Maghrebis: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Source does not mention Judaism, Spanish and Italian are not spoken widely |
m Just linked the tag to it's the page Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| (294 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Inhabitants of Maghreb region}} |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} |
|||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} |
|||
{{Infobox ethnic group |
{{Infobox ethnic group |
||
| image = |
|||
| group = Maghrebis<br />{{lang|ar|مغاربة}} <small>''{{transl|ar|Mġārba}}''</small><br/>{{lang|ber|ⵎⴰⴳⵕⵉⴱⵉ}} <small>''{{transl|ber|Maɣṛbi}}''</small> |
|||
| group = Maghrebis |
|||
| population = <!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] --> |
|||
| native_name = {{lang|ar|المغاربيون}}<br/>{{transl|ar|al-Māghāribiyyun}} |
|||
| popplace = [[Maghreb]] |
|||
| population = |
|||
| region1 = {{Flag|Algeria}} |
|||
| popplace = [[Maghreb]] |
|||
| pop1 = 40,400,000<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2016/04/19/97001-20160419FILWWW00348-l-algerie-compte-40-millions-d-habitants.php]</ref> |
|||
| |
| region1 = {{Flag|Algeria}} |
||
| pop1 = 45,917,000<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/algeria-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Algeria,the%20latest%20United%20Nations%20data.| title=Algeria Population (LIVE)| date=2021-10-10| access-date=10 October 2021| archive-date=23 February 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223154930/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/algeria-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Algeria,the%20latest%20United%20Nations%20data.| url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
| pop2 = 35,968,361<ref>without [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]</ref> |
|||
| |
| region2 = {{Flag|Morocco}} |
||
| |
| pop2 = 38,670,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/morocco-population/|title=Morocco Population (2021) - Worldometer|access-date=8 January 2021|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026160119/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/morocco-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
| |
| region3 = {{Flag|Tunisia}} |
||
| pop3 = 12,135,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|title=Libya|author=CIA World Factbook.|access-date=5 February 2013|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
| pop4 =6 million<ref>"Estimé à six millions d'individus, l'histoire de leur enracinement, processus toujours en devenir, suscite la mise en avant de nombreuses problématiques...", « Être Maghrébins en France » in Les Cahiers de l’Orient, n° 71, troisième trimestre 2003</ref><ref>Maghreb people represent 45% of people born in Arab countries who emigrated to Europe and N.America, they are 41% of the all Immigrants in Europe</ref><ref>[http://css.escwa.org.lb/sdd/docs/TMMIGE.pdf css.escwa.org]</ref> |
|||
| |
| region4 = {{Flag|Libya}} |
||
| pop4 = 7,112,000<ref>"Estimé à six millions d'individus, l'histoire de leur enracinement, processus toujours en devenir, suscite la mise en avant de nombreuses problématiques...", « Être Maghrébins en France » in Les Cahiers de l'Orient, n° 71, troisième trimestre 2003</ref><ref>Maghreb people represent 45% of people born in Arab countries who emigrated to Europe and N.America, they are 41% of the all Immigrants in Europe</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://css.escwa.org.lb/sdd/docs/TMMIGE.pdf |title=css.escwa.org |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317085558/http://css.escwa.org.lb/sdd/docs/TMMIGE.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
|||
| pop5 = 6,244,174<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html|title=Libya|author=CIA World Factbook.|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> |
|||
| |
| region5 = {{Flag|France}} |
||
| pop5 = 5,326,000<ref name="Insee">{{cite web | title=Immigrés et descendants d'immigrés | website=Insee | url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4797578 | language=fr | access-date=12 Nov 2022 | archive-date=12 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112180549/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4797578 | url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
| pop6 = 3,537,368<ref name=census>{{cite report |date=July 2015 |title=Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat (RGPH) 2013 |language=fr |chapter=1: Répartition spatiale de la population |chapter-url=http://www.ons.mr/images/rgph2013/Chapitres_RGPH_Fr/Chapitre01_R%C3%A9partition_spatiale_fr.pdf |page=v |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mauritania |accessdate=20 December 2015 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
|||
| |
| region6 = {{Flag|Mauritania}} |
||
| pop6 = 4,975,000<ref name=census>{{cite report |date=July 2015 |title=Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH) 2013 |language=fr |chapter=1: Répartition spatiale de la population |chapter-url=http://www.ons.mr/images/rgph2013/Chapitres_RGPH_Fr/Chapitre01_R%C3%A9partition_spatiale_fr.pdf |page=v |publisher=National Statistical Office of Mauritania |access-date=20 December 2015 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
|||
| pop7 = 141,660<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |author=[[Statistics Canada]] |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> |
|||
| region7 = {{Flag|Israel}} |
|||
| languages = {{flatlist| |
|||
| pop7 = 750,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAFR/MFA-Archive/Pages/Les%20Maghrebins%20en%20Israel.aspx|title=Les Maghrebins en Israel|language=fr|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920051014/https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAFR/MFA-Archive/Pages/Les%20Maghrebins%20en%20Israel.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>-950,000<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2008-6-page-131.htm |title=Les immigrés juifs maghrébins en Israël |journal=Migrations Société |year=2008 |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=131–154 |language=fr |last1=Sharaby |first1=Rachel |last2=Wenden |first2=Catherine Wihtol de |last3=Giovanella |first3=Myrna |doi=10.3917/migra.120.0131 |doi-access=free |access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626071521/https://www.cairn.info/revue-migrations-societe-2008-6-page-131.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
[[Maghrebi Arabic]] dialects<br>[[Berber languages]]<br>[[Maghreb French]] |
|||
| region8 = {{Flag|Canada}}{{ref label|c|c}} |
|||
}} |
|||
| pop8 = 274,425<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035501&geocode=A000011124 | title=Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories | date=14 July 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|religions = Predominantly [[Islam]]<br>([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]; also [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]], [[Ibadi]])<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">[https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census]</ref> |
|||
| languages = {{ubl|[[Maghrebi Arabic]]|[[Berber languages]] }} |
|||
|related = [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]], [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]], [[Berbers]], other [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]-speaking peoples<!-- immediate relations per [[Template:Infobox ethnic group]] --> |
|||
| religions = {{ubl|Predominantly: [[Sunni Islam]]|Minority: [[Maghrebi Jews|Judaism]], [[Ibadi Islam]]; [[Christianity]]<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background">{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087 |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131231859/http://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |url-status=live |last1=Miller |first1=Duane A. }}</ref>}} |
|||
|footnotes ={{note label|en|a}} Primarily in [[France]], where nearly half of all Maghrebis in Europe reside.<br>Population statistics from the [https://www.webcitation.org/6BNNjndve?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html CIA World factbook (July 2011 pop est.)] |
|||
| footnotes = {{note label|a|a}} Without [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]].{{ubl|{{note label|b|b}} Primarily in [[France]], where nearly half of all Maghrebis in Europe reside.|{{note label|c|c}} Primarily in [[Quebec]], which has the largest Maghrebi community in North America.|Population statistics from the [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ CIA World factbook (July 2011 pop est.)] }} |
|||
}}}} |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Maghrebis''' or '''Maghrebians''' are the |
'''Maghrebis''' or '''Maghrebians''' ({{langx|ar|المغاربيون|translit=al-Māghāribiyyun}}) are the inhabitants of the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambergh.com/learn-arabic/the-arab-world |title=The Arab world |publisher=AMBergh Education |quote=The North African part of the Arab World to the west of Egypt and Sudan is known as the Maghreb (gharb meaning west). |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503143544/http://www.ambergh.com/learn-arabic/the-arab-world |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a modern [[Arabic]] term meaning "Westerners", denoting their location in the western part of the [[Arab world]]. Maghrebis are predominantly of [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Berbers|Berber]] origins.[<nowiki/>[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] |
||
== Name == |
|||
Maghrebis were known in ancient and medieval times as the [[Roman Africans]] or [[Moors]]. The word ''Moor'' is of [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA560 |title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936 |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09796-4 |pages=560 |language=en}}</ref> The etymology of the word can be traced back to the Phoenician term ''Mahurin'', meaning "Westerners", from which the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] derive ''Mauro'', and from which [[Latin]] derives ''[[Mauri]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skutsch |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
The Arabic term [[wiktionary:مغرب|''maghrib'']] ({{Langx|ar|مغرب}}) was given by the first Muslim Arab settlers to the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|recently conquered region]] located west of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] capital of [[Damascus]] in the 7th century AD.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IektAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1071 |title=The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology |last2=Lane |first2=Paul |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-162615-9 |pages=1071 |language=en}}</ref> It initially referred to the area extending from [[Alexandria]] in the east to the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the west.<ref name="HareirMbaye2011">{{cite book |author1=Idris El Hareir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA375 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |author2=Ravane Mbaye |publisher=UNESCO |year=2011 |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |pages=375–376}}</ref> |
|||
==Religion== |
==Religion== |
||
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}} |
|||
Historic records of religion in the Maghreb region show its gradual inclusion in the Classical World, with coastal colonies established first by Phoenicians, some Greeks, and later extensive conquest and colonization by the Romans. By the 2nd century common era, the area had become a center of Latin-speaking Christianity. Both Roman settlers and Romanized populations converted to Christianity. The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer [[Tertullian]] (c. 155 – c. 202); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as [[Cyprian|St Cyprian of Carthage]] (+ 258); [[Saint Monica]]; her son the philosopher [[Augustine of Hippo]] (+ 430) (1); and [[Julia of Corsica]] (5th century). The region was a birthplace of many Christians movements like [[arianism]] and [[donatism]], now casted-off. |
|||
[[File:Tertullian.jpg|thumb|Maghrebi Berber theologian [[Tertullian]]]] |
|||
The domination of Christianity ended when Arab invasions brought Islam in 647. Carthage fell in 698 and the remainder of the region followed in subsequent decades. Gradual Islamization proceeded, although surviving letters showed correspondence from regional Christians to Rome up until the 9th century. Christianity was still a living faith. Christian bishoprics and dioceses continued to be active, with relations continuing with Rome. As late as [[Pope Benedict VII]] (974-983) reign, a new Archbishop of Carthage was consecrated. Evidence of Christianity in the region then faded through the 10th century. |
|||
Historic records of religion in the Maghreb region show its gradual inclusion in the [[Classical antiquity|Classical World]], with coastal colonies established first by [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]], [[Greeks]], and later extensive conquest and rule by the [[Roman people|Romans]]. By the 2nd century common era, the area had become a center of Latin-speaking Christianity. Both Roman settlers and Romanized Berbers converted to Christianity. The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer [[Tertullian]] ({{circa}} 155 – {{circa}} 202); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as [[Cyprian|St Cyprian of Carthage]] ({{circa}} 210 – 258); [[Saint Monica]]; her son the philosopher [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354 – 430); and [[Julia of Corsica]] (5th century). The region was a birthplace of many Christians movements like [[Arianism]] and [[Donatism]], now cast-off.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} |
|||
