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== Paramagnetism ==


==Natural occurrence==
&nbsp;&nbsp; Someone whose exotic-magnetism chops are less rusty than mine should express an opinion as to whether [http://www.themarketbusiness.com/2015-07-14-study-confirms-plutonium-has-no-magnetism Study confirms, Plutonium has no Magnetism] (currently cited under Science, but no subheading, on Google News) and/or [https://www.google.com/search?q=Plutonium+Magnetism&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8 other new Google hits] indeed require updating our coverage on the accompanying article, which [https://www.google.com/search?q=Plutonium+Magnetism&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8 appears to me be satisfied (as of an unrelated edit an hour ago) with] "Magnetic ordering [is] paramagnetic" (in the InfoBox) as the only magnetism-relevant fact.<br><!--
"Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number known to occur in nature" - not true, see the WIKIPEDIA sites on (1) natural nuclear reactors in Gabon, (2) the Przybylski star...[[User:Eudialytos|Eudialytos]] ([[User talk:Eudialytos|talk]]) 19:53, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
-->&nbsp;&nbsp; It also makes me wonder if the new result suggests the paramagnetism would extinguish at temperatures sufficiently low that thermal noise is lower than energy'''-level difference'''s anomalously close between states differing (i presume) in more than a single quantum number ....? (I'd bet there are at least some editors who have a better idea than i about which related but more general quantum-magnetism topics are likely to have been edited by the most suitable editors for the task.)<br>--[[User:Jerzy|Jerzy]]•[[User talk:Jerzy|t]] 07:51 '''& 07:56''', 15 July 2015 (UTC)<br>


:it is true [[Special:Contributions/2603:8080:D03:89D4:714E:6276:C325:D076|2603:8080:D03:89D4:714E:6276:C325:D076]] ([[User talk:2603:8080:D03:89D4:714E:6276:C325:D076|talk]]) 00:54, 4 September 2024 (UTC)
== ''"...most of whom were industrial workers..."'' ==
::It is correct that Pu is the element with the highest atomic number that is known to occur ''today'' on Earth. All the transplutoniums created at Oklo have long since decayed. Off Earth it is indeed a different story, and it seems likely that a lot more of period 7 is accounted for every time an r-process event happens. But it's not really clear how much. [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 01:47, 4 September 2024 (UTC)
::[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf1341 This paper] may be of interest. [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 09:07, 14 September 2024 (UTC)
::This is nonsense. First, "occur in nature" and "occur on Earth" are enormously different. Second "now exist on Earth" and "have ever existed on Earth" are enormously different. How about, oh, I don't know, how about actually articulating the actual fact that it's likely that higher At No. elements have existed on Earth AND even today it's likely that an occasional cosmic ray creates some 95 (Am) or 96 (Cm) ON EARTH (just not in measurable quantities ...or I should say such collisions have to be exceedingly rare, random and almost impossible to document.) Not only that, but there are several natural radioactive processes that CAN make (and almost certainly DO make) higher AN elements (one atom here, one atom there) on Earth. Let alone stellar, neutron star, supernova processes (and how about the accretion disk of SagA*? ...It doesn't only blast out gamma rays...) And my comments have tried to ignore the various Atomic and H- bomb tests.) occur "in nature" is problematic.[[Special:Contributions/98.17.180.146|98.17.180.146]] ([[User talk:98.17.180.146|talk]]) 20:25, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
:::It is indeed probable that cosmic rays bring <sup>247</sup>Cm to Earth. The issue is that no one has ever found it (or anything else beyond Pu). [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 06:05, 16 October 2024 (UTC)


== Names after Pluto ==
WHAT THE FUCK DOES THIS HAVE TO DO WITH ANYTHING??? [[Special:Contributions/70.29.99.120|70.29.99.120]] ([[User talk:70.29.99.120|talk]]) 08:28, 8 July 2018 (UTC)
:You are right. Allcaps is in place, even. I have deleted that phrase. -[[User:DePiep|DePiep]] ([[User talk:DePiep|talk]]) 21:49, 8 July 2018 (UTC)


