Treaty of Hubertusburg: Difference between revisions

Treaty of Hubertusburg
Context	End of the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)
Signed	15 February 1763
Location	Hubertusburg, Saxony
Negotiators	Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg; Heinrich Gabriel von Collenbach [de]; Thomas von Fritsch [de];
Signatories	Prussia; Habsburg monarchy; Saxony;
	See also: Treaty of Paris (1763).

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The Treaty of Hubertusburg (German: Frieden von Hubertusburg) was signed on 15 February 1763 at Hubertusburg Castle by Prussia, Austria and Saxony to end the Third Silesian War. Together with the Treaty of Paris, signed five days earlier, it marked the end of the Seven Years' War. The treaty ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in prewar borders. Austria and Saxony renounced all claims to the Silesian territories ceded to Prussia in the 1742 Treaty of Berlin and the 1745 Treaty of Dresden. Prussia clearly stood among the ranks of the European great powers, while the treaty enhanced the rivalry with Austria.^[1]

Background

Austria's resolve to repossess the rich province of Silesia, which had been lost to Prussia in 1748, was the major conflict leading to the Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, acquired the support of Russia, Sweden, Saxony, Spain and France, with the specific aim of waging war against Prussia and its ally, Great Britain. It was King Frederick II of Prussia, however, who initiated the hostilities with his attack and capture of Saxony in 1756.

The Seven Years' War started in 1756, with Prussia facing the allied forces of Austria, Russia, France and Sweden. Although in January 1757, the majority of the colleges of the Imperial Diet (minus Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Brunswick and Saxe-Gotha) voted against the move for war, Frederick succeeded in his quest for expanding Prussian influence, power and territory.

Through the first half of the war, the Prussians continued victorious. In the Battle of Rossbach, on 5 November 1757, the Prussian army defeated the French and also Imperial troops. The Prussians defeated the Austrians at Leuthen later in 1757 and the Russians at Zorndorf in 1758.

However, with Sweden entering the war and virtually all of Europe opposing Frederick, the tide seemed to turn. By 1759 eastern Prussia was in the hands of the Russians, and Berlin was occupied for some weeks. Austrian forces had invaded Prussia from the south. Now seriously running short of soldiers, Frederick II was in a desperate situation.

In 1758, the Anglo-Hanoverian army, an ally of Prussia commanded by Ferdinand of Brunswick, defeated the French and occupied the town of Münster. In 1759 Imperial troops invaded Saxony and expelled the Prussians.

Two significant factors, however, led to the eventual return of Prussian dominance in the war. One was the active support of the British and Hanoverians, which had been ineffective combatants but now fought successfully against the French. The second and more important was the withdrawal in 1762 of Russia and Sweden from the war. That occurred as a result of the death of Empress Elizabeth of Russia; her successor, Peter III, an admirer of Frederick, quickly signed a peace treaty with him. By the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Russia made peace and restored all conquests, and Sweden also made peace that year. This turn in fortune was labeled the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg.

Now fighting alone in the east, the Austrians were soundly defeated in the Battle of Burkersdorf (July 1762). The French, had suffered severe reverses as well. In America, they had lost Louisbourg (1758), Quebec (1759), and some possessions in the West Indies. In India, the British victories at Plassey (1757) and Pondichéry (1761) had destroyed France's military capabilities there. On the sea, the French took Port Mahón from the British (1757) but were defeated by Hawke in Quiberon Bay (1759). The entry of Spain into the war under the terms of the Family Compact of 1761 was of little help to France, where the war had never been popular.

Aftermath

After protracted negotiations between the war-weary powers, peace was made among Prussia, Austria and Saxony at Hubertusburg and among Great Britain, France and Spain at Paris. The Treaty of Hubertusburg restored the prewar status quo but marked the ascendancy of Prussia as a leading European power. Through the Treaty of Paris, Great Britain emerged as the world's chief colonial empire, which had been its primary goal in the war, and France lost most of its overseas possessions.^[2]

The phrase "Hubertsburg Peace" is sometimes used as a description for any treaty that restores the situation existing before conflict broke out.^[3]

References

^ "Peace of Hubertusburg (treaty, Prussia and Austria 1763)". Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
^ "Der Friede von Hubertusburg". Freundeskreis Schloss Hubertusburg - Wermsdorf. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
^ Definitiv-Friedens-Tractat, welcher zwischen Ihrer Kayserl. auch zu Hungarn, und Böheim Königl. Apostolischen Majestät [et]c. [et]c. und Seiner Majestät dem König in Preussen [et]c. [et]c. zu Hubertburg den 15. Febr. 1763. geschlossen worden: Nebst dem Kayserlich-Allergnädigsten Commissions-Ratifications-Decret, An Eine Hochlöblich-allgemeine Reichs-Versammlung zu Regenspurg, de dato 24. Febr. 1763. Die Reichs-Sicherheits-Materie betreffend. Mizler. 1763.

