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{{short description|Tribal leader of the Nine Li tribe in ancient China}}
{{Infobox Chinese|title='''Chiyou'''|pic=Chi You.gif|piccap=Chi You as depicted on a tomb relief of the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE – 220 CE)|t=蚩尤|s=蚩尤|p=Chīyóu|w=Ch'ih yu|lang2=Hmong (Miao)|lang2_content=Txiv Yawg|hangul=치우|hanja=蚩尤|rr=chi u|mr=ch'i u}}
{{Infobox Chinese
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'''Chiyou''' ({{lang|zh|蚩尤}}) was a tribal leader of the Nine Li tribe (九黎) in ancient China.<ref name="tonsi1">戴逸, 龔書鐸. [2002] (2003) 中國通史. 史前 夏 商 西周. Intelligence press. {{ISBN|962-8792-80-6}}. p 32.</ref> He is best known as a king who lost against the future [[Yellow Emperor]] during the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]] era in [[Chinese mythology]].<ref name="tonsi1" /><ref name="JLAS">Lee, James. [2006] (2006). James Lee Astrology guide 2006 English edition. World publishing co. {{ISBN|962-432-503-0}}. p 318.</ref><ref name="Woolf2007">{{cite book|author=Greg Woolf|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&dq=ancient+civilizations+the+illustrated+guide+mythology&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Chi+You+reptilian|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|page=213}}</ref> For the [[Hmong people]], Chiyou<ref>[[Hmong language|Hmong]]: {{lang|cqd|Zid Yeus}}; [[Xong language|Xong]]: {{lang|hms|Puob Youl}}; Laotian [[Romanized Popular Alphabet|RPA]] {{lang-mww|Txiv Yawg}} {{IPA|/tsi ʝaɨ/}}</ref> was a sagacious mythical king.<ref name="Yapo">Ya Po Cha. [2010] (2010). An Introduction to Hmong Culture. McFarland, 2010. {{ISBN|0-7864-4951-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7864-4951-4}}. pg 8.</ref> He has a particularly complex and controversial ancestry, as he may fall under [[Dongyi]]<ref name="tonsi1" /> [[Miao people|Miao]]<ref name="Yapo"/> or even [[Southern Man (ethnic group)|Man]],<ref name="Yapo" /> depending on the source and view. Today, Chiyou is honored and worshipped as the God of War and one of the three legendary founding fathers of China.
| title = ''Chiyou''
| pic = Chi You.gif
| caption = Chiyou as depicted on a tomb relief of the [[Han dynasty]]
|c = {{linktext|蚩尤}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|ch|i|1|.|you|2}}
| j = ci<sup>1</sup> jau<sup>4</sup>
| w = Chʻih<sup>1</sup>-yu<sup>2</sup>
| mc = {{IPA|/t͡ɕʰɨ ɦɨu/}}
| p = chīyóu
| oc-zz = {{IPA|/*tʰjɯ ɢʷɯ/}}
| l=Wormy Transgressor<ref>https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-literature/Literary-use-of-myths</ref>
}}
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'''Chiyou''' ({{lang|zh|[[wikt:蚩尤|蚩尤]]}}) is a mythological being that appears in [[Chinese mythology]]. He was a tribal leader of the Nine Li tribe ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|九黎}}}}) in ancient China.<ref name="tonsi1">{{cite book|author={{lang|zh|戴逸, 龔書鐸.}}|year=2003|origyear=2002|title={{lang|zh|中國通史. 史前 夏 商 西周}}|publisher=Intelligence press|isbn=962-8792-80-6|page=32}}</ref> He is best known as a king who lost against the future [[Yellow Emperor]] during the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]] era in [[Chinese mythology]].<ref name="tonsi1" /><ref name="JLAS">{{cite book|author=Lee, James|year=2006|title=James Lee Astrology guide 2006 English edition|publisher=World publishing co.|isbn=962-432-503-0|page=318}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007">{{cite book|author=Greg Woolf|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Chi+You+reptilian|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|page=213}}</ref> According to the Song dynasty history book ''[[Lushi (book)|Lushi]]'', Chiyou's surname was [[Jiang (surname 姜)|Jiang]] ({{lang|zh|姜}}), and he was a descendant of the [[Flame Emperor]].<ref name="lushi2">{{cite book |author=[[Luo Mi]] ({{lang|zh|罗泌}}) |title=Lushi |location={{lang|zh|后记四：蚩尤传}}}}</ref>


Chiyou is often associated with chaos and war, earning him the status of a demon god in later mythological interpretations, especially in [[northern China]]. In some [[Taoism|Daoist]] traditions, he is considered a demon or evil god representing war and violence. His image has also been used as a protective figure, especially by soldiers, who see him as a war deity capable of offering protection in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chi You 蚩尤 (chī yóu) - China Beasts and Legends |url=https://www.chinabeastsandlegends.com/chi-you |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.chinabeastsandlegends.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |title=Chi You 蚩尤 (www.chinaknowledge.de) |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/personschiyou.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.chinaknowledge.de |language=en}}</ref> Conversely, for some [[Hmong people]], Chiyou or '''Txiv Yawg'''<ref>[[Hmong language|Hmong]]: {{lang|cqd|Zid Yeus}}; [[Xong language|Xong]]: {{lang|hms|Puob Youl}}; Laotian [[Romanized Popular Alphabet|RPA]] {{langx|mww|Txiv Yawg}} {{IPA|/tsi ʝaɨ/}}</ref> was a sagacious mythical king.<ref name="Yapo">{{cite book|author=Ya Po Cha|year=2010|title=An Introduction to Hmong Culture|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4951-4|page=8}}</ref> He has a particularly complex and controversial ancestry, as he may fall under [[Dongyi]]<ref name="tonsi1" /> [[Miao people|Miao]]<ref name="Yapo" /> or even [[Southern Man (ethnic group)|Man]],<ref name="Yapo" /> depending on the source and view.
==Description==


