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|birth_date = {{birth date|1907|07|27|df=y}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1907|07|27|df=y}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|10|30|1907|7|27}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|10|30|1907|7|27}}
|birth_place = [[Tüßling]], [[German Empire]]
|birth_place = [[Tüßling]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
|death_place = [[Tüßling]], [[Germany]]
|death_place = [[Tüßling]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]
|allegiance = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|allegiance = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|branch = [[File:Flag Schutzstaffel.svg|23px]] [[Schutzstaffel]]
|branch = [[File:Flag Schutzstaffel.svg|23px]] [[Schutzstaffel]]
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'''Karl Richard Freiherr Michel von Tüßling'''{{efn|{{German title|Freiherr}}}} (27 July 1907 – 30 October 1991) was a [[Schutzstaffel]] (SS) officer who served in the [[Nazi]] government of German dictator [[Adolf Hitler]], in the staff of the [[Reichsführer SS]] and in the staff of the [[SS Main Office]]. From 1936 onwards, he also was the personal adjutant of ''[[Reichsleiter]]'' and SS-''[[Obergruppenführer]]'' [[Philipp Bouhler]], who was in charge of [[Hitler's Chancellery (Kanzlei des Führers)]], head of the euthanasia programme [[Aktion T4]], as well as co-initiator of [[Action 14f13|Aktion 14f13]].<ref name="Google Books 2016">{{cite web | title=Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942 | website=Google Books | date=2016-07-28 | url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=r0UyAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=adjutant+michel-t%C3%BCsslimg | language=de | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref><ref name="Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung">{{cite web | title=Adelige Funktionäre in der NSDAP im Jahre 1939 | website=Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung | url=http://home.foni.net/~adelsforschung/nati00.htm | language=de | accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref> In 1947 Tüßling provided an [[affidavit]] in defence of war criminal [[Viktor Brack]] who was sentenced to death at the [[Nuremberg trials]].<ref name="nuremberg trials project.law.harvard.edu">{{cite web | website=nuremberg.law.harvard.edu | url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/312-affidavit-concerning-bracks-position?q=%2Amichel+von+tuessling#p.1 | accessdate=2016-08-19 | title=Harvard Law School Library - Nuremberg Trials Project}}</ref><ref>Ebbinghaus, Angelika (2001). ''The Nuremberg Medical Trial 1946/47'', [[Walter de Gruyter]], p. 236. {{ISBN|978-31-109-5007-6}}</ref>
'''Karl Richard Freiherr Michel von Tüßling'''{{efn|{{German title|Freiherr}}}} (27 July 1907 – 30 October 1991) was a German [[Schutzstaffel]] (SS) officer who served in the [[Nazi]] government of dictator [[Adolf Hitler]], in the staff of the [[Reichsführer SS]] and in the staff of the [[SS Main Office]]. From 1936 onwards, he also was the personal adjutant of ''[[Reichsleiter]]'' and SS-''[[Obergruppenführer]]'' [[Philipp Bouhler]], who was in charge of [[Hitler's Chancellery (Kanzlei des Führers)]], head of the euthanasia programme [[Aktion T4]], as well as co-initiator of [[Action 14f13|Aktion 14f13]].<ref name="Google Books 2016">{{cite web | title=Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942 | website=Google Books | date=2016-07-28 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0UyAAAAMAAJ&q=adjutant+michel-t%C3%BCsslimg | language=de | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref><ref name="Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung">{{cite web | title=Adelige Funktionäre in der NSDAP im Jahre 1939 | website=Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung | url=http://home.foni.net/~adelsforschung/nati00.htm | language=de | accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref> In 1947 Tüßling provided an [[affidavit]] in defence of war criminal [[Viktor Brack]] who was sentenced to death at the [[Nuremberg trials]].<ref name="nuremberg trials project.law.harvard.edu">{{cite web | website=nuremberg.law.harvard.edu | url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/312-affidavit-concerning-bracks-position?q=%2Amichel+von+tuessling#p.1 | accessdate=2016-08-19 | title=Harvard Law School Library - Nuremberg Trials Project}}</ref><ref>Ebbinghaus, Angelika (2001). ''The Nuremberg Medical Trial 1946/47'', [[Walter de Gruyter]], p. 236. {{ISBN|978-31-109-5007-6}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
=== Early life ===
=== Early life ===
Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling was born in [[Tüßling]], [[Bavaria]], as the second child of Alfred Freiherr [[:de:Michel (Adelsgeschlecht)|Michel v. Tüßling]] (1870–1957) and Hertha Gräfin Wolffskeel v. Reichenberg (1877–1948).<ref>[[:de:Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels|Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels]], Freiherrliche Häuser, Band XV, [[Limburg a.d. Lahn]] 1989, p. 359 ff.</ref> He grew up on the [[Upper Bavaria]]n estate of Tüßling castle, which his father bought in 1905. After the [[First World War]] he graduated from high school ([[Abitur]]) and studied [[forestry]] in Munich at the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität]]. He graduated as a ''Diplom-Forstwirt''.<ref name="Willkommen...">{{cite web | title=Reiche Deutsche: Michel, Freiherren | website=Willkommen... | url=http://www.aktienhistoriker.de/reichedeutsche/873 | language=de | access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref><ref name="München1928">{{cite book|author=Universität München|title=Personen- und Vorlesungs-Verzeichnis|url=https://books.google.de/books?redir_esc=y&hl=de&id=yyzPAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Michel|year=1928}}</ref>
Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling was born in [[Tüßling]], [[Bavaria]], as the second child of Alfred Freiherr [[:de:Michel (Adelsgeschlecht)|Michel v. Tüßling]] (1870–1957) and Hertha Gräfin Wolffskeel v. Reichenberg (1877–1948).<ref>[[:de:Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels|Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels]], Freiherrliche Häuser, Band XV, [[Limburg a.d. Lahn]] 1989, p. 359 ff.</ref> He grew up on the [[Upper Bavaria]]n estate of Tüßling castle, which his father bought in 1905. After the [[First World War]] he graduated from high school ([[Abitur]]) and studied [[forestry]] in Munich at the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität]]. He graduated as a ''Diplom-Forstwirt''.<ref name="Willkommen...">{{cite web | title=Reiche Deutsche: Michel, Freiherren | website=Willkommen... | url=http://www.aktienhistoriker.de/reichedeutsche/873 | language=de | access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref><ref name="München1928">{{cite book|author=Universität München|title=Personen- und Vorlesungs-Verzeichnis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyzPAAAAMAAJ&q=Michel|year=1928}}</ref>