During the seventh century, the region's peoples began their nearly total conversion to Islam. There is a small but thriving Jewish community, as well as a small Christian community. Most Muslims follow the [[Maliki]] school of [[Sunni Islam]]. Small [[Ibadi]] communities remain in some areas. A strong tradition of venerating [[marabout]]s and saints' tombs is found throughout regions inhabited by Berbers. Any map of the region demonstrates the tradition by the proliferation of "[[sidi]]"s, showing places named after the marabouts. Like some other religious traditions, this has substantially decreased over the 20th century. A network of [[Zawiya (institution)|zawiyas]] traditionally helped proliferate basic literacy and knowledge of Islam in rural regions. |
|||
{{multiple image |
|||
| width = 120 |
|||
| image1 = Tertullian.jpg |
|||
| alt1 = Tertullian |
|||
| caption1 = [[Tertullian]] |
|||
| image2 = Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg |
|||
| alt2 = Saint Augustine and Saint Monica |
|||
| caption2 = [[Saint Augustine]] and [[Saint Monica]] |
|||
}} |
|||
The domination of Christianity ended when Arab invasions brought Islam in 647. Carthage fell in 698 and the remainder of the region followed in subsequent decades. Gradual Islamization proceeded, although surviving letters showed correspondence from regional Christians to Rome up until the 9th century. Christianity was still a living faith. Christian bishoprics and dioceses continued to be active, with relations continuing with Rome. As late as [[Pope Benedict VII]] (974-983) reign, a new Archbishop of Carthage was consecrated. Evidence of Christianity in the region then faded through the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUMSywEACAAJ|isbn = 9781683072874|title = Christianity in North Africa and West Asia|date = May 2020|publisher = Hendrickson Publ}}</ref> |
|||
During the seventh century, the region's peoples began their nearly total conversion to [[Islam]]. There was a small but thriving [[Arab Jews|Local Jewish]] community, as well as a small [[Arab Christians|Local Christian]] community. Most Muslims follow the [[Maliki school|Maliki]] school of [[Sunni Islam]]. Small [[Ibadi Islam|Ibadi]] communities remain in some areas. A strong tradition of venerating [[marabout]]s and saints' tombs is found throughout regions inhabited by Berbers. Any map of the region demonstrates the tradition by the proliferation of "[[sidi]]"s, showing places named after the marabouts. Like some other religious traditions, this has substantially decreased over the 20th century. A network of [[Zawiya (institution)|zawiyas]] traditionally helped proliferate basic literacy and knowledge of Islam in rural regions. |
|||
Recently, the Christian community of Berber or Arab descent has experienced significant growth, and conversions to Christianity, especially to [[Evangelicalism]], is common in [[Algeria]],<ref>*{{ |
Recently, the Christian community of Berber or Arab descent has experienced significant growth, and conversions to Christianity, especially to [[Evangelicalism]], is common in [[Algeria]],<ref>*{{in lang|fr}} [http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja, ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=18 October 2017 }}</ref> especially in the [[Kabylia|Kabylie]],<ref>[[Lucien Oulahbib]], ''Le monde arabe existe-t-il ?'', page 12, 2005, Editions de Paris, Paris.</ref> [[Morocco]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html |title=Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008-2011) |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301151201/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=report>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309212647/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm |date=9 March 2021 }}. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to [[Christianity in Algeria]].<ref name="Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background"/> |
||
==Culture== |
==Culture== |
||
{{Main |
{{Main|Music of the Maghreb|Berber music|Maghreb cuisine|Berber cuisine}} |
||
==Diaspora== |
==Diaspora== |
||
===France=== |
===France=== |
||
Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France]] and Mediterranean regions. Many famous French people like [[Édith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5]</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]] and many others have Maghrebi ancestry. |
Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France]] and Mediterranean regions. Many famous French people like [[Édith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5]</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], [[Gérald Darmanin]] and many others have Maghrebi ancestry. |
||
According to [[Michel Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], there were more than 4.6 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one Maghrebi grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in |
According to [[Michel Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], there were more than 4.6 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one Maghrebi grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2011 (3 million in 1999).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html « Mariages « mixtes » et immigration en France »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html |date=14 September 2011 }}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, « Une estimation des populations d'origine étrangère en France en 2011 », Espace populations sociétés, 2015/1-2, [http://eps.revues.org/6073 en ligne] {{Webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170212021528/http://eps.revues.org/6073 |date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> Below is a table of population of Maghrebi origin in France in 2011, numbers are in thousands: |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
!Country of origin (2011) |
!Country of origin (2011) |
||
!Immigrants |
!Immigrants |
||
!1st generation born in France |
!1st generation born in France |
||
!2nd generation born in France (aged under 60 only) |
!2nd generation born in France (aged under 60 only) |
||
!Total |
!Total |
||
| Line 79: | Line 95: | ||
|'''4 631''' |
|'''4 631''' |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Note |
Note: for second generation born in France only individuals under 60 are taken into account. |
||
According to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques]] (the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies), 16% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 have at least one Maghrebi grandparent born in the Greater Maghreb.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ref/FPORSOC11d_VE22Immig.pdf Les immigrés, les descendants d'immigrés et leurs enfants], Pascale Breuil-Genier, Catherine Borrel, Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee 2011</ref> |
According to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques]] (the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies), 16% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 have at least one Maghrebi grandparent born in the Greater Maghreb.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ref/FPORSOC11d_VE22Immig.pdf Les immigrés, les descendants d'immigrés et leurs enfants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708005009/http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ref/FPORSOC11d_VE22Immig.pdf |date=8 July 2012 }}, Pascale Breuil-Genier, Catherine Borrel, Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee 2011</ref> |
||
In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) were about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France]], 13% in [[Lyon]], 21% in [[Perpignan]], 22% in the [[departments of France|department]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], 37% in [[18th arrondissement of Paris]] and 40% in several arrondissements of [[Marseille]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°126, p.436</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> |
In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) were about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France]], 13% in [[Lyon]], 21% in [[Perpignan]], 22% in the [[departments of France|department]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]], 37% in [[18th arrondissement of Paris]] and 40% in several arrondissements of [[Marseille]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°126, p.436</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> |
||
{| class="wikitable |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
!2005 |
!2005 |
||
![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] |
![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] |
||
| Line 104: | Line 120: | ||
|} |
|} |
||
According to other sources between 5 and 8 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France, and between 150,000 and 300,000 people of Maghrebin origin live in |
According to other sources between 5 and 8 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France, and between 150,000 and 300,000 people of Maghrebin origin live in Canada.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jean-Baptiste |last1=Drouet |author2=Alex Masson |date=December 2008 |title=Culture Le cinéma français est-il raciste ? |language=French |url=http://bworldconnection.com/culture.html?idA=175&rub=Culture |journal=[[:fr:Première (magazine)|Première]] |pages=75–78 |access-date=14 January 2009 |archive-date=14 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214075221/http://bworldconnection.com/culture.html?idA=175&rub=Culture |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
==Anthropology== |
|||
Various disciplines shed light on the origin of the Maghrebis (both Berber and Arabic-speakers). |
|||
===Physical anthropology=== |
|||
North-Africans are defined as Mediterraneans with moderate Alpinid and Nordic elements.<ref>Marie-Claude Chamla in ''Physical Anthropology of European Populations'', Mouton, 1980, p.264: "Basically, there are three main types to be found (...). The Mediterranean element is always the major one making up about three-quarters of the population , and it appears to have three recognizable variants: (1) an Ibero-insular type (...); (2) an Atlanto-Mediterranean type (...); (3) finally, a type called "Saharan", rather infrequent (...). A second element which is fundamental but not widespread has been classed as Alpine by certain authors. (...) They constitute about one-tenth of the population, but it does not seem that they can be confused with the European Alpine type (...). A third element with Armenoid ties characterizes less than ten percent of the subjects (...). Beside these classes, some traces of the ancient [[Mechta-Afalou]] type can be found (...)."</ref> A significant proportion of the Rif Berbers, Kabyles and Chouias have blue or green eyes.<ref>Marie-Claude Chamla in ''Physical Anthropology of European Populations'', Mouton, 1980, p.265-66 :"Green or light chestnut-colored eyes can frequently be found in the mountains areas (Kabylie and especially aures) and in the high plains of the east. This relative frequency of "mixed" colored eyes is not peculiar to Algerians but is apparent in other countries of Northwest Africa as well, especially in Morocco (...) The frequency of pale-colored eyes (blue and gray), varies from two to fifteen percent according to the region concerned"</ref> |
|||
===Genetic evidence=== |
|||
The genetic proximity observed between the North-Africans and [[Southern Europe]]ans is due to the fact that both these groups shared a common ancestor either in the [[Upper Paleolithic]], in the [[Neolithic]] or alternatively during history with the invasion and the occupation during nearly seven centuries of the Iberian Peninsula by Moorish troops.<ref name=pmid19053990>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x |pmid=19053990 |title=The Complex and Diversified Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Berber Populations |date=March 2009 |author=Coudray C |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=196–214 |issn=0003-4800 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Olivieri A |author3=Achilli A |display-authors=3 |last4=Pala |first4=M. |last5=Melhaoui |first5=M. |last6=Cherkaoui |first6=M. |last7=El-Chennawi |first7=F. |last8=Kossmann |first8=M. |last9=Torroni |first9=A. |ref=harv}}</ref> A genetic study published in January 2012 stated that the indigenous Northwest African ancestry appears most closely related to populations outside of Africa but "divergence between Maghrebi peoples and Near Eastern/Europeans likely precedes the [[Holocene]] (>12,000 ya)."<ref name=plosg1201>{{cite journal | url = http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002397 | doi= 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397 | title=Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations |date=January 2012 | author= Henn BM | journal= PLOS Genetics |name-list-format=vanc| author2 = Botigué LR | author3 = Gravel S | author4 = Wang W | author5 = Brisbin A | display-authors = 5 | editor1-last = Schierup | editor1-first = Mikkel H. | last6 = Byrnes | first6 = Jake K. | last7 = Fadhlaoui-Zid | first7 = Karima | last8 = Zalloua | first8 = Pierre A. | last9 = Moreno-Estrada | first9 = Andres | volume = 8 | pages = e1002397 | pmid = 22253600 | issue = 1 | pmc = 3257290 | ref = harv }}</ref> |
|||
====Y-chromosome DNA==== |
|||