External links

Text of the treaty (in section "Auszug aus den Verträgen zum Hubertusburger Frieden")

[1] "Peace of Hubertusburg (treaty, Prussia and Austria 1763)". Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved May 19, 2019.

[2] "Der Friede von Hubertusburg". Freundeskreis Schloss Hubertusburg - Wermsdorf. Retrieved May 19, 2019.

[3] Definitiv-Friedens-Tractat, welcher zwischen Ihrer Kayserl. auch zu Hungarn, und Böheim Königl. Apostolischen Majestät [et]c. [et]c. und Seiner Majestät dem König in Preussen [et]c. [et]c. zu Hubertburg den 15. Febr. 1763. geschlossen worden: Nebst dem Kayserlich-Allergnädigsten Commissions-Ratifications-Decret, An Eine Hochlöblich-allgemeine Reichs-Versammlung zu Regenspurg, de dato 24. Febr. 1763. Die Reichs-Sicherheits-Materie betreffend. Mizler. 1763.

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[2]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|1763 treaty ending the Third Silesian War}}
-{{Unreferenced|date=June 2007}}
+{{Expand German|Friede von Hubertusburg|date=February 2024}}
 {{Infobox treaty
 | name = Treaty of Hubertusburg
 | long_name =
 |
-| image = File:Hubertusburg nach 1763.jpg
+| image =
-| image_width = 300px
+| image_width =
 | image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] -->
 | caption = Hubertusburg about 1763
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
 | negotiators =
 * {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}} [[Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg]]
-* {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} Heinrich Gabriel von Collenbach
+* {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} {{illm|Heinrich Gabriel von Collenbach|de}}
-* {{flagicon|Electorate of Saxony}} Thomas von Fritsch
+* {{flagicon|Electorate of Saxony}} {{illm|Thomas von Fritsch|de}}
 | signatories =
 * {{flagcountry|Prussia|1750}}
@@ Line 37: / Line 38: @@
 | footnotes = '''See also:''' [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]].
 }}
-The '''Treaty of Hubertusburg''' ({{lang-de|Frieden von Hubertusburg}}) was signed on 15 February 1763 at [[Hubertusburg]] Castle by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]] and [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] to end the [[Third Silesian War]]. Together with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], signed five days earlier, it marked the end of the [[Seven Years' War]]. The treaty ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in prewar borders. Austria and Saxony renounced all claims to the [[Silesian Wars|Silesian]] territories ceded to Prussia in the 1742 [[Treaty of Berlin (1742)|Treaty of Berlin]] and the 1745 [[Treaty of Dresden]]. Prussia clearly stood among the ranks of the European [[great power]]s, while the treaty enhanced the [[Austria–Prussia rivalry|rivalry with Austria]].
+The '''Treaty of Hubertusburg''' ({{langx|de|Frieden von Hubertusburg}}) was signed on 15 February 1763 at [[Hubertusburg]] Castle by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] and [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] to end the [[Third Silesian War]]. Together with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], signed five days earlier, it marked the end of the [[Seven Years' War]]. The treaty ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in prewar borders. Austria and Saxony renounced all claims to the [[Silesian Wars|Silesian]] territories ceded to Prussia in the 1742 [[Treaty of Berlin (1742)|Treaty of Berlin]] and the 1745 [[Treaty of Dresden]]. Prussia clearly stood among the ranks of the European [[great power]]s, while the treaty enhanced the [[Austria–Prussia rivalry|rivalry with Austria]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://getty.edu/cona/CONAIconographyRecord.aspx?iconid=901000189  |title=Peace of Hubertusburg (treaty, Prussia and Austria 1763) |publisher= Paul Getty Trust  | access-date= May 19, 2019 }}</ref>
-==History==
+==Background==
-Austria's resolve to repossess the rich province of Silesia, which had been lost to Prussia in 1748, was the major conflict leading to the Seven Years' War. [[Maria Theresa]], Archduchess of Austria and Queen of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Bohemia]], acquired the support of Russia, Sweden, Saxony, Spain, and France, with the specific aim of waging war against Prussia and its ally, Great Britain. It was King [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick the Great]] of Prussia, however, who initiated the hostilities with his attack and capture of Saxony in 1756.
+Austria's resolve to repossess the rich province of Silesia, which had been lost to Prussia in 1748, was the major conflict leading to the Seven Years' War. [[Maria Theresa]], Archduchess of Austria and Queen of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[Bohemia]], acquired the support of Russia, Sweden, Saxony, Spain and France, with the specific aim of waging war against Prussia and its ally, Great Britain. It was King [[Frederick the Great|Frederick II of Prussia]], however, who initiated the hostilities with his attack and capture of Saxony in 1756.