⚫
According to legend, Chiyou had a [[bronze]] head with a distinct metal [[forehead]].<ref name="tonsi12">{{cite book |author={{lang|zh|戴逸, 龔書鐸.}} |title={{lang|zh|中國通史. 史前 夏 商 西周}} |publisher=Intelligence press |year=2003 |isbn=962-8792-80-6 |page=32 |origyear=2002}}</ref> He had four eyes and six arms, wielding terrible sharp weapons in every hand, similar to a description of ''[[fangxiangshi]]''.<ref name="history12">{{lang|zh|王恆偉.}} (2005) (2006) {{lang|zh|中國歷史講堂 #1 遠古至春秋. 中華書局.}} {{ISBN|962-8885-24-3}}. p 11-13.</ref> In some sources, Chiyou had certain features associated with [[:Category:Mythological bovines|various mythological bovines]]: his head was that of a [[bull]] with two [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]], although the body was human, and his hindquarters were those of a bear.<ref name="history12" /> He is said to have been unbelievably fierce, and to have had 81 brothers and many followers.<ref name="history12" /> Historical sources often described him as 'bold leader',<ref name="lushi2" /> as well as 'brave'.<ref name="shiji2">{{cite book |last={{lang|zh|司马}} |first={{lang|zh|迁}} |publisher= |year= |isbn= |location={{lang|zh|五帝本纪}} |pages= |script-title=zh:史记}}</ref> Some sources have asserted that the figure 81 should rather be associated with 81 clans in his kingdom.<ref name="Yapo2">{{cite book |author=Ya Po Cha |title=An Introduction to Hmong Culture |publisher=McFarland |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7864-4951-4 |page=8}}</ref> Chiyou knows the constellations and the ancients spells for calling upon the weather. For example, he called upon a fog to surround Huangdi and his soldiers during the [[Battle of Zhuolu]].
===Individual===
According to the Song dynasty history book ''[[Lushi (book)|Lushi]]'', Chiyou's surname was [[Jiang (surname)|Jiang]] (姜), and he was a descendant of [[Yan Emperor|Yandi]].<ref name="lushi">{{cite book|author=[[Luo Mi]] (罗泌)|title=Lushi|location=后记四：蚩尤传}}</ref>


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== Tribe ==
⚫
According to legend, Chiyou had a [[bronze]] head with a metal [[forehead]].<ref name="tonsi1" /> He had 4 eyes and 6 arms, wielding terrible sharp weapons in every hand.<ref name="history1">王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 #1 遠古至春秋. 中華書局. {{ISBN|962-8885-24-3}}. p 11-13.</ref> In some sources, Chiyou had certain features associated with [[:Category:Mythological bovines|various mythological bovines]]: his head was that of a [[bull]] with two [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]], although the body was that of a human.<ref name="history1" /> He is said to have been unbelievably fierce, and to have had 81 brothers.<ref name="history1" /> Historical sources often described him as 'cruel and greedy',<ref name="lushi" /> as well as 'tyrannical'.<ref name="shiji">{{cite book|title=史记|last=司马|first=迁|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=五帝本纪|pages=}}</ref> Some sources have asserted that the figure 81 should rather be associated with 81 clans in his kingdom.<ref name="Yapo" /> Chiyou knows the constellations and the ancients spells for calling upon the weather. For example, he called upon a fog to surround Huangdi and his soldiers during the [[Battle of Zhuolu]].
⚫
Chiyou is regarded as a leader of the Nine Li tribe ({{lang|zh|九黎}}, [[Romanized Popular Alphabet|RPA]] {{langx|mww|Cuaj Li Ntuj}}) by nearly all sources.<ref name="tonsi12" /> However, his exact ethnic affiliations are quite complex, with multiple sources reporting him as belonging to various tribes, in addition to a number of diverse peoples supposed to have directly descended from him.


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Some sources from later dynasties, such as the ''[[Guoyu (book)|Guoyu book]]'', considered Chiyou's Li tribe to be related to the ancient [[Miao people|San miao tribe]] ({{lang|zh|三苗}}).<ref>({{lang|zh|國語·楚語下}})</ref> In the ancient [[Zhuolu Town]] is a statue of Chiyou commemorating him as the original ancestor of the [[Miao people]].<ref name="indig2">De la Cadena, Marisol. Starn, Orin. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. [2007] (2007). Indigenous experience today. Berg Publishers, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84520-519-5}}. pg 239.</ref> The place is regarded as the birthplace of the San miao / Miao people,<ref name="indig2" /> the Hmong being a subgroup of the Miao. In various sources, the "nine Li" tribe is called the "Jiuli" kingdom,<ref name="Yapo2" /> Jiuli meaning "nine Li". Modern [[Han Chinese]] scholar Weng Dujian considers Jiuli and San Miao to be [[Nanman|Man]] southerners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schein |first=Louisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GomyOthrHjUC&pg=PA42 |title=Minority rules: the Miao and the feminine in China's cultural politics |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8223-2444-7 |page=42}}</ref> Chiyou has also been counted as part of the [[Dongyi]].<ref name="tonsi12" />
⚫
===Tribe===
⚫
Chiyou is regarded as a leader of the Nine Li tribe (九黎, [[Romanized Popular Alphabet|RPA]] {{lang-mww|Cuaj Li Ntuj}}) by nearly all sources.<ref name="tonsi1" /> However, his exact ethnic affiliations are quite complex, with multiple sources reporting him as belonging to various tribes, in addition to a number of diverse peoples supposed to have directly descended from him.


