Belle Boyd: Difference between revisions

Belle Boyd
Belle Boyd
	Boyd in c. 1870
Born	Maria Isabella Boyd; May 9, 1844; Martinsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), US
Died	June 11, 1900 (aged 56); Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, US
Other names	Belle Boyd, Cleopatra of the Secession, Siren of the Shenandoah, La Belle Rebelle, Rebel Joan of Arc
Occupation	Confederate Spy

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 01:49, 25 August 2024

Maria Isabella Boyd (May 9, 1844^[1] – June 11, 1900^[2]), best known as Belle Boyd (and dubbed the Cleopatra of the Secession^[3]^[4] or Siren of the Shenandoah,^[5]^[6] and later the Confederate Mata Hari^[7]^[8]^[9]) was a Confederate spy in the American Civil War. She operated from her father's hotel in Front Royal, Virginia, and provided valuable information to Confederate General Stonewall Jackson in 1862.^{[citation needed]}

Early life

Maria Isabella "Belle" Boyd was born on May 9, 1844, in Martinsburg, Virginia (now part of West Virginia).^[10] She was the eldest child of Benjamin Reed and Mary Rebecca (Glenn) Boyd.^[11] She described her childhood as idyllic.^[12] After some preliminary schooling in Martinsburg, she attended finishing school at the Mount Washington Female College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1856 at age 12.^[13]

Southern spy

Boyd's espionage career began by chance. According to her 1866 account, a band of Union army soldiers heard that she had Confederate flags in her room on July 4, 1861, and they came to investigate. They hung a Union flag outside her home. Then one of the men cursed at her mother, which enraged Boyd. She pulled out a pistol and shot the man, who died some hours later. A board of inquiry exonerated her of murder, but sentries were posted around the house and officers kept close track of her activities. She profited from this enforced familiarity, charming at least one of the officers whom she named in her memoir as Captain Daniel Keily,^[14]

She wrote in her memoir that she was indebted to Keily "for some very remarkable effusions, some withered flowers, and a great deal of important information."^[15] She conveyed those secrets to Confederate officers via her slave Eliza Hopewell, who carried them in a hollowed-out watch case. Boyd was caught on her first attempt at spying and told^{[citation needed]} that she could be sentenced to death.^{[citation needed]}

General James Shields and his staff gathered in the parlor of the local hotel in mid-May 1862. Boyd hid in the closet in the room, eavesdropping through a knothole that she enlarged in the door. She learned that Shields had been ordered east from Front Royal, Virginia. That night, she rode through Union lines, using false papers to bluff her way past the sentries, and reported the news to Colonel Turner Ashby, who was scouting for the Confederates. She then returned to town. When the Confederates advanced on Front Royal on May 23, Boyd ran to greet Stonewall Jackson's men, avoiding enemy fire that put bullet holes in her skirt, as according to her memoir.^{[citation needed]}^[16] She urged an officer to inform Jackson that "the Yankee force is very small [...] Tell him to charge right down and he will catch them all."^[17]

Jackson did and wrote a note of gratitude to her: "I thank you, for myself and for the army, for the immense service that you have rendered your country today."^[18]^[19] For her contributions, she was awarded the Southern Cross of Honor.^[20] Jackson also gave her captain and honorary aide-de-camp positions.^[21]

Boyd was arrested at least six times but somehow evaded incarceration.^[22] By late July 1862, detective Allan Pinkerton had assigned three men to work on her case.^[23] She was finally captured by Union officials on July 29, 1862, after her lover gave her up, and they brought her to the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C. the next day.^[24]^[25] An inquiry was held on August 7, 1862, concerning violations of orders that Boyd be kept in close custody.^[26] She was held for a month before being released on August 29, 1862, when she was exchanged at Fort Monroe.^[27] She was arrested again in June 1863, but was released after contracting typhoid fever.^[28]

In March 1864, Boyd attempted to travel to England, but she was intercepted by a Union blockade and sent to Canada where she met Union naval officer Samuel Wylde Hardinge. The two married in England.^[when?]^[28] and had a daughter, Grace.^[29] Boyd became an actress in England after her husband's death to support her daughter.^{[citation needed]} Following the death of her husband in 1866, she and her daughter returned to the United States.^[29]

Boyd assumed the stage name Nina Benjamin to perform in several cities, eventually ending up in New Orleans where she married John Swainston Hammond in March 1869, a former British Army officer who fought for the Union Army during the Civil War. They had two sons and two daughters; their first son died as an infant. Boyd divorced Hammond in 1884 and married Nathaniel Rue High in 1885. She subsequently began touring the country giving dramatic lectures of her life as a Civil War spy.^[30]

Postwar years and death

Boyd published a highly fictionalized narrative of her war experiences in the two-volume Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison.^[31] She died of a heart attack in Kilbourn City, Wisconsin (Wisconsin Dells) on June 11, 1900, at age 56. She was buried in the Spring Grove Cemetery in Wisconsin Dells, with members of the Grand Army of the Republic as her pallbearers.^[32] For years, her grave simply read:

BELLE BOYD

CONFEDERATE SPY

BORN IN VIRGINIA

DIED IN WISCONSIN

ERECTED BY A COMRADE^[33]