Michel von Tüßling came from a [[National conservatism|national conservative]] family. His father had served as a [[Major]] (reserve) of the [[Bavarian Army]]. His uncle Eberhard Wolffskeel von Reichenberg (1875-1954) served as a Major in the [[German Army (German Empire)|Imperial Army]]. As chief of staff to Fakhri Pasha, deputy commander of the [[Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Fourth Army]], he was actively involved in the [[Armenian Genocide]].<ref name="Gomidas Institute">{{cite web | title=Books and publications | website=Gomidas Institute | url=http://www.gomidas.org/books/show/63 | access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref><ref name="Gottschlich2015">{{cite book|author=Jürgen Gottschlich|title=Beihilfe zum Völkermord: Deutschlands Rolle bei der Vernichtung der Armenier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx6GBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|year=2015|publisher=Ch. Links Verlag|isbn=978-3-86153-817-2|pages=17 ff.}}</ref><ref name="Reichenberg2004">{{cite book|author=Graf Eberhard Wolffskeel von Reichenberg|title=Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenberg, Zeitoun, Mousa Dagh, Ourfa: Letters on the Armenian Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y56bAgAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Gomidas Institute|isbn=978-1-903656-43-3}}</ref> His uncle Richard von Michel-Raulino (1864-1926) was a committed member of the [[German National People's Party]] as well as publisher and owner of the national conservative ''Bamberger Tagblatt'' newspaper.<ref name="Historisches Lexikon Bayerns 2018">{{cite web | title=Bamberger Tagblatt (1834-1945) – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns | website=Historisches Lexikon Bayerns | date=2018-04-29 | url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Bamberger_Tagblatt_(1834-1945) | language=de | access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> His older sister Freda (1905-1936) was married to the National Socialist Henning von Nordeck (1895-1978), who served as a [[SS-Standartenführer]] in the staff of the ''Reichsleitung SS'', as early as 1934.<ref>SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), ''Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Oktober 1934'', München, 1934, S. 8</ref>
Michel von Tüßling came from a [[National conservatism|national conservative]] family. His father had served as a [[Major (rank)|Major]] (reserve) of the [[Bavarian Army]]. His uncle Eberhard Wolffskeel von Reichenberg (1875–1954) served as a Major in the [[German Army (German Empire)|Imperial Army]]. As chief of staff to Fakhri Pasha, deputy commander of the [[Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Fourth Army]], he was actively involved in the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref name="Gomidas Institute">{{cite web | title=Books and publications | website=Gomidas Institute | url=http://www.gomidas.org/books/show/63 | access-date=2018-05-05}}</ref><ref name="Gottschlich2015">{{cite book|author=Jürgen Gottschlich|title=Beihilfe zum Völkermord: Deutschlands Rolle bei der Vernichtung der Armenier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx6GBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|year=2015|publisher=Ch. Links Verlag|isbn=978-3-86153-817-2|pages=17 ff}}</ref><ref name="Reichenberg2004">{{cite book|author=Graf Eberhard Wolffskeel von Reichenberg|title=Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenberg, Zeitoun, Mousa Dagh, Ourfa: Letters on the Armenian Genocide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y56bAgAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Gomidas Institute|isbn=978-1-903656-43-3}}</ref> His uncle Richard von Michel-Raulino (1864–1926) was a committed member of the [[German National People's Party]] as well as publisher and owner of the national conservative ''Bamberger Tagblatt'' newspaper.<ref name="Historisches Lexikon Bayerns 2018">{{cite web | title=Bamberger Tagblatt (1834–1945) – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns | website=Historisches Lexikon Bayerns | date=2018-04-29 | url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Bamberger_Tagblatt_(1834-1945) | language=de | access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> His older sister Freda (1905–1936) was married to the Nazi Henning von Nordeck (1895–1978), who served as a [[SS-Standartenführer]] in the staff of the ''Reichsleitung SS'', as early as 1934.<ref>SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), ''Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Oktober 1934'', München, 1934, S. 8</ref>