== Allusions and legends ==
Some sources from later dynasties, such as the ''[[Guoyu (book)|Guoyu book]]'', considered Chiyou's Li tribe to be related to the ancient [[Miao people|San miao tribe]] (三苗).<ref>(國語·楚語下)</ref>
Legend has it that in ancient times, the [[Miao people]] lived on the edge of the [[Yellow River]], with a total of "eighty-one" villages. Their leader was called Chi You. Chi You got rid of the "lop-eared witch" who harmed the Miao people, so that the people could live and work in peace and contentment. Later, The three demon children of the witch invited Red Dragon and Huang Long (i.e. [[Yan Emperor|Emperor Yan]] and [[Yellow Emperor|Huang Emperor]]) to take revenge. Chi You led the Miao people to fight bravely and defeated Red Dragon and Huang Long many times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=What is Chi You? Why did Huangdi want to kill him to death? |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E8%9A%A9%E5%B0%A4%E6%98%AF%E4%BD%95%E7%89%A9-%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%8D%E4%BB%96%E8%B6%95%E7%9B%A1%E6%AE%BA%E7%B5%95-143532573.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Yahoo News |language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref>
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In the ancient [[Zhuolu Town]] is a statue of Chiyou commemorating him as the original ancestor of the [[Hmong people]].<ref name="indig">De la Cadena, Marisol. Starn, Orin. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. [2007] (2007). Indigenous experience today. Berg Publishers, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84520-519-5}}. pg 239.</ref> The place is regarded as the birthplace of the San miao / Miao people,<ref name="indig" /> the Hmong being a subgroup of the Miao. In sources following the Hmong view, the "nine Li" tribe is called the "Jiuli" kingdom,<ref name="Yapo" /> Jiuli meaning "nine Li". Modern [[Han Chinese]] scholar Weng Dujian considers Jiuli and San Miao to be [[Nanman|Man]] southerners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schein |first= Louisa |year=2000 |title= Minority rules: the Miao and the feminine in China's cultural politics |publisher= Duke University Press |isbn= 978-0-8223-2444-7 |page= 42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GomyOthrHjUC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> Chiyou has also been counted as part of the [[Dongyi]].<ref name="tonsi1" />


The story of [[Guan Gong]] being invited by Taoist Zhang Tianshi to kill Chi You. Legend has it that during the reign of Zhenzong of the [[Song dynasty]], the [[Jiexiu|Jiezhou]] Salt Pond did not produce salt. Zhang Tianshi from Longhu Mountain in Jiangxi Province was summoned to the court to tell the emperor that the lack of salt produced Chi You, and that he could be killed by Guan Gong. After Zhang Tianshi followed the emperor's order, he burned a talisman to summon Guan Gong. Guan Gong showed his power, Chi You was beheaded, the salt pond was restored, and all the people rejoiced.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
Chiyou [[Hmong people]] is the ancestors of [[Korean]] & [[Japanese]]! <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_D-M15</ref>
<br>
In both of their heritage they have epic legends about [[Hmong]].

Korean was once one clan within Hmong with the last name Kim. Chinese conquered everyone then forced them to divide & migrate to where they are now. Most of Korean society skew their history to match their religions much like North Korea but not as insane. Science influenced Korean culture to modernize, and change their history back into facts instead of depending on religions.

In Japan there's still many that also claim Chiyou was their ancestor which is Hmong. Their society has modernized due to the influence of science. Few religious Japanese still worship their ancestors.

In both countries many Korean & Japanese still worship Chiyou. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyou</ref>
(Chiyou in Korean: 치우천왕기)
(Chiyou in Japanese/Chinese: 蚩尤)

Scientific DNA analyst facts confirms many of the legends in their cultures is true since Hmong is also Miao. Miao is the derogatory term Chinese used for Hmong people since they conquered & enslaved them. Hmong is an original indigenous people of Asia with a heritage over 5,000 years old predating Chinese.
<br>
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_D-M15

Regardless of human diversity we're one species, humanity!

Kauslim thiab Nyivpub noob yog Hmoob (Txiv Yawm)!
Lawv muaj dab neeg hais txog lawv noob yog peb Hmoob (Txiv Yawm).
Tam sim no tseem muaj Kauslim thiab Nyivpub pe hawm peb Hmoob (Txiv Yawm).
5,000 xyoo dhau los Kauslim thiab Nyivpub yog Hmoob nrog (Txiv Yawm) tab sis Suav yuam sib cais vim Hmoob swb tsov rog.

Tshawb xyuas peb cov ntshav Kauslim thiab Nyivpub yog noob Hmoob.