In popular culture

Boyd's life inspired the silent film series The Girl Spy.^[34]
The Smiling Rebel (1955) is a Harnett Kane novel about Boyd.^[35]
Boyd is a main character in the Cherie Priest steampunk novel Clementine (2010) and its sequel Fiddlehead (2013).^[36]
Boyd appears as a master-spy in the Firaxis computer game Civilization 4 Beyond The Sword.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ The date in the Boyd Family Bible is May 4, 1844 (Scarbrough, Ruth (1997). Belle Boyd: Siren of the South. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86554-555-7.), but Boyd insisted that it was 1844 and that the entry was in error. (Sigaud, Louis A. (1944). Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy. Richmond, Virginia: Dietz Press. p. 224. OCLC 425072.) See also Hay 1975, p. 215. Despite Boyd's assertion, many sources give the year of birth as 1844 and the date as May 10 (Barnhart, Clarence L.; et al., eds. (1954). "Boyd, Belle". The New Century Cyclopedia of Names. Vol. 1. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts., "Belle Boyd: Chapter No. 2620". Belle Boyd Chapter of the Louisiana Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy via RootsWeb of Ancestry.com.)
^ Trust, Civil War (2014). "Maria "Belle" Boyd". Civilwar.org. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
^ Sullivan, R. B. (October 13, 1940). "Cleopatra of the Secession". Daily News. New York. pp. 60, 61. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Boatner, Maxine Tull (December 18, 1955). "Lady of Intrigue". Hartfod Courant. Hartford, CT. p. 105. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. he devoted his sixth chapter to 'Cleopatra of the Secession,' Belle Boyd
^ Kent, Alan E. (March 22, 1955). "Belle Boyd Had Dramatic Career, but Was 'Lightweight' as a Spy". The Capital Times. Madison, WI. p. 21. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Southerners called her ... 'Siren of the Shenandoah'
^ Trimmer, Lillian Franklin (December 10, 1944). "Famed Confederate Woman Spy, Belle Boyd, Will be Heroine of Forthcoming Biography". The Times Dispatch. Richmond, VA. p. 42. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. She was known as the 'Siren of the Shenandoah'
^ "Yankee Clears the Name of Confederate Mata Hari". The Tribune. Scranton, PA. March 29, 1945. p. 10. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Unfurl Confederate Banner over Yankee Stronghold in Wisconsin for South's Curvaceous Mata Hari". The Sandusky Register. Sandusky, OH. May 29, 1952. p. 5. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Confederacy's 'Mata Hari,' Buried at Dells, Is Subject of New Book". The Capital Times. Madison, WI. December 24, 1944. p. 5. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Fredriksen, John C. (2001). America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 64. ISBN 978-1576076033.
^ Jones, Wilmer L. (2015). Behind Enemy Lines: Civil War Spies, Raiders, and Guerrillas. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 59. ISBN 978-1630760878.
^ Boyd, Belle; Hardinge, Sam Wilde (1865). Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. Saunders, Otley, and Company. p. 38.
^ Scarborough, Ruth (1997). Belle Boyd: Siren of the South. Mercer University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0865545557.
^ Bakeless, p. 155
^ Boyd, p. 102
^ Boyd, Isabella. Belle Boyd In Camp And Prison.
^ Connelly, Owen (2009). On War and Leadership: The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf. Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1400825165.
^ Winkler, H. Donald (2010). Stealing Secrets: How a Few Daring Women Deceived Generals, Impacted Battles, and Altered the Course of the Civil War. Sourcebooks. p. 217. ISBN 978-1402242861.
^ Boyd, Belle (1865). Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. With an introduction by a Friend of the South. New York: Blelock & Company. p. 133. LCCN 29025240. OCLC 560396348.
^ "The underground work of Belle Boyd and how she changed the Civil War". We Are The Mighty. 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
^ Smith, Vicki. "Civil War guide touts spy, life off battlefields". WTOP. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
^ Bell, Jerri; Crow, Tracy (2017). It's My Country Too: Women's Military Stories from the American Revolution to Afghanistan. U of Nebraska Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1612348315.
^ Waller, Douglas (2019). Lincoln's Spies: Their Secret War to Save a Nation. Simon and Schuster. p. 204. ISBN 978-1501126840.
^ Official Records, p. 310, Series 2, Vol. 4
^ Hastedt, Glenn P. (2011). Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage. ABC-CLIO. p. 105. ISBN 978-1851098071.
^ Official Records, p. 349, Series 2, Vol. 4
^ Official Records, p. 461, Series 2, Vol. 4
^ ^a ^b Tsui, Bonnie (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford: Two Dot. p. 95. ISBN 978-0762743841.
^ ^a ^b Scarborough 1997, p. 179.
^ Scarborough 1997, p. 180.
^ Tsui, Bonnie (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford: Two Dot. p. 97. ISBN 978-0762743841.
^ The GPS coordinates for Spring Grove Cemetery are 43.6256, −89.7528 and for the grave of Belle Boyd are 43.625695, −89.754068
^ Wisconsin Historical Society
^ Tracy, Tony (2016). "Outside the System: Gene Gauntier and the Consolidation of Early American Cinema". Film History. 28: 77. doi:10.2979/filmhistory.28.1.03. S2CID 148252931.
^ "Hartnett T. Kane (1910–1984)". librarything.com. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
^ Siemann, Catherine (2018). "Cherie Priest: At the intersection of History and Technology". In Murphy, Bernice (ed.). Twenty-First-Century Popular Fiction. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 227–237. ISBN 978-1474414869.

Bibliography

Abbott, Karen (2014). Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062092892. OCLC 878667621.
Bakeless, John. Spies of the Confederacy. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1997.^{[ISBN missing]}
Boyd, Belle. Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. New York: Blelock, 1867.
Harnett Thomas Kane, The Smiling Rebel (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1955).
Hay, Thomas Robson (1975). "Boyd, Belle". In James, Edward T.; et al. (eds.). Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1. Cambridge. Massachusetts: Belnlknap Press of Harvard University Press.
History.info (2020-07-28). "1864: Capture of the Southern Spy Belle Boyd". History.info. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
Michals, Debra (2015). "Belle Boyd". National Women's History Museum.
Sigaud, Louis A. (1944). Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy. Richmond, Virginia: Dietz Press. OCLC 425072.
Sizer, Lyde Cullen (2000). "Belle Boyd". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401228. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7.

