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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Short description|Extinct species of carnivore}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| italic_title = no
⚫
|fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Pliocene|Pleistocene}}
| name = Etruscan bear
⚫
|image = Ursusetrusc.JPG
⚫
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Early Pleistocene}}
⚫
|image_caption = Fossils
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| image = Ursusetrusc.JPG
⚫
|genus = Ursus
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| image_caption = Fossils
⚫
|species = etruscus
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| genus = Ursus
⚫
|authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1823
⚫
| species = etruscus
| extinct = yes
⚫
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1823
}}
}}
The '''Etruscan bear''' ('''''Ursus etruscus''''') is an [[extinct]] [[species]] of bear, [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[North Africa]] during the [[Early Pleistocene]], living from approximately 2.2 million to around 1.4-1.2 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gimranov |first1=Dmitry |last2=Lavrov |first2=Alexander |last3=Prat-Vericat |first3=Maria |last4=Madurell-Malapeira |first4=Joan |last5=Lopatin |first5=Alexey V. |date=2023-06-03 |title=Ursus etruscus from the late Early Pleistocene of the Taurida сave (Crimean Peninsula) |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067993 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=843–856 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2067993 |bibcode=2023HBio...35..843G |issn=0891-2963}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Ursus etruscus skull.JPG|thumb|left|Skull]]


==Taxonomy==
'''''Ursus etruscus''''' (the '''Etruscan bear''') is an extinct [[species]] of bear, endemic to [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[North Africa]] during the [[Pliocene]] through [[Pleistocene]], living from ~5.3 [[mya (unit)|Mya]]—100,000 years ago, existing for approximately {{Mya|5.3-0.1|million years}}.
The Etruscan bear appears to have evolved from ''[[Ursus minimus]]'' and gave rise to the modern brown bear, ''[[Ursus arctos]]'', and the extinct cave bear, ''[[Ursus spelaeus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=de&nbsp;Torres Pérez-Hidalgo |first=Trinidad José |year=1992 |title=The European descendants of ''Ursus etruscus'' {{small|C.&nbsp;Cuvier}} (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae) |journal=Boletín del Instituto Geológico y minero de España |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=632–642 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45940955}}
</ref> The range of Etruscan bears was mostly limited to [[continental Europe]], with specimens also recovered in the [[Great Steppe]] region of [[Eurasia]]. Fossil evidence for the Etruscan bear was recovered in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Greece]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koufos |first1=George D. |last2=Konidaris |first2=George E. |last3=Harvati |first3=Katerina |date=20 December 2018 |title=Revisiting Ursus etruscus (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Early Pleistocene of Greece with description of new material |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618217306985 |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |series=The Gates of Europe |volume=497 |pages=222–239 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.043 |bibcode=2018QuInt.497..222K |issn=1040-6182 |access-date=18 January 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> [[Croatia]], and [[Tuscany|Tuscany, Italy]].


Some scientists have proposed that the early, small variety of ''U. etruscus'' of the middle [[Villafranchian]] era survives in the form of the modern [[Asian black bear]].<ref name="etruscan">{{cite conference |last=Herrero |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Herrero |title=Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (''Ursus americanus'' {{small|Pallas}}) and brown and grizzly bears (''U. arctos'' {{small|Linné}}) of North America |book-title=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=2 |pages=221–231 |conference=Second International Conference on Bear Research and Management |place=Calgary, Alberta, Canada |date=6-9 November 1970 |series=IUCN Publications New Series no.&nbsp;23 |publication-date=1972 |publisher=International Association for Bear Research and Management |jstor=3872586 |doi=10.2307/3872586 |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_2/Herrero.pdf |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
''Ursus etruscus'' appears to have evolved from ''[[Ursus minimus]]'' and gave rise to the modern brown bear, ''[[Ursus arctos]]'', and the extinct cave bear, ''[[Ursus spelaeus]]''.{{cn|date=April 2019}} The range of ''Ursus etruscus'' was mostly continental Europe with specimens also recovered in the [[Great steppe]] region of [[Eurasia]]. The latest{{when|date=April 2019}} fossil evidence for ''Ursus etruscus'' was recovered in [[Israel]], [[Croatia]], and [[Toscana|Toscana, Italy]].