==Epic battles==
==Epic battles==
{{main|Battle of Zhuolu}}
[[File:Huang Di.png|thumb|Map showing the location of the Battle of Zhuolu and Chiyou's tribe]]
When the [[Yan emperor]] was leading his tribe and conflicts with Nine Li tribes led by Chiyou,<ref name="tonsi1" /> the Yan emperor stood no chance and lost the fight. He escaped, and later ended up in [[Zhuolu Town|Zhuolu]] begging for help from the [[Yellow Emperor]].<ref name="tonsi1" /> At this point the epic battle between Chiyou and the Yellow Emperor's forces began. The battle last for 10 years with Chiyou having the upper hand.
When the [[Yan emperor]] was leading his tribe and conflicts with Nine Li tribes led by Chiyou,<ref name="tonsi1" /> the Yan emperor stood no chance and lost the fight. He escaped, and later ended up in [[Zhuolu Town|Zhuolu]] begging for help from the [[Yellow Emperor]].<ref name="tonsi1" /> At this point the epic battle between Chiyou and the Yellow Emperor's forces began. The battle last for 10 years with Chiyou having the upper hand.
⚫
During the Battle of Zhuolu, Chiyou breathed out a thick fog and obscured the sunlight.<ref name="big5chariot">Big5.china.com.cn. "[http://big5.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/lddw/2007-10/15/content_9059220.htm Big5.china.com.cn]." ''黃帝大戰蚩尤與指南車.'' Retrieved on 2010-08-22.</ref> The battle dragged on for days while the emperor's side was in danger.<ref name="history1" /> Only after the Yellow Emperor invented the [[south-pointing chariot]], did he find his way out of the battlefield.<ref name="history1" /><ref name="big5chariot" /> Chiyou then conjured up a heavy storm. The Yellow Emperor then called upon the drought demon [[Nüba]] (女魃), who blew away the storm clouds and cleared the battlefield.<ref name="big5chariot" /> Chiyou and his army could not hold up, and were later killed by the Yellow Emperor.<ref name="tonsi1" /><ref name="history1" /> After this defeat, the Yellow Emperor is said to become the ancestor of all [[Huaxia]] Chinese.<ref name="history1" /> The Hmong were forced to live in the mountains and leave their Li kingdom.<ref name="indig" /> After Chiyou's death, it is said that it rained blood for some time.


⚫
During the Battle of Zhuolu, Chiyou breathed out a thick fog and obscured the sunlight.<ref name="big5chariot">Big5.china.com.cn. "[http://big5.china.com.cn/aboutchina/zhuanti/lddw/2007-10/15/content_9059220.htm Big5.china.com.cn]." ''{{lang|zh|黃帝大戰蚩尤與指南車.}}'' Retrieved on 2010-08-22.</ref> The battle dragged on for days while the emperor's side was in danger.<ref name="history12"/> Only after the Yellow Emperor invented the [[south-pointing chariot]], did he find his way out of the battlefield.<ref name="history12"/><ref name="big5chariot" /> Chiyou then conjured up a heavy storm. The Yellow Emperor then called upon the drought demon [[Nüba]] ({{lang|zh|女魃}}), who blew away the storm clouds and cleared the battlefield.<ref name="big5chariot" /> Chiyou and his army could not hold up, and were later killed by the Yellow Emperor.<ref name="tonsi1" /><ref name="history12"/> After this defeat, the Yellow Emperor is said to become the ancestor of all [[Huaxia]].<ref name="history12"/> His followers were forced to live in the mountains and leave their Li kingdom.<ref name="indig2"/> After Chiyou's death, it is said that it rained blood for some time.
==Societal influence==
[[File:Nuo priests performing ritual at Chiyou Nuo Temple in Xinhua, Hunan.jpg|thumb|Nuo priests performing ritual at Chiyou Nuo Temple in Xinhua, Hunan]]


==Legacy==
According to the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', [[Qin Shi Huang]] worshiped Chiyou as the God of War, and [[Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]] [[Ancestor worship|worshiped]] at Chiyou's shrine before his decisive battle against [[Xiang Yu]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} The mythical title God of War was given to Chiyou because the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor could not defeat Chiyou alone. Altogether, Chiyou won 9 major battles including 80 minor confrontations. On the 10th and final war, both emperors combined their forces and conquered Chiyou.
According to the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', [[Qin Shi Huang]] worshipped Chiyou as the God of War, and [[Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]] [[Ancestor worship|worshiped]] at Chiyou's shrine before his decisive battle against [[Xiang Yu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiji : 書 : 封禪書 - Chinese Text Project |url=https://ctext.org/shiji/feng-chan-shu |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=ctext.org |language=zh-TW}}</ref> The mythical title God of War was given to Chiyou because the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor could not defeat Chiyou alone. Altogether, Chiyou won nine major battles including 80 minor confrontations. On the 10th and final war, both emperors combined their forces and conquered Chiyou. Chiyou remains as a figure of worship today.


⚫
In one mythical episode, after Chiyou had claimed he could not be conquered,<ref name="JLAS"/> the goddess [[Nüwa|Nuwa]] dropped a stone tablet on him from [[Mount Tai]]. The stone failed to crush Chiyou, who managed to escape. From then on, the 5-finger-shaped stone tablet, inscribed "Mount Tai ''[[shigandang]]''" ({{lang|zh|泰山石敢當}}) became a [[Chinese spiritual world concepts#Objects|spiritual weapon]] to ward off evil and disasters.<ref name="JLAS" /><ref name="JLASC">Lee, James. [2006] (2006). James Lee Astrology guide 2006 Chinese edition. World publishing co. {{ISBN|962-432-502-2}}. p 208-209.</ref>
Chiyou remains as a figure of worship today.