The Y-chromosome genetic structure of the Maghreb population seems to be mainly modulated by geography. The Y-DNA [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup E1b1b-M215]] and [[haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]], which are common among Afroasiatic-speaking populations in Africa and the Middle East, are frequent in the Maghreb; especially the haplogroup E-M215 (formerly E1b1b1b, E-M81 and E3b1b) which is typical of the indigenous Berber populations. In some parts of Tunisia, E1b1b-M215 can peak at 100% of the population. Followed by Haplogroup J, especially [[Haplogroup J-M267]]<ref>combined (Semino et al. 2004 30%) & (Arredi et al. 2004 32%)</ref> [http://www.cell.com/AJHG/retrieve/pii/S0002929707643663], which is typically Middle Eastern, which can reach frequencies of 40% in the region,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alshamali F, Pereira L, Budowle B, Poloni ES, Currat M |title=Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity |journal=Hum. Hered. |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |year=2009 |pmid=19339785 |doi=10.1159/000210448 |url=http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000210448 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">*Alshamali et al. 2009 81% (84/104) *Malouf et al. 2008: 70% (28/40) *Cadenas et al. 2008:45/62 = 72.6% J1-M267</ref> and has its highest density founded in the southwestern Arabian Peninsula,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Followed by [[Haplogroup R1]]<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17909833 | doi=10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 | volume=122 | title=Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample | date=May 2008 | journal=Int. J. Legal Med. | pages=251–5 | last1 = Robino | first1 = C | last2 = Crobu | first2 = F | last3 = Di Gaetano | first3 = C | display-authors = 3 | last4 = et al}}</ref> which is primarily concentrated in the [[Chad Basin]], though it is also found in the Maghreb at lower frequencies. These Y-DNA haplogroups are observed in both Berber and Arabic speakers. |
|||
The Maghreb [[Y chromosome]] pool (including both Berber and Arabic-speaking populations) may be summarized as follows, where only two haplogroups [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b-M215]] and J comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/319521 |pmid=11254456 |title=High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula |date=April 2001 |author=Bosch E |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1019–29 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1275654 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Calafell F |author3=Comas D |display-authors=3 |last4=Oefner |first4=Peter J. |last5=Underhill |first5=Peter A. |last6=Bertranpetit |first6=Jaume |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/340669 |pmid=11992266 |title=Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa |date=June 2002 |author=Nebel A |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1594–6 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=379148 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Landau-Tasseron E |author3=Filon D |display-authors=3 |last4=Oppenheim |first4=A |last5=Faerman |first5=M |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/386295 |pmid=15069642 |pmc=1181965 |title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area |date=May 2004 |author=Semino O |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1023–34 |last12=King |first12=R |last13=Torroni |first13=A |first14=LL |first15=PA |first16=AS |issn=0002-9297 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Magri C |author3=Benuzzi G |display-authors=3 |last4=Cavalli-Sforza |last5=Underhill |last6=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first4=Alice A. |first5=Nadia |first6=Vincenza |last7=MacCioni |first7=Liliana |last8=Triantaphyllidis |first8=Costas |last9=Shen |first9=Peidong |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Arredi>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/423147 |pmid=15202071 |pmc=1216069 |title=A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa |date=August 2004 |author=Arredi B |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=338–345 |issn=0002-9297 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Poloni ES |author3=Paracchini S |display-authors=3 |last4=Zerjal |first4=T |last5=Fathallah |first5=D |last6=Makrelouf |first6=M |last7=Pascali |first7=V |last8=Novelletto |first8=A |last9=Tylersmith |first9=C |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Cruciani>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/386294 |pmid=15042509 |pmc=1181964 |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa |date=May 2004 |author=Cruciani F |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1014–22 |last12=Vona |first12=G |last13=Aman |first13=R |first14=F |first15=N |first16=M |first17=A |first18=A |first19=R |issn=0002-9297 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=La Fratta R |author3=Santolamazza P |display-authors=3 |last4=Cali |last5=Akar |last6=Richards |last7=Torroni |last8=Novelletto |last9=Scozzari |first4=Daniele |first5=Roberto |first6=Pedro |first7=Elizabeth |first8=Valentina |first9=Eliane Beraud |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Robino>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 |pmid=17909833 |title=Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample |date=May 2008 |author=Robino C |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=251–5 |issn=0937-9827 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Crobu F |author3=Di Gaetano C |display-authors=3 |last4=Bekada |first4=A. |last5=Benhamamouch |first5=S. |last6=Cerutti |first6=N. |last7=Piazza |first7=A. |last8=Inturri |first8=S. |last9=Torre |first9=C. |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173 |title=Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations |date=August 2008 |author=Onofri V |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=235–6 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Alessandrini F |author3=Turchi C |display-authors=3 |last4=Pesaresi |first4=Mauro |last5=Tagliabracci |first5=Adriano |ref=harv}}</ref> |
|||
* [[Haplogroup E1b1b-M215 (Y-DNA)|E-M215]] (mainly E-M81) (50-100%) |
|||
* [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] (mainly J-M267) (0-45%) |
|||
* [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]] (0-15%) |
|||
* Sub-Saharan and other haplogroups (0-8%) |
|||
[[Haplogroup E-Z827]] is the most common Y haplogroup among Maghreb Berbers and Arabs, dominated by its subclade, [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E-M183]]. It is thought to have originated in Northwest Africa 14,200 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M81/|title=E-M81 YTree|website=www.yfull.com}}</ref> Colloquially referred to as the "Berber marker" for its prevalence among [[Mozabite people|Mozabite]], [[Middle Atlas]], [[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] and other Berber groups, E-M81 is also quite common among Maghreb Arab groups (45% in [[Oran]]).<ref name=Robino/> It can reach frequencies of up to 100% in the Greater Maghreb. |
|||
Regarding [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1-M267]], according to a recent study in 2011 about Tunisia, it is significantly more abundant in the urban (31.3%) than in the rural total population (2.5%). According to the authors, these results could be explained supposing that Arabization in Tunisia was a military enterprise, therefore, mainly driven by men that displaced native Berbers to geographically marginal areas but that frequently married Berber women.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ennafaa |Fregel|Khodjet-el-khil|Gonzalez|2011}}</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 75%"; border="1" |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Population''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Nb''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''A/B''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E(xE1b1b)''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E1b1b1''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E-V68''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E-M81''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E-M123''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''F''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''K''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''G''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''I''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''J-M267''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''J-M172''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''R-M420''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''R-M343''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Other''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Study''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|1 [[Algeria]]||156||0||5.78%||0.64%||6.4%||44.23%||1.28%||3.85%||0.64%||0||0||21.8%||0.64%||0.64%||0||14.1%||Bekada et al. (2013)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bekada|first=Asmahan|last2=Fregel|first2=Rosa|last3=Cabrera|first3=Vicente M.|last4=Larruga|first4=José M.|last5=Pestano|first5=José|last6=Benhamamouch|first6=Soraya|last7=González|first7=Ana M.|date=2013-02-19|title=Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0056775|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e56775|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056775|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3576335|pmid=23431392|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856775B}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 2 Algeria/[[Oran]]||102||0||7.9%||0||5.9%||45.1%||0||0||0||0||0||22.5%||4.9%||1%||11.8%||1%||Robino et al. (2008)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, etal |title=Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=251–5 |date=May 2008 |pmid=17909833 |doi=10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 3 Algeria/[[Algiers]]||35||0||2.9%||0||11.4%||42.9%||0||11.8%||2.9%||0||0||22.9%||5.7%||0||0||0||Arredi et al. (2004)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, etal |title=A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=338–45 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15202071 |pmc=1216069 |doi=10.1086/423147}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 4 Algeria/[[Kabyle people|Kabyles]], [[Tizi Ouzou]]||19||0||0||0||0||47.4%||10.5%||10.5%||0||0||0||15.8%||0||0||15.8%||0||Arredi et al. (2004) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 5 Algeria/[[Mozabite people|Mozabites]]||67||0||4.5%||0||1.5%||86.6%||1.5%||0||0||1.5%||0||1.5%||0||0||3%||0||Dugoujon et al. (2009)<ref>Dugoujon J.M., Coudray C., Torroni A., Cruciani F., Scozzari F., Moral P., Louali N., Kossmann M. ''The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities''. In: {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=D'Errico|first1=Francesco|last2=Hombert|first2=Jean Marie|title=Becoming Eloquent: Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_cac38pfmAC&pg=PT129|year=2009|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|isbn=90-272-3269-5}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|6 Algeria/[[Reguibat tribe|Reguibat]]||60||0||0||5%||0||80%||0||1.67%||0||0||0||10%||0||0||0||3.33%||Bekada et al. (2015) <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bekada|first=Asmahan|last2=Arauna|first2=Lara R.|last3=Deba|first3=Tahria|last4=Calafell|first4=Francesc|last5=Benhamamouch|first5=Soraya|last6=Comas|first6=David|date=2015-09-24|title=Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=9|pages=e0138453|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138453|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4581715|pmid=26402429|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038453B}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 7 Tunisia/[[Tunis]]||148||0||2%||3.4%||5.4%||37.8%||2.7%||4.7%||0.7%||0||0||32.4%||3.4%||0.7%||6.1%||0.7%||Arredi et al. (2004) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 8 [[Tunisia]]||52||0||0||9.6%||15.4%||32.7%||0||1.9%||1.9%||0||0||34.6%||3.8%||0||0||0||Onofri et al. (2008) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 9 Tunisia/Bou Omrane||40||0||5%||0||5%||87.5%||0||2.5%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||Ennafaa et al. (2011)<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ennafaa | last2=Fregel | last3=Khodjet-el-khil|last4=Gonzalez|year=2011|title=Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia| journal=Journal of Human Genetics|url=http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/jhg201192a.html|volume=56|issue=|doi=10.1038/jhg.2011.92|pages=734–41|pmid=21833004 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 10 Tunisia/Bou Saad||40||0||0||0||0||92.5%||0||0||0||0||0||5%||0||0||0||2.5%||Ennafaa et al. (2011) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 11 Tunisia/Jerbian cosmopolitan||46||2.2%||0||0||15.2%||60.9%||4.3%||0||0||0||0||8.7%||2.2%||4.3%||2.2%||0||Ennafaa et al. (2011) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 12 Tunisia/Jerbian Berbers||47||0||0||0||17%||76.6%||0||4.25%||2.1%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||Ennafaa et al. (2011) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 13 Tunisia/Chenini–Douiret Berbers ||27||0||0||0||0||100%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fadhlaoui-Zid | first1 = K. | last2 = Martinez-Cruz | first2 = B. | last3 = Khodjet-el-khil | first3 = H. | last4 = Mendizabal | first4 = I. | last5 = Benammar-Elgaaied | first5 = A. | last6 = Comas | first6 = D. | year = 2011 | title = Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21581/full | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 146| issue = | pages = 271–80| doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21581 | pmid = 21915847 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 14 Tunisia/Sened Berbers ||35||0||0||0||0||65.7%||0||2.9%||0||0||0||31.4%||0||0||0||0||Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 15 Tunisia/Jradou Berbers ||32||0||0||0||0||100%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 16 Tunisia/Andalusian Zaghouan||32||0||0||0||3.1%||40.6%||0||9.4%||0||0||0||43.8%||3.1%||0||0||0||Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 17 Tunisia/Cosmopolitan Tunis||33||0||0||3.0%||6.0%||54.5%||3.0%||6.0%||0||3.0%||0||24.2%||0||0||0||0||Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. (2011) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 18 [[Morocco]]||760||0||6.05%||4.21%||6.83%||67.4%||0||0.9%||0.53%||0.66%||0.13%||6.32%||1.32%||0||0||5.65%||Bekada et al. (2013) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 19 Morocco/Sous Berbers||65||0||0||0||0||98.5%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||Reguig et al. (2014)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Reguig,|last2=Nourdin|first2=Harich,|last3=Abdelhamid|first3=Barakat,|last4=Hassan|first4=Rouba,|date=2014-01-01|title=Phylogeography of E1b1b1b-M81 Haplogroup and Analysis of its Subclades in Morocco|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol_preprints/53/|volume=86|issue=2}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 20 Morocco/Amizmiz Valley||33||3%||6.1%||0||3%||84.8%||3%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||Alvarez et al. (2009) |