External links

Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. In Two Volumes. Vol. I. London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1865.
Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. In Two Volumes. Vol. II. London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1865.
Belle Boyd: Siren of the South By Ruth Scarborough
Belle Boyd in Encyclopedia Virginia
Belle Boyd, Wisconsin Historical Society
Official Records Retrieved June 14, 2009

[birth_date-1] The date in the Boyd Family Bible is May 4, 1844 (Scarbrough, Ruth (1997). Belle Boyd: Siren of the South. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-86554-555-7.), but Boyd insisted that it was 1844 and that the entry was in error. (Sigaud, Louis A. (1944). Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy. Richmond, Virginia: Dietz Press. p. 224. OCLC 425072.) See also Hay 1975, p. 215. Despite Boyd's assertion, many sources give the year of birth as 1844 and the date as May 10 (Barnhart, Clarence L.; et al., eds. (1954). "Boyd, Belle". The New Century Cyclopedia of Names. Vol. 1. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts., "Belle Boyd: Chapter No. 2620". Belle Boyd Chapter of the Louisiana Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy via RootsWeb of Ancestry.com.)

[2] Trust, Civil War (2014). "Maria "Belle" Boyd". Civilwar.org. Retrieved 2014-07-29.

[3] Sullivan, R. B. (October 13, 1940). "Cleopatra of the Secession". Daily News. New York. pp. 60, 61. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.

[4] Boatner, Maxine Tull (December 18, 1955). "Lady of Intrigue". Hartfod Courant. Hartford, CT. p. 105. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. he devoted his sixth chapter to 'Cleopatra of the Secession,' Belle Boyd

[5] Kent, Alan E. (March 22, 1955). "Belle Boyd Had Dramatic Career, but Was 'Lightweight' as a Spy". The Capital Times. Madison, WI. p. 21. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Southerners called her ... 'Siren of the Shenandoah'

[6] Trimmer, Lillian Franklin (December 10, 1944). "Famed Confederate Woman Spy, Belle Boyd, Will be Heroine of Forthcoming Biography". The Times Dispatch. Richmond, VA. p. 42. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. She was known as the 'Siren of the Shenandoah'

[7] "Yankee Clears the Name of Confederate Mata Hari". The Tribune. Scranton, PA. March 29, 1945. p. 10. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.

[8] "Unfurl Confederate Banner over Yankee Stronghold in Wisconsin for South's Curvaceous Mata Hari". The Sandusky Register. Sandusky, OH. May 29, 1952. p. 5. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.

[9] "Confederacy's 'Mata Hari,' Buried at Dells, Is Subject of New Book". The Capital Times. Madison, WI. December 24, 1944. p. 5. Retrieved October 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.

[10] Fredriksen, John C. (2001). America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 64. ISBN 978-1576076033.

[11] Jones, Wilmer L. (2015). Behind Enemy Lines: Civil War Spies, Raiders, and Guerrillas. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 59. ISBN 978-1630760878.

[12] Boyd, Belle; Hardinge, Sam Wilde (1865). Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. Saunders, Otley, and Company. p. 38.

[13] Scarborough, Ruth (1997). Belle Boyd: Siren of the South. Mercer University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0865545557.

[14] Bakeless, p. 155

[15] Boyd, p. 102

[16] Boyd, Isabella. Belle Boyd In Camp And Prison.

[17] Connelly, Owen (2009). On War and Leadership: The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf. Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1400825165.

[18] Winkler, H. Donald (2010). Stealing Secrets: How a Few Daring Women Deceived Generals, Impacted Battles, and Altered the Course of the Civil War. Sourcebooks. p. 217. ISBN 978-1402242861.

[19] Boyd, Belle (1865). Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. With an introduction by a Friend of the South. New York: Blelock & Company. p. 133. LCCN 29025240. OCLC 560396348.

[20] "The underground work of Belle Boyd and how she changed the Civil War". We Are The Mighty. 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2023-01-26.

[wtopApril2011-21] Smith, Vicki. "Civil War guide touts spy, life off battlefields". WTOP. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2011.

[22] Bell, Jerri; Crow, Tracy (2017). It's My Country Too: Women's Military Stories from the American Revolution to Afghanistan. U of Nebraska Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1612348315.

[23] Waller, Douglas (2019). Lincoln's Spies: Their Secret War to Save a Nation. Simon and Schuster. p. 204. ISBN 978-1501126840.

[24] Official Records, p. 310, Series 2, Vol. 4

[25] Hastedt, Glenn P. (2011). Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage. ABC-CLIO. p. 105. ISBN 978-1851098071.

[26] Official Records, p. 349, Series 2, Vol. 4

[27] Official Records, p. 461, Series 2, Vol. 4

[tsui2006-28] Tsui, Bonnie (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford: Two Dot. p. 95. ISBN 978-0762743841.

[FOOTNOTEScarborough1997179-29] Scarborough 1997, p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEScarborough1997180-30] Scarborough 1997, p. 180.

[31] Tsui, Bonnie (2006). She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War. Guilford: Two Dot. p. 97. ISBN 978-0762743841.

[32] The GPS coordinates for Spring Grove Cemetery are 43.6256, −89.7528 and for the grave of Belle Boyd are 43.625695, −89.754068

[33] Wisconsin Historical Society

[34] Tracy, Tony (2016). "Outside the System: Gene Gauntier and the Consolidation of Early American Cinema". Film History. 28: 77. doi:10.2979/filmhistory.28.1.03. S2CID 148252931.

[35] "Hartnett T. Kane (1910–1984)". librarything.com. Retrieved 2014-08-02.