⚫
According to notes by the [[Qing dynasty]] painter [[Luo Ping]]: "Yellow Emperor ordered his men to have Chiyou beheaded... seeing that Chiyou's head was separated from his body, later sages had his image engraved on sacrificial [[Zun|vessels]] as a warning to those that would covet power and wealth."<ref name="Brnz">{{cite book|title=Chinese Bronzes: Ferocious Beauty|author1=Wangheng Chen |author2=Various |publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd|year=2001|isbn=978-981-229-020-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yCq-NEdKeUC&dq=hundun+taotie&pg=PA73|pages=62–63}}</ref>
⚫
In one mythical episode, after Chiyou had claimed he could not be conquered,<ref name="JLAS"/> the goddess [[Nüwa|Nuwa]] dropped a stone tablet on him from [[Mount Tai]]. Chiyou failed to crush the stone, but still managed to escape. From then on, the 5-finger-shaped stone tablet, inscribed "Mount Tai ''[[shigandang]]''" (泰山石敢當) became a [[Chinese spiritual world concepts#Objects|spiritual weapon]] to ward off evil and disasters.<ref name="JLAS" /><ref name="JLASC">Lee, James. [2006] (2006). James Lee Astrology guide 2006 Chinese edition. World publishing co. {{ISBN|962-432-502-2}}. p 208-209.</ref>


In Chinese honghuang novels and online literature, Chiyou ranks first among the "Ten Great Demon Gods of Ancient Times", including [[Xingtian]], [[Kuafu]], [[Gonggong]], [[Feilian]], Pingyi, [[Shentu and Yulei]], Houqing, [[Nüba|Hanba]], and Yinlingzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=上古神话中"十大魔神"战力排行榜，共工第四，银灵子垫底_蚩尤 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/398481927_100035532 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.sohu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sina_mobile |date=2021-08-19 |title=上古十大魔神,十二魔神是谁,有哪些传说 |url=https://k.sina.cn/article_6972522740_19f9840f400100wurj.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=k.sina.cn}}</ref>
⚫
According to notes by the [[Qing Dynasty]] painter [[Luo Ping]]: "Yellow Emperor ordered his men to have Chiyou beheaded... seeing that Chiyou's head was separated from his body, later sages had his image engraved on sacrificial [[Zun|vessels]] as a warning to those that would covet power and wealth."<ref name="Brnz">{{cite book|title=Chinese Bronzes: Ferocious Beauty|author1=Wangheng Chen |author2=Various |publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd|year=2001|isbn=978-981-229-020-5|url=http://www.google.ca/books?id=6yCq-NEdKeUC&pg=PA73&dq=hundun+taotie|pages=62–63}}</ref>


The [[Tale of Heike]] mentions a [[comet]] "of the type called Chiyou's Banner or Red Breath."<ref name=Watson>{{Cite book |translator=Burton Watson |title=The Tales of the Heike |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2006 |ISBN=9780231138031 |page=38}}</ref>
The [[Tale of Heike]] mentions a [[comet]] "of the type called Chiyou's Banner or Red Breath."<ref name=Watson>{{Cite book |translator=Burton Watson |title=The Tales of the Heike |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780231138031 |page=38}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
* Ch'ih-yu (conceptualized as a dragon) is one of the characters in the background story in ''[[The Settlers III]]''.
* Ch'ih-yu (conceptualized as a dragon) is one of the characters in the background story in ''[[The Settlers III]]''.
* Chi You is a name for an Aragami creature in the PlayStation Portable game, ''[[God Eater]]''.
* Chi You is a name for an Aragami creature in the PlayStation Portable game, ''[[God Eater]]''.
* Chiwoo, also called "Chiwoo Cheonwang" (치우천왕, Hanja 蚩尤天王, meaning 'Chiyou, King of Heaven') in [[Korea]], is the mascot of the [[Red Devils (supporters club)|Red Devils]], the supporters' group of the [[South Korean national football team]].
* The [[comic book]] ''[[Heavenly Executioner Chiwoo]]'' is partly based on the legends about Chiyou.
* The [[comic book]] ''[[Heavenly Executioner Chiwoo]]'' is partly based on the legends about Chiyou.
* The main antagonist of the [[Shenmue (series)|Shenmue]] saga, Lan Di, is the head of a mafia group called the Chi You Men, who seek to awake the power of the God Chi You.
* The main antagonist of the ''[[Shenmue (series)|Shenmue]]'' saga, Lan Di is one of the leaders of a group called the Chi You Men, who seek to awake the power of the god Chi You.
* A series of [[South Korea]]n [[bullion coin]]s minted by [[KOMSCO]] feature Chiyou, referred to as the Chiwoo Cheonwang series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bullion|first=J. M.|date=2018-10-24|title=South Korean Chiwoo Cheonwang Series Silver Bullion Medallions from KOMSCO|url=https://coinweek.com/dealers-companies/jmbullion/south-korean-chiwoo-cheonwang-series-silver-bullion-medallions-from-komsco/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=CoinWeek|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Chi You appears as an antagonist in the ''TMNT/Ghostbusters'' miniseries of the ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)|IDW comics continuity]]. Herein he is a godling or immortal creature who is engaged with others of his kind—including the [[Rat King (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Rat King]] and Kitsune—in a "game" for dominion over mankind.
* Chi You appears as an antagonist in the ''TMNT/Ghostbusters'' miniseries of the ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)|IDW comics continuity]]. Herein he is a godling or immortal creature who is engaged with others of his kind—including the [[Rat King (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Rat King]] and Kitsune—in a "game" for dominion over mankind.
* There is a Mechanical Mod used in the [[vaping]] community known as the Chi You.
* There is a [[Construction of electronic cigarettes#Third-generation|mechanical mod]] used in the [[vaping]] community known as the Chi You.
* He is also a reoccurring demon in the ''[[Megami Tensei]]'' [[video game]] series.
* He is reoccurring demon in the ''[[Megami Tensei]]'' [[video game]] series.
* Chi You appears as sub-[[boss (video gaming)|boss]] enemy in the [[video game]] ''[[La-Mulana]]''.
* Chi You appears as sub-[[boss (video gaming)|boss]] enemy in the [[video game]] ''[[La-Mulana]]''.
* Chi You's clan became a group of priestess/assassin combo in ''[[Kingdom (manga)|Kingdom]]'', where Qiang Lei was once part of.
* Chi You's clan became a group of priestess/assassin combo in ''[[Kingdom (manga)|Kingdom]]'', where Qiang Lei was once part of.
* In the 1997 South Korean cartoon ''[[Mythology of Heaven]]'' by [[Lee Hyun-se]], Chiyou appears as the protagonist in book two.
* The descendants of Chi You formed a warrior order named Saulabi in the novel of ''[[The God of High School]]''.
* He is one of the kings represented by the members of the K-pop boy group [[Kingdom (group)|Kingdom]], as one of them is named "Chiwoo". His story is told in the album ''History of Kingdom: Part II. Chiwoo''.
* He appears as a man-eating evil deity in the manga ''[[Record of Ragnarok]]''.
* Chiyou appears in [[Marvel Comics]] as the archenemy of the Chinese superhero [[Lin Lie|Sword Master]]. In the comics, Chiyou is depicted as an evil monstrous god who was defeated and sealed away along with his demonic army by the [[Yellow Emperor]] and the descendants of the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors|Three Sovereigns]]. In the present day, Chiyou's seals have weakened, allowing his demonic minions to escape and to find a way revive their master, prompting [[Fuxi|Fu Xi]]'s descendant Lin Lie to take of the fabled Sword of Fu Xi to stop Chiyou's release.
* In the mobile game ''Arknights'', Superintendent Ch'en of the Lungmen Guard Department wields a "dragon-slaying" sword named Chi You.
* Appears as the primary antagonist of ''Assassin's Creed: Jade''.
* In the video game ''[[Pokémon Scarlet and Violet]]'', the legendary fire/dark type [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] Chi-Yu is named after Chiyou, with its fire typing alluding to Chiyu's lineage from the [[Flame Emperor]], and its [[Black-and-white dualism|dark]] typing reflecting Chiyu's role as an adversary to the Yellow Emperor, in line with his antagonistic depiction in modern media.


