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+#REDIRECT [[Placebo]]
-'''Placebo studies''' is an [[interdisciplinary]] academic discipline concerning the study of the [[placebo effect]]. The [[placebo effect]] is commonly characterized when patients are given a [[placebo]] or "fake" treatment and then exhibit  perceived improvement.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson JJ, Ritenbaugh C, Nichter M | title = Reconsidering the placebo response from a broad anthropological perspectives | journal = Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–52 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19107582 | pmc = 2730465 | doi = 10.1007/s11013-008-9122-2 }}</ref> This discipline was pioneered by [[Ted Kaptchuk]] and colleagues at the [[Program in Placebo Studies]] at [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]] and the [[Harvard Medical School]]. It has been found through clinical [[placebo]] studies that the [[placebo]] effect in fact plays a significant role; one specific case being the clinical trials of [[major depressive disorder]] (MDD).<ref name=brunoni>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Kaptchuk TJ, Fregni F | title = Placebo response of non-pharmacological and pharmacological trials in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = PLOS One | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = e4824 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19293925 | pmc = 2653635 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0004824 }}</ref> Alongside major depressive disorder, these placebo experiments have been noted in studies of migranes, irritable bowl syndrome, and even Parkinson's disease.<ref>{{Citation|last=Luo|first=Yan|title=Mobile P 2P Databases|date=2017|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17885-1_795|work=Encyclopedia of GIS|pages=1267–1274|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=9783319178844|access-date=2018-11-23|last2=Wolfson|first2=Ouri}}</ref>
+{{Rcat shell|
-==Background==
+{{R to related topic}}
-Until 1955, a [[placebo]] treatment was considered a fraudulent substance administered to appease difficult patients.<ref name=kaptchuk>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaptchuk TJ, Kelley JM, Deykin A, Wayne PM, Lasagna LC, Epstein IO, Kirsch I, Wechsler ME | title = Do "placebo responders" exist? | journal = Contemporary Clinical Trials | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 587–95 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18378192 | doi = 10.1016/j.cct.2008.02.002 }}</ref> As the defintion for Placeo has changed its connotation over the years, idealy it has come to mean the false effects are belived to be true by one's expectations. Although, it is a false substance used to satisfy one's ilness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.shsu.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=47b60c2f-3a13-45e2-82eb-fb70092f29f2@sessionmgr4006&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==#AN=89408012&db=ers|title=Login - Sam Houston State University|website=eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.shsu.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref>However, the rise of the placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT), it became widely known throughout the academic community that [[placebo]] effects could in fact result in clinical changes and results.<ref name="kaptchuk"/> However, the ability to distinguish the efficacious ability of placebos over a period of time as well as those who are coined responders has proven difficult for scientists.<ref name="kaptchuk"/>
+}}
-== Double-blind ==
-A [[Double-blind placebo-controlled trial|double-blind placebo]] is called so when neither the researcher nor the patients know who was given which form of treatment.  This is the most used form of the placebo methods. It differs from a single [[placebo]] in that the researchers actually know what patients are given which form of therapy.<ref name="Moher-2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG | title = CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials | journal = [[Br Med J]] | volume = 340 | pages = c869 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.c869 | pmid = 20332511 | pmc = 2844943 }}</ref>
-== Controlled studies ==
-Although the double-blind placebo method is the most common, controlled [[placebo]] expierements require a different understanding. A placebo is given to one group of patients, while the treatment being tested is given to another group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/hormone_therapy/article.htm#hormone_therapy_facts|title=Hormone Therapy for Women: Side Effects, Cancer Risks|work=MedicineNet|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en}}</ref> Thus, the control is in the hands of people conducting the expierements.
-== Initial clinical experiments ==
-In 1954, at [[Harvard Medical School]] a team led by [[Louis Lasagna]] lead the first known experiment to detect [[placebo]] responders.<ref name=lasagna>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lasagna L, Mosteller F, Von Felsinger JM, Beecher HK | title = A study of the placebo response | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 770–9 | date = June 1954 | pmid = 13158365 | doi = 10.1016/0002-9343(54)90441-6 }}</ref> In this experiment approximately 162 postoperative patients were observed for significant pain relief from subcutaneous injections of [[placebo]] and morphine.<ref name="lasagna"/> Differences in response and attitude were exhibited between [[placebo]] respondents and non-placebo respondents.<ref name="lasagna" /> "Using Rorschach tests and qualitative interviews, respondents, compared to non-respondents, were more anxious, self-centered, viewed the hospital care as 'wonderful', had more somatic symptoms, used more cathartics, were 'talkers and were  regular church goers.".<ref name="kaptchuk"/> Overall, this initial study on placebo responders versus non-responders outlined the initial yet undiscovered effects of the placebo within the placebo study.
-In 1957, a team led by Wolf at [[Cornell University Medical School]] conducted an experiment to determine the reliability of the placebo response within the placebo study.<ref name=wolf>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolf S, Doering CR, Clark ML, Hagans JA | title = Chance distribution and placebo reactor | journal = The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 837–41 | date = June 1957 | pmid = 13429202 }}</ref>
-A study on double blind [[placebo]] effects from omega 3 fatty acids and their persistant climb was done in 2006. This study concluded that although the results were "too premature to evaluate," they  showed there was a relationship between the efficacy of the antidepressant placebos and the intake of omega threes PUFAs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Pao-Yen|last2=Su|first2=Kuan-Pin|date=2007-07-15|title=A Meta-Analytic Review of Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials of Antidepressant Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v68n0712|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=68|issue=07|pages=1056–1061|doi=10.4088/jcp.v68n0712|issn=0160-6689}}</ref> Even your daily diet can trigger aspired results.
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
-[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]
-[[Category:Concepts in alternative medicine]]
-[[Category:Clinical research]]
-[[Category:Academic disciplines]]
-[[Category:Nursing research]]
-[[Category:Placebo researchers]]
-[[Category:Drugs]]
-[[Category:Hypnosis]]