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#REDIRECT [[Manufacture of the International Space Station]]
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[[File:MPLM_inside_the_SSPF.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Space Station Processing Facility]] at [[Kennedy Space Center]] - the prime factory for final fabrication and processing of station components for launch]]
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The [[International Space Station program|project]] to create the [[International Space Station]] required the utilization and/or construction of new and existing [[factory|manufacturing facilities]] around the world, mostly in the [[United States]] and [[European Space Agency|Europe]]. The agencies overseeing the manufacturing involved [[NASA]], [[Roscosmos]], the [[European Space Agency]], [[JAXA]], and the [[Canadian Space Agency]]. Hundreds of contractors<ref>https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Companies_involved_with_ISS</ref> working for the five space agencies were assigned the task of fabricating the modules, trusses, experiments and other hardware elements for the station, and launching them individually in modular segments for the in-orbit [[Assembly of the International Space Station|assembly]].
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The fact that the project involved the co-operation of fifteen countries working together created engineering challenges that had to be overcome: most notably the differences in language, culture and politics, but also engineering processes, management, measuring standards and communication; to ensure that all elements connect together and function according to plan. The ISS agreement program also called for the station components to be made highly durable and versatile - as it is intended to be used by astronauts indefinitely. A series of new engineering and manufacturing processes and equipment were developed, and shipments of steel, aluminum and other materials were needed for the construction of the space station components.<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/integrated-truss-structure</ref>

==Factories==
List of manufacturing facilities used in the construction and fabrication of the International Space Station modular components:

*George C. [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] — [[Unity (ISS module)|Node 1]], [[Destiny (ISS module)|US lab]], the [[Quest airlock]] and the [[Electrical system of the International Space Station|Solar arrays]]
*[[Michoud Assembly Facility]] — [[Destiny (ISS module)|US lab]], and the [[Integrated Truss Structure|truss]] sections
*[[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]] — [[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]], [[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]], [[Pirs (ISS module)|Pirs]] and [[Poisk (ISS module)|Poisk]], [[Nauka (ISS module)|Nauka]], and the [[Rassvet (ISS module)|Rassvet]] module.
*[[European Space Research and Technology Centre]] (ESTEC) — [[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]
*[[Thales Alenia Space]] factory – [[Harmony (ISS module)|Node 2]], [[Tranquility (ISS module)|Node 3]] and the [[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola]]
*[[Tanegashima Space Center]] and the [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]] — The [[Japanese Experiment Module]] and the external facility
*[[MDA Space Missions]] — [[Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm-2]]

All modules and sections are transported to these buildings except the Russian modules [[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]], [[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]], [[Pirs (ISS module)|Pirs]] and [[Poisk (ISS module)|Poisk]].

*[[Space Station Processing Facility]]
*[[Operations and Checkout Building]]

