John Bellingham]] assassinates British [[Prime Minister]] [[Spencer Perceval]], in the lobby of the [[British House of Commons]].
* [[May 25]] – [[1812 Felling mine disaster|Felling mine disaster]]: A mine explosion at the [[Felling, Tyne and Wear|Felling]] [[colliery]] near [[Jarrow]], England, leaves 96 dead.
* [[May 16]] &ndash; Russian Field Marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] signs the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]], ending the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)]] and annexing [[Bessarabia]] to [[Imperial Russia]].
* [[June 1]] – [[War of 1812]]: U.S. President [[James Madison]] asks the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] to declare war on the United Kingdom.
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[1812 Felling mine disaster|Felling mine disaster]]: A mine explosion at the [[Felling, Tyne and Wear|Felling]] [[colliery]] near [[Jarrow]], England leaves 96 dead.
* [[June 4]] – Following [[Louisiana]]'s admittance as a [[U.S. state]], the territory by that name is renamed the [[Missouri Territory]].
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: U.S. President [[James Madison]] asks the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] to declare war on the United Kingdom.
* [[June 4]] &ndash; Following [[Louisiana]]'s admittance as a [[U.S. state]], the territory by that name is renamed the [[Missouri Territory]].
* [[June 16]] New York State charters the City Bank of New York (later [[Citibank]]).
* [[June 18]] – The [[War of 1812]] between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins with [[United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom|US declaration]].
* [[June 16]] &ndash; New York State charters the City Bank of New York (later [[Citibank]]).
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The [[War of 1812]] between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins.
* [[June 22]] France [[1812 French declaration of war on Russia|declared war on Russia]].
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grande Armée]] crosses the [[Neman River]], and [[French invasion of Russia|invades Russia]].
* [[June 24]] [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grande Armée]] crosses the [[Neman River]], and [[French invasion of Russia|invades Russia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lieven |first=D. C. B. |date=2010 |title=Russia against Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaagainstnap00liev_0 |access-date=15 April 2021 |publisher=Viking |page=134 |isbn=9780670021574}}</ref>
=== July–September ===
* [[July 12]] – Americans invade Canada at [[Windsor, Ontario]].
* [[July 18]] – [[Russia's Patriotic War]] – [[Battle of Klyastitsy]]: [[Yakov Kulnev|Kulnev]] defeats [[Nicolas Oudinot|Oudinot]], but sustains a mortal wound.
* [[July 19]] – [[Beethoven]] and [[Goethe]] meet each other in [[Teplice]], [[Bohemia]].
* [[July 22]] – [[Peninsular War]] – [[Battle of Salamanca]]: British forces led by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|the Earl of Wellington]] defeat French troops near [[Salamanca]], Spain.
* [[August 5]] – [[War of 1812]]: [[Tecumseh]]'s [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] force ambushes [[Thomas Van Horne]]'s 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.
* [[August 12]] – [[Peninsular War]]: The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] enters [[Madrid]], following the [[Battle of Salamanca]].
* [[August 15]] – [[War of 1812]] – [[Battle of Fort Dearborn]]: [[Potawatomi]] warriors overrun the United States fort in [[Illinois Territory]].
* [[August 16]] – [[War of 1812]]: American General [[William Hull]] surrenders [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)|Fort Detroit]], without a fight, to the British Army.
* [[August 19]] – [[War of 1812]]: {{USS|Constitution}} [[USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere|defeats]] the British [[frigate]] {{HMS|Guerriere|1806|2}}, off the coast of [[Nova Scotia]]. The British shot is said to have bounced off ''Constitution''{{'}}s sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".<ref>{{cite book |isbn = 978-0-393-05847-5 |oclc = 70291925 |location = New York |title = Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy |last = Toll |first = Ian W. |publisher = W. W. Norton |year = 2006 |page=350 |url = https://archive.org/details/sixfrigatesepich00toll }}</ref>
* [[September 7]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[French invasion of Russia]] – [[Battle of Borodino]]: The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars ends in a [[tactical victory]] for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French [[Grande Armée]] alone.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kuehn |first1=John T. |title=The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon Against Kutuzov (review) |journal=The Journal of Military History |date=26 October 2008 |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=1295–1296 |doi=10.1353/jmh.0.0141 |s2cid=161057504 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/251445 |access-date=5 September 2020 |language=en |issn=1543-7795}}</ref>
* [[September 14]] – [[French invasion of Russia]] and [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Fire of Moscow]]: [[Napoleon]]'s troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|on fire]] by Muscovites, on orders of [[Fyodor Rostopchin]]. Later accounts report that France lost 40,000 troops during four days of fire between September 17 and 20, and that 20,000 Russian soldiers were killed in what would be described in 1876 as "the greatest example in history of national self-sacrifice for the destruction of an invader."<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p. 67</ref>