|||
|- |
|||
| 21 [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]]||89||0||20.2%||0||0||59.55%||0||0||0||0||0||20.22%||0||0||0||0||Fregel et al. (2009)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fregel|first=Rosa|last2=Gomes|first2=Verónica|last3=Gusmão|first3=Leonor|last4=González|first4=Ana M.|last5=Cabrera|first5=Vicente M.|last6=Amorim|first6=António|last7=Larruga|first7=Jose M.|date=2009-08-03|title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|pages=181|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181|issn=1471-2148|pmc=2728732|pmid=19650893}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| 22 Libya/[[Tuareg people|Tuaregs]] from [[Fezzan]]||47||0||42.5%||0||0||48.9%||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||6.4%||2.1%||Ottoni et al. (2011)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ottoni C, Larmuseau MH, Vanderheyden N, Martínez-Labarga C, Primativo G, Biondi G, Decorte R, Rickards O |date=May 2011 | title = Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage | url = | journal = Am J Phys Anthropol | volume = 145 | issue = 1| pages = 118–24 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21473 | pmid = 21312181 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
====Mitochondrial DNA==== |
|||
Many studies<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/430073 |pmid=15791543 |title=Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link |date=May 2005 |author=Achilli A |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=883–6 |last12=Semino |first12=O |last13=Torroni |first13=A |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1199377 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Rengo C |author3=Battaglia V |display-authors=3 |last4=Pala |first4=M |last5=Olivieri |first5=A |last6=Fornarino |first6=S |last7=Magri |first7=C |last8=Scozzari |first8=R |last9=Babudri |first9=N |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/030144601300119106 |pmid=11393336 |title=Human mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the Moroccan population of the Souss area |date=May–June 2001 |author=Brakez Z |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=295–307 |issn=0301-4460 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Bosch E |author3=Izaabel H |display-authors=3 |last4=Akhayat |first4=O. |last5=Comas |first5=D. |last6=Bertranpetit |first6=J. |last7=Calafell |first7=F. |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0028 |pmid=16114817 |title=Female Gene Pools of Berber and Arab Neighboring Communities in Central Tunisia: Microstructure of mtDNA Variation in North Africa |date=February 2005 |author=Cherni L |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |issn=0018-7143 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Loueslati BY |author3=Pereira L |display-authors=3 |last4=Ennafaa |first4=Hajer |last5=Amorim |first5=Antonio |last6=Gaaied |first6=Amel Ben Ammar el |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~genealogiadelamaza/PDF/Bereberes.pdf |title=Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers |date=May 2004 |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |pages=222–33 |pmid=15180702 |last1=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first1=K |last2=Plaza |first2=S |last3=Calafell |first3=F |last4=Ben Amor |first4=M |last5=Comas |first5=D |last6=Bennamar El Gaaied |first6=A |issue=Pt 3 |issn=0003-4800 |last7=Gaaied |first7=El |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/302314 |title=mtDNA Analysis of Nile River Valley Populations: A Genetic Corridor or a Barrier to Migration? |year=1999 |author=Krings, M |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=64 |pages=1166–76 |last2=Salem |first2=A |last3=Bauer |first3=K |last4=Geisert |pmc=1377841 |first4=H |last5=Malek |first5=A |last6=Chaix |first6=L |last7=Simon |first7=C |last8=Welsby |first8=D |last9=Dirienzo |first9=A |pmid=10090902 |issue=4 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>Loueslati et al. 2006{{Verify source|date=September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/302204 |title=The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A Synthesis of Control-Region Sequences and RFLPs |date=Jan 1999 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=64 |pages=232–49 |pmid=9915963 |last1=Macaulay |first1=V |last2=Richards |first2=M |last3=Hickey |first3=E |last4=Vega |first4=E |last5=Cruciani |first5=F |last6=Guida |first6=V |last7=Scozzari |first7=R |last8=Bonné-Tamir |first8=B |last9=Sykes |first9=B |issue=1 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1377722 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1135566 |title=The mtDNA Legacy of the Levantine Early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa |date=Dec 2006 |author=Olivieri, A. |journal=Science |volume=314 |pages=1767–70 |pmid=17170302 |last12=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first12=AS |last13=Semino |first13=O |last14=Bandelt |first14=HJ |last15=Torroni |first15=A |issue=5806 |issn=0036-8075 |last2=Achilli |first2=A |last3=Pala |first3=M |last4=Battaglia |first4=V |last5=Fornarino |first5=S |last6=Al-Zahery |first6=N |last7=Scozzari |first7=R |last8=Cruciani |first8=F |last9=Behar |first9=DM|bibcode = 2006Sci...314.1767O |ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00039.x |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~genealogiadelamaza/PDF/Desde_los_pilares_de_Hercules.pdf |title=Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean |year=2003 |author=Plaza, S. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=67 |pages=312–28 |pmid=12914566 |last2=Calafell |first2=F |last3=Helal |first3=A |last4=Bouzerna |first4=N |last5=Lefranc |first5=G |last6=Bertranpetit |first6=J |last7=Comas |first7=D |issue=Pt 4 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6260531.x |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis of North African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, Near-Eastern, and sub-Saharan populations |date=Nov 1998 |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=62 |pages=531–50 |pmid=10363131 |last1=Rando |first1=JC |last2=Pinto |first2=F |last3=González |first3=AM |last4=Hernández |first4=M |last5=Larruga |first5=JM |last6=Cabrera |first6=VM |last7=Bandelt |first7=HJ |issue=Pt 6 |issn=0003-4800 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt |year=2004 |author=Stevanovitch, A. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |pages=23–39 |pmid=14748828 |last2=Gilles |first2=A |last3=Bouzaid |first3=E |last4=Kefi |first4=R |last5=Paris |first5=F |last6=Gayraud |first6=RP |last7=Spadoni |first7=JL |last8=El-Chenawi |first8=F |last9=Béraud-Colomb |first9=E |issue=Pt 1 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00493.x |title=The Complex and Diversified Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Berber Populations |date=Mar 2009 |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=73 |pages=196–214 |pmid=19053990 |last1=Coudray |first1=C |last2=Olivieri |first2=A |last3=Achilli |first3=A |last4=Pala |first4=M |last5=Melhaoui |first5=M |last6=Cherkaoui |first6=M |last7=El-Chennawi |first7=F |last8=Kossmann |first8=M |last9=Torroni |first9=A |issue=2 |issn=0003-4800 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Cherni2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20979 |title=Post-last glacial maximum expansion from Iberia to North Africa revealed by fine characterization of mtDNA H haplogroup in Tunisia |date=Jun 2009 |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=139 |pages=253–60 |pmid=19090581 |last1=Cherni |first1=L |last2=Fernandes |first2=V |last3=Pereira |first3=JB |last4=Costa |first4=MD |last5=Goios |first5=A |last6=Frigi |first6=S |last7=Yacoubi-Loueslati |first7=B |last8=Amor |first8=MB |last9=Slama |first9=A |issue=2 |issn=0002-9483 |ref=harv}}</ref> have attempted to describe the genetic diversity of North-African populations, evaluating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation and the results may be summarized as follows (data for 536 individuals from 9 populations : Morocco (Asni, Bouhria, Figuig, Souss), Algeria (Mozabites), Tunisia (Chenini-Douiret, Sened, Matmata, Jerba)<ref name=pmid19053990/>): |
|||
* Total Eurasian lineages ([[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup R0 (mtDNA)|HV0]], [[Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)|HV]], [[Haplogroup R (mtDNA)|R0]], [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]], [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]], [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]] (without U6), [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]], [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N1]], [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|N2]], [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)|X]]) : 50-90% with an average of about 5/8 |
|||
* Total sub-Saharan lineages ([[Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)|L0]], [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)|L1]], [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2]], [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)|L3]], [[Haplogroup L4 (mtDNA)|L4-L5]]) : 3-50% with an average of about 2/8 |
|||
* Total North African lineages ([[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U6]], [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M1]]) : 0-35% with an average of about 1/8 |
|||
The North-African mtDna pool is characterized by an "overall high frequency of Western Eurasian haplogroups, a somehow lower frequency of sub-Saharan L lineages, and a significant (but differential) presence of North African haplogroups U6 and M1."<ref name=pmid19053990/> According to Cherni et al. 2009 "the post-Last glacial maximum expansion originating in Iberia not only led to the resettlement of Europe but also of North Africa".<ref name=Cherni2009/> |
|||
According to an Ottoni et al. 2010, besides the "autochthonous" South-Saharan component, the maternal pool of Northern Africa appears to be characterized by at least two other major components: (i) a Levantine contribution (i.e. haplogroups U6 and M1), associated with the return to Africa around 45 kya, and (ii) a more recent West European input associated with the postglacial expansion.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ottoni C | year = 2010 | title = Mitochondrial Haplogroup H1 in North Africa: An Early Holocene Arrival from Iberia | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013378 | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 10| page = e13378 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0013378 |bibcode = 2010PLoSO...513378O |name-list-format=vanc| author2 = Primativo G | author3 = Hooshiar Kashani B | author4 = Achilli A | author5 = Martínez-Labarga C | display-authors = 5 | editor1-last = Kayser | editor1-first = Manfred | last6 = Biondi | first6 = Gianfranco | last7 = Torroni | first7 = Antonio | last8 = Rickards | first8 = Olga | ref = harv | pmid=20975840 | pmc=2958834}}</ref> |
|||
Until recently, some papers suggested that the distribution of the main L haplogroups in North Africa was mainly due to trans-Saharan slave trade.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Harich | year = 2010| url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/138 | title = The trans-Saharan slave trade - clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages }}</ref> However, in September 2010, a thorough study about Berber mtDNA by Frigi ''et al.'' concluded that most of L haplogroups were much older and introduced by an ancient African gene flow around 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Frigi | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_biology/summary/v082/82.4.frigi.html | journal = Human Biology | volume = 82 | issue = 4| page = }}</ref> |
|||
====Autosomal DNA==== |
|||
In an autosomal study in 2012 by Henn et al., the authors conclude that Northwest African populations retain a unique signature of early "Maghrebi" ancestry, but are not a homogeneous group and most display varying combinations of five distinct ancestries (Maghrebi, European, Near Eastern, eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa). The majority of their ancestry derives from populations outside of Africa and is the result of at least three distinct episodes: |
|||
* ancient "back-to-Africa" gene flow prior to the [[Holocene]] |
|||
* more recent gene flow from the Near East resulting in a longitudinal gradient |
|||
* limited but very recent migrations from sub-Saharan Africa. |
|||
They observed two distinct, opposite gradients of ancestry : an east-to-west increase in likely autochthonous Northwest African ancestry likely derived from "back-to-Africa" gene flow more than 12,000 years ago and an east-to-west decrease in likely Near Eastern Arabic ancestry. The indigenous Northwest African ancestry is more frequent in populations with historical Berber ethnicity. They also find significant signatures of sub-Saharan African ancestry that vary substantially among populations. According to the authors "these sub-Saharan ancestries appear to be a recent introduction into Northwest African populations, dating to about 1,200 years ago in southern Morocco and about 750 years ago into Egypt, possibly reflecting the patterns of the trans-Saharan slave trade that occurred during this period".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Henn BM, Botigué LR, Gravel S, Wang W, Brisbin A, etal | year = 2012 | title = Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations | url = http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002397 | journal = PLoS Genet | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = e1002397 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397 | pmid=22253600 | pmc=3257290}}</ref> |