==Manufacturing Information and Processes==
A variety of manufacturing processes were used for each of the components of the space station.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
|-
! Space Station element
! Overseeing agency and contractor
! Manufacturing<br/>facility
! Materials<br/>used
! Manufacturing date
! data-sort-type="number" | Mass<br/>(kg)
! Manufacturing Processes
!class="unsortable"| Isolated View
|-
| ''[[Zarya]]'' (FGB)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isszarya.htm|title=ISS Zarya|publisher=Encyclopaedia Astronautica|first=Mark |last=Wade|accessdate=2009-03-11|date=15 July 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090227060517/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/isszarya.htm| archivedate= 27 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[Roscosmos]]
*[[Khartron]] corportation
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
| [[Steel]], [[Aluminum]], [[Kevlar]], [[Ceramic]] blanket
| 1994
| 19,323
|
*[[Shielded metal arc welding]]
*[[Sheet metal]] [[cold rolling]]
*[[Electroforming]]
| [[File:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Unity (ISS module)|''Unity'']] (Node 1),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unity Connecting Module: Cornerstone for a Home in Orbit|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/unity.pdf|format=PDF|date=January 1999|accessdate=2009-03-11|publisher=NASA| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090317204752/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/unity.pdf| archivedate= 17 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA]]-1 & PMA-2
| [[NASA]]
*[[Boeing]]
*[[ArcelorMittal]] USA
| [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
| [[Steel]], [[Kevlar]]
| June 6, 1997
| 11,612
|
* [[Hot rolling]]
* [[Cold rolling]]
* Computer-aided [[welding]]
| [[File:ISS Unity module.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'']] (Service Module)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/sm.html|title=Zvezda Service Module|publisher=NASA|date=11 March 2009|accessdate=2009-03-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090323030726/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/sm.html| archivedate= 23 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[Roscosmos]]
*[[Energia (corporation)|RKK Energia]]
| [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]
| [[Steel]], [[Aluminum]], [[Kevlar]], [[Ceramic]] blanket
| 1985
| 19,051
|
*[[Sheet metal]] [[cold rolling]]
*[[Electroforming]]
| [[File:View of the bottom of Zvezda.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#Z1 truss|Z1 Truss]] & [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|PMA]]-3
| [[NASA]]
* [[Boeing]]
* [[Ad Astra Rocket Company]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
*[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Sheet metal]] aluminum
| 1999
| 8,755 (Z1)
|
* [[Hot rolling]]
* [[Extrusion]]
* [[Submerged arc welding]]
| [[File:ISS Unity and Z1 truss structure from STS-92.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|P6 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| [[NASA]]
* [[Lockheed Martin]]
* [[Boeing]]
* [[Alcoa]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
* [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|
''Truss''
*[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
''Solar Arrays''
*[[Crystalline silicon]]
*[[Shape-memory alloy]]
*[[Copper indium gallium diselenide]]
*[[Nylon]]
*[[Polyethylene terephthalate]]
|1999/2000
| 15,824
|
*[[Hot rolling]]
*Aluminum [[extrusion]]
*[[Investment Casting]]
*[[Photovoltaic system|Photovoltaic]] assembly
| [[File:STS-97 ISS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Destiny (ISS module)|''Destiny'']] (US Laboratory)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html|title=US Destiny Laboratory|date=26 March 2007|accessdate=2007-06-26|publisher = NASA| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html| archivedate= 9 July 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
*[[Boeing]]
| [[Michoud Assembly Facility]]
|
*[[Steel]]
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Kevlar]]
| 1997
| 14,515
|
*Sheet [[roll bending]]
*[[Computer Aided Manufacturing|Computer-Aided welding]]
| [[File:ISS Destiny Lab.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[External Stowage Platform]]-1
| [[NASA]]
* Airbus DS Space Systems
| [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/402222main_Techs_working_on_ELC_1019.jpg</ref>
| [[Steel]]
| 2000
| 5,760
|
*[[Hot rolling]]
* Automated welding and cutting
| [[File:STS-102 External Storage Platform 1 crop.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Canadarm2]] (SSRMS)
| [[Canadian Space Agency]]
*[[NASA]]
| [[MDA Space Missions]], Brampton Ontario
| [[Titanium]]
| 2000/01
| 4,899
|
*Seamless rolling
*[[Milling]]
*Robotic assembly
| [[File:STS-114 Steve Robinson on Canadarm2.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Quest Joint Airlock|''Quest'']] (Joint Airlock)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/eva/outside.html|title=Space Station Extravehicular Activity|accessdate=2009-03-11|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=4 April 2004| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090403213449/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/eva/outside.html| archivedate= 3 April 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| [[NASA]]
| [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]
|
*[[Aluminum]]
*[[Steel]]
| 2000
| 6,064
|
*[[Cold rolling]]
*[[Friction welding]]
| [[File:ISS Quest airlock.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Pirs (ISS module)|''Pirs'']] (Docking Compartment & Airlock)
| 4R
| 2001-09-14
| [[Soyuz-U]]<br/>([[Progress M-SO1]])
| 4.91
| 2.55
| 3,580