=== July&ndash;September ===
=== October–December ===
* [[October 9]] – [[War of 1812]]: American naval forces under [[Jesse Elliott|Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott]] capture two British warships, {{HMS|Detroit|1812|6}} and {{HMS|Caledonia|1807|6}}.
* [[July 12]] &ndash; Americans invade Canada at [[Windsor, Ontario]].
* [[October 12]] – The capital of the U.S. state of [[Pennsylvania]] is permanently moved from [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].<ref>I. Daniel Rupp, ''History of Lancaster County: To which is Prefixed a Brief Sketch of the Early History of Pennsylvania''</ref><ref>(Gilbert Hillis, 1844; reprinted by Heritage Books, 1990) p. 434</ref>
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Russia's Patriotic War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Klyastitsy]]: [[Yakov Kulnev|Kulnev]] defeats [[Nicolas Oudinot|Oudinot]], but sustains a mortal wound.
* [[October 13]] – [[War of 1812]] – [[Battle of Queenston Heights]]: As part of the [[Niagara campaign]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, United States forces under General [[Stephen Van Rensselaer]] are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir [[Isaac Brock]] (who dies during the battle).
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Peninsular War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Salamanca]]: British forces led by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Lord Wellington]] defeat French troops near [[Salamanca]], Spain.
* [[October 18]]–[[October 20|20]] – [[Second Battle of Polotsk]] – Russians attack and defeat a Franco-Bavarian force in [[Belarus]].
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: [[Tecumseh]]'s [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] force ambushes [[Thomas Van Horne]]'s 200 Americans at [[Brownstone Creek]], causing them to flee and retreat.
* [[October 19]] – [[Napoleon]] begins his retreat from Moscow.
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Peninsular War]]: The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] enters [[Madrid]], following the [[Battle of Salamanca]].
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]] &ndash; [[Battle of Fort Dearborn]]: [[Potawatomi]] warriors overrun the United States fort in [[Illinois Territory]].
* [[October 23]] [[Malet coup of 1812]]: General [[Claude François de Malet]] attempts unsuccessfully to overthrow the Napoleonic régime in Paris.
* [[October 24]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Maloyaroslavets]]: An inconclusive encounter between the French [[vanguard]] and a Russian force leads [[Napoleon]] to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: American General [[William Hull]] surrenders [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)|Fort Detroit]], without a fight, to the British Army.
* [[November 3]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Vyazma]]: The rearguard of Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: The {{USS|Constitution}} defeats the British [[frigate]] {{HMS|Guerriere|1806|2}}, off the coast of [[Nova Scotia]]. The British shot is said to have bounced off the ''[[USS Constitution|Constitution]]'''s sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".
* [[November 5]] – [[1812 United States presidential election]]: [[James Madison]] defeats [[DeWitt Clinton]].
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]] &ndash; [[French invasion of Russia]] &ndash; [[Battle of Borodino]]: The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars ends in a [[tactical victory]] for Napoleon. There are at least 70,000 casualties, with a minimum of 6,562 dead from the French [[Grande Armée]] alone.
* [[November 10]] – [[1812 United Kingdom general election]]: The [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] Party is victorious, under [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]].
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[French invasion of Russia]]: [[Napoleon]]'s troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|on fire]] by Muscovites, on orders of [[Fyodor Rostopchin]].
* [[November 15]]–[[November 18|18]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Krasnoi]]: Napoleon's retreating army is again defeated in a series of skirmishes.