|||
=====Admixture analysis===== |
|||
Recent genetic analysis of North African populations have found that, despite the complex admixture genetic background, there is an autochthonous genomic component which is likely derived from "back-to-Africa" gene flow older than 12,000 years ago (ya) (i.e., prior to the Neolithic migrations). This local population substratum seems to represent a genetic discontinuity with the earliest modern human settlers of North Africa (those with the Aterian industry) given the estimated ancestry is younger than 40,000 years ago. North Morocco, Libya and Egypt carry high proportions of European and Near Eastern ancestral components, whereas Tunisia and Saharawi are those populations with highest autochthonous Northwest African component.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sánchez-Quinto F, Botigué LR, Civit S, Arenas C, Ávila-Arcos MC, etal | year = 2012 | title = North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 10| page = e47765 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0047765 |bibcode = 2012PLoSO...747765S | pmid=23082212 | pmc=3474783}}</ref> |
|||
;Average ancestry proportions in Northwest African populations estimated by ADMIXTURE for k = 4 different ancestries (October 2012)<ref>Sánchez-Quinto F et al. 2012</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1 |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Population''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Greater Maghreb''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Europe''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Near East''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Sub-Saharan Africa''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| Algeria||19||39%||27%||16%||18% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Tunisia ||18||93%||4%||2%||1% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Saharawi ||18||55%||17%||10%||18% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Morocco North||18||44%||31%||14%||11% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Morocco South||16||44%||13%||10%||33% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Libya||17||31%||28%||25%||16% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Egypt||19||19%||37%||30%||14% |
|||
|} |
|||
====Iberia==== |
|||
According to a recent autosomal study in 2013 by Botigué et al. using genome-wide SNP data from over 2,000 individuals, "southwestern European populations averaged between 4% and 20% of their genomes assigned to a Northwest African ancestral cluster, whereas this value did not exceed 2% in southeastern European populations". The highest Northwest African admixture (20%) was found into Canarians while in the Iberian peninsula, the average was 10-12%.<ref>"With the reassuring exception of the Basque population isolate, the Iberian Peninsula showed the greatest imprint. Specifically, southwestern European populations averaged between 4% and 20% of their genomes assigned to a Northwest African ancestral cluster, whereas this value did not exceed 2% in southeastern European populations. " Karl Skorecki and Doron M. Behar, ''[http://www.pnas.org/content/110/29/11668.full North Africans traveling north]'' PNAS July 16, 2013 vol. 110 no. 29 Karl Skorecki, 11668–11669</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Botigué | first1 = LR| year = 2013 | title = Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe | url = http://www.pnas.org/content/110/29/11791.full | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 110 | issue = 29| pages = 11791–11796 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1306223110 | pmid=23733930 | pmc=3718088|display-authors=etal| bibcode=2013PNAS..11011791B}}</ref><ref>David Comas, one of the authors of the study : "La cifra del 20% sólo se da en Canarias, para el resto del país oscila entre el 10% y 12%", [http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2013/06/03/los-espanoles-somos-los-e_n_3379814.html Los españoles somos los europeos con más genes magrebíes], Huffington post, 3 June 2013</ref> |
|||
A similar 2014 autosomal study by Lazaridis et al. found an average [[Africa]]n admixture of 14.8% (12.6% [[Mozabite people|Mozabite]] and 2.2% [[Mbuti]]/[[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]) in the Spanish population, confirming that gene flow from Sub-Saharan and Northwest African populations has occurred in the Spanish sample.<ref name="lazaridis">See Data Supplements, "Table S11.2: Estimates of African admixture in Spanish population", p.65 in {{cite journal | last1 = Lazaridis | display-authors = etal | year = 2014 | title = Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans | url = http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/04/05/001552.DC4/001552-3.pdf | format = PDF | journal = | volume = | issue = | page = | doi = 10.1101/001552 | arxiv = 1312.6639}}</ref> |
|||
In the [[Iberian Peninsula]], Northwest African male haplogroups, especially E1b1b1b (E-M81), E1b1b1a-b (M78 derived chromosomes showing the rare DYS439 allele 10 or E-V65) and a subset of J1 (M267 derived),<ref>Capelli et al. 2008</ref> are found in significant amounts with an average frequency of about 7-8% in the peninsula with frequencies surpassing 10% in some regions, like 18.6% in [[Cantabria]].<ref name=pmid15280900>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225 |title=Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography |date=October 2004 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |pages=855–63 |pmid=15280900 |last1=Flores |first1=C |last2=Maca-Meyer |first2=N |last3=González |first3=AM |last4=Oefner |first4=PJ |last5=Shen |first5=P |last6=Pérez |first6=JA |last7=Rojas |first7=A |last8=Larruga |first8=JM |last9=Underhill |first9=PA |issue=10 |issn=1018-4813 |format=Free full text |ref=harv |url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v12/n10/full/5201225a.html |accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x |title=Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages |date=Mar 2006 |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=70 |pages=181–94 |pmid=16626329 |last1=Beleza |first1=S |last2=Gusmão |first2=L |last3=Lopes |first3=A |last4=Alves |first4=C |last5=Gomes |first5=I |last6=Giouzeli |first6=M |last7=Calafell |first7=F |last8=Carracedo |first8=A |last9=Amorim |first9=A |issue=Pt 2 |issn=0003-4800 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Adams, Susan M. 2008 725">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 |title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula |date=Dec 2008 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=83 |pages=725–36 |pmid=19061982 |last1=Adams |first1=SM |last2=Bosch |first2=E |last3=Balaresque |first3=PL |last4=Ballereau |first4=SJ |last5=Lee |first5=AC |last6=Arroyo |first6=E |last7=López-Parra |first7=AM |last8=Aler |first8=M |last9=Grifo |first9=MS |issue=6 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=2668061 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Capelli2009>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258 |title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe |date=Jun 2009 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |pages=848–52 |pmid=19156170 |last1=Capelli |first1=C |last2=Onofri |first2=V |last3=Brisighelli |first3=F |last4=Boschi |first4=I |last5=Scarnicci |first5=F |last6=Masullo |first6=M |last7=Ferri |first7=G |last8=Tofanelli |first8=S |last9=Tagliabracci |first9=A |issue=6 |issn=1018-4813 |pmc=2947089 |ref=harv}}</ref> |
|||
;Historically introduced NW African types in Italy and Iberia (Capelli et al. (2009)) |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1 |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Sample''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E1b1b1b''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''E1b1b1a-b <br>(DYS439 <br>allele 10)''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''J1 (subset)''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total %''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| Peninsular Italy||915||0.8||0.3||0.7||1.7 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Sicily||93||2.2||2.2||3.2||7.5 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain||717||5.2||1||1.5||7.7 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal||659||5||0.3||1.8||7.1 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Iberia||1376||5.1||0.7||1.7||7.4 |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
As an exceptional case in Europe, E-M81 has also been observed at 40% the [[Pas and Miera valleys|Pasiegos]] from [[Cantabria]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/386294 |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa |date=May 2004 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |pages=1014–22 |pmid=15042509 |last1=Cruciani |first1=F |last2=La Fratta |first2=R |last3=Santolamazza |first3=P |last4=Sellitto |first4=D |last5=Pascone |first5=R |last6=Moral |first6=P |last7=Watson |first7=E |last8=Guida |first8=V |last9=Colomb |first9=EB |issue=5 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=1181964 |ref=harv}}</ref> |
|||
Concerning the level of male genetic [[Miscegenation|admixture]] in Iberia, an important study by Adams et al. 2008 that analysed 1140 individuals in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] found a mean Northwest African admixture of 10.6%, with wide geographical variation, ranging from 2.5% in [[Catalonia]], 11.8% in North [[Portugal]], 16.1% in South Portugal, 20.8% in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] to 21.7% in North [[Castile and León|Castile]].<ref name="Adams, Susan M. 2008 725"/><ref>"The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had a relevant impact on modern populations both in Spain, especially in the Balearic Islands, and in Portugal", [http://www.upf.edu/enoticies/home_upf_en/1206.html The religious conversions of Jews and Muslims have had a profound impact on the population of the Iberian Peninsula] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521105207/http://www.upf.edu/enoticies/home_upf_en/1206.html |date=21 May 2009 }}, Elena Bosch, 2008</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1 |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Iberian region''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%NW African <br>male admixture''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| Castile, NorthWest||21.7% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Menorca||21.5% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Galicia||20.8% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Extremadura||19% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Andalucia, West||16.7% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, South||16.1% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Valencia||12.8% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, North||11.8% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Asturias||10.5% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Castile, NorthEast||9.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Majorca||6.6% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Aragon||4.8% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Ibiza||3.8% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Andalucia, East||2.4% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Catalonia||2.3% |
|||
|- |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
MtDna (female lineages) genetic studies on Iberian populations also show that Northwest African [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mitochondrial DNA]] sequences ([[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|haplogroup U6]]) are found at much higher levels than those generally observed elsewhere in Europe. Although the overall absolute frequency of U6 is low (2.4%), this signals a possible current North African ancestry proportion of 8%–9%, because U6 is not a common lineage in North Africa itself. U6 reaches its highest frequency in North Portugal at about 4-6% where Gonzalez et al. 2003 estimated a possible North African ancestry proportion of 27%.<ref name="Pereira, Luisa 2005 213">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0041 |title=African Female Heritage in Iberia: A Reassessment of mtDNA Lineage Distribution in Present Times |year=2005 |author=Pereira, Luisa |journal=Human Biology |volume=77 |pages=213–29 |last2=Cunha |first2=Carla |last3=Alves |first3=Cintia |last4=Amorim |first4=Antonio |pmid=16201138 |issue=2 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00039.x |title=Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean |year=2003 |author=Plaza, S. |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=67 |pages=312–28 |pmid=12914566 |last2=Calafell |first2=F |last3=Helal |first3=A |last4=Bouzerna |first4=N |last5=Lefranc |first5=G |last6=Bertranpetit |first6=J |last7=Comas |first7=D |issue=Pt 4 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10168 |title=Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe |date=Apr 2003 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=120 |pages=391–404 |pmid=12627534 |last1=González |first1=AM |last2=Brehm |first2=A |last3=Pérez |first3=JA |last4=Maca-Meyer |first4=N |last5=Flores |first5=C |last6=Cabrera |first6=VM |issue=4 |issn=0002-9483 |ref=harv}}</ref> |
|||