| [[File:Pirs docking module taken by STS-108.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#S0 truss|S0 Truss]]<ref name="nasa ITS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html|title=Space Station Assembly: Integrated Truss Structure|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2007-12-02| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071207081810/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/its.html| archivedate= 7 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| 8A
| 2002-04-08
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-110]])
| 13.4
| 13,970
|
| [[File:S0 Truss lifted from Shuttles cargo bay.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Canadarm2#Mobile Base System|Mobile Base System]]
| UF2
| 2002-06-05
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-111]])
| 5.7
| 1,450
|
| [[File:STS-111 Installation of Mobile Base System.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P1, S1 trusses|S1 Truss]]
| 9A
| 2002-10-07
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-112]])
| 13.7
| 4.6
| 14,120
| [[File:ISS S1 Truss.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P1, S1 trusses|P1 Truss]]
| 11A
| 2002-11-23
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-113]])
| 13.7
| 14,000
|
| [[File:ISS Truss structure.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[External Stowage Platform|ESP]]-2
| LF1
| 2005-07-26
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-114]])
| 4.9
| 2,676
|
| [[File:STS-114 External Storage Platform 2 crop.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P3/P4, S3/S4 truss assemblies|P3/P4 Truss & Solar Arrays]]<ref name="boeing-pdf" >{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/docs/P3-P4.pdf|format=pdf|title=P3 and P4 to expand station capabilities, providing a third and fourth solar array|publisher=Boeing|date=July 2006|accessdate=2007-12-02}}</ref>
| 12A
| 2006-09-09
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-115]])
| 13.8
| 15,900
|
| [[File:STS-115 Truss Handoff.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P5, S5 trusses|P5 Truss]]<ref name="STS-118-presskit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182728main_STS-118_Press_Kit.pdf|title=STS-118 MISSION OVERVIEW: BUILD THE STATION…BUILD THE FUTURE|publisher=NASA PAO|accessdate=2007-12-02|date=July 2007|format=PDF| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071201130531/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/182728main_STS-118_Press_Kit.pdf| archivedate= 1 December 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| 12A.1
| 2006-12-09
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-116]])
| 3.4
| 1,818
|
| [[File:STS-116 - ISS P5 Truss awaits installation (NASA ISS014-E-09479).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P3/P4, S3/S4 truss assemblies|S3/S4 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| 13A
| 2007-06-08
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-117]])
| 13.8
| 15,900
|
| [[File:S3-S4 Truss Installed 2.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P5, S5 trusses|S5 Truss]] and [[External Stowage Platform|ESP]]-3
| 13A.1
| 2007-08-08
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-118]])
| 13.7
| 12,598
|
| [[File:STS-118 ESP-3 on RMS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']] (Node 2) <br/>Relocation of [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|P6 Truss]]
| 10A
| 2007-10-23
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-120]])
| 7.2
| 14,288
| 75.5
| [[File:Harmony Relocation.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Columbus (ISS module)|''Columbus'']] (European Laboratory)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html|title=Columbus laboratory|publisher=ESA|accessdate=2009-03-06|date=10 January 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090330191925/http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESAAYI0VMOC_iss_0.html| archivedate= 30 March 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| 1E
| 2008-02-07
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-122]])
| 4.5
| 12,800
|
| [[File:Columbus module in orbit.jpg|80px]]
|-
| ''[[Dextre]]'' (SPDM)<br/>[[Japanese Experiment Module|Japanese Logistics Module]] (ELM-PS)
| 1J/A
| 2008-03-11
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-123]])
| 4.4 (ELM-PS)
| 4,200 (ELM-PS)
|
| [[File:S123 Dextre01.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module|Japanese Pressurized Module]] (JEM-PM)<br/>[[Japanese Experiment Module|JEM Robotic Arm]] (JEM-RMS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/ |publisher=JAXA |accessdate=2009-03-06 |date=25 September 2008 |title=About Kibo |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310171550/http://kibo.jaxa.jp/en/about/ |archivedate=10 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nasa-jem">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/jem.html|title=Kibo Japanese Experiment Module|publisher=NASA|date=23 November 2007|accessdate=2008-11-22| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081023071601/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/jem.html| archivedate= 23 October 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| 1J
| 2008-05-31
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-124]])
| 11.2 (JEM-PM)
4.4 (JEM-PM)
| 15,900 (JEM-PM)
|
| [[File:STS-124 Kibo.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Integrated Truss Structure#P6, S6 trusses|S6 Truss & Solar Arrays]]
| 15A
| 2009-03-15
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-119]])
| 73.2
| 15,900
|
| [[File:S6 Truss Transfer (STS-119).jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Japanese Experiment Module|Japanese Exposed Facility]] (JEM-EF)
| 2J/A
| 2009-07-15
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-127]])
|
| 4,100
|