-The [[Seven Years' War]] started in 1756, with Prussia facing the allied forces of Austria, Russia, France, and Sweden. Although in January 1757 the majority of the colleges of the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] (minus [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]], [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]] (or Hesse-Cassel), [[Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick]], and [[Saxe-Gotha]]) voted against the move for war, Frederick succeeded in his quest for expanding Prussian influence, power and territory.
+The [[Seven Years' War]] started in 1756, with Prussia facing the allied forces of Austria, Russia, France and Sweden. Although in January 1757, the majority of the colleges of the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] (minus [[Electorate of Hanover|Hanover]], [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]] (or Hesse-Cassel), [[Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick]] and [[Saxe-Gotha]]) voted against the move for war, Frederick succeeded in his quest for expanding Prussian influence, power and territory.
-Through the first half of the war, the Prussians continued victorious. In the [[Battle of Rossbach]] on 5 November 1757, the Prussian army not only defeated the French, but also [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] troops who had fought on the side of the latter against Prussia. They defeated the Austrians at [[Battle of Leuthen|Leuthen]] in 1757 and the Russians at [[Battle of Zorndorf|Zorndorf]] in 1758. At this point, however, with Sweden entering the war and virtually all Europe opposing Frederick, the tide seemed to turn. By 1759 eastern Prussia was in the hands of the Russians, and Berlin was occupied for some weeks. Austrian forces had invaded Prussia from the south. Now seriously running short of soldiers, Frederick II was in a desperate situation.
+Through the first half of the war, the Prussians continued victorious. In the [[Battle of Rossbach]], on 5 November 1757, the Prussian army defeated the French and also [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] troops. The Prussians defeated the Austrians at [[Battle of Leuthen|Leuthen]] later in 1757 and the Russians at [[Battle of Zorndorf|Zorndorf]] in 1758.
+However, with Sweden entering the war and virtually all of Europe opposing Frederick, the tide seemed to turn. By 1759 eastern Prussia was in the hands of the Russians, and Berlin was occupied for some weeks. Austrian forces had invaded Prussia from the south. Now seriously running short of soldiers, Frederick II was in a desperate situation.
-In 1758 the [[Army of Observation|Anglo-Hanoverian army]], an ally of Prussia, commanded by [[Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Ferdinand of Brunswick]], defeated the French and occupied the town of [[Münster]]. In 1759 Imperial troops invaded Saxony, expelling the Prussians.
+In 1758, the [[Army of Observation|Anglo-Hanoverian army]], an ally of Prussia commanded by [[Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Ferdinand of Brunswick]], defeated the French and occupied the town of [[Münster]]. In 1759 Imperial troops invaded Saxony and expelled the Prussians.
-Two significant factors, however, led to the eventual return of Prussian dominance in the war. One was the active support of the British and Hanoverians; both, until this point ineffective combatants, now fought successfully against the French. The second, and more important, was the withdrawal in 1762 of Russia and Sweden from the war. This occurred as a result of the death of Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia]]; her successor, [[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]], an admirer of Frederick, quickly signed a peace treaty with the Prussian leader. By the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)|Treaty of St. Petersburg]] in 1762 Russia made peace and restored all conquests; Sweden made peace in the same year.
+Two significant factors, however, led to the eventual return of Prussian dominance in the war. One was the active support of the British and Hanoverians, which had been ineffective combatants but now fought successfully against the French. The second and more important was the withdrawal in 1762 of Russia and Sweden from the war. That occurred as a result of the death of Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia]]; her successor, [[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]], an admirer of Frederick, quickly signed a peace treaty with him. By the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)|Treaty of Saint Petersburg]], Russia made peace and restored all conquests, and Sweden also made peace that year. This turn in fortune was labeled the [[Miracle of the House of Brandenburg]].