Iberia is also the region in Europe with the highest frequency of the female mediated mtDNA haplogroup L of [[Sub-Saharan]] origin, likely a result of [[Berber people|Berber]] and Arab colonization or African slave trade. Pereira et al. 2005, who analysed 1045 Iberian individuals, found sub-Saharan mtDNA L haplogroups at rates of 11.38% in south Portugal, 5.02% in Center Portugal, 3.21% in North Portugal and 3.26% in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].<ref name="Pereira, Luisa 2005 213"/> According to Alvarez et al. 2010 who found L haplogroups at a rate of 4.70% in the Spanish province of [[Province of Zamora|Zamora]], "as the Hts found in the area are also shared with North African populations, we cannot discard the possibility that these lineages derived from the North African Muslim permanence in the Iberian Peninsula".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alvarez L, Santos C, Ramos A, Pratdesaba R, Francalacci P, Aluja MP |title=Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: Population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume= 142|issue= 4|pages= 531–9|date=February 2010 |pmid=20127843 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21252 |ref=harv}}</ref> In another study, Casas et al. 2006 extracted DNA from human remains that were exhumed from historic burial sites in [[Al-Andalus]], Spain (between 12th-13th century). The frequency of Sub-Saharan lineages detected in the medieval samples was 14.6% and 8.3% in the present population of [[Priego de Cordoba]]. The authors suggest both the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Muslim occupation]], and prehistoric migrations before the Muslim occupation would have been the source of these lineages.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casas MJ, Hagelberg E, Fregel R, Larruga JM, González AM |title=Human mitochondrial DNA diversity in an archaeological site in al-Andalus: genetic impact of migrations from North Africa in medieval Spain |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=539–51 |date=December 2006 |pmid=16685727 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20463 |ref=harv}}</ref> Brehm at al. 2003 also found a significant Sub-Saharan imprint in the [[Autonomous regions of Portugal]], with L haplogroups constituting about 13% of the lineages in [[Madeira]] and 3.4% in the [[Azores]]. |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1 |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Iberian region/NW African mtDna > 2%''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%U6''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%L''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Study''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, Alcácer do Sal||50||6.00%||22.00%||28.00%||Pereira 2010<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pereira | first1 = V. N.| last2 = Gomes | first2 = V. N.| last3 = Amorim | first3 = A. N.| last4 = Gusmão | first4 = L.| last5 = João Prata | first5 = M.| title = Genetic characterization of uniparental lineages in populations from Southwest Iberia with past malaria endemicity | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.21049 | journal = [[American Journal of Human Biology]]| volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 588–595 | date = September–October 2010 | month = | pmid = 20737604 | pmc = }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Canary islands (Avg)||300||14.00%||6.60%||20.60%||Brehm 2003<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Brehm A. |author2=Pereira L. |author3=Kivisild T. |author4=Amorim A. | year = 2003 | title = Mitochondrial portraits of the madeira and açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers. | url = | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 114 | issue = 1| pages = 77–86 | doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3 | pmid=14513360}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, Madeira||155||3.90%||12.90%||16.80%||Brehm 2003 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Huelva (Andalusia)||135||8.86%||5.70%||14.56%||Hernandez 2014<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 3905667 | pmid=24460736 | doi=10.1186/1471-2156-15-11 | volume=15 | title=Human maternal heritage in Andalusia (Spain): its composition reveals high internal complexity and distinctive influences of mtDNA haplogroups U6 and L in the western and eastern side of region | year=2014 | journal=BMC Genet. | pages=11 | last1 = Hernández | first1 = CL | last2 = Reales | first2 = G | last3 = Dugoujon | first3 = JM | last4 = Novelletto | first4 = A | last5 = Rodríguez | first5 = JN | last6 = Cuesta | first6 = P | last7 = Calderón | first7 = R}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, South||123||1.63%||11.38%||13.01%||Pereira 2005<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pereira | first1 = Luisa | last2 = Cunha | first2 = Carla | last3 = Alves | first3 = Cintia | last4 = Amorim | first4 = António | year = 2005 | title = African Female Heritage in Iberia: A Reassessment of mtDNA Lineage Distribution in Present Times. | url = | journal = Human Biology | volume = 77 | issue = 2| pages = 213–229 | doi=10.1353/hub.2005.0041 | pmid=16201138}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, South||203||0.49%||10.84%||11.33%||Achilli 2007<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Achilli|first1=A|author2=Olivieri, A, Pala, M, Metspalu, E, Fornarino, S, Battaglia, V, Accetturo, M, Kutuev, I, Khusnutdinova, E, Pennarun, E, Cerutti, N, Di Gaetano, C, Crobu, F, Palli, D, Matullo, G, Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS, Cavalli-Sforza, LL, Semino, O, Villems, R, Bandelt, HJ, Piazza, A, Torroni, A|title=Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=April 2007|volume=80|issue=4|pages=759–68|pmid=17357081|doi=10.1086/512822|pmc=1852723|ref=harv}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, Coruche||160||0.62%||8.7%||9.32%||Pereira 2010 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Priego de Cordoba||108||0.93%||8.33%||9.26%||Casas 2006<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casas MJ, Hagelberg E, Fregel R, Larruga JM, Gonzalez AM | year = 2006 | title = Human mitochondrial DNA diversity in an archaeological site in al-Andalus: genetic impact of migrations from North Africa in medieval Spain. | url = | journal = Am J Phys Anthropol | volume = 131 | issue = 4| pages = 539–551 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20463 | pmid=16685727}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, Center||203||2.46%||6.40%||8.87%||Achilli 2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, North||187||5.35%||3.21%||8.56%||Pereira 2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
| South Iberian Peninsula||310||0.65%||7.42%||8.07%||Casas 2006 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, Center||239||2.51%||5.02%||7.53%||Pereira 2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, North||188||4.26%||3.19%||7.45%||Achilli 2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Galicia||92||2.17%||3.26%||5.43%||Pereira 2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Zamora||214||0.47%||4.67%||5.14%||Alvarez 2010<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alvarez L, Santos C, Ramos A, Pratdesaba R, Francalacci P, Aluja MP |date=Aug 2010 | title = Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province. | url = | journal = Am J Phys Anthropol | volume = 142 | issue = 4| pages = 531–9 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.21252 | pmid=20127843}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, Açores||179||1.70%||3.40%||5.10%||Brehm 2003 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, NorthWest||216||1.39%||3.70%||5.09%||Achilli 2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Center||148||4.05%||0.68%||4.73%||Achilli 2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, NorthEast||118||1.69%||2.54%||4.24%||Pereira 2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, multiple regions||312||1.28%||2.88%||4.16%||CarlosAlvarez 2007<ref>Alvarez JC, Johnson DL, Lorente JA, Martinez-Espin E, Martinez-Gonzalez LJ, Allard M, Wilson MR, Budowle B.''Characterization of human control region sequences for Spanish individuals in a forensic mtDNA data set.'' |
|||
''Leg Med (Tokyo)''. 2007 Nov;9(6) 293-304</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| Portugal, Pias||75||0.00%||3.9%||3.9%||Pereira 2010 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Andalusia||114||1.75%||1.75%||3.51%||Achilli 2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Granada (Andalusia)||117||2.48%||0.83%||3.31%||Hernandez 2014 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Leon||61||1.64%||1.64%||3.28%||Pereira 2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Andalusia||65||1.54%||1.54%||3.08%||Pereira 2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, NorthEast||179||1.12%||1.68%||2.79%||Achilli 2007 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Castile||38||2.63%||0.00%||2.63%||Pereira 2005 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Spain, Balearic islands||231||0.00%||2.16%||2.16%||Picornell 2005<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Picornell A, Gómez-Barbeito L, Tomàs C, Castro JA, Ramon MM |date=Sep 2005 | title = Mitochondrial DNA HVRI variation in Balearic populations. | url = | journal = Am J Phys Anthropol | volume = 128 | issue = 1| pages = 119–30 | doi=10.1002/ajpa.10423}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
====Canary Islands==== |
|||
In [[Canary Islands]], a study by Nicole Maca-Meyer in 2003 found mtDna haplogroup U6 at rate of 14% in the present-day Canary Islands populations reflecting the Berber origin of the [[Guanches]], the aboriginal population of the Canary Islands. In this study they compared aboriginal Guanche mtDNA (collected from Canarian archaeological sites) to that of today's Canarians and concluded that, "despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonization, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA lineages constitute a considerable proportion [42–73%] of the Canarian gene pool".<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 |title=Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches |date=Feb 2004 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |pages=155–62 |pmid=14508507 |last1=Maca-Meyer |first1=N |last2=Arnay |first2=M |last3=Rando |first3=JC |last4=Flores |first4=C |last5=González |first5=AM |last6=Cabrera |first6=VM |last7=Larruga |first7=JM |issue=2 |issn=1018-4813 |format=Free full text |ref=harv |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201075}}</ref> MtDNA haplogroup L were also found at rate of 6.6%<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3 |title=Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers |date=Dec 2003 |journal=Human Genetics |volume=114 |pages=77–86 |pmid=14513360 |last1=Brehm |first1=A |last2=Pereira |first2=L |last3=Kivisild |first3=T |last4=Amorim |first4=A |issue=1 |issn=0340-6717 |ref=harv}}</ref> and E-M81 at a rate of 8.28% with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of [[Tenerife]] (10.68%), [[Gran Canaria]] (11.54%) and [[Fuerteventura]] (13.33%). According to Fregel et al. 2009 the presence of autochthonous North African E-M81 lineages, and also other relatively abundant markers (E-M78 and J-M267) from the same region in the indigenous Guanche population, "strongly points to that area [North Africa] as the most probable origin of the Guanche ancestors". In this study, they estimated that, based on Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the relative female and male indigenous Guanche contributions to the present-day Canary Islands populations were respectively of 41.8% and 16.1%.<ref name="replacement of native lineages">{{cite journal |author=Fregel R |title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9|pages=181 |year=2009 |pmid=19650893 |pmc=2728732 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Gomes V |author3=Gusmão L |display-authors=3 |last4=González |first4=Ana M |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M |last6=Amorim |first6=António |last7=Larruga |first7=Jose M |ref=harv}}</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1 |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Canary Islands/<br>NW African mtDna''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%U6''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''%L''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Total''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Study''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| La Gomera||46||50.01%||10.86%||60.87%||Fregel 2009<ref>{{cite journal | author = Fregel| year = 2009 | title = The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands) | url = http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n10/full/ejhg200946a.html | journal = Euro J Hum Gen | volume = 17 | issue = 10| pages = 1314–1324 | doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.46 | pmid=19337312 | pmc=2986650|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| El Hierro||32||21.88%||12.49%||34.37%||Fregel 2009 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Lanzarote||49||20.40%||8.16%||28.56%||Fregel 2009 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Gran Canaria||80||11.25%||10%||21.25%||Fregel 2009 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Tenerife||174||12.09%||7.45%||19.54%||Fregel 2009 |
|||
|- |
|||
| La Palma||68||17.65%||1.47%||19.12%||Fregel 2009 |
|||
|- |
|||
| Fuerteventura||42||16.66%||2.38%||19.04%||Fregel 2009 |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