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
* [[Zhuolu County]]
* [[Mogwai (Chinese culture)|Mogwai]]
* [[Mogwai (Chinese culture)|Mogwai]]
* [[Ox-Head and Horse-Face]]
* [[Ox-Head and Horse-Face]]
* [[Ox in Chinese mythology]]
* [[Ox in Chinese mythology]]
⚫
* [[Zhuolu County]]


==References==
==References==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chi You}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chi You}}
[[Category:27th-century BC people]]
[[Category:Pre-Xia Chinese people]]
[[Category:Chinese gods]]
[[Category:Chinese gods]]
[[Category:War gods]]
[[Category:War gods]]
⚫
[[Category:Chinese mythology]]
[[Category:Hmong culture]]
[[Category:Hmong culture]]
[[Category:Hwandan Gogi]]
[[Category:Mythological kings]]
[[Category:Classic of Mountains and Seas]]
⚫
[[Category:Evil gods]]

Latest revision as of 10:35, 4 December 2024

Chiyou
Chiyou as depicted on a tomb relief of the Han dynasty
Chinese蚩尤
Literal meaningWormy Transgressor[1]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinchīyóu
Wade–GilesChʻih1-yu2
IPA[ʈʂʰí.jǒʊ]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingci1 jau4
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese/t͡ɕʰɨ ɦɨu/
Old Chinese
Zhengzhang/*tʰjɯ ɢʷɯ/

Chiyou (蚩尤) is a mythological being that appears in Chinese mythology. He was a tribal leader of the Nine Li tribe (九黎) in ancient China.[2] He is best known as a king who lost against the future Yellow Emperor during the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors era in Chinese mythology.[2][3][4] According to the Song dynasty history book Lushi, Chiyou's surname was Jiang (姜), and he was a descendant of the Flame Emperor.[5]

Chiyou is often associated with chaos and war, earning him the status of a demon god in later mythological interpretations, especially in northern China. In some Daoist traditions, he is considered a demon or evil god representing war and violence. His image has also been used as a protective figure, especially by soldiers, who see him as a war deity capable of offering protection in battle.[6][7] Conversely, for some Hmong people, Chiyou or Txiv Yawg[8] was a sagacious mythical king.[9] He has a particularly complex and controversial ancestry, as he may fall under Dongyi[2] Miao[9] or even Man,[9] depending on the source and view.

According to legend, Chiyou had a bronze head with a distinct metal forehead.[10] He had four eyes and six arms, wielding terrible sharp weapons in every hand, similar to a description of fangxiangshi.[11] In some sources, Chiyou had certain features associated with various mythological bovines: his head was that of a bull with two horns, although the body was human, and his hindquarters were those of a bear.[11] He is said to have been unbelievably fierce, and to have had 81 brothers and many followers.[11] Historical sources often described him as 'bold leader',[5] as well as 'brave'.[12] Some sources have asserted that the figure 81 should rather be associated with 81 clans in his kingdom.[13] Chiyou knows the constellations and the ancients spells for calling upon the weather. For example, he called upon a fog to surround Huangdi and his soldiers during the Battle of Zhuolu.