===Nazi Party and SS career===
===Nazi Party and SS career===
Michel von Tüßling joined the [[SS]] (''Motorized Unit 2'') in [[Munich]] in April 1933, shortly after the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP) [[Nazi seizure of power|seized national power]]. In summer 1933 he was transferred to the ''1st [[Units and commands of the Schutzstaffel#Allgemeine SS commands|SS-Standarte]]'' in Munich, that was commanded by [[Viktor Brack]], who was also chief of staff to the ''Reich Secretary of the NSDAP'', ''[[Reichsleiter]]'' [[Philipp Bouhler]]. In August 1934, Bouhler became police chairman of Munich, and only a month later, he was appointed chief of Adolf Hitler's [[Hitler's Chancellery|Chancellery]]. In 1935 Bouhler summoned Michel von Tüssling to Berlin, where he became a commissioned officer, rising to the rank of ''[[Untersturmführer]]''.<ref name="nuremberg.law.harvard.edu">{{cite web | website=nuremberg.law.harvard.edu | url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/pflip.php?caseid=HLSL_NMT01&docnum=312&numpages=4&startpage=1&title=Affidavit.&color_setting=C | accessdate=2016-08-19 | title=Harvard Law School Library - Nuremberg Trials Project}}</ref> He served in Hitler's Chancellery (KdF) and also became a staff officer to the ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref>SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), ''Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Juli 1935'', Berlin, 1935, S. 103</ref><ref name="Familie Tenhumberg">{{cite web | title=von Michel-Tüßling Karl | website=Familie Tenhumberg | url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-taeter-und-mitlaeufer/1933-1945-biografien-v/von-michel-tueling-karl.html | language=de | access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref> Shortly after its foundation in December 1935, Michel von Tüßling beame a member of the SS organization [[Lebensborn]].<ref>SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), ''Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Dezember 1937'', Berlin, 1937, S. 166</ref>
Michel von Tüßling joined the [[SS]] (''Motorized Unit 2'') in [[Munich]] in April 1933, shortly after the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP) [[Nazi seizure of power|seized national power]]. In summer 1933 he was transferred to the ''1st [[Units and commands of the Schutzstaffel#Allgemeine SS commands|SS-Standarte]]'' in Munich, that was commanded by [[Viktor Brack]], who was also chief of staff to the ''Reich Secretary of the NSDAP'', ''[[Reichsleiter]]'' [[Philipp Bouhler]]. In August 1934, Bouhler became police chairman of Munich, and only a month later, he was appointed chief of Adolf Hitler's [[Hitler's Chancellery|Chancellery]]. In 1935 Bouhler summoned Michel von Tüssling to Berlin, where he became a commissioned officer, rising to the rank of ''[[Untersturmführer]]''.<ref name="nuremberg.law.harvard.edu">{{cite web | website=nuremberg.law.harvard.edu | url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/pflip.php?caseid=HLSL_NMT01&docnum=312&numpages=4&startpage=1&title=Affidavit.&color_setting=C | accessdate=2016-08-19 | title=Harvard Law School Library - Nuremberg Trials Project | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829052208/http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/pflip.php?caseid=HLSL_NMT01&docnum=312&numpages=4&startpage=1&title=Affidavit.&color_setting=C | archive-date=2016-08-29 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He served in Hitler's Chancellery (KdF) and also became a staff officer to the ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]].<ref>SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), ''Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Juli 1935'', Berlin, 1935, S. 103</ref><ref name="Familie Tenhumberg">{{cite web | title=von Michel-Tüßling Karl | website=Familie Tenhumberg | url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-taeter-und-mitlaeufer/1933-1945-biografien-v/von-michel-tueling-karl.html | language=de | access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref> Shortly after its foundation in December 1935, Michel von Tüßling became a member of the SS organization [[Lebensborn]].<ref>SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), ''Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Dezember 1937'', Berlin, 1937, S. 166</ref>


[[File:Himmlerleymichelvontussling.png|thumb|(from left) [[Heinrich Himmler]], [[Robert Ley]] with his wife Inga, '''Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling''' (right), Munich, 1939]]
[[File:Himmlerleymichelvontussling.png|thumb|(from left) [[Heinrich Himmler]], [[Robert Ley]] with his wife Inga, '''Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling''' (right), Munich, 1939]]
In 1936 he was promoted to ''[[Obersturmführer]]'' and became Bouhler's personal adjutant. Brack was appointed chief of Main Office 2 (Hauptamt II). Bouhler's office was responsible for all correspondences for Hitler which included private and internal communications, appeals from party courts, official judgments, and [[pardon|clemency]] petitions. In 1937, he also became a staff officer at the [[SS Main Office]], and was promoted to ''[[Hauptsturmführer]]'' in 1938. Michel von Tüßling continued his service in Hitler's Chancellery and the SS, and remained the personal adjutant of Bouhler throughout the [[Aktion T4]], the programme of [[involuntary euthanasia]], that ran officially from September 1939 to August 1941, killing more than 70,000 people.<ref name="Google Books 2016">{{cite web | title=Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942 | website=Google Books | date=2016-07-28 | url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=r0UyAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=adjutant+michel-t%C3%BCsslimg | language=de | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref><ref>[[NSDAP]] - Reichsorganisationsleiter Dr. [[Robert Ley]], Hg. (1941), ''Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942'', [[Franz Eher Nachfolger]], [[Munich]], p. 167</ref> On 30 January 1941, Michel von Tüßling was promoted to ''[[Sturmbannführer]]''.<ref name="DWS-XIP Druga Wojna Światowa">{{cite web | title=Numery członków SS od 56 000 do 56 999. | website=DWS-XIP Druga Wojna Światowa | url=http://www.dws-xip.pl/reich/biografie/numery/numer56.html | language=pl | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref><ref name="The numbers of members of the SS">{{cite web | title=The numbers of members of the SS: 56 000 to 56 999. | website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=pl&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dws-xip.pl%2Freich%2Fbiografie%2Fnumery%2FnumerA.html | language=en | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref>
In 1936 he was promoted to ''[[Obersturmführer]]'' and became Bouhler's personal adjutant. Brack was appointed chief of Main Office 2 (Hauptamt II). Bouhler's office was responsible for all correspondences for Hitler which included private and internal communications, appeals from party courts, official judgments, and [[pardon|clemency]] petitions. In 1937, he also became a staff officer at the [[SS Main Office]], and was promoted to ''[[Hauptsturmführer]]'' in 1938. Michel von Tüßling continued his service in Hitler's Chancellery and the SS, and remained the personal adjutant of Bouhler throughout the [[Aktion T4]], the programme of [[involuntary euthanasia]], that ran officially from September 1939 to August 1941, killing more than 70,000 people.<ref name="Google Books 2016">{{cite web | title=Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942 | website=Google Books | date=2016-07-28 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0UyAAAAMAAJ&q=adjutant+michel-t%C3%BCsslimg | language=de | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref><ref>[[NSDAP]] - Reichsorganisationsleiter Dr. [[Robert Ley]], Hg. (1941), ''Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942'', [[Franz Eher Nachfolger]], [[Munich]], p. 167</ref> On 30 January 1941, Michel von Tüßling was promoted to ''[[Sturmbannführer]]''.<ref name="DWS-XIP Druga Wojna Światowa">{{cite web | title=Numery członków SS od 56 000 do 56 999. | website=DWS-XIP Druga Wojna Światowa | url=http://www.dws-xip.pl/reich/biografie/numery/numer56.html | language=pl | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref><ref name="The numbers of members of the SS">{{cite web | title=The numbers of members of the SS: 56 000 to 56 999. | website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=pl&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dws-xip.pl%2Freich%2Fbiografie%2Fnumery%2FnumerA.html | language=en | accessdate=2016-08-19}}</ref>