An [[autosome|autosomal]] study in 2011 found an average North African influence of about 17% in Canary Islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0% to 96%. According to the authors, the substantial North African ancestry found for Canary Islanders supports that, despite the aggressive conquest by the Spanish in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration, genetic footprints of the first settlers of the Canary Islands persist in the current inhabitants. Paralleling mtDNA findings, the largest average North African contribution was found for the samples from [[La Gomera]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pino-Yanes M | year = 2011 | title = North African Influences and Potential Bias in Case-Control Association Studies in the Spanish Population | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018389 | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 3| page = e18389 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0018389 |bibcode = 2011PLoSO...6E8389P |name-list-format=vanc| author2 = Corrales A | author3 = Basaldúa S | author4 = Hernández A | author5 = Guerra L | display-authors = 5 | editor1-last = O'Rourke | editor1-first = Dennis | last6 = Villar | first6 = Jesús | last7 = Flores | first7 = Carlos | ref = harv | pmid=21479138 | pmc=3068190}}</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable sortable" border=1 |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Canary Islands''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N''' |
|||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Average <br>NW African <br>ancestry''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| La Gomera||7||42.50% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Fuerteventura||10||21.60% |
|||
|- |
|||
| La Palma||7||21.00% |
|||
|- |
|||
| El Hierro||7||19.80% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Lanzarote||13||16.40% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Tenerife||30||14.30% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Gran Canaria||30||12.40% |
|||
|- |
|||
| Total Canary Islanders||104||17.40% |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
====Italy==== |
|||
In [[Sicily]], the contribution of Northwest African populations is estimated to be about 6%-8% which shows a "genetic affinity between Sicily and Northwest Africa".<ref name=Capelli2009/><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 |title=Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome |date=Jan 2009 |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |pages=91–9 |pmid=18685561 |last1=Di Gaetano |first1=C |last2=Cerutti |first2=N |last3=Crobu |first3=F |last4=Robino |first4=C |last5=Inturri |first5=S |last6=Gino |first6=S |last7=Guarrera |first7=S |last8=Underhill |first8=PA |last9=King |first9=RJ |issue=1 |issn=1018-4813 |pmc=2985948 |ref=harv}}</ref> In [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049 |title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12 |date=Jun 2007 |author=Cruciani, F. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |pages=1300–11 |pmid=17351267 |last12=Watson |first12=E |last13=Melegh |first13=B |last14=Barbujani |first14=G |last15=Fuselli |first15=S |last16=Vona |first16=G |last17=Zagradisnik |first17=B |last18=Assum |first18=G |last19=Brdicka |first19=R |last20=Kozlov |first20=AI |last21=Efremov |first21=GD |last22=Coppa |first22=A |last23=Novelletto |first23=A |last24=Scozzari |first24=R |issue=6 |issn=0737-4038 |url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17351267 |format=Free full text |last2=La Fratta |first2=R |last3=Trombetta |first3=B |last4=Santolamazza |first4=P |last5=Sellitto |first5=D |last6=Colomb |first6=EB |last7=Dugoujon |first7=JM |last8=Crivellaro |first8=F |last9=Benincasa |first9=T |ref=harv}}</ref> North African haplogroups were found especially in a region of Southern Italy (East [[Campania]], Northwest [[Apulia]], [[Lucera]]) at frequency of 4.7% due to [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]’s relocation of Sicilian Muslims in the city of [[Lucera]] in the 13th century.<ref name=Capelli2009/> Haplogroup U6 have also been detected in [[Sicily]] and [[Southern Italy]] at very low levels.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb02042.x |title=An Attempted Reversal of Cocaine-Induced Analgesia by Dexamethasone |year=1991 |author=Pertovaara, Antti |journal=Pharmacology & Toxicology |volume=68 |pages=93–95 |last2=Kauppila |first2=Timo |last3=Mecke |first3=Ernst |issue=2 |ref=harv}}</ref> In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. with 326 samples from [[Cosenza]], [[Matera]], [[Lecce]] and 5 Siclian provinces, E-M81 shows an average frequency of 1.5%, but the typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13-14-30-24-9-11-13 has been found in only two out of the five E-M81 individuals. These results, along with the negligible contribution from North-African populations revealed by the admixture-like plot analysis, suggest only a marginal impact of trans-Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool.<ref name=DiGaetano2009>{{harvnb|Di Gaetano|Cerutti|Crobu|Robino|2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0096074/ |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0096074 |volume=9 |title=An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy |journal=PLoS ONE |pages=e96074 |pmid=24788788 |pmc=4005757 |last1=Sarno |first1=S |last2=Boattini |first2=A |last3=Carta |first3=M |last4=Ferri |first4=G |last5=Alù |first5=M |last6=Yao |first6=DY |last7=Ciani |first7=G |last8=Pettener |first8=D |last9=Luiselli |first9=D |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102624/http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0096074%2F |archivedate=2 April 2015 |df= |bibcode=2014PLoSO...996074S }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license].</ref> |
|||
====France==== |
|||
Haplogroup E-M81 is also found in some regions of [[France]] (excluding recent immigration as only men with French surnames were analysed). 2.70% (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in [[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne]] (5/89) and [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] (5/91).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ramos-Luisa et al.|2009}}</ref> |
|||
According to a genetic study in 2000 based on [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA]], French from [[Marseilles]] "are more or less isolated from the other western European populations. They are in an intermediate position between the Northwest Africans (Algerians from Algiers and Oran; Tunisians) and the [[western Europe]]ans populations (France, Spain, and Portugal)". According to the authors "these results cannot be attributed to recent events because of the knowledge of the grandparents’ origin" in the sample. This study reveals "that the southern French population from [[Marseilles]] is related genetically to the southwestern Europeans and Northwest Africans, who are geographically close" and that "a substantial gene flow has thus probably been present among the populations of these neighboring areas".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibert M, Reviron D, Mercier P, Chiaroni J, Boetsch G |date=Sep 2000 | title = HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 polymorphisms in southern France and genetic relationships with other Mediterranean populations | url = | journal = Hum Immunol | volume = 61 | issue = 9| pages = 930–6 | pmid = 11053637 | doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(00)00158-0}}</ref> |
|||
====Latin America==== |
|||
As a consequence of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Latin America, Northwest African haplogroups are also found throughout [[Latin America]] especially in [[Brazil]] and [[Cuba]] where frequencies surpass generally 5%.<ref>See [http://community.haplozone.net/index.php?topic=903.msg7956#msg7956 the remarks] of genetic genealogist Robert Tarín for example. We can add 6.1% (8 out of 132) in [[Cuba]]{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3322/canjclin.39.1.50 |title=The Use of Cancer Registry Data to Study Preoperative Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level as an Indicator of Survival in Colorectal Cancer |date=Jan 1989 |author=Sener, S. F. |journal=[[CA – A Cancer Journal for Clinicians]] |volume=39 |pages=50–7 |pmid=2492877 |issue=1 |issn=0007-9235 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/canjclin.39.1.50/abstract |format=Free full text |last2=Imperato |first2=JP |last3=Chmiel |first3=J |last4=Fremgen |first4=A |last5=Sylvester |first5=J |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajhb.20567 |title=Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio De Janeiro population |date=Nov 2006 |journal=American Journal of Human Biology |volume=18 |pages=829–37 |pmid=17039481 |last1=Silva |first1=DA |last2=Carvalho |first2=E |last3=Costa |first3=G |last4=Tavares |first4=L |last5=Amorim |first5=A |last6=Gusmão |first6=L |issue=6 |issn=1042-0533 |ref=harv}}</ref> and among Hispanic men in USA.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/jmg.40.11.815 |title=A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study |date=Nov 2003 |author=Paracchini, S |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=40 |pages=815–9 |pmid=14627670 |issue=11 |issn=0022-2593 |last2=Pearce |first2=CL |last3=Kolonel |first3=LN |last4=Altshuler |first4=D |last5=Henderson |first5=BE |last6=Tyler-Smith |first6=C |pmc=1735314 |ref=harv}}</ref> |
|||
According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that male North African E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous Guanche ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.<ref>Rosa Fregel, Verónica Gomes, Leonor Gusmão, Ana M González , Vicente M Cabrera1 , António Amorim, Jose M Larruga et al. (2009) [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/181 Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European] BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:181 {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-9-181}}</ref> |
|||
====Other regions==== |
|||
In other countries, Northwest African haplogroups can be found in [[France]], [[Sudan]], [[Somalia]], [[Jordan]] (4%),<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 |title=Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=50 |pages=435–41 |pmid=16142507 |last1=Flores |first1=C |last2=Maca-Meyer |first2=N |last3=Larruga |first3=JM |last4=Cabrera |first4=VM |last5=Karadsheh |first5=N |last6=Gonzalez |first6=AM |issue=9 |issn=1434-5161 |ref=harv}}</ref> [[Lebanon]] and amongst [[Sephardi Jews]]. |
|||
===Linguistics=== |
|||
The Greater Maghreb have hosted several languages. [[Berber languages|Berber]] or also known as Amazigh is the indigenous language family of the region, belonging to the greater [[Afro-Asiatic]] family. Two thousand years ago, Punic, Berber and Latin would have alternated in communication among the populations of Northwest Africa and the rest of the Mediterranean basin. The Arabic language as known throughout the region nowadays arrived later in the Greater Maghreb with the historical Arab conquest and Islam. This language ousted the Berber languages in its various variants, although the process was a long time one, Berber has long been a very prominent language in [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]] till our contemporary era. Romance language itself might still have existed in the Greater Maghreb in the 12th century. The Greater Maghreb once again became partly Romance with colonisation. From the 1830s, the French began by conquering Algeria, where French was declared the official language of the country. It also obtains the position of highly placed languages of local elites. |
|||
In today's Greater Maghreb, [[Modern Standard Arabic]] possesses the status of official language in all the region despite [[Maghrebi Arabic]] being the languages of most people. |
|||
The [[Berber languages|Berber]] language also has official status in Algeria and Morocco. While French is doing well in the region at the start of the 21st century. |
|||
English is becoming quite popular as a second language subject at schools across the Greater Maghreb.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} |
|||
===Arabization=== |
|||
{{main|Arabized Berber}} |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
* [[ |
* [[Berbers]] |
||
* [[ |
* [[Maghrebi Arabs]] |
||
* [[ |
* [[Arabized Berber]]s |
||
* [[Maghrebi Jews]] |
* [[Maghrebi Jews]] |
||
* [[Northwest Africa]] |
|||
* [[Numidia]] |
|||
* [[Carthage]] |
|||
* [[List of Maghrebis]] |
* [[List of Maghrebis]] |
||
* [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Muslim conquest of North Africa]] |
|||
* [[E1b1b1b (Y-DNA)]] |
|||
* [[Berber Revolt]] |
|||
* [[Berber Spring]] |
|||
* [[Muslim conquest of North Africa]] |
|||
* [[Berbers and Islam]] |
|||
* [[Berber Jews]] |
|||
* [[Arab-Berber]] |
|||
* [[Arabized Berber]] |
|||
* [[Kabylism]], [[Algerianism]], [[Berberism]] |
|||
* [[Moors]] |
* [[Moors]] |
||
* [[Barbary Coast]] |
* [[Barbary Coast]] |
||
==References and notes== |
==References and notes== |
||
{{biblio|2|date= |
{{biblio|2|date=July 2024}} |
||
{{Reflist |
{{Reflist}} |
||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
* [http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=3553 The African roots of Latin Christianity] by Henri Teissier, Regional Bishop of North Africa |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092615/http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=3553 The African roots of Latin Christianity] by Henri Teissier, Regional Bishop of North Africa |
||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Category:Maghreb]] |
|||
[[Category:Maghreb| ]] |
|||
[[Category:North African people]] |
[[Category:North African people]] |
||
[[Category:Arab people]] |
|||
[[Category:Moroccan people]] |
|||
[[Category:Algerian people]] |
|||
[[Category:Tunisian people]] |
|||
[[Category:Libyan people]] |
|||
[[Category:Mauritanian people]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 14:28, 3 January 2025
المغاربيون al-Māghāribiyyun | |
|---|---|
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Maghreb | |
 Algeria | 45,917,000[1] |
 Morocco | 38,670,000[2] |
 Tunisia | 12,135,000[3] |
 Libya | 7,112,000[4][5][6] |
 France | 5,326,000[7] |
 Mauritania | 4,975,000[8] |
 Israel | 750,000[9]-950,000[10] |
 Canada[c] | 274,425[11] |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
| |
a Without Ceuta and Melilla.