* [[December 8]] – The M6.9–7.5 [[1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake|San Juan Capistrano earthquake]] affects [[Alta California]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VII (''Very strong'') to IX (''Violent''), killing 40 parishioners at [[Mission San Juan Capistrano]].
=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[December 14]] – The [[French invasion of Russia]] comes to an end as the remnants of the [[Grande Armée]] are expelled from Russia.
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: American naval forces under [[Jesse Elliott|Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott]] capture two British warships, {{HMS|Detroit|1812|6}} and {{HMS|Caledonia|1807|6}}.
* [[December 18]] – The first [[Spanish Christmas Lottery]] is drawn, in [[Cádiz]]; it will be continuing more than two centuries later. The first Lotería Nacional was drawn on March 4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.selae.es/en/web-corporativa/quienes-somos/la-empresa/historia.corporativa|title=History|publisher=[[Loterías y Apuestas del Estado]]|accessdate=2024-12-11}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; The capital of the [[Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]], United States is permanently moved from [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]]. I. Daniel Rupp, ''History of Lancaster County: To which is Prefixed a Brief Sketch of the Early History of Pennsylvania'' <ref>(Gilbert Hillis, 1844; reprinted by Heritage Books, 1990) p434</ref>
* [[December 20]] – The first volume of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]'' is published in Germany.
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]] &ndash; [[Battle of Queenston Heights]]: As part of the [[Niagara campaign]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, United States forces under General [[Stephen Van Rensselaer]] are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops, led by Sir [[Isaac Brock]] (who dies during the battle).
* [[December 29]] – [[War of 1812]]: {{USS|Constitution}} defeats the British frigate {{HMS|Java|1811|6}}, off the coast of [[Brazil]].
* [[October 18]]&ndash;[[October 20|20]] &ndash; [[Second Battle of Polotsk]] &ndash; Russians attack and defeat a Franco-Bavarian force in [[Belarus]].
* [[October 19]] &ndash; [[Napoleon]] begins his retreat from Moscow.
* [[December 30]] – The [[Convention of Tauroggen]] is signed.
* [[October 23]] &ndash; [[Malet coup of 1812]]: General [[Claude François de Malet]] attempts unsuccessfully to overthrow the Napoleonic régime in Paris.
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]] &ndash; [[Battle of Maloyaroslavets]]: An inconclusive encounter between the French [[vanguard]] and a Russian force leads [[Napoleon]] to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.
* [[November 3]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]] &ndash; [[Battle of Vyazma]]: The rearguard of Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[U.S. presidential election, 1812]]: [[James Madison]] defeats [[DeWitt Clinton]].
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[United Kingdom general election, 1812]]: The [[Tory]] Party is victorious, under [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]].
* [[November 15]]&ndash;[[November 18|18]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]] &ndash; [[Battle of Krasnoi]]: Napoleon's retreating army is again defeated in a series of skirmishes.
* [[December 8]] &ndash; The M6.9–7.5 [[1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake|San Juan Capistrano earthquake]] affects [[Alta California]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VII (''Very strong'') to IX (''Violent''), killing 40 parishioners at [[Mission San Juan Capistrano]].
* [[December 14]] - The [[French invasion of Russia]] comes to an end as the remnants of the [[Grande Armée]] are expelled from Russia.
* [[December 20]] &ndash; The first volume of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]'' is published in Germany.
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: The [[USS Constitution]] defeats the British frigate {{HMS|Java|1811|6}}, off the coast of [[Brazil]].
* [[December 30]] &ndash; The [[Convention of Tauroggen]] is signed.


=== Date unknown ===
=== Date unknown ===
Line 74: Line 80:
* The [[Woodford Reserve]] [[Bourbon whiskey]] [[Distillation|distillery]], established in [[1780]] along [[Glenn's Creek]] in [[Woodford County, Kentucky]], passes to the control of Oscar Pepper.
* The [[Woodford Reserve]] [[Bourbon whiskey]] [[Distillation|distillery]], established in [[1780]] along [[Glenn's Creek]] in [[Woodford County, Kentucky]], passes to the control of Oscar Pepper.
* The [[Ranikot Fort]] is reconstructed in [[Sindh]].
* The [[Ranikot Fort]] is reconstructed in [[Sindh]].
* Approximate date &ndash; [[Battle of Shela]]: The people of [[Lamu Island]] are victorious, against those from other parts of the [[Kenya]] coast.
* Approximate date [[Battle of Shela]]: The people of [[Lamu Island]] are victorious against those from other parts of the [[Kenya]] coast.