[36] Siemann, Catherine (2018). "Cherie Priest: At the intersection of History and Technology". In Murphy, Bernice (ed.). Twenty-First-Century Popular Fiction. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 227–237. ISBN 978-1474414869.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|American Confederate spy (1844–1900)}}
 {{Infobox person
-|name        = Isabella Maria Boyd ("Belle Boyd")
+| name               = Belle Boyd
-|image       = Portrait of Belle Boyd.jpg
+| image              = Belle-Boyd.jpg
-|caption     = Belle Boyd, Confederate spy, circa 1855–1865
+| caption            = Boyd in c. 1870
-|birth_name  = Isabella Maria Boyd
+| birth_name         = Maria Isabella Boyd
-|birth_date  = {{Birth date|1844|5|9}}
+| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1844|5|9}}
-|birth_place = [[Martinsburg, Virginia|Martinsburg]], [[Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia]]
+| birth_place        = [[Martinsburg, Virginia]] (now West Virginia), US
-|death_date  = {{Death date and age|1900|6|11|1844|5|9}}
+| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1900|6|11|1844|5|9}}
-|death_place = [[Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin]]
+| death_place        = [[Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin]], US
-|other_names = Belle Boyd, Cleopatra of the Secession, Siren of the Shenandoah, La Belle Rebelle, Rebel Joan of Arc
+| other_names        = Belle Boyd, Cleopatra of the Secession, Siren of the Shenandoah, La Belle Rebelle, Rebel Joan of Arc
-|occupation  = [[Espionage|Confederate Spy]]
+| occupation         = Confederate Spy
 }}
+'''Maria Isabella Boyd''' (May 9, 1844<ref name="birth date">The date in the Boyd Family Bible is May 4, 1844 ({{Cite book|author=Scarbrough, Ruth|year=1997|title=Belle Boyd: Siren of the South|location=Macon, Georgia|publisher=Mercer University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ckcRDD-CudcC&pg=PA2 2]|isbn=978-0-86554-555-7}}), but Boyd insisted that it was 1844 and that the entry was in error. ({{Cite book|author=Sigaud, Louis A.|year=1944|title=Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy|location=Richmond, Virginia|publisher=Dietz Press|page=224|oclc=425072}}) See also {{harvnb|Hay|1975|page=215}}. Despite Boyd's assertion, many sources give the year of birth as 1844 and the date as May 10 ({{cite encyclopedia|editor=Barnhart, Clarence L.|year= 1954|title = Boyd, Belle|encyclopedia= The New Century Cyclopedia of Names|publisher= Appleton-Century-Crofts|location= New York|volume=1|display-editors=etal}}, {{Cite web|title=Belle Boyd: Chapter No. 2620|publisher=Belle Boyd Chapter of the Louisiana Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy via RootsWeb of Ancestry.com|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~laudc/boyd.htm}})</ref> – June 11, 1900<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/biographies/maria-belle-boyd.html | title= Maria "Belle" Boyd | publisher=Civilwar.org | date= 2014 | access-date=2014-07-29 | first=Civil War | last=Trust}}</ref>), best known as '''Belle Boyd''' (and dubbed the '''Cleopatra of the Secession'''<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan |first1=R. B. |title=Cleopatra of the Secession |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87415202/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ |newspaper=Daily News |date=October 13, 1940 |location=New York |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87415202/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ 60], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87415228/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ 61] |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate = October 20, 2021}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Boatner |first1=Maxine Tull |title=Lady of Intrigue |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87415363/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ |newspaper=Hartfod Courant |date=December 18, 1955 |location=Hartford, CT |page=105 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate = October 20, 2021 |quote=he devoted his sixth chapter to 'Cleopatra of the Secession,' Belle Boyd}} {{Open access}}</ref> or '''Siren of the Shenandoah''',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kent |first1=Alan E. |title=Belle Boyd Had Dramatic Career, but Was 'Lightweight' as a Spy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87415612/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ |newspaper=The Capital Times |date=March 22, 1955 |location=Madison, WI |page=21 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate = October 20, 2021|quote=Southerners called her ... 'Siren of the Shenandoah'}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Trimmer |first1=Lillian Franklin |title=Famed Confederate Woman Spy, Belle Boyd, Will be Heroine of Forthcoming Biography |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87415801/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ |newspaper=The Times Dispatch |date=December 10, 1944 |location=Richmond, VA |page=42 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate = October 20, 2021 |quote=She was known as the 'Siren of the Shenandoah'}} {{Open access}}</ref> and later the '''Confederate Mata Hari'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Yankee Clears the Name of Confederate Mata Hari |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87414776/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ |newspaper=The Tribune |date=March 29, 1945 |location=Scranton, PA |page=10 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate = October 20, 2021}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Unfurl Confederate Banner over Yankee Stronghold in Wisconsin for South's Curvaceous Mata Hari |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87414692/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ |newspaper=The Sandusky Register |date=May 29, 1952 |location=Sandusky, OH |page=5 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate = October 20, 2021}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Confederacy's 'Mata Hari,' Buried at Dells, Is Subject of New Book |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87414659/belle-boyd-1844-1900/ |newspaper=The Capital Times|date=December 24, 1944 |location=Madison, WI |page=5 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate = October 20, 2021}} {{Open access}}</ref>) was a [[American Civil War spies|Confederate spy]] in the [[American Civil War]]. She operated from her father's hotel in [[Front Royal]], Virginia, and provided valuable information to Confederate General [[Stonewall Jackson]] in 1862.{{fact|date=May 2023}}