In 1941 Bouhler and Himmler initiated ''[[Action 14f13|Aktion 14f13]]''. Bouhler instructed the head of the Hauptamt II, Viktor Brack who had already been in charge of the various front operations of T4, to implement this order. ''Aktion 14f13'' killed 15,000–20,000 [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] prisoners. Many KdF employees who participated in T4 later joined [[Operation Reinhard]], the Nazi plan under [[Odilo Globocnik]] to exterminate [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]] in the [[General Government]] district of German-[[occupied Poland]], that was executed from October 1941 till November 1943.
In 1941 Bouhler and Himmler initiated ''[[Action 14f13|Aktion 14f13]]''. Bouhler instructed the head of the Hauptamt II, Viktor Brack who had already been in charge of the various front operations of T4, to implement this order. ''Aktion 14f13'' killed 15,000–20,000 [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camp]] prisoners. Many KdF employees who participated in T4 later joined [[Operation Reinhard]], the Nazi plan under [[Odilo Globocnik]] to exterminate [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]] in the [[General Government]] district of German-[[occupied Poland]], that was executed from October 1941 till November 1943.
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Michel von Tüßling was interned at Regensburg Internment Camp, from where he provided an affidavit in defence of Viktor Brack in 1947. In this affidavit he also describes their (Brack, Bouhler, Michel von Tüßling) relation to Adolf Hitler's private secretary [[Martin Bormann]]; (excerpt):
Michel von Tüßling was interned at Regensburg Internment Camp, from where he provided an affidavit in defence of Viktor Brack in 1947. In this affidavit he also describes their (Brack, Bouhler, Michel von Tüßling) relation to Adolf Hitler's private secretary [[Martin Bormann]]; (excerpt):
{{quotation|Brack was an outspoken opponent of Bormann's policy, especially of the NSDAP totality demands advocated by Bormann. I know this very definitely, because Brack repeatedly asked me to use my personal influence to induce Reichsleiter Bouhler to adopt a more active attitude against Bormann's efforts. Bouhler certainly shared Brack's and my opinion of Bormann, but in spite of our remonstrances did not alter his passive attitude to Bormann. ... I am convinced that he [Brack] did not regard the SS as an organisation for the perpetration of crimes. His attitude to the Jewish question did not correspond to the usual SS conception. He was on good terms with several Jews of mixed descent and in his official capacity repeatedly acted on behalf of Jews who applied to him for assistance.|Karl Baron Michel von Tüßling, Regensburg, 31 March 1947<ref name="Affidavit, Karl Freiherr Michel von Tuessling, page 3 & 4">{{cite web | website=[[Harvard Law School]] | url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/312-affidavit-concerning-bracks-position?q=%2Amichel+von+tuessling#p.4 | accessdate=2016-11-03 |title=Affidavit: Karl Freiherr Michel von Tuessling, page 3-4}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|Brack was an outspoken opponent of Bormann's policy, especially of the NSDAP totality demands advocated by Bormann. I know this very definitely, because Brack repeatedly asked me to use my personal influence to induce Reichsleiter Bouhler to adopt a more active attitude against Bormann's efforts. Bouhler certainly shared Brack's and my opinion of Bormann, but in spite of our remonstrances did not alter his passive attitude to Bormann. ... I am convinced that he [Brack] did not regard the SS as an organisation for the perpetration of crimes. His attitude to the Jewish question did not correspond to the usual SS conception. He was on good terms with several Jews of mixed descent and in his official capacity repeatedly acted on behalf of Jews who applied to him for assistance.|Karl Baron Michel von Tüßling, Regensburg, 31 March 1947<ref name="Affidavit, Karl Freiherr Michel von Tuessling, page 3 & 4">{{cite web | website=[[Harvard Law School]] | url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/312-affidavit-concerning-bracks-position?q=%2Amichel+von+tuessling#p.4 | accessdate=2016-11-03 |title=Affidavit: Karl Freiherr Michel von Tuessling, page 3-4}}</ref>}}
During the Nuremberg "[[Doctors' trial]]", Brack was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity: [[Nazi human experimentation]], [[Aktion T4|mass murder under the guise of euthanasia]], his relation to [[Action 14f13|Aktion 14f13]], and his involvement to the implementation of the Final Solution. Brack was found guilty and executed at [[Landsberg Prison]] in 1948.
During the Nuremberg "[[Doctors' trial]]", Brack was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity: [[Nazi human experimentation]], [[Aktion T4|mass murder under the guise of euthanasia]], his relation to [[Action 14f13|Aktion 14f13]], and his involvement to the implementation of the Final Solution. Brack was found guilty and executed at [[Landsberg Prison]] in 1948.