== Births ==
== Births ==
[[File:Dickens Gurney head.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Dickens]]]]
[[File:Dickens Gurney head.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Charles Dickens]]]]
[[File:Henry Wilson, VP of the United States.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Henry Wilson]]]]
[[File:Henry Wilson, VP of the United States.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Henry Wilson]]]]
[[File:GeorgeEdwardGrey01.jpg|thumb|right|110px|Sir [[George Grey]]]]
[[File:Fernando Wood - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Fernando Wood]]]]
[[File:JohannGalle.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Johann Gottfried Galle]]]]
[[File:The Duchess of Abercorn and Child by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer (1802-1873).jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn]]]]
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Melchora Aquino]], Filipino revolutionary hero (d. [[1919]])
* [[January 6]] [[Melchora Aquino]], Filipino revolutionary hero (d. [[1919]])
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Victor de Laprade]], French poet, critic (d. [[1883]])
* [[January 13]] [[Victor de Laprade]], French poet, critic (d. [[1883]])
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[William Fraser Tolmie]], Scottish-Canadian scientist, politician (d. [[1886]])
* [[February 3]] [[William Fraser Tolmie]], Scottish-Canadian scientist, politician (d. [[1886]])
* [[February 7]] &ndash; [[Charles Dickens]], English writer (d. [[1870]])
* [[February 7]] [[Charles Dickens]], English novelist (d. [[1870]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Norman Page|title=Charles Dickens: Family History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xf2QqVI19b8C&pg=PA23|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-22233-4|pages=23}}</ref>
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Alexander Hamilton Stephens]], [[Vice President of the Confederate States of America]] (d. [[1883]])
* [[February 11]] [[Alexander Hamilton Stephens]], [[Vice President of the Confederate States of America]] (d. [[1883]])
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Charles Lewis Tiffany]], American jeweler, co-founder of [[Tiffany & Co.]] (d. [[1902]])
* [[February 15]] [[Charles Lewis Tiffany]], American jeweler, co-founder of [[Tiffany & Co.]] (d. [[1902]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ministers Manual: A Study and Pulpit Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foM9AAAAYAAJ|year=1961|publisher=Harper|page=5}}</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Henry Wilson]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|18th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1875]])
* [[February 18]] [[Nils Johan Berlin]], Swedish chemist, professor (d. [[1891]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Nils Johan Berlin]], Swedish chemist, professor (d. [[1891]])
* [[February 29]] – Sir [[James Milne Wilson]], Premier of Tasmania (d. [[1880]])
* [[February 29]] &ndash; Sir [[James Milne Wilson]], Premier of Tasmania (d. [[1880]])
* [[March 1]]
* [[March 1]]
** [[Nicolae Crețulescu]], 2-time Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[1900]])
** [[Nicolae Crețulescu]], 2-time prime minister of Romania (d. [[1900]])
** [[Augustus Pugin]], English-born architect (d. [[1852]])
** [[Augustus Pugin]], English-born architect (d. [[1852]])
* [[March 6]] &ndash; [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]], American watch manufacturer (d. [[1895]])
* [[March 6]] [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]], American watch manufacturer (d. [[1895]])
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Stephen Pearl Andrews]], American anarchist, abolitionist (d. [[1886]])
* [[March 22]] [[Stephen Pearl Andrews]], American anarchist, abolitionist (d. [[1886]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[George Grey]], 11th [[Premier of New Zealand]] (d. [[1898]])
* [[April 14]] [[George Grey]], Portugal-born British colonial governor, 11th [[Premier of New Zealand]] (d. [[1898]])
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Pauline Åhman]], Swedish harpist (d. [[1904]])
* [[April 20]] [[Pauline Åhman]], Swedish harpist (d. [[1904]])
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Solomon Caesar Malan]], Swiss-born orientalist (d. [[1894]])
* [[April 22]] [[Solomon Caesar Malan]], Swiss-born orientalist (d. [[1894]])
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Frederick Whitaker]], English-New Zealand lawyer, politician, 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. [[1891]])
* [[April 23]] [[Frederick Whitaker]], English-New Zealand lawyer, politician, 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. [[1891]])
* [[April 27]]
* [[April 27]]
** [[Friedrich von Flotow]], German composer (d. [[1883]])
** [[Friedrich von Flotow]], German composer (d. [[1883]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Kobbé's Opera Book|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1997|isbn=9780091814106|page=231}}</ref>
** [[William W. Snow]], American politician (d. [[1886]])
** [[William W. Snow]], American politician (d. [[1886]])
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[Emilie Högquist]], Swedish dramatic star (d. [[1846]])