-'''Isabella Maria Boyd ''' (May 9, 1844<ref name="birth date">The date in the Boyd Family Bible is May 4, 1844. {{Cite book|author=Scarbrough, Ruth|year=1997|title=Belle Boyd: Siren of the South|location=Macon, Georgia|publisher=Mercer University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ckcRDD-CudcC&pg=PA2 2]|isbn=978-0-86554-555-7}}, but Boyd insisted it was 1844, and that the entry was in error. {{Cite book|author=Sigaud, Louis A.|year=1944|title=Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy|location=Richmond, Virginia|publisher=Dietz Press|page=224|oclc=425072}} See also, {{harvnb|Hay|1975|page=215}}. Despite Boyd's assertion, many reliable sources give the year of birth as 1844 and the date as May 10th. {{cite encyclopedia|editor=Barnhart, Clarence L.|year= 1954|title = Boyd, Belle|encyclopedia= The New Century Cyclopedia of Names|publisher= Appleton-Century-Crofts|location= New York|volume=1|page=|display-editors=etal}}, {{Cite web|title=Belle Boyd: Chapter No. 2620|publisher=Belle Boyd Chapter of the Louisiana Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy via RootsWeb of Ancestry.com|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~laudc/boyd.htm}}</ref> – June 11, 1900<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/biographies/maria-belle-boyd.html | title= Maria "Belle" Boyd | publisher=Civilwar.org | date= 2014 | accessdate=2014-07-29 | quote=She died, in poverty, of a heart attack at age 56 on June 11, 1900 while on tour in Kilbourn (now Wisconsin Dells), Wisconsin. She is buried there, in Spring Grove Cemetery. | first=Civil War | last=Trust}}</ref>), best known as '''Belle Boyd''', as well as '''Cleopatra of the Secession''' and '''Siren of the Shenandoah''', was a [[American Civil War spies|Confederate spy]] in the [[American Civil War]]. She operated from her father's hotel in [[Front Royal|Front Royal, Virginia]], and provided valuable information to [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] General [[Stonewall Jackson]] in 1862.
 ==Early life==
-Isabella Maria Boyd was born on May 9, 1844, in [[Martinsburg, Virginia]] (now part of [[West Virginia]]). She was the eldest child of Benjamin Reed and Mary Rebecca (Glenn) Boyd. Boyd would describe her childhood as idyllic,  living a care-free life, of a reckless [[tomboy]], who climbed trees, raced through the woods, and dominated brothers, sisters, and cousins. Despite her family's lack of money, Boyd received a good education. After some preliminary schooling, she attended the Mount Washington Female College in [[Baltimore, Maryland]].
+Maria Isabella "Belle" Boyd was born on May 9, 1844, in [[Martinsburg, Virginia]] (now part of [[West Virginia]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJlm7AQK-T4C&pg=PA64|title=America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present|last=Fredriksen|first=John C.|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1576076033|page=64|language=en}}</ref> She was the eldest child of Benjamin Reed and Mary Rebecca (Glenn) Boyd.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeRxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|title=Behind Enemy Lines: Civil War Spies, Raiders, and Guerrillas|last=Jones|first=Wilmer L.|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1630760878|page=59|language=en}}</ref> She described her childhood as idyllic.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/belleboydincamp01hardgoog|title=Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison|last1=Boyd|first1=Belle|last2=Hardinge|first2=Sam Wilde|date=1865|publisher=Saunders, Otley, and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/belleboydincamp01hardgoog/page/n45 38]|language=en}}</ref> After some preliminary schooling in Martinsburg, she attended finishing school at the [[Mount Washington Female College]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] in 1856 at age 12.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckcRDD-CudcC&pg=PA5|title=Belle Boyd: Siren of the South|last=Scarborough|first=Ruth|date=1997|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=978-0865545557|pages=5|language=en}}</ref>
 ==Southern spy==
+[[File:Portrait of Belle Boyd (restored).jpg|thumb|Belle Boyd (age 21), Confederate spy (circa 1865).]]
-Boyd's espionage career began by chance. According to her highly fictionalised 1866 account, on July 4, 1861, a band of Union army soldiers heard she had Confederate flags in her room, and they came to investigate.  They hung a Union flag outside her home. This made her angry enough, but when one of them cursed at her mother, she was enraged. Boyd pulled out a pistol and shot the man, who died some hours later as a result of the wound he sustained. A board of inquiry exonerated her of murder, but sentries were posted around the house and officers kept close track of her activities. She profited from this enforced familiarity, charming at least one of the officers, whom she named in her memoir as Captain Daniel Keily,<ref>Bakeless, p.&nbsp;155</ref><ref>Note:the only Daniel Keily in the Union Army was a Colonel of the 2nd Regiment/Louisiana Cavalry {US} which was formed in 1863! A 1900 account claims ed-1/seq- that the 1861 shooting incident occurred when [[Robert Patterson]] and [[George Cadwalader]]'s troops invaded Virginia and that Boyd was exonerated by Patterson. Official reports regarding Patterson's 1861 occupation of Virginia do not have any references to Boyd in regard to any shooting incident or being exonerated into revealing military secrets.</ref> "To him," she wrote later, "I am indebted for some very remarkable effusions, some withered flowers, and a great deal of important information."<ref>Boyd, p. 102</ref> Boyd conveyed those secrets to Confederate officers via her slave, Eliza Hopewell, who carried the messages in a hollowed-out watch case. On Boyd’s first attempt at spying, she was caught and told she could be sentenced to death, but was not. She was not scared and realized she needed to find a better way to communicate.<ref>However the Official Records of the Civil War only mention Boyd in 1862-see Notes# 7–9.</ref>
+Boyd's espionage career began by chance. According to her 1866 account, a band of Union army soldiers heard that she had Confederate flags in her room on July 4, 1861, and they came to investigate. They hung a Union flag outside her home. Then one of the men cursed at her mother, which enraged Boyd. She pulled out a pistol and shot the man, who died some hours later. A board of inquiry exonerated her of murder, but sentries were posted around the house and officers kept close track of her activities. She profited from this enforced familiarity, charming at least one of the officers whom she named in her memoir as Captain Daniel Keily,<ref>Bakeless, p. 155</ref>