Pluto is a planet. The IAU classifies it as a minor planet. The sentence:"Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was also considered a planet." is misleading. It suggest it is no longer "considered a planet", which is false. Sure it's not, by (current) definition, a major planet but the phrase "which at the time was also considered a planet" is misleading and completely unnecessary! How about just:"Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after the (minor) planet Pluto." Or, I think, even better:"Since uranium and neptunium were named after the planets Uranus and Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, discovered just a decade earlier." YMMV[[Special:Contributions/98.17.180.146|98.17.180.146]] ([[User talk:98.17.180.146|talk]]) 20:55, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
==Criticality potential==
:In general, unqualified "planet" connotes "major planet" in today's astronomical parlance. And in fact, your first suggested wording is problematic for exactly this reason: in the 1940s Pluto was certainly thought to be the ninth ''major'' planet. [[User:Double sharp|Double sharp]] ([[User talk:Double sharp|talk]]) 04:24, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
Plutonium in solution is more likely to form a critical mass than the solid form due to moderation by the hydrogen in water.[10]


== Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2024 ==
Umm i think this is misstated. Believe this should say "LESS" likely to form critical mass when moderated as an aqueous solution vs a solid. <!-- Template:Unsigned IP --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/69.113.58.160|69.113.58.160]] ([[User talk:69.113.58.160#top|talk]]) 16:22, 5 November 2018 (UTC)</small> <!--Autosigned by SineBot-->


{{edit semi-protected|Plutonium|answered=yes}}
== Plutonium in Solution, and Neutron Moderation ==
Add Morris L. Perlman to the Discovery list. On this page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements), he is listed in the notes as having co-discovered it with Glenn Seaborg but he's not listed in the Discovers column of that page or the Discovery list this page. [[User:Gperlman|Gperlman]] ([[User talk:Gperlman|talk]]) 20:13, 13 November 2024 (UTC)


:{{not done}}:<!-- Template:ESp --> Seaborg and Perlman found plutonium in nature in 1942, but it was synthesized in 1941, which I suspect is why Perlman isn't generally listed as a discoverer. [[User:PianoDan|PianoDan]] ([[User talk:PianoDan|talk]]) 17:03, 15 November 2024 (UTC)
The assumption that a solution of a plutonium compound must be aqueous is no longer valid. The phrase "plutonium in solution" needs to become "plutonium in aqueous solution".<br>
In a molten salt reactor, plutonium would be dissolved as a tetra- or hexa- fluoride or -chloride, in a very hot molten alkali fluoride or chloride as the solvent.
<br>
Neutron moderation makes a huge difference to the idea of "critical mass". Neutrons at thermal speeds are much more easily captured than fast ones.
Carbon nuclei and hydrogen nuclei are quite good at taking energy from neutrons.
<p>
In his book "Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman" Richard Feynman does indeed point out the danger that aqueous solutions of fissile actinides - in this instance enriched uranium nitrates - can far more easily attain critical mass than the same amount of solid oxide or metal. Two containers of aqueous solution separated by a wall could add up to a critical mass with moderated neutrons!<p>
The danger to personnel is from the neutrons, not necessarily an explosion. Bombs are usually made with isotopically pure fissile metal. But a reactor can use a mere 3.6% of the fissile isotope, as pellets in zirconium cylinders, surrounded by water to moderate the neutrons.
The plutonium production reactors used natural metallic uranium, carbon in the form of very pure graphite, and water as a coolant, to create a state of "criticality" enough for the fission-produced neutrons from fissile 235_U, which is only 0.7% of the uranium, to be slowed down enough to be captured by other fissile nuclei in a chain reaction stable and productive enough to provide extra neutrons to be captured by the 238_U and produce ultimately 239_Pu.
Carbon nuclei are quite good neutron moderators, and do not capture neutrons as much as hydrogen nuclei, protons, do.
[[User:DaveyHume|DaveyHume]] ([[User talk:DaveyHume|talk]]) 15:42, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Latest revision as of 17:03, 15 November 2024