Michel von Tüßling was able to conceal his wartime KdF- and SS-activity from the American prosecutors. At the Nuremberg Doctors trial he affirmed an affidavit that in September 1939 he was drafted into the [[Luftwaffe]], where he served until the end of the war. After his release from the detention center in 1948, he returned to Tüßling and worked as a farmer. Along with Brack and Bouhler, one of his close Nazi Party friends was the former Minister of Armaments and War Production [[Albert Speer]], who regularly visited him on [[:de:Schloss Tüßling|his estate]] following his release from [[Spandau Prison]] in 1966.<ref>Stephanie von Pfuel, ''Wenn schon, denn schon'', Autobiografie, LangenMüller, München, 2007, S. 167</ref> Michel von Tüßling died at Tüßling Castle in 1991.
Michel von Tüßling was able to conceal his wartime KdF- and SS-activity from the American prosecutors. At the Nuremberg Doctors trial, he affirmed an affidavit that in September 1939 he was drafted into the [[Luftwaffe]], where he served until the end of the war. After his release from the detention center in 1948, he returned to Tüßling and worked as a farmer. Along with Brack and Bouhler, one of his close Nazi Party friends was the former Minister of Armaments and War Production [[Albert Speer]], who regularly visited him on [[:de:Schloss Tüßling|his estate]] following his release from [[Spandau Prison]] in 1966.<ref>Stephanie von Pfuel, ''Wenn schon, denn schon'', Autobiografie, LangenMüller, München, 2007, S. 167</ref> Michel von Tüßling died at Tüßling Castle in 1991.


===Family===
===Family===
[[File:Tüßling - Heiligenstatt - Kirche 03.JPG|thumb|Tomb of Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling and his wife Ulrike, on the pilgrimage church ''Innocent Children'', Heiligenstatt (Tüßling)]]
[[File:Tüßling - Heiligenstatt - Kirche 03.JPG|thumb|Gravestone of Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling and his wife Ulrike, on the [[pilgrimage church]] ''Innocent Children'', Heiligenstatt (Tüßling)]]
Michel von Tüßling was married twice. His first marriage took place on the 16 May 1938 to Elisabeth von Stumm (1918–1996) in Berlin; divorced, [[Traunstein]], 22. December 1948. His second marriage took place on the 14 November 1960 to Ulrike Barth (1925–1999) in Munich.<ref name="Elward 2004">{{cite web | last=Elward | first=Ronald | title=BOHLEN UND HALBACH | website=The Heirs of Europe | date=2004-02-24 | url=http://heirsofeurope.blogspot.de/2012/03/bohlen-und-halbach.html | accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref> He had three children. His daughter, [[:de:Stephanie von Pfuel|Stephanie Gräfin Bruges-von Pfuel]] (born 1961), who inherited her father's estate, is the current mayor of [[Tüßling]] ([[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]).<ref name="Markt Tüßling 2016">{{cite web | title=Bürgermeister of Tüßling| website=[[Tüßling|Markt Tüßling]] | date=2016-08-06 | url=http://www.tuesslingonline.de/rathaus/bürgermeister/ | language=de | accessdate=2016-09-16}}</ref><ref name="Stephanie von Pfuel">{{cite web | title=Stephanie von Pfuel - Official Homepage: Biografie | website=Stephanie von Pfuel | url=http://www.stephanie-von-pfuel.de/biografie.html | language=de | accessdate=2016-09-17}}</ref> In her first marriage she was married to Benedict Count [[Batthyány]] (born 1960), whose aunt Margit Batthyàny ''aka'' "The Killer Countess"{{efn|group=note|During the final days of World War II, on 24 March 1945, she hosted a party for SS officers, Gestapo leaders, Nazi Youth, and local collaborators at the Thyssen's castle at Rechnitz during which 200 Jews were slaughtered. Whether Margit herself personally killed anyone at the party is disputed.<ref>{{cite web|title=The killer countess: The dark past of Baron Heinrich Thyssen's daughter|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-killer-countess-the-dark-past-of-baron-heinrich-thyssens-daughter-395976.html}}</ref>}} (1911–1989), a daughter of [[Heinrich Thyssen]], maintained a reconvalescence home for members of the SS ([[Rechnitz massacre]]).<ref name="The Independent 2007">{{cite web | title=The killer countess: The dark past of Baron Heinrich Thyssen's | website=The Independent | date=2007-10-07 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-killer-countess-the-dark-past-of-baron-heinrich-thyssens-daughter-395976.html | access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref> His daughter Ulrike (born 1962) married in 1988 Eckbert von Bohlen und Halbach (born 1956), a member of the [[Krupp]] family and nephew of the industrialist [[Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach]], who was convicted after World War II of crimes against humanity; divorced 1995.<ref name="The Heirs of Europe 2004">{{cite web | title=BOHLEN UND HALBACH | website=The Heirs of Europe | date=2004-02-24 | url=http://heirsofeurope.blogspot.com/2012/03/bohlen-und-halbach.html | language=br | access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref> Michel von Tüßling's sister Freda (1905–1936) was married to the ''[[Alter Kämpfer]]'', [[SS-Standartenführer]] Henning von Nordeck (1895–1978). His cousin Lilly (1892-1973) was married to [[Willy Messerschmitt]] (1898–1978). The second husband of his cousin Marie (1893-1978), [[Karl Freiherr von Thüngen]] (1893-1944) was a general in the [[Wehrmacht]] who was executed in 1944 after the failed [[20 July Plot]].
Michel von Tüßling was married twice. His first marriage took place on the 16 May 1938 to Elisabeth von Stumm (1918–1996) in Berlin; divorced, [[Traunstein]], 22. December 1948. His second marriage took place on the 14 November 1960 to Ulrike Barth (1925–1999) in Munich.<ref name="Elward 2004">{{cite web | last=Elward | first=Ronald | title=BOHLEN UND HALBACH | website=The Heirs of Europe | date=2004-02-24 | url=http://heirsofeurope.blogspot.de/2012/03/bohlen-und-halbach.html | accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref> He had three children. His daughter, {{ill|Stephanie Gräfin Bruges-von Pfuel|de|Stephanie von Pfuel}} (born 1961), who inherited her father's estate, was from 1. May 2014 till 30. April 2020 mayor of [[Tüßling]] ([[Christian Social Union in Bavaria|CSU]]).<ref name="GmbH 2019">{{cite web | title=Bürgermeisterin Marktgemeinde Tüßling| website=Marktgemeinde Tüßling | date=2019-04-04 | url=http://www.tuessling.de/rathaus/buergermeisterin.html | language=de | access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><ref name="Stephanie von Pfuel">{{cite web | title=Stephanie von Pfuel - Official Homepage: Biografie | website=Stephanie von Pfuel | url=http://www.stephanie-von-pfuel.de/biografie.html | language=de | accessdate=2016-09-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824020904/http://www.stephanie-von-pfuel.de/biografie.html | archive-date=2016-08-24 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In her first marriage she was married to Benedict Count [[Batthyány]] (born 1960), whose aunt Margit Batthyàny ''aka'' "The Killer Countess"{{efn|group=note|During the final days of World War II, on 24 March 1945, she hosted a party for SS officers, Gestapo leaders, Nazi Youth, and local collaborators at the Thyssen's castle at Rechnitz during which 200 Jews were slaughtered. Whether Margit herself personally killed anyone at the party is disputed.<ref>{{cite web|title=The killer countess: The dark past of Baron Heinrich Thyssen's daughter|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=6 October 2007|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-killer-countess-the-dark-past-of-baron-heinrich-thyssens-daughter-395976.html}}</ref>}} (1911–1989), a daughter of [[Heinrich Thyssen]], maintained a reconvalescence home for members of the SS ([[Rechnitz massacre]]).<ref name="The Independent 2007">{{cite web | title=The killer countess: The dark past of Baron Heinrich Thyssen's | website=The Independent | date=2007-10-07 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-killer-countess-the-dark-past-of-baron-heinrich-thyssens-daughter-395976.html | access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref> From 1999–2005 she was married to Christian Graf Bruges-von [[Pfuel]] (* 1942), grandson of General der Panzertruppe [[Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg]]. His daughter Ulrike (born 1962) married in 1988 Eckbert von Bohlen und Halbach (born 1956), a member of the [[Krupp]] family and nephew of the industrialist [[Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach]], who was convicted after World War II of crimes against humanity; divorced 1995.<ref name="The Heirs of Europe 2004">{{cite web | title=BOHLEN UND HALBACH | website=The Heirs of Europe | date=2004-02-24 | url=http://heirsofeurope.blogspot.com/2012/03/bohlen-und-halbach.html | language=br | access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref> Michel von Tüßling's sister Freda (1905–1936) was married to the ''[[Alter Kämpfer]]'', [[SS-Standartenführer]] Henning von Nordeck (1895–1978). His cousin Lilly (1892-1973) was married to [[Willy Messerschmitt]] (1898–1978). The second husband of his cousin Marie (1893-1978), [[Karl Freiherr von Thüngen]] (1893-1944) was a general in the [[Wehrmacht]] who was executed in 1944 after the failed [[20 July Plot]].