+She wrote in her memoir that she was indebted to Keily "for some very remarkable effusions, some withered flowers, and a great deal of important information."<ref>Boyd, p. 102</ref> She conveyed those secrets to Confederate officers via her [[Slavery in the United States|slave]] [[Eliza Hopewell]], who carried them in a hollowed-out watch case. Boyd was caught on her first attempt at spying and told{{Citation needed|reason=by who?|date=June 2021}} that she could be [[death penalty|sentenced to death]].{{fact|date=May 2023}}
-One evening in mid-May 1862, [[Union Army]] General [[James Shields (politician, born 1810)|James Shields]] and his staff gathered in the parlor of the local hotel. Boyd hid in the closet in the room, eavesdropping through a knothole she enlarged in the door. She learned that Shields had been ordered east from Front Royal, Virginia. That night, Boyd rode through Union lines, using false papers to bluff her way past the sentries, and reported the news to [[Colonel]] [[Turner Ashby]], who was scouting for the Confederates. She then returned to town. When the Confederates advanced on Front Royal on May 23, Boyd ran to greet [[Stonewall Jackson]]'s men, avoiding enemy fire that put bullet holes in her skirt. She urged an officer to inform Jackson that "the Yankee force is very small. Tell him to charge right down and he will catch them all." Jackson did and that evening penned a note of gratitude to her: "I thank you, for myself and for the army, for the immense service that you have rendered your country today." For her contributions, she was awarded the [[Southern Cross of Honor]]. Jackson also gave her captain and honorary aide-de-camp positions.<ref name=wtopApril2011>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Vicki|title=Civil War guide touts spy, life off battlefields|url=http://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/news/ci_17916828|work=Associated Press|publisher=WTOP|accessdate=21 April 2011}}</ref>
+General [[James Shields (politician, born 1810)|James Shields]] and his staff gathered in the parlor of the local hotel in mid-May 1862. Boyd hid in the closet in the room, eavesdropping through a knothole that she enlarged in the door. She learned that Shields had been ordered east from Front Royal, Virginia. That night, she rode through Union lines, using false papers to bluff her way past the sentries, and reported the news to Colonel [[Turner Ashby]], who was scouting for the Confederates. She then returned to town. When the Confederates advanced on Front Royal on May 23, Boyd ran to greet [[Stonewall Jackson]]'s men, avoiding enemy fire that put bullet holes in her skirt, as according to her memoir.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boyd|first=Isabella|title=Belle Boyd In Camp And Prison}}</ref> She urged an officer to inform Jackson that "the Yankee force is very small [...] Tell him to charge right down and he will catch them all."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWu4ikq73VMC&pg=PA40|title=On War and Leadership: The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf|last=Connelly|first=Owen|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400825165|page=40|language=en}}</ref>
-After her lover gave her up, Belle Boyd was arrested for the first time on July 29, 1862, and brought to the [[Old Capitol Prison]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], the next day.<ref>[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0117%2F&tif=00322.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0117 Official Records, p. 310, Series 2, Vol. 4]</ref> An inquiry was held on August 7, 1862, concerning violations of orders that Boyd be kept in close custody.<ref>[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0117%2F&tif=00361.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0117 Official Records, p. 349, Series 2, Vol. 4]</ref> Boyd was held for a month before being released on August 29, 1862, when she was exchanged at Fort Monroe.<ref>[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0117%2F&tif=00473.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0117 Official Records, p. 461, Series 2, Vol. 4]</ref> She was arrested again in June 1863, but was released after contracting typhoid fever.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=Two Dot|date=2006|ISBN=9780762743841|page=95}}</ref>
+Jackson did and wrote a note of gratitude to her: "I thank you, for myself and for the army, for the immense service that you have rendered your country today."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-feCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|title=Stealing Secrets: How a Few Daring Women Deceived Generals, Impacted Battles, and Altered the Course of the Civil War|last=Winkler|first=H. Donald|date=2010|publisher=Sourcebooks|isbn=978-1402242861|page=217|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jigQxZyICmEC&pg=PA133|title=Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. With an introduction by a Friend of the South|last=Boyd|first=Belle|date=1865|publisher=Blelock & Company|location=New York|page=133|language=en|lccn=29025240|oclc=560396348}}</ref> For her contributions, she was awarded the [[Southern Cross of Honor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-09 |title=The underground work of Belle Boyd and how she changed the Civil War |url=https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/the-underground-work-of-belle-boyd/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=We Are The Mighty |language=en-US}}</ref> Jackson also gave her captain and honorary aide-de-camp positions.<ref name=wtopApril2011>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Vicki|title=Civil War guide touts spy, life off battlefields|url=http://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/news/ci_17916828|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616140819/http://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/news/ci_17916828|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2013|agency=Associated Press|publisher=WTOP|access-date=April 21, 2011}}</ref>
-In March 1864, she attempted to travel to [[England]], where she was intercepted by a Union blockade and sent to Canada.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=Two Dot|date=2006|ISBN=9780762743841|page=95}}</ref> There she met [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] naval officer, Samuel Wylde Hardinge. The two later married in England.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=Two Dot|date=2006|ISBN=9780762743841|page=95}}</ref> The two had one child, a daughter, and Boyd became an [[actress]] in England after her husband's death to support her daughter. Following the death of her husband in 1866, she returned to the United States on November 11, 1869. She married John Swainston Hammond in New Orleans. After a divorce in 1884, Boyd married Nathaniel Rue High in 1885. A year later, she began touring the country giving dramatic lectures of her life as a Civil War spy.{{citation needed|date = July 2014}}