-Now fighting alone in the east, the Austrians were soundly defeated in the [[Battle of Burkersdorf]] (July 1762). The French, too, had suffered severe reverses. In America they had lost [[Louisbourg, Nova Scotia|Louisbourg]] (1758), [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|Quebec]] (1759), and some possessions in the West Indies; in India, the British victories at [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]] (1757) and [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|Pondichéry]] (1761) had destroyed French power; on the sea, the French took Port [[Mahón]] from the British (1757), but were defeated by [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Hawke]] in [[Battle of Quiberon Bay|Quiberon Bay]] (1759). The entry of Spain into the war under the terms of the Family Compact of 1761 was of little help to France, where the war had never been popular.
+Now fighting alone in the east, the Austrians were soundly defeated in the [[Battle of Burkersdorf (1762)|Battle of Burkersdorf]] (July 1762). The French, had suffered severe reverses as well. In America, they had lost [[Louisbourg, Nova Scotia|Louisbourg]] (1758), [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|Quebec]] (1759), and some possessions in the West Indies. In India, the British victories at [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey]] (1757) and [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|Pondichéry]] (1761) had destroyed France's military capabilities there. On the sea, the French took Port [[Mahón]] from the British (1757) but were defeated by [[Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke|Hawke]] in [[Battle of Quiberon Bay|Quiberon Bay]] (1759). The entry of Spain into the war under the terms of the Family Compact of 1761 was of little help to France, where the war had never been popular.
-After protracted negotiations between the war-weary powers, peace was made among Prussia, Austria, and Saxony at Hubertusburg, and among Great Britain, France, and Spain at Paris. The Treaty of Hubertusburg, though it restored the prewar status quo, marked the ascendancy of Prussia as a leading European power. Through the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], Great Britain emerged as the world's chief colonial empire, which was its primary goal in the war, and France lost most of its overseas possessions.
+==Aftermath==
-The phrase "Hubertsburg Peace" is sometimes used as a description for any Treaty which restores the situation existing before conflict broke out.
+After protracted negotiations between the war-weary powers, peace was made among Prussia, Austria and Saxony at Hubertusburg and among Great Britain, France and Spain at Paris. The Treaty of Hubertusburg restored the prewar status quo but marked the ascendancy of Prussia as a leading European power. Through the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], Great Britain emerged as the world's chief colonial empire, which had been its primary goal in the war, and France lost most of its overseas possessions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freundeskreis-hubertusburg.de/der-friede-von-hubertusburg  |title=Der Friede von Hubertusburg |publisher= Freundeskreis Schloss Hubertusburg - Wermsdorf  | access-date= May 19, 2019}}</ref>
+The phrase "Hubertsburg Peace" is sometimes used as a description for any treaty that restores the situation existing before conflict broke out.<ref>{{cite book|title=Definitiv-Friedens-Tractat, welcher zwischen Ihrer Kayserl. auch zu Hungarn, und Böheim Königl. Apostolischen Majestät &#91;et&#93;c. &#91;et&#93;c. und Seiner Majestät dem König in Preussen &#91;et&#93;c. &#91;et&#93;c. zu Hubertburg den 15. Febr. 1763. geschlossen worden: Nebst dem Kayserlich-Allergnädigsten Commissions-Ratifications-Decret, An Eine Hochlöblich-allgemeine Reichs-Versammlung zu Regenspurg, de dato 24. Febr. 1763. Die Reichs-Sicherheits-Materie betreffend|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0d5KAAAAcAAJ|year=1763|publisher=Mizler}}</ref>
 ==See also==
 *[[List of treaties]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
 ==External links==
-{{commonscat|Treaty of Hubertusburg}}
+* [https://www.freundeskreis-hubertusburg.de/frieden/hubertusburger-friedensvertrag.html Text of the treaty] (in section "Auszug aus den Verträgen zum Hubertusburger Frieden")
+{{Commons category|Treaty of Hubertusburg}}
 {{Seven Years' War treaties}}
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Treaties of the Seven Years' War]]
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Hubertusburg}}
-[[Category:Seven Years' War]]
+[[Category:1763 in the Habsburg monarchy]]
-[[Category:1763 in Austria]]
 [[Category:Peace treaties of Prussia|Hubertusburg]]
 [[Category:Peace treaties of Austria|Hubertusburg, Treaty of]]
 [[Category:1763 treaties]]
-[[Category:Treaties of the Habsburg Monarchy|Hubertusburg]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the Habsburg monarchy|Hubertusburg]]
 [[Category:Treaties of the Electorate of Saxony]]
 [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia]]
 [[Category:1763 in Prussia]]
 [[Category:Wermsdorf|Hubertusburg]]
-[[Category:1763 in the Habsburg Monarchy]]
 [[Category:1763 in the Holy Roman Empire]]
 [[Category:18th century in Saxony]]
-[[Category:Silesian Wars]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the Silesian Wars]]
-[[Category:Habsburg Monarchy–Prussia relations]]
+[[Category:Habsburg monarchy–Prussia relations]]