Some scientists have proposed that the early, small variety of ''U. etruscus'' of the middle [[Villafranchian]] era survives in the form of the modern [[Asian black bear]].<ref name="etruscan">[http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_2/Herrero.pdf ''Aspects of Evolution and Adaptation in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) and Brown and Grizzly Bears (U. arctos Linne.) of North America'', [[Stephen Herrero]], Research Associate, Environmental Sciences Centre (Kananaskis), and Assistant Professor, Department of Biology and Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta.]</ref>


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
⚫
[[File:Ursus etruscus skull.JPG|thumb|left|Skull]]
Not unlike the brown bears of Europe in size, it had a full complement of [[premolar]]s, a trait carried from the [[genus]] ''[[Ursavus]]''.
Not unlike the brown bears of Europe in size, it had a full complement of [[premolar]]s, a trait carried from the [[genus]] ''[[Ursavus]]''.

== Ecology ==
''Ursus etruscus'', like modern brown bears, is suggested to have been omnivorous,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mateos |first1=Ana |last2=Hölzchen |first2=Ericson |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Jesús |date=January 2024 |title=Sabretooths, giant hyenas, and hominins: Shifts in the niche of Early Pleistocene scavengers in Iberia at the Epivillafranchian-Galerian transition |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018223005448 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=634 |pages=111926 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111926|bibcode=2024PPP...63411926M }}</ref> with the diet of some populations suggested to heavily include fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Medin |first1=Tsegai |last2=Martínez-Navarro |first2=Bienvenido |last3=Rivals |first3=Florent |last4=Madurell-Malapeira |first4=Joan |last5=Ros-Montoya |first5=Sergio |last6=Espigares |first6=María-Patrocinio |last7=Figueirido |first7=Borja |last8=Rook |first8=Lorenzo |last9=Palmqvist |first9=Paul |date=February 2017 |title=Late Villafranchian Ursus etruscus and other large carnivorans from the Orce sites (Guadix-Baza basin, Andalusia, southern Spain): Taxonomy, biochronology, paleobiology, and ecogeographical context |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1040618215010253 |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=431 |pages=20–41 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.053|bibcode=2017QuInt.431...20M }}</ref>


==Fossil distribution==
==Fossil distribution==
Sites and specimen ages:
Sites and specimen ages:
*Vassiloudi, [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia Greece]] ~5.3—1.8 Ma.
*Vassiloudi, [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia Greece]] ~5.3–1.8&nbsp;Ma.
*Obigarm, [[Tajikistan]] ~5.3—1.8 Ma.
*Obigarm, [[Tajikistan]] ~5.3–1.8&nbsp;Ma.
*Ahl al Oughlam, [[Morocco]] ~3.6—1.8 Ma.
*Ahl al Oughlam, [[Morocco]] ~3.6–1.8&nbsp;Ma.
*Pardines, [[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne, France]] ~2.5—1.8 Ma.
*Pardines, [[Auvergne (region)|Auvergne, France]] ~2.5–1.8&nbsp;Ma.
*Dmanisi, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ~1.8 Ma.—800,000 years ago.
*Dmanisi, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ~1.8–0.8&nbsp;Ma.
*Mestas de Con, Cangas de Onis, [[Asturias|Asturias, Spain]] ~1.8—100,000 years ago.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=49211 Paleobiology Database: Mestas de Con, Cangas de Onis collection]</ref>
*Mestas de Con, Cangas de Onis, [[Asturias|Asturias, Spain]] ~1.8–0.1&nbsp;Ma.<ref>
{{cite web
*Strmica, [[Croatia]] <!--~1.8—11,000 years ago ---sediments containing Early Pleistocene or Tiglian fauna.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=40502 Paleobiology Database: Strmica collection]</ref>-->
|title=Mestas de Con
|series=Cangas de Onis collection
|id=collection list 49211
|website=Paleobiology Database
|url=http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=49211
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051613/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=49211
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 October 2012
}}
</ref>
* Strmica, [[Croatia]] ~1.8–0.1&nbsp;Ma.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Tiglian fauna
|series=Strmica collection
|id=collection list 40502
|website=Paleobiology Database
|url=http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=40502
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051624/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicCollectionSearch&collection_list=40502
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 October 2012
}} sediments containing Early Pleistocene or Tiglian fauna.
</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|25em}}

* Catherine Hanni, Vincent Laudet, Dominique Stehelin, and Pierre Taberleto (1994). [http://www.pnas.org/content/91/25/12336.full.pdf Tracking the origins of the cave bear (''Ursus spelaeus'') by mitochondrial DNA sequencing]. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA'', Vol. 91, pp.&nbsp;12336-12340.
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
|last1=Hanni |first1=Catherine
|last2=Laudet |first2=Vincent
|last3=Stehelin |first3=Dominique
|last4=Taberleto |first4=Pierre
|date=December 1994
|title=Tracking the origins of the cave bear (''Ursus spelaeus'') by mitochondrial DNA sequencing
|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|volume=91 |issue=25
|pages=12336–12340
|doi=10.1073/pnas.91.25.12336
|pmid=7991628
|pmc=45432
|bibcode=1994PNAS...9112336H
|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/91/25/12336.full.pdf
|access-date=10 April 2021
|doi-access=free
}}