| |
Maghrebis or Maghrebians (Arabic: المغاربيون, romanized: al-Māghāribiyyun) are the inhabitants of the Maghreb region of North Africa.[13] It is a modern Arabic term meaning "Westerners", denoting their location in the western part of the Arab world. Maghrebis are predominantly of Arab and Berber origins.[citation needed]
Name
[edit]Maghrebis were known in ancient and medieval times as the Roman Africans or Moors. The word Moor is of Phoenician origin.[14] The etymology of the word can be traced back to the Phoenician term Mahurin, meaning "Westerners", from which the ancient Greeks derive Mauro, and from which Latin derives Mauri.[15]
The Arabic term maghrib (Arabic: مغرب) was given by the first Muslim Arab settlers to the recently conquered region located west of the Umayyad capital of Damascus in the 7th century AD.[16] It initially referred to the area extending from Alexandria in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.[17]
Religion
[edit]Historic records of religion in the Maghreb region show its gradual inclusion in the Classical World, with coastal colonies established first by Phoenicians, Greeks, and later extensive conquest and rule by the Romans. By the 2nd century common era, the area had become a center of Latin-speaking Christianity. Both Roman settlers and Romanized Berbers converted to Christianity. The region produced figures such as Christian Church writer Tertullian (c. 155 – c. 202); and Christian Church martyrs or leading figures such as St Cyprian of Carthage (c. 210 – 258); Saint Monica; her son the philosopher Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430); and Julia of Corsica (5th century). The region was a birthplace of many Christians movements like Arianism and Donatism, now cast-off.[citation needed]
The domination of Christianity ended when Arab invasions brought Islam in 647. Carthage fell in 698 and the remainder of the region followed in subsequent decades. Gradual Islamization proceeded, although surviving letters showed correspondence from regional Christians to Rome up until the 9th century. Christianity was still a living faith. Christian bishoprics and dioceses continued to be active, with relations continuing with Rome. As late as Pope Benedict VII (974-983) reign, a new Archbishop of Carthage was consecrated. Evidence of Christianity in the region then faded through the 10th century.[18]
During the seventh century, the region's peoples began their nearly total conversion to Islam. There was a small but thriving Local Jewish community, as well as a small Local Christian community. Most Muslims follow the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. Small Ibadi communities remain in some areas. A strong tradition of venerating marabouts and saints' tombs is found throughout regions inhabited by Berbers. Any map of the region demonstrates the tradition by the proliferation of "sidi"s, showing places named after the marabouts. Like some other religious traditions, this has substantially decreased over the 20th century. A network of zawiyas traditionally helped proliferate basic literacy and knowledge of Islam in rural regions.
Recently, the Christian community of Berber or Arab descent has experienced significant growth, and conversions to Christianity, especially to Evangelicalism, is common in Algeria,[19] especially in the Kabylie,[20] Morocco[21] and Tunisia.[22] A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria.[12]
Culture
[edit]Diaspora
[edit]France
[edit]Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the Île-de-France and Mediterranean regions. Many famous French people like Édith Piaf,[23] Isabelle Adjani, Arnaud Montebourg, Alain Bashung, Dany Boon, Gérald Darmanin and many others have Maghrebi ancestry.
According to Michel Tribalat, a researcher at INED, there were more than 4.6 million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one Maghrebi grandparent from Algeria, Morocco or Tunisia) living in France in 2011 (3 million in 1999).[24][25] Below is a table of population of Maghrebi origin in France in 2011, numbers are in thousands:
| Country of origin (2011) | Immigrants | 1st generation born in France | 2nd generation born in France (aged under 60 only) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 737 | 1 170 | 563 | 2 470 |
| Morocco | 679 | 698 | 130 | 1 507 |
| Tunisia | 246 | 280 | 129 | 655 |
| Total Maghreb | 1 662 | 2 148 | 821 | 4 631 |
Note: for second generation born in France only individuals under 60 are taken into account.
According to Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies), 16% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 have at least one Maghrebi grandparent born in the Greater Maghreb.[26]
In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) were about 7% in Metropolitan France, 12% in Île-de-France, 13% in Lyon, 21% in Perpignan, 22% in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, 37% in 18th arrondissement of Paris and 40% in several arrondissements of Marseille.[27][28]
| 2005 | Seine-Saint-Denis | Val-de-Marne | Val-d'Oise | Lyon | Paris | France |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Maghreb | 22.0% | 13.2% | 13.0% | 13.0% | 12.1% | 6.9% |
According to other sources between 5 and 8 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France, and between 150,000 and 300,000 people of Maghrebin origin live in Canada.[29][30]
See also
[edit]- Berbers
- Maghrebi Arabs
- Arabized Berbers
- Maghrebi Jews
- List of Maghrebis
- Muslim conquest of North Africa
- Moors
- Barbary Coast
References and notes
[edit] | This 2's citations lack bibliographical information. (July 2024) |
- ^ "Algeria Population (LIVE)". 10 October 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ "Morocco Population (2021) - Worldometer". Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ CIA World Factbook. "Libya". Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ "Estimé à six millions d'individus, l'histoire de leur enracinement, processus toujours en devenir, suscite la mise en avant de nombreuses problématiques...", « Être Maghrébins en France » in Les Cahiers de l'Orient, n° 71, troisième trimestre 2003
- ^ Maghreb people represent 45% of people born in Arab countries who emigrated to Europe and N.America, they are 41% of the all Immigrants in Europe
- ^ "css.escwa.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- ^ "Immigrés et descendants d'immigrés". Insee (in French). Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "1: Répartition spatiale de la population" (PDF). Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH) 2013 (Report) (in French). National Statistical Office of Mauritania. July 2015. p. v. Retrieved 20 December 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Les Maghrebins en Israel" (in French). Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ Sharaby, Rachel; Wenden, Catherine Wihtol de; Giovanella, Myrna (2008). "Les immigrés juifs maghrébins en Israël". Migrations Société (in French). 120 (6): 131–154. doi:10.3917/migra.120.0131. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada – provinces & territories". 14 July 2024.
- ^ a b Miller, Duane A. "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "The Arab world". AMBergh Education. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
The North African part of the Arab World to the west of Egypt and Sudan is known as the Maghreb (gharb meaning west).
- ^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. 1993. p. 560. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4.
- ^ Skutsch, Carl (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1.
- ^ Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (4 July 2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. p. 1071. ISBN 978-0-19-162615-9.
- ^ Idris El Hareir; Ravane Mbaye (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. UNESCO. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2.
- ^ Christianity in North Africa and West Asia. Hendrickson Publ. May 2020. ISBN 9781683072874.
- ^ *(in French) Sadek Lekdja, Christianity in Kabylie, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001 Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lucien Oulahbib, Le monde arabe existe-t-il ?, page 12, 2005, Editions de Paris, Paris.
- ^ "Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008-2011)". Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Tunisia Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (14 September 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Carolyn Burke. No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, p.5
- ^ Michèle Tribalat, « Mariages « mixtes » et immigration en France » Archived 14 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011
- ^ Michèle Tribalat, « Une estimation des populations d'origine étrangère en France en 2011 », Espace populations sociétés, 2015/1-2, en ligne Archived 12 February 2017 at Wikiwix
- ^ Les immigrés, les descendants d'immigrés et leurs enfants Archived 8 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Pascale Breuil-Genier, Catherine Borrel, Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee 2011
- ^ Michèle Tribalat, Revue Commentaire, juin 2009, n°126, p.436
- ^ Michèle Tribalat, Les yeux grands fermés, Denoël, 2010
- ^ Robert Castel, La discrimination négative, Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007
- ^ Drouet, Jean-Baptiste; Alex Masson (December 2008). "Culture Le cinéma français est-il raciste ?". Première (in French): 75–78. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
External links
[edit]- The African roots of Latin Christianity by Henri Teissier, Regional Bishop of North Africa
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