== Officer ranks ==
== Officer ranks ==
Line 52: Line 52:
*1938: ''[[Hauptsturmführer|SS-Hauptsturmführer]]''
*1938: ''[[Hauptsturmführer|SS-Hauptsturmführer]]''
*1941: ''[[SS-Sturmbannführer]]''
*1941: ''[[SS-Sturmbannführer]]''

=== Wehrmacht ===
=== Wehrmacht ===
* until 1942: [[Leutnant|Leutnant der Reserve]]'' ([[military reserve]], [[Wehrmacht]])
* until 1942: [[Leutnant|Leutnant der Reserve]]'' ([[military reserve]], [[Wehrmacht]])
Line 78: Line 79:
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Portal bar|Biography|Military of Germany|4=World War II}}
{{Portal bar|Biography}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Michel von Tussling, Karl Freiherr}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michel von Tussling, Karl Freiherr}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Barons of Germany]]
[[Category:German barons]]
[[Category:Nobility in the Nazi Party]]
[[Category:20th-century German nobility]]
[[Category:SS-Sturmbannführer]]
[[Category:SS-Sturmbannführer]]
[[Category:SS officers]]
[[Category:People from Altötting (district)]]
[[Category:People from Altötting (district)]]
[[Category:People from Upper Bavaria]]
[[Category:People from Upper Bavaria]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States]]

Latest revision as of 05:03, 30 July 2024

Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling
(from left) Philipp Bouhler, Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling (center), Robert Ley with his wife Inga; Munich, July 1939
Born(1907-07-27)27 July 1907
Tüßling, Bavaria, Germany
Died30 October 1991(1991-10-30) (aged 84)
Tüßling, Bavaria, Germany
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service / branch Schutzstaffel
Years of service1933–1945
RankSturmbannführer
Service numberNSDAP #1 726 624
SS #56 074
SS Zivilabzeichen # 106 983
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsSS-Ehrendegen, SA Sports Badge, Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class

Karl Richard Freiherr Michel von Tüßling[a] (27 July 1907 – 30 October 1991) was a German Schutzstaffel (SS) officer who served in the Nazi government of dictator Adolf Hitler, in the staff of the Reichsführer SS and in the staff of the SS Main Office. From 1936 onwards, he also was the personal adjutant of Reichsleiter and SS-Obergruppenführer Philipp Bouhler, who was in charge of Hitler's Chancellery (Kanzlei des Führers), head of the euthanasia programme Aktion T4, as well as co-initiator of Aktion 14f13.[1][2] In 1947 Tüßling provided an affidavit in defence of war criminal Viktor Brack who was sentenced to death at the Nuremberg trials.[3][4]