| [[File:STS-127 JEM-EF.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Poisk (ISS module)|''Poisk'']] (MRM-2)<ref name="dc1_dc2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html|title=Docking Compartment-1 and 2|publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|first=Anatoly |last=Zak|accessdate=26 March 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090210130224/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html| archivedate= 10 February 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|first=Chris |last=Bergin|date=9 November 2009|accessdate=10 November 2009|title=Russian module launches via Soyuz for Thursday ISS docking|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/live-russian-module-launch-towards-iss-on-soyuz/| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091113190354/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/11/live-russian-module-launch-towards-iss-on-soyuz/| archivedate= 13 November 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| 5R
| 2009-11-10
| [[Soyuz-U]]<br/>([[Progress M-MIM2]])
|
| 3,670
|
| [[File:Poisk.Jpeg|80px]]
|
|-
| [[ExPRESS Logistics Carrier|ExPRESS Logistics Carriers 1 & 2]]
| ULF3
| 2009-11-16
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-129]])
|
|
|
| [[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[Cupola (ISS module)|Cupola]] &<br/>[[Tranquility (ISS module)|''Tranquility'']] (Node 3)
| 20A
| 2010-02-08
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-130]])
| 6.5 (Node 3)<br/>1.5 (Cupola)
* 4.25 (Node 3)<br/>2.95 (Cupola)
| 12,247 (Node 3)<br/>1,800 (Cupola)
|
| [[File:Tranquility-node3.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[Rassvet (ISS module)|''Rassvet'']] (MRM-1)<ref>{{cite press | url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_C07-18_Roscosmos.html | title = NASA Extends Contract With Russia's Federal Space Agency | publisher = NASA|date=9 April 2007|accessdate=2007-06-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070623120556/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/apr/HQ_C07-18_Roscosmos.html| archivedate= 23 June 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
| ULF4
| 2010-05-14
| {{OV|104}} ([[STS-132]])
|
| 5,075
|
| [[File:MRM-1 at KSC.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[Permanent Multipurpose Module|''Leonardo'']] (PMM) and [[EXPRESS Logistics Carrier|EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4]]
| ULF5
| 2011-02-24
| {{OV|103}} ([[STS-133]])
| 6.6
| 9,896 (Leonardo)
| 31
| [[File:STS-133 ISS-26 Permanent Multipurpose Module.jpg|80px]]
[[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer]], [[Orbiter Boom Sensor System|OBSS]] and [[EXPRESS Logistics Carrier|EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3]]
| ULF6
| 2011-05-16
| {{OV|105}} ([[STS-134]])
|
| 6,731 (AMS-02)
|
| [[File:Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02.jpg|80px]]
[[File:ELC2 STS 129.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/beam_feature.html|title=NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Space Station|date=16 January 2013|publisher=NASA|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
|
| 2016-04-08
| [[Falcon 9]]
([[SpaceX CRS-8]])
| 4
| 3.2
| 16
| [[File:Beam-instalation-space-station.jpg|80px]]
|
|-
|[[NanoRacks Airlock Module]]
|
| 2019-10-15<ref name="seds-iss">{{cite web|url=http://spider.seds.org/shuttle/iss-sche.html|title=International Space Station Flight Schedule|last=Frommert|first=Hartmut|date=8 December 2018|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="us-com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/uscom-man.txt|title=United States Commercial ELV Launch Manifest|last=Pietrobon|first=Steven|date=19 January 2019|access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
| [[Falcon 9]]
([[SpaceX CRS-19]])<ref>http://nanoracks.com/nanoracks-adds-thales-alenia-space-to-airlock/</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nauka (ISS module)|''Nauka'']] (MLM)<br />[[European Robotic Arm]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_mks.asp?id=13190|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002737/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_mks.asp?id=13190|archivedate=27 September 2007|publisher=Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Centre|title=FGB-based Multipurpose Lab Module (MLM)|accessdate=2008-10-31}}</ref>
| 3R
| 2020<ref name="russia">{{cite web|url=http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/russia-man.txt|title=Russian Launch Manifest|last=Pietrobon|first=Steven|date=8 February 2019|access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref>
|[[Proton-M]]
|
| 20,300 (Nauka)
| 70
| [[File:MLM Nauka module - 3D rendering.jpg|80px]]
|-
|[[Prichal (ISS module)|Prichal]]
|
| 2022 (TBD)<ref name="rbc20190110">{{cite news|url=https://www.rbc.ru/interview/politics/10/01/2019/5c35bef19a794700cd1694fd|title=Рогозин — РБК: "Формула "космос вне политики" не работает"|date=10 January 2019|accessdate=12 January 2019|language=ru|trans-title=Rogozin to RBC: The "cosmos out of politics" formula does not work|website=RBC.ru}}</ref>
|[[Soyuz-2 (rocket)#Soyuz 2.1b|Soyuz 2.1b]]
([[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress M-UM]])
|
| 4,000
|
|[[File:Mockup of Uzlovoy Module (Pritchal).jpg|80px]]
|-
|[[Science-Power Module-1|''NEM-1 (SPM-1)'']]
|
|2022 (TBD)<ref name="rbc20190110" />
|[[Proton-M]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! Space Station element
! Assembly<br/>flight
! Manufacturing<br/>facility
! Materials<br/>used
! Manufacturing date
! data-sort-type="number" | Mass<br/>(kg)
! Manufacturing Processes
! class="unsortable" | Isolated View
|-
|}

== References ==
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{{reflist}}

Latest revision as of 21:56, 26 July 2023

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