{{Ursidae extinct nav|state=collapsed}}
{{Ursidae extinct nav|state=collapsed}}
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[[Category:Prehistoric mammals of Europe]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammals of Europe]]
[[Category:Pleistocene_carnivorans]]
[[Category:Pleistocene_carnivorans]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1758]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1823]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]

[[Category:Ursus (mammal)]]

{{paleo-carnivora-stub}}
{{paleo-carnivora-stub}}

Latest revision as of 01:04, 8 December 2024

Etruscan bear
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene
↓
Fossils
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species:
†U. etruscus
Binomial name
†Ursus etruscus
Cuvier, 1823

The Etruscan bear (Ursus etruscus) is an extinct species of bear, endemic to Europe, Asia and North Africa during the Early Pleistocene, living from approximately 2.2 million to around 1.4-1.2 million years ago.[1]

Skull

Taxonomy

[edit]

The Etruscan bear appears to have evolved from Ursus minimus and gave rise to the modern brown bear, Ursus arctos, and the extinct cave bear, Ursus spelaeus.[2] The range of Etruscan bears was mostly limited to continental Europe, with specimens also recovered in the Great Steppe region of Eurasia. Fossil evidence for the Etruscan bear was recovered in Palestine, Greece,[3] Croatia, and Tuscany, Italy.

Some scientists have proposed that the early, small variety of U. etruscus of the middle Villafranchian era survives in the form of the modern Asian black bear.[4]

Morphology

[edit]

Not unlike the brown bears of Europe in size, it had a full complement of premolars, a trait carried from the genus Ursavus.

Ecology

[edit]

Ursus etruscus, like modern brown bears, is suggested to have been omnivorous,[5] with the diet of some populations suggested to heavily include fish.[6]

Fossil distribution

[edit]

Sites and specimen ages:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gimranov, Dmitry; Lavrov, Alexander; Prat-Vericat, Maria; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Lopatin, Alexey V. (3 June 2023). "Ursus etruscus from the late Early Pleistocene of the Taurida сave (Crimean Peninsula)". Historical Biology. 35 (6): 843–856. Bibcode:2023HBio...35..843G. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2067993. ISSN 0891-2963.
  2. ^ de Torres Pérez-Hidalgo, Trinidad José (1992). "The European descendants of Ursus etruscus C. Cuvier (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae)". Boletín del Instituto Geológico y minero de España. 103 (4): 632–642.
  3. ^ Koufos, George D.; Konidaris, George E.; Harvati, Katerina (20 December 2018). "Revisiting Ursus etruscus (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Early Pleistocene of Greece with description of new material". Quaternary International. The Gates of Europe. 497: 222–239. Bibcode:2018QuInt.497..222K. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.09.043. ISSN 1040-6182. Retrieved 18 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  4. ^ Herrero, Stephen (6–9 November 1970). "Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linné) of North America" (PDF). Bears: Their Biology and Management. Second International Conference on Bear Research and Management. IUCN Publications New Series no. 23. Vol. 2. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: International Association for Bear Research and Management (published 1972). pp. 221–231. doi:10.2307/3872586. JSTOR 3872586. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  5. ^ Mateos, Ana; Hölzchen, Ericson; Rodríguez, Jesús (January 2024). "Sabretooths, giant hyenas, and hominins: Shifts in the niche of Early Pleistocene scavengers in Iberia at the Epivillafranchian-Galerian transition". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 634: 111926. Bibcode:2024PPP...63411926M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111926.
  6. ^ Medin, Tsegai; Martínez-Navarro, Bienvenido; Rivals, Florent; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Ros-Montoya, Sergio; Espigares, María-Patrocinio; Figueirido, Borja; Rook, Lorenzo; Palmqvist, Paul (February 2017). "Late Villafranchian Ursus etruscus and other large carnivorans from the Orce sites (Guadix-Baza basin, Andalusia, southern Spain): Taxonomy, biochronology, paleobiology, and ecogeographical context". Quaternary International. 431: 20–41. Bibcode:2017QuInt.431...20M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.053.
  7. ^ "Mestas de Con". Paleobiology Database. Cangas de Onis collection. collection list 49211. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012.
  8. ^ "Tiglian fauna". Paleobiology Database. Strmica collection. collection list 40502. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. sediments containing Early Pleistocene or Tiglian fauna.

Further reading

[edit]
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