Biography

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Early life

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Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling was born in Tüßling, Bavaria, as the second child of Alfred Freiherr Michel v. Tüßling (1870–1957) and Hertha Gräfin Wolffskeel v. Reichenberg (1877–1948).[5] He grew up on the Upper Bavarian estate of Tüßling castle, which his father bought in 1905. After the First World War he graduated from high school (Abitur) and studied forestry in Munich at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. He graduated as a Diplom-Forstwirt.[6][7]

Michel von Tüßling came from a national conservative family. His father had served as a Major (reserve) of the Bavarian Army. His uncle Eberhard Wolffskeel von Reichenberg (1875–1954) served as a Major in the Imperial Army. As chief of staff to Fakhri Pasha, deputy commander of the Ottoman Fourth Army, he was actively involved in the Armenian genocide.[8][9][10] His uncle Richard von Michel-Raulino (1864–1926) was a committed member of the German National People's Party as well as publisher and owner of the national conservative Bamberger Tagblatt newspaper.[11] His older sister Freda (1905–1936) was married to the Nazi Henning von Nordeck (1895–1978), who served as a SS-Standartenführer in the staff of the Reichsleitung SS, as early as 1934.[12]

Nazi Party and SS career

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Michel von Tüßling joined the SS (Motorized Unit 2) in Munich in April 1933, shortly after the Nazi Party (NSDAP) seized national power. In summer 1933 he was transferred to the 1st SS-Standarte in Munich, that was commanded by Viktor Brack, who was also chief of staff to the Reich Secretary of the NSDAP, Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler. In August 1934, Bouhler became police chairman of Munich, and only a month later, he was appointed chief of Adolf Hitler's Chancellery. In 1935 Bouhler summoned Michel von Tüssling to Berlin, where he became a commissioned officer, rising to the rank of Untersturmführer.[13] He served in Hitler's Chancellery (KdF) and also became a staff officer to the Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.[14][15] Shortly after its foundation in December 1935, Michel von Tüßling became a member of the SS organization Lebensborn.[16]

(from left) Heinrich Himmler, Robert Ley with his wife Inga, Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling (right), Munich, 1939

In 1936 he was promoted to Obersturmführer and became Bouhler's personal adjutant. Brack was appointed chief of Main Office 2 (Hauptamt II). Bouhler's office was responsible for all correspondences for Hitler which included private and internal communications, appeals from party courts, official judgments, and clemency petitions. In 1937, he also became a staff officer at the SS Main Office, and was promoted to Hauptsturmführer in 1938. Michel von Tüßling continued his service in Hitler's Chancellery and the SS, and remained the personal adjutant of Bouhler throughout the Aktion T4, the programme of involuntary euthanasia, that ran officially from September 1939 to August 1941, killing more than 70,000 people.[1][17] On 30 January 1941, Michel von Tüßling was promoted to Sturmbannführer.[18][19]

In 1941 Bouhler and Himmler initiated Aktion 14f13. Bouhler instructed the head of the Hauptamt II, Viktor Brack who had already been in charge of the various front operations of T4, to implement this order. Aktion 14f13 killed 15,000–20,000 concentration camp prisoners. Many KdF employees who participated in T4 later joined Operation Reinhard, the Nazi plan under Odilo Globocnik to exterminate Polish Jews in the General Government district of German-occupied Poland, that was executed from October 1941 till November 1943.

In the 1943 and 1944 SS Officers list (Dienstalterslisten der SS), Michel von Tüßling was listed under the number '2007', serving as a staff officer in the SS-Hauptamt.[20][21] The SS-Hauptamt maintained for other branches of the SS, the "paper trail" for such activities as the Einsatzgruppen, Final Solution and the commission of the Holocaust. Later on 10 May 1945, Bouhler was captured and arrested by American troops. He committed suicide on 19 May 1945 while in the U.S. internment camp at Zell am See in Austria.[22]

Michel von Tüßling was interned at Regensburg Internment Camp, from where he provided an affidavit in defence of Viktor Brack in 1947. In this affidavit he also describes their (Brack, Bouhler, Michel von Tüßling) relation to Adolf Hitler's private secretary Martin Bormann; (excerpt):

Brack was an outspoken opponent of Bormann's policy, especially of the NSDAP totality demands advocated by Bormann. I know this very definitely, because Brack repeatedly asked me to use my personal influence to induce Reichsleiter Bouhler to adopt a more active attitude against Bormann's efforts. Bouhler certainly shared Brack's and my opinion of Bormann, but in spite of our remonstrances did not alter his passive attitude to Bormann. ... I am convinced that he [Brack] did not regard the SS as an organisation for the perpetration of crimes. His attitude to the Jewish question did not correspond to the usual SS conception. He was on good terms with several Jews of mixed descent and in his official capacity repeatedly acted on behalf of Jews who applied to him for assistance.

— Karl Baron Michel von Tüßling, Regensburg, 31 March 1947[23]

During the Nuremberg "Doctors' trial", Brack was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity: Nazi human experimentation, mass murder under the guise of euthanasia, his relation to Aktion 14f13, and his involvement to the implementation of the Final Solution. Brack was found guilty and executed at Landsberg Prison in 1948.

Michel von Tüßling was able to conceal his wartime KdF- and SS-activity from the American prosecutors. At the Nuremberg Doctors trial, he affirmed an affidavit that in September 1939 he was drafted into the Luftwaffe, where he served until the end of the war. After his release from the detention center in 1948, he returned to Tüßling and worked as a farmer. Along with Brack and Bouhler, one of his close Nazi Party friends was the former Minister of Armaments and War Production Albert Speer, who regularly visited him on his estate following his release from Spandau Prison in 1966.[24] Michel von Tüßling died at Tüßling Castle in 1991.