* [[April 29]] [[Emilie Högquist]], Swedish dramatic star (d. [[1846]])
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[Madame Restell]], American abortionist (d. [[1878]])
* [[May 6]] [[Madame Restell]], American abortion provider (d. [[1878]])
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Robert Browning]], English poet (d. [[1889]])
* [[May 7]] [[Robert Browning]], English poet (d. [[1889]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John Bryson|title=Robert Browning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtjXAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=British Council and the National Book League|isbn=978-0-582-01106-9|page=5}}</ref>
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Edward Lear]], English artist, poet (d. [[1888]])
* [[May 12]] [[Edward Lear]], English artist, nonsense poet (d. [[1888]])<ref>{{cite book|author=John Lehmann|title=Edward Lear and his World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yL9jd5mxkMC|year=1977|page=10}}</ref>
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Johann Gottfried Galle]], German astronomer (d. [[1910]])
* [[June 9]] [[Johann Gottfried Galle]], German astronomer (d. [[1910]])
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Gustavus H. Scott]], American admiral (d. [[1882]])
* [[June 13]] [[Gustavus H. Scott]], American admiral (d. [[1882]])
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Fernando Wood]], New York City mayor (d. [[1881]])
* [[June 14]] [[Fernando Wood]], American politician, [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New York (state)|New York]] and 2-time [[Mayor of New York City]] (d. [[1881]])
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Nathaniel de Rothschild]], French wine grower (d. [[1870]])
* [[July 2]] [[Nathaniel de Rothschild]], French wine grower (d. [[1870]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[John Rodgers (American Civil War naval officer)|John Rodgers]], American admiral (d. [[1882]])
* [[July 8]] [[Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn]] (b. [[1905]])
* [[August 8]] – [[John Rodgers (American Civil War naval officer)|John Rodgers]], American admiral (d. [[1882]])
* [[August 25]]
* [[August 25]]
** [[Percival Drayton]], United States Navy officer (d. [[1865]])
** [[Percival Drayton]], United States Navy officer (d. [[1865]])
** [[Nikolay Zinin]], Russian organic chemist (d. [[1880]])
** [[Nikolay Zinin]], Russian organic chemist (d. [[1880]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Bertalan Szemere]], 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[1869]])
* [[August 27]] [[Bertalan Szemere]], 3rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[1869]])
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[William Fox (politician)|William Fox]], 2nd [[Premier of New Zealand]] (d. [[1893]])
* [[September 2]] [[William Fox (politician)|William Fox]], 2nd [[Premier of New Zealand]] (d. [[1893]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Herschel Vespasian Johnson]], American politician (d. [[1880]])
* [[September 18]] [[Herschel Vespasian Johnson]], American politician (d. [[1880]])
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Ascanio Sobrero]], Italian chemist (d. [[1888]])
* [[October 12]] [[Ascanio Sobrero]], Italian chemist (d. [[1888]])
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Austin Flint I]], American cardiologist (d. [[1886]])
* [[October 20]] [[Austin Flint I]], American cardiologist (d. [[1886]])
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Aleardo Aleardi]], Italian poet (d. [[1878]])
* [[November 14]] [[Aleardo Aleardi]], Italian poet (d. [[1878]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Ana María Martínez de Nisser]], Colombian heroine, writer (d. [[1872]])
* [[November 19]] [[Edmond Jurien de La Gravière]], French admiral, naval historian, and biographer (d. [[1892]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Henry Varnum Poor]], American financial analyst (d. [[1905]])
* [[December 6]] [[Ana María Martínez de Nisser]], Colombian heroine and writer (d. [[1872]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]], British Viceroy of India (d. [[1862]])
* [[December 8]] [[Henry Varnum Poor]], American financial analyst (d. [[1905]])
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Vilhelm Petersen (painter)|Vilhelm Petersen]], Danish painter (d. [[1880]])
* [[December 14]] [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]], British Viceroy of India (d. [[1862]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal]], German jurist (d. [[1894]])
* [[December 17]] [[Vilhelm Petersen (painter)|Vilhelm Petersen]], Danish painter (d. [[1880]])
* [[December 24]] – [[Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal]], German jurist (d. [[1894]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Louis du Couret]], French explorer, military officer, and writer (d. [[1867]])<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11762/ |title = Life in the Desert, or, Recollections of Travel in Asia and Africa |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1860 |accessdate = 2013-09-23 }}</ref>
* [[Mohan Lal (Zutshi)]], Indian traveler (d. [[1877]])