Featured articlePlutonium is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community. Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so.
Main Page trophyThis article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on February 23, 2009.
On this day... Article milestones
DateProcessResult
March 5, 2007Good article nomineeNot listed
December 31, 2008Featured article candidatePromoted
January 11, 2009Peer reviewReviewed
September 29, 2014Good topic candidatePromoted
February 19, 2015Featured article reviewKept
February 15, 2024Good topic removal candidateDemoted
On this day... Facts from this article were featured on Wikipedia's Main Page in the "On this day..." column on February 23, 2010, February 23, 2011, February 23, 2016, February 23, 2021, February 23, 2022, and February 23, 2023.
Current status: Featured article

Natural occurrence

[edit]

"Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number known to occur in nature" - not true, see the WIKIPEDIA sites on (1) natural nuclear reactors in Gabon, (2) the Przybylski star...Eudialytos (talk) 19:53, 2 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]

it is true 2603:8080:D03:89D4:714E:6276:C325:D076 (talk) 00:54, 4 September 2024 (UTC)[reply]
It is correct that Pu is the element with the highest atomic number that is known to occur today on Earth. All the transplutoniums created at Oklo have long since decayed. Off Earth it is indeed a different story, and it seems likely that a lot more of period 7 is accounted for every time an r-process event happens. But it's not really clear how much. Double sharp (talk) 01:47, 4 September 2024 (UTC)[reply]
This paper may be of interest. Double sharp (talk) 09:07, 14 September 2024 (UTC)[reply]
This is nonsense. First, "occur in nature" and "occur on Earth" are enormously different. Second "now exist on Earth" and "have ever existed on Earth" are enormously different. How about, oh, I don't know, how about actually articulating the actual fact that it's likely that higher At No. elements have existed on Earth AND even today it's likely that an occasional cosmic ray creates some 95 (Am) or 96 (Cm) ON EARTH (just not in measurable quantities ...or I should say such collisions have to be exceedingly rare, random and almost impossible to document.) Not only that, but there are several natural radioactive processes that CAN make (and almost certainly DO make) higher AN elements (one atom here, one atom there) on Earth. Let alone stellar, neutron star, supernova processes (and how about the accretion disk of SagA*? ...It doesn't only blast out gamma rays...) And my comments have tried to ignore the various Atomic and H- bomb tests.) occur "in nature" is problematic.98.17.180.146 (talk) 20:25, 15 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]
It is indeed probable that cosmic rays bring 247Cm to Earth. The issue is that no one has ever found it (or anything else beyond Pu). Double sharp (talk) 06:05, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Names after Pluto

[edit]

Pluto is a planet. The IAU classifies it as a minor planet. The sentence:"Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was also considered a planet." is misleading. It suggest it is no longer "considered a planet", which is false. Sure it's not, by (current) definition, a major planet but the phrase "which at the time was also considered a planet" is misleading and completely unnecessary! How about just:"Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after the (minor) planet Pluto." Or, I think, even better:"Since uranium and neptunium were named after the planets Uranus and Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, discovered just a decade earlier." YMMV98.17.180.146 (talk) 20:55, 15 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

In general, unqualified "planet" connotes "major planet" in today's astronomical parlance. And in fact, your first suggested wording is problematic for exactly this reason: in the 1940s Pluto was certainly thought to be the ninth major planet. Double sharp (talk) 04:24, 16 October 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2024

[edit]

Add Morris L. Perlman to the Discovery list. On this page (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements), he is listed in the notes as having co-discovered it with Glenn Seaborg but he's not listed in the Discovers column of that page or the Discovery list this page. Gperlman (talk) 20:13, 13 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

 Not done: Seaborg and Perlman found plutonium in nature in 1942, but it was synthesized in 1941, which I suspect is why Perlman isn't generally listed as a discoverer. PianoDan (talk) 17:03, 15 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]