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{{short description|French Resistance newspaper}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2007}}

{{Infobox magazine
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Combat
| title = Combat
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| frequency = daily
| frequency = daily
| founder =
| founder =
|logo=Journal Combat 1943.jpg
| founded =December 1941
| founded =December 1941
| firstdate = December 1941
| firstdate = December 1941
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}}
}}


'''''Combat''''' was a French [[newspaper]] created during the [[Second World War]]. It was founded in 1941 as a [[Clandestine press of the French Resistance|clandestine newspaper of the French Resistance]].
⚫
'''''Combat''''' was a [[France|French]] [[newspaper]] created during the [[Second World War]]. It was founded in 1941 as a clandestine newspaper of the [[French Resistance|Resistance]]. Following the liberation, the main participants in the publication included [[Albert Ollivier]], [[Jean-Paul de Dadelsen]], [[Jean Bloch-Michel]] (1912–1987), and [[Georges Altschuler]] [[:fr:Georges Altschuler|(fr)]]. Among leading contributors were [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[André Malraux]], [[Emmanuel Mounier]], [[Raymond Aron]] and [[Pierre Herbart]] [[:fr:Pierre Herbart|(fr)]].<ref>Sylvie Courtine-Denamy, Le souci du monde. Dialogue entre Hannah Arendt et quelques-uns de ses contemporains, Vrin, 1999, p. 81</ref> From 1943 to 1947, its editor-in-chief was [[Albert Camus]].<ref>J. Levi-Valensi (ed), ''Camus at Combat'' Princeton University Press, 2006</ref> Its production was directed by [[André Bollier]] until [[Milice]] repression led to his death.


== War years ==
⚫
In August 1944, ''Combat'' took the headquarters of ''[[L'Intransigeant]]'', 100 [[Rue Réaumur]] [[:fr:Rue Réaumur|(fr)]] in Paris, while [[Albert Camus]] became its [[editor in chief]]. The newspaper's production run decreased from 185,000 copies in January 1945 to 150,000 in August of the same year:{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} it wasn't able to rival with others established newspapers (the Communist daily ''[[L'Humanité]]'' was publishing at the time 500,000 copies). During 1946, ''Combat'' was opposed to the "game of the parties" claiming to rebuild France