+Boyd was arrested at least six times but somehow evaded incarceration.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z0nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=It's My Country Too: Women's Military Stories from the American Revolution to Afghanistan|last1=Bell|first1=Jerri|last2=Crow|first2=Tracy|date=2017|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-1612348315|pages=31|language=en}}</ref> By late July 1862, detective [[Allan Pinkerton]] had assigned three men to work on her case.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cn6hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204|title=Lincoln's Spies: Their Secret War to Save a Nation|last=Waller|first=Douglas|date=2019|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1501126840|pages=204|language=en}}</ref> She was finally captured by Union officials on July 29, 1862, after her lover gave her up, and they brought her to the [[Old Capitol Prison]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] the next day.<ref>[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0117%2F&tif=00322.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0117 Official Records, p. 310, Series 2, Vol. 4]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91FyAJDjAvQC&pg=PA105|title=Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage|last=Hastedt|first=Glenn P.|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851098071|pages=105|language=en}}</ref> An inquiry was held on August 7, 1862, concerning violations of orders that Boyd be kept in close custody.<ref>[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0117%2F&tif=00361.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0117 Official Records, p. 349, Series 2, Vol. 4]</ref> She was held for a month before being released on August 29, 1862, when she was exchanged at Fort Monroe.<ref>[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0117%2F&tif=00473.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0117 Official Records, p. 461, Series 2, Vol. 4]</ref> She was arrested again in June 1863, but was released after contracting typhoid fever.<ref name=tsui2006>{{cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=Two Dot|date=2006|isbn=978-0762743841|page=95}}</ref>
-==Post-War years and death==
+In March 1864, Boyd attempted to travel to England, but she was intercepted by a Union blockade and sent to Canada where she met Union naval officer Samuel Wylde Hardinge. The two married in England.{{when|date=October 2022}}<ref name=tsui2006/> and had a daughter, Grace.{{Sfn|Scarborough|1997|p=179}} Boyd became an actress in England after her husband's death to support her daughter.{{citation needed|date = July 2019}} Following the death of her husband in 1866, she and her daughter returned to the United States.{{Sfn|Scarborough|1997|p=179}}
+Boyd assumed the stage name Nina Benjamin to perform in several cities, eventually ending up in New Orleans where she married John Swainston Hammond in March 1869, a former British Army officer who fought for the Union Army during the Civil War. They had two sons and two daughters; their first son died as an infant. Boyd divorced Hammond in 1884 and married Nathaniel Rue High in 1885. She subsequently began touring the country giving dramatic lectures of her life as a Civil War spy.{{Sfn|Scarborough|1997|p=180}}
+==Postwar years and death==
 [[File:Belle boyd grave.jpg|thumb|Belle Boyd's grave]]
-Boyd published a highly fictionalized narrative of her war experiences in a two volume book titled ''Bell Boyd in Camp and Prison.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=Two Dot|date=2006|ISBN=9780762743841|page=97}}</ref>'' While touring the United States (she had gone to address members of a [[Grand Army of the Republic|GAR]] post), she died of a heart attack in Kilbourn City (now known as [[Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin|Wisconsin Dells]]), Wisconsin, on June 11, 1900. She was 56 years old. She was buried in the Spring Grove Cemetery in Wisconsin Dells, with members of the Local GAR as her pallbearers.<ref>The GPS coordinates for Spring Grove Cemetery are [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=43.62560,+-89.75280&sll=43.068005,-89.433642&sspn=0.008104,0.01929&ie=UTF8&z=16 43.62560, −89.75280] and for the grave of Belle Boyd are [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=43.625695,+-89.754068&sll=43.627037,-89.753123&sspn=0.00803,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=43.62699,-89.754009&spn=0.00803,0.01929&z=16 43.625695, −89.754068]</ref> For years, her grave simply read:
+Boyd published a highly fictionalized narrative of her war experiences in the two-volume ''Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tsui|first=Bonnie|title=She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War|location=Guilford|publisher=Two Dot|date=2006|isbn=978-0762743841|page=97}}</ref> She died of a heart attack in Kilbourn City, Wisconsin ([[Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin|Wisconsin Dells]]) on June 11, 1900, at age 56. She was buried in the Spring Grove Cemetery in Wisconsin Dells, with members of the [[Grand Army of the Republic]] as her pallbearers.<ref>The GPS coordinates for Spring Grove Cemetery are [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=43.62560,+-89.75280&sll=43.068005,-89.433642&sspn=0.008104,0.01929&ie=UTF8&z=16 43.6256, −89.7528] and for the grave of Belle Boyd are [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=43.625695,+-89.754068&sll=43.627037,-89.753123&sspn=0.00803,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=43.62699,-89.754009&spn=0.00803,0.01929&z=16 43.625695, −89.754068]</ref> For years, her grave simply read:
 :BELLE BOYD
@@ Line 34: / Line 41: @@
 :BORN IN VIRGINIA
 :DIED IN WISCONSIN
-:ERECTED BY A COMRADE<ref>{{findagrave|121}}</ref>
+:ERECTED BY A COMRADE<ref>[https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM65304 Wisconsin Historical Society]</ref>
 ==In popular culture==
+* Boyd's life inspired the silent film series ''[[The Girl Spy]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Outside the System: Gene Gauntier and the Consolidation of Early American Cinema |journal=Film History |last=Tracy |first=Tony |volume=28 |page=77 |year=2016 |doi=10.2979/filmhistory.28.1.03 |s2cid=148252931 }}</ref>
-''The Smiling Rebel'' is [[Harnett Kane]]'s 1955 novel about Belle Boyd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.librarything.com/author/kaneharnettthomas|title=Hartnett T. Kane (1910-1984)|publisher=librarything.com|accessdate=August 2, 2014}}</ref>
+* ''The Smiling Rebel'' (1955) is a [[Harnett Kane]] novel about Boyd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.librarything.com/author/kaneharnettthomas |title=Hartnett T. Kane (1910–1984) |publisher=librarything.com |access-date=2014-08-02 }}</ref>