James Machado U.S. Army


== Deaths ==
== Deaths ==
[[File:Spencer Perceval.JPG|thumb|right|110px|[[Spencer Perceval]]]]
[[File:Spencer Perceval.JPG|thumb|right|110px|[[Spencer Perceval]]]]
[[File:Mayer Amschel Rothschild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]]]]
[[File:Mayer Amschel Rothschild.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]]]]
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Robert Craufurd]], British general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. [[1764]])
* [[January 23]] [[Robert Craufurd]], British general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. [[1764]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Isaac Swainson]], English botanist (b. [[1746]])
* [[February 2]] [[Isaac Titsingh]], Dutch scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador (b. [[1745]])
* [[March 11]] &ndash; [[Philip James de Loutherbourg]], English artist (b. [[1740]])
* [[March 7]] [[Isaac Swainson]], English botanist (b. [[1746]])
* [[March 11]] – [[Philip James de Loutherbourg]], English artist (b. [[1740]])
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|4th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1739]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Edmond Malone]], Irish scholar (b. [[1741]])
* [[April 14]] [[William Nicholas (officer)]], English army officer, at the [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Siege of Badajoz]] (b. [[1785]])
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Spencer Perceval]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (assassinated) (b. [[1762]])
* [[April 15]] [[Michael Atkins]], Irish actor and theatre manager (b. [[1746]])
* [[April 20]] – [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|4th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1739]])
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Martha Ballard]], American diarist, midwife (b. [[1734]] or [[1735]])
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[John Bellingham]], British assassin of Spencer Perceval (b. [[1769]])
* [[April 25]] [[Edmond Malone]], Irish scholar (b. [[1741]])
* [[May 11]] – [[Spencer Perceval]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] ([[Assassination of Spencer Perceval|assassinated]]) (b. [[1762]])
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]], German banker (b. [[1744]])
* [[May 12]]
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Emanuel Schikaneder]] German dramatist, actor, and singer (b. [[1751]])
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Juana Galán]], Spanish heroine (b. [[1787]])
** [[Martha Ballard]], American diarist and midwife (b. [[1734]] or [[1735]])
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Isaac Brock]], British general (killed in action) (b. [[1769]])
** [[Charles Sturt (1763–1812)|Charles Sturt]], English politician (b. [[1763]])
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[Sacagawea]], Shoshone guide (b. ca. [[1788]])
* [[May 18]] [[John Bellingham]], British assassin of Spencer Perceval (b. [[1769]])
* [[May 27]] – [[Manuela Gandarillas]], Bolivian freedom fighter (born c. 1740s)<ref>[http://www.oas.org/en/americas/default.asp ''Américas''], vol.52, pp.28, 31, Organization of American States, 2000.</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[George Beck (artist)|George Beck]], American artist, poet (b. [[1749]])
* [[July 4]] – [[Victurnien-Jean-Baptiste de Rochechouart de Mortemart]], French general and politician (b. [[1752]])
* [[August 1]] – [[Yakov Kulnev]], Russian military leader (b. [[1763]]).
* [[August 12]] – [[Anna Strong (spy)|Anna Strong]], Patriot spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. [[1740]])
* [[August 30]] – [[George Mathews (Georgia)|George Mathews]], American army officer and politician (b. [[1739]])
* [[September 13]] – [[Leonardo Bravo (general officer)|Leonardo Bravo]], Mexican general who fought in the [[Mexican War of Independence]], father of [[Nicolas Bravo]], executed (b. [[1764]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mexicolindoyquerido.com.mx/mexico2/science/60-biografias-de-la-independencia-de-mexico/1753-biografia-de-leonardo-bravo|title=Biografía de Leonardo Bravo|date=April 25, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2019|publisher=Mexico Lindo y Querido|language=es}}</ref>
* [[September 19]]
** [[Auguste-Jean-Gabriel de Caulaincourt]], French general (b. [[1777]])
** [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]], German banker (b. [[1744]])
* [[September 21]] – [[Emanuel Schikaneder]], German dramatist, actor and singer (b. [[1751]])
* [[September 24]]
** [[Pyotr Bagration]], Russian general and prince of Georgian origin (b. [[1765]])
** [[Juana Galán]], Spanish heroine (b. [[1787]])
* [[October 13]] – [[Isaac Brock]], British general (killed in action) (b. [[1769]])
* [[December 15]] – [[Schneur Zalman]], Polish rabbi and founder of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement (b. [[1745]])
* [[December 20]] – [[Sacagawea]], Shoshone guide (b. ca. [[1788]])
* [[December 24]] – [[George Beck (artist)|George Beck]], American artist and poet (b. [[1749]])