Tribe

[edit]

Chiyou is regarded as a leader of the Nine Li tribe (九黎, RPA White Hmong: Cuaj Li Ntuj) by nearly all sources.[10] However, his exact ethnic affiliations are quite complex, with multiple sources reporting him as belonging to various tribes, in addition to a number of diverse peoples supposed to have directly descended from him.

Some sources from later dynasties, such as the Guoyu book, considered Chiyou's Li tribe to be related to the ancient San miao tribe (三苗).[14] In the ancient Zhuolu Town is a statue of Chiyou commemorating him as the original ancestor of the Miao people.[15] The place is regarded as the birthplace of the San miao / Miao people,[15] the Hmong being a subgroup of the Miao. In various sources, the "nine Li" tribe is called the "Jiuli" kingdom,[13] Jiuli meaning "nine Li". Modern Han Chinese scholar Weng Dujian considers Jiuli and San Miao to be Man southerners.[16] Chiyou has also been counted as part of the Dongyi.[10]

Allusions and legends

[edit]

Legend has it that in ancient times, the Miao people lived on the edge of the Yellow River, with a total of "eighty-one" villages. Their leader was called Chi You. Chi You got rid of the "lop-eared witch" who harmed the Miao people, so that the people could live and work in peace and contentment. Later, The three demon children of the witch invited Red Dragon and Huang Long (i.e. Emperor Yan and Huang Emperor) to take revenge. Chi You led the Miao people to fight bravely and defeated Red Dragon and Huang Long many times.[17]

The story of Guan Gong being invited by Taoist Zhang Tianshi to kill Chi You. Legend has it that during the reign of Zhenzong of the Song dynasty, the Jiezhou Salt Pond did not produce salt. Zhang Tianshi from Longhu Mountain in Jiangxi Province was summoned to the court to tell the emperor that the lack of salt produced Chi You, and that he could be killed by Guan Gong. After Zhang Tianshi followed the emperor's order, he burned a talisman to summon Guan Gong. Guan Gong showed his power, Chi You was beheaded, the salt pond was restored, and all the people rejoiced.[citation needed]

Epic battles

[edit]

When the Yan emperor was leading his tribe and conflicts with Nine Li tribes led by Chiyou,[2] the Yan emperor stood no chance and lost the fight. He escaped, and later ended up in Zhuolu begging for help from the Yellow Emperor.[2] At this point the epic battle between Chiyou and the Yellow Emperor's forces began. The battle last for 10 years with Chiyou having the upper hand.

During the Battle of Zhuolu, Chiyou breathed out a thick fog and obscured the sunlight.[18] The battle dragged on for days while the emperor's side was in danger.[11] Only after the Yellow Emperor invented the south-pointing chariot, did he find his way out of the battlefield.[11][18] Chiyou then conjured up a heavy storm. The Yellow Emperor then called upon the drought demon Nüba (女魃), who blew away the storm clouds and cleared the battlefield.[18] Chiyou and his army could not hold up, and were later killed by the Yellow Emperor.[2][11] After this defeat, the Yellow Emperor is said to become the ancestor of all Huaxia.[11] His followers were forced to live in the mountains and leave their Li kingdom.[15] After Chiyou's death, it is said that it rained blood for some time.

Legacy

[edit]

According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Qin Shi Huang worshipped Chiyou as the God of War, and Liu Bang worshiped at Chiyou's shrine before his decisive battle against Xiang Yu.[19] The mythical title God of War was given to Chiyou because the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor could not defeat Chiyou alone. Altogether, Chiyou won nine major battles including 80 minor confrontations. On the 10th and final war, both emperors combined their forces and conquered Chiyou. Chiyou remains as a figure of worship today.

In one mythical episode, after Chiyou had claimed he could not be conquered,[3] the goddess Nuwa dropped a stone tablet on him from Mount Tai. The stone failed to crush Chiyou, who managed to escape. From then on, the 5-finger-shaped stone tablet, inscribed "Mount Tai shigandang" (泰山石敢當) became a spiritual weapon to ward off evil and disasters.[3][20]

According to notes by the Qing dynasty painter Luo Ping: "Yellow Emperor ordered his men to have Chiyou beheaded... seeing that Chiyou's head was separated from his body, later sages had his image engraved on sacrificial vessels as a warning to those that would covet power and wealth."[21]

In Chinese honghuang novels and online literature, Chiyou ranks first among the "Ten Great Demon Gods of Ancient Times", including Xingtian, Kuafu, Gonggong, Feilian, Pingyi, Shentu and Yulei, Houqing, Hanba, and Yinlingzi.[22][23]

The Tale of Heike mentions a comet "of the type called Chiyou's Banner or Red Breath."[24]