Family

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Gravestone of Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling and his wife Ulrike, on the pilgrimage church Innocent Children, Heiligenstatt (Tüßling)

Michel von Tüßling was married twice. His first marriage took place on the 16 May 1938 to Elisabeth von Stumm (1918–1996) in Berlin; divorced, Traunstein, 22. December 1948. His second marriage took place on the 14 November 1960 to Ulrike Barth (1925–1999) in Munich.[25] He had three children. His daughter, Stephanie Gräfin Bruges-von Pfuel [de] (born 1961), who inherited her father's estate, was from 1. May 2014 till 30. April 2020 mayor of Tüßling (CSU).[26][27] In her first marriage she was married to Benedict Count Batthyány (born 1960), whose aunt Margit Batthyàny aka "The Killer Countess"[note 1] (1911–1989), a daughter of Heinrich Thyssen, maintained a reconvalescence home for members of the SS (Rechnitz massacre).[29] From 1999–2005 she was married to Christian Graf Bruges-von Pfuel (* 1942), grandson of General der Panzertruppe Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg. His daughter Ulrike (born 1962) married in 1988 Eckbert von Bohlen und Halbach (born 1956), a member of the Krupp family and nephew of the industrialist Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, who was convicted after World War II of crimes against humanity; divorced 1995.[30] Michel von Tüßling's sister Freda (1905–1936) was married to the Alter Kämpfer, SS-Standartenführer Henning von Nordeck (1895–1978). His cousin Lilly (1892-1973) was married to Willy Messerschmitt (1898–1978). The second husband of his cousin Marie (1893-1978), Karl Freiherr von Thüngen (1893-1944) was a general in the Wehrmacht who was executed in 1944 after the failed 20 July Plot.

Officer ranks

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SS

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Wehrmacht

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Awards and decorations

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Notes

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  1. ^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Baron. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
  1. ^ During the final days of World War II, on 24 March 1945, she hosted a party for SS officers, Gestapo leaders, Nazi Youth, and local collaborators at the Thyssen's castle at Rechnitz during which 200 Jews were slaughtered. Whether Margit herself personally killed anyone at the party is disputed.[28]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942". Google Books (in German). 2016-07-28. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  2. ^ "Adelige Funktionäre in der NSDAP im Jahre 1939". Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung (in German). Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  3. ^ "Harvard Law School Library - Nuremberg Trials Project". nuremberg.law.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  4. ^ Ebbinghaus, Angelika (2001). The Nuremberg Medical Trial 1946/47, Walter de Gruyter, p. 236. ISBN 978-31-109-5007-6
  5. ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Freiherrliche Häuser, Band XV, Limburg a.d. Lahn 1989, p. 359 ff.
  6. ^ "Reiche Deutsche: Michel, Freiherren". Willkommen... (in German). Retrieved 2018-04-26.
  7. ^ Universität München (1928). Personen- und Vorlesungs-Verzeichnis.
  8. ^ "Books and publications". Gomidas Institute. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
  9. ^ Jürgen Gottschlich (2015). Beihilfe zum Völkermord: Deutschlands Rolle bei der Vernichtung der Armenier. Ch. Links Verlag. pp. 17 ff. ISBN 978-3-86153-817-2.
  10. ^ Graf Eberhard Wolffskeel von Reichenberg (2004). Eberhard Count Wolffskeel Von Reichenberg, Zeitoun, Mousa Dagh, Ourfa: Letters on the Armenian Genocide. Gomidas Institute. ISBN 978-1-903656-43-3.
  11. ^ "Bamberger Tagblatt (1834–1945) – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns". Historisches Lexikon Bayerns (in German). 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  12. ^ SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Oktober 1934, München, 1934, S. 8
  13. ^ "Harvard Law School Library - Nuremberg Trials Project". nuremberg.law.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  14. ^ SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Juli 1935, Berlin, 1935, S. 103
  15. ^ a b "von Michel-Tüßling Karl". Familie Tenhumberg (in German). Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  16. ^ SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, Stand vom 1. Dezember 1937, Berlin, 1937, S. 166
  17. ^ NSDAP - Reichsorganisationsleiter Dr. Robert Ley, Hg. (1941), Nationalsozialistisches Jahrbuch 1942, Franz Eher Nachfolger, Munich, p. 167
  18. ^ "Numery członków SS od 56 000 do 56 999". DWS-XIP Druga Wojna Światowa (in Polish). Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  19. ^ "The numbers of members of the SS: 56 000 to 56 999". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  20. ^ SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, SS-Obersturmbannführer bis SS-Sturmbannführer, Stand vom 1. Oktober 1943, Berlin, 1943, S. 50
  21. ^ SS-Personalhauptamt (Hrsg.), Dienstalterslisten der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP, SS-Obersturmbannführer und SS-Sturmbannführer, Stand vom 1. Oktober 1944, Berlin, 1944, S. 51.
  22. ^ Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1, R. James Bender Publishing, p. 155. ISBN 978-93-297-0037-2
  23. ^ "Affidavit: Karl Freiherr Michel von Tuessling, page 3-4". Harvard Law School. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  24. ^ Stephanie von Pfuel, Wenn schon, denn schon, Autobiografie, LangenMüller, München, 2007, S. 167
  25. ^ Elward, Ronald (2004-02-24). "BOHLEN UND HALBACH". The Heirs of Europe. Retrieved 2016-09-15.
  26. ^ "Bürgermeisterin Marktgemeinde Tüßling". Marktgemeinde Tüßling (in German). 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
  27. ^ "Stephanie von Pfuel - Official Homepage: Biografie". Stephanie von Pfuel (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  28. ^ "The killer countess: The dark past of Baron Heinrich Thyssen's daughter". Independent.co.uk. 6 October 2007.
  29. ^ "The killer countess: The dark past of Baron Heinrich Thyssen's". The Independent. 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  30. ^ "BOHLEN UND HALBACH". The Heirs of Europe (in Breton). 2004-02-24. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
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