== See also ==
* [[1784]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 154: Line 174:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Historical Reference Book |author=[[Louis Heilprin]] |location=New York |publisher= D. Appleton and Company |year=1885 |chapter= Chronological Table of Universal History |chapterurl= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89097349187?urlappend=%3Bseq=145 |quote=1812 |via=Hathi Trust }}
* {{cite book |title=Historical Reference Book |author=Louis Heilprin |author-link=Louis Heilprin |location=New York |publisher= D. Appleton and Company |year=1885 |chapter= Chronological Table of Universal History |hdl=2027/wu.89097349187?urlappend=%3Bseq=145 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89097349187?urlappend=%3Bseq=145 |quote=1812 |via=Hathi Trust }}


{{DEFAULTSORT:1812}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1812}}
[[Category:1812| ]]
[[Category:1812| ]]

[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]
[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]

Latest revision as of 19:31, 22 December 2024

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
May 11: British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated.
September 15: Moscow's Military Governor Rostopchin orders the Russian capital to be evacuated and burned down in advance of Napoleon's invasion.
1812 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1812
MDCCCXII
Ab urbe condita2565
Armenian calendar1261
ԹՎ ՌՄԿԱ
Assyrian calendar6562
Balinese saka calendar1733–1734
Bengali calendar1219
Berber calendar2762
British Regnal year52 Geo. 3 – 53 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar2356
Burmese calendar1174
Byzantine calendar7320–7321
Chinese calendar辛未年 (Metal Goat)
4509 or 4302
    — to —
壬申年 (Water Monkey)
4510 or 4303
Coptic calendar1528–1529
Discordian calendar2978
Ethiopian calendar1804–1805
Hebrew calendar5572–5573
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1868–1869
 - Shaka Samvat1733–1734
 - Kali Yuga4912–4913
Holocene calendar11812
Igbo calendar812–813
Iranian calendar1190–1191
Islamic calendar1226–1227
Japanese calendarBunka 9
(文化9年)
Javanese calendar1738–1739
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4145
Minguo calendar100 before ROC
民前100年
Nanakshahi calendar344
Thai solar calendar2354–2355
Tibetan calendar阴金羊年
(female Iron-Goat)
1938 or 1557 or 785
    — to —
阳水猴年
(male Water-Monkey)
1939 or 1558 or 786
March 16April 6: Siege of Badajoz