[edit]
  • Ch'ih-yu (conceptualized as a dragon) is one of the characters in the background story in The Settlers III.
  • Chi You is a name for an Aragami creature in the PlayStation Portable game, God Eater.
  • The comic book Heavenly Executioner Chiwoo is partly based on the legends about Chiyou.
  • The main antagonist of the Shenmue saga, Lan Di is one of the leaders of a group called the Chi You Men, who seek to awake the power of the god Chi You.
  • A series of South Korean bullion coins minted by KOMSCO feature Chiyou, referred to as the Chiwoo Cheonwang series.[25]
  • Chi You appears as an antagonist in the TMNT/Ghostbusters miniseries of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles IDW comics continuity. Herein he is a godling or immortal creature who is engaged with others of his kind—including the Rat King and Kitsune—in a "game" for dominion over mankind.
  • There is a mechanical mod used in the vaping community known as the Chi You.
  • He is reoccurring demon in the Megami Tensei video game series.
  • Chi You appears as sub-boss enemy in the video game La-Mulana.
  • Chi You's clan became a group of priestess/assassin combo in Kingdom, where Qiang Lei was once part of.
  • In the 1997 South Korean cartoon Mythology of Heaven by Lee Hyun-se, Chiyou appears as the protagonist in book two.
  • The descendants of Chi You formed a warrior order named Saulabi in the novel of The God of High School.
  • He is one of the kings represented by the members of the K-pop boy group Kingdom, as one of them is named "Chiwoo". His story is told in the album History of Kingdom: Part II. Chiwoo.
  • He appears as a man-eating evil deity in the manga Record of Ragnarok.
  • Chiyou appears in Marvel Comics as the archenemy of the Chinese superhero Sword Master. In the comics, Chiyou is depicted as an evil monstrous god who was defeated and sealed away along with his demonic army by the Yellow Emperor and the descendants of the Three Sovereigns. In the present day, Chiyou's seals have weakened, allowing his demonic minions to escape and to find a way revive their master, prompting Fu Xi's descendant Lin Lie to take of the fabled Sword of Fu Xi to stop Chiyou's release.
  • In the mobile game Arknights, Superintendent Ch'en of the Lungmen Guard Department wields a "dragon-slaying" sword named Chi You.
  • Appears as the primary antagonist of Assassin's Creed: Jade.
  • In the video game Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, the legendary fire/dark type Pokémon Chi-Yu is named after Chiyou, with its fire typing alluding to Chiyu's lineage from the Flame Emperor, and its dark typing reflecting Chiyu's role as an adversary to the Yellow Emperor, in line with his antagonistic depiction in modern media.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-literature/Literary-use-of-myths
  2. ^ a b c d e f 戴逸, 龔書鐸. (2003) [2002]. 中國通史. 史前 夏 商 西周. Intelligence press. p. 32. ISBN 962-8792-80-6.
  3. ^ a b c Lee, James (2006). James Lee Astrology guide 2006 English edition. World publishing co. p. 318. ISBN 962-432-503-0.
  4. ^ Greg Woolf (2007). Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art. Barnes & Noble. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-4351-0121-0.
  5. ^ a b Luo Mi (罗泌). Lushi. 后记四：蚩尤传.
  6. ^ "Chi You 蚩尤 (chī yóu) - China Beasts and Legends". www.chinabeastsandlegends.com. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  7. ^ Theobald, Ulrich. "Chi You 蚩尤 (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  8. ^ Hmong: Zid Yeus; Xong: Puob Youl; Laotian RPA White Hmong: Txiv Yawg /tsi ʝaɨ/
  9. ^ a b c Ya Po Cha (2010). An Introduction to Hmong Culture. McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7864-4951-4.
  10. ^ a b c 戴逸, 龔書鐸. (2003) [2002]. 中國通史. 史前 夏 商 西周. Intelligence press. p. 32. ISBN 962-8792-80-6.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g 王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 #1 遠古至春秋. 中華書局. ISBN 962-8885-24-3. p 11-13.
  12. ^ 司马, 迁. 史记. 五帝本纪.
  13. ^ a b Ya Po Cha (2010). An Introduction to Hmong Culture. McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7864-4951-4.
  14. ^ (國語·楚語下)
  15. ^ a b c De la Cadena, Marisol. Starn, Orin. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. [2007] (2007). Indigenous experience today. Berg Publishers, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84520-519-5. pg 239.
  16. ^ Schein, Louisa (2000). Minority rules: the Miao and the feminine in China's cultural politics. Duke University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8223-2444-7.
  17. ^ "What is Chi You? Why did Huangdi want to kill him to death?". Yahoo News (in Chinese). 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  18. ^ a b c Big5.china.com.cn. "Big5.china.com.cn." 黃帝大戰蚩尤與指南車. Retrieved on 2010-08-22.
  19. ^ "Shiji : 書 : 封禪書 - Chinese Text Project". ctext.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  20. ^ Lee, James. [2006] (2006). James Lee Astrology guide 2006 Chinese edition. World publishing co. ISBN 962-432-502-2. p 208-209.
  21. ^ Wangheng Chen; Various (2001). Chinese Bronzes: Ferocious Beauty. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-981-229-020-5.
  22. ^ "上古神话中"十大魔神"战力排行榜，共工第四，银灵子垫底_蚩尤". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  23. ^ sina_mobile (2021-08-19). "上古十大魔神,十二魔神是谁,有哪些传说". k.sina.cn. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  24. ^ The Tales of the Heike. Translated by Burton Watson. Columbia University Press. 2006. p. 38. ISBN 9780231138031.
  25. ^ Bullion, J. M. (2018-10-24). "South Korean Chiwoo Cheonwang Series Silver Bullion Medallions from KOMSCO". CoinWeek. Retrieved 2022-02-05.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Michael J. Puett, The Ambivalence of Creation: Debates Concerning Innovation and Artifice in Early China. 2001
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