+* Boyd is a main character in the [[Cherie Priest]] steampunk novel ''Clementine'' (2010) and its sequel ''Fiddlehead'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_puhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |title=Twenty-First-Century Popular Fiction |last=Siemann |first=Catherine |year=2018 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1474414869 |editor-last=Murphy |editor-first=Bernice |pages=227–237 |language=en |chapter=Cherie Priest: At the intersection of History and Technology }}</ref>
-''The Shenandoah Spy'' by Francis Hamit is a 2008 fact-based novel about Belle Boyd's activities in 1861 and 1862 as a spy and scout for Stonewall Jackson
+* Boyd appears as a master-spy in the Firaxis computer game [[Civilization 4]] ''Beyond The Sword''.{{fact|date=May 2023}}
-Belle Boyd is a main character in [[Cherie Priest]]'s 2010 steampunk novel ''Clementine''.
-''She Wouldn't Surrender'' by James Kendricks is a 1960 novel about Belle Boyd.
-Boyd appears as a character in book 3 of the [[James Reasoner Civil War Series]].
-Boyd's bullet-riddled handbag was the featured artifact on an episode of the TV game show ''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]''.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|1}}
-==Further reading==
+==Bibliography==
-*{{Cite book|last=Abbott|first=Karen|title=Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War |publisher =HarperCollins |date=2014|ISBN = 9780062092892|OCLC=878667621}}
+*{{Cite book|last=Abbott|first=Karen|title=Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War|publisher=HarperCollins|date=2014|isbn=978-0062092892|oclc=878667621|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/liartemptresssol0000abbo}}
-*Bakeless, John. ''Spies of the Confederacy.'' Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1997.
+*Bakeless, John. ''Spies of the Confederacy.'' Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1997.{{ISBN?}}
 *Boyd, Belle. ''Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison.'' New York: Blelock, 1867.
 *Harnett Thomas Kane, ''The Smiling Rebel'' (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1955).
-*{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Hay, Thomas Robson|year=1975|title=Boyd, Belle|editor=James, Edward T.|encyclopedia=Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary|volume=1|publisher=Belnlknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge. Massachusetts|display-editors=etal}}
+*{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hay |first=Thomas Robson|year=1975|title=Boyd, Belle|editor-last=James |editor-first=Edward T.|encyclopedia=Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary|volume=1|publisher=Belnlknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge. Massachusetts|display-editors=etal}}
+*{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=1864: Capture of the Southern Spy Belle Boyd |url=https://history.info/on-this-day/1864-capture-of-the-southern-spy-belle-boyd/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=History.info |author=History.info |language=en-US}}
+*{{cite web |last=Michals |first=Debra |url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/isabelle-boyd |title=Belle Boyd |work=National Women's History Museum |date=2015 }}
 *{{Cite book|author=Sigaud, Louis A.|year=1944|title=Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy|location=Richmond, Virginia|publisher=Dietz Press|oclc=425072}}
+* {{cite web |last1=Sizer |first1=Lyde Cullen |title=Belle Boyd |url=http://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0401228 |website=American National Biography |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401228 |isbn=978-0-19-860669-7 }}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 69: / Line 72: @@
 *[http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/boyd1/menu.html Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. In Two Volumes. Vol. I.] London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1865.
 *[http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/boyd2/menu.html Belle Boyd in Camp and Prison. In Two Volumes. Vol. II.] London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1865.
-*[https://books.google.com/books?id=ckcRDD-CudcC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22President+Abraham+Brown%22&source=bl&ots=EVn2_5kNcK&sig=Kn5PYKj7aCKGDHhNPlTzeWUR9OY&hl=en&ei=p-DRSobfLtKvsAaQlPGOBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false Belle Boyd: Siren of the South By Ruth Scarborough]
+*[https://books.google.com/books?id=ckcRDD-CudcC&dq=%22President+Abraham+Brown%22&pg=PA8 Belle Boyd: Siren of the South By Ruth Scarborough]
 *[http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Boyd_Belle_1844-1900 Belle Boyd in ''Encyclopedia Virginia'']
 *[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=Ntk:All|belle+boyd|3  Belle Boyd, Wisconsin Historical Society]
 *[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html Official Records] Retrieved June 14, 2009
-*{{Find a Grave|121}}
-*Michals, Debra.  [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/isabelle-boyd "Belle Boyd"]. National Women's History Museum. 2015.
 {{Authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Boyd, Belle}}
-[[Category:1843 births]]
+[[Category:1844 births]]
 [[Category:1900 deaths]]
 [[Category:Actresses from West Virginia]]
 [[Category:American Civil War spies]]
-[[Category:American memoirists]]
+[[Category:19th-century American memoirists]]
 [[Category:American spies]]
-[[Category:Burials in Wisconsin]]
 [[Category:Female wartime spies]]
-[[Category:People from Martinsburg, West Virginia]]
 [[Category:People of West Virginia in the American Civil War]]
 [[Category:People from Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin]]
 [[Category:Women in the American Civil War]]
-[[Category:Writers from West Virginia]]
+[[Category:Writers from Martinsburg, West Virginia]]
-[[Category:Women memoirists]]
+[[Category:American women memoirists]]
 [[Category:19th-century American women writers]]
-[[Category:19th-century American writers]]
 [[Category:19th-century American actresses]]
+[[Category:American stage actresses]]
 [[Category:People from Front Royal, Virginia]]
-[[Category:American women non-fiction writers]]
+[[Category:Memoirists from Virginia]]
+[[Category:Women slave owners]]
+[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States military]]
-==Further reading==
-* {{cite web |last1=Sizer |first1=Lyde Cullen |title=Belle Boyd |url=http://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-0401228 |website=American National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press}}

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States Netherlands Israel Belgium
Other	SNAC