1812 (MDCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1812th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 812th year of the 2nd millennium, the 12th year of the 19th century, and the 3rd year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1812, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]
  • January 1 – The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire.[1]
  • January 19Peninsular War: The French-held fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo is stormed by the Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington.[2]
  • February 7 – The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8.[3]
  • February 12Napoleon authorizes the usage of Mesures usuelles, the basis of the metric system.[4]
  • February 13 – The first Chilean newspaper Aurora de Chile deals with political philosophy, and stands in favor of the new national government.[5]
  • February 27
    • Argentine War of Independence: Manuel Belgrano raises the Flag of Argentina (which he designed) in the city of Rosario, for the first time.Luna, Félix (2004). Grandes protagonistas de la Historia Argentina: Manuel Belgrano (in Spanish). Argentina: Grupo Editorial Planeta. p. 77. ISBN 950-49-1247-8.
    • English poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the British House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against industrialism, in his home county of Nottinghamshire.[6]
  • February 24 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris, a military alliance.[7]
  • March 14 – Prussia and Austria sign the Treaty of Paris.[7]
  • March 15Luddites attack the wool-processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire.
  • March 16April 6Siege of Badajoz (Peninsular War): The Anglo-Portuguese Army, under the Earl of Wellington, besieges Badajoz, Spain and forces the surrender of the French garrison.[8]
  • March 19 – The Cortes of Cádiz creates the first modern Spanish constitution.[9]
  • March 26
The original Gerrymander

April–June

[edit]

July–September

[edit]

October–December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]
Charles Dickens
Henry Wilson
Fernando Wood
Louisa Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn

Deaths

[edit]
Spencer Perceval
Mayer Amschel Rothschild

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "ÖNB-ALEX - Justizgesetzsammlung". alex.onb.ac.at. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  2. ^ lipscombe (2019). "The Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo 1810 & 1812" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  3. ^ The Enigma of the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812. Johnston, A. C. & Schweig, E. S. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 24, 1996, pp. 339–384. Available on SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
  4. ^ Denis Février. "Un historique du mètre" (in French). Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  5. ^ John J. Johnson (September 1944). "Early Relations of the United States with Chile". The Pacific Historical Review (JSTOR). 13 (3): 266. doi:10.2307/3635952. JSTOR 3635952.
  6. ^ "Frame Work Bill. (Hansard, 27 February 1812)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 27 February 1812. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  7. ^ a b Koch, Hannsjoachim W. (2014) [1978]. A History of Prussia. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 193–194.
  8. ^ Fletcher, Ian (2001). In Hell before Daylight: The Siege and Storming of the Castle of Badajoz, March–April 1812. Spellmount Ltd. ISBN 1-873376-26-X.
  9. ^ Thiessen, Heather. "Spain: Constitution of 1812." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 165. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  10. ^ Griffith, Elmer (1907). The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander. Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Co. pp. 72–73. OCLC 45790508.
  11. ^ "Nacimiento de una nación; Terremoto de 1812" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 20, 2006.
  12. ^ "Helsinki 200: 8 April 1812 Emperor Alexander I promotes Helsinki to the capital of the Grand Duchy". Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  13. ^ Treherne, Philip (1909). The Right Honourable Spencer Perceval. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 193–194. OCLC 5825009. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08.
  14. ^ Lieven, D. C. B. (2010). Russia against Napoleon. Viking. p. 134. ISBN 9780670021574. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  15. ^ Toll, Ian W. (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5. OCLC 70291925.
  16. ^ Kuehn, John T. (26 October 2008). "The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon Against Kutuzov (review)". The Journal of Military History. 72 (4): 1295–1296. doi:10.1353/jmh.0.0141. ISSN 1543-7795. S2CID 161057504. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p. 67
  18. ^ I. Daniel Rupp, History of Lancaster County: To which is Prefixed a Brief Sketch of the Early History of Pennsylvania
  19. ^ (Gilbert Hillis, 1844; reprinted by Heritage Books, 1990) p. 434
  20. ^ "History". Loterías y Apuestas del Estado. Retrieved 2024-12-11.
  21. ^ Norman Page (1999). Charles Dickens: Family History. Psychology Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-415-22233-4.
  22. ^ The Ministers Manual: A Study and Pulpit Guide. Harper. 1961. p. 5.
  23. ^ The New Kobbé's Opera Book. Ebury Press. 1997. p. 231. ISBN 9780091814106.
  24. ^ John Bryson (1967). Robert Browning. British Council and the National Book League. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-582-01106-9.
  25. ^ John Lehmann (1977). Edward Lear and his World. p. 10.
  26. ^ Américas, vol.52, pp.28, 31, Organization of American States, 2000.
  27. ^ "Biografía de Leonardo Bravo" (in Spanish). Mexico Lindo y Querido. April 25, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2019.

Further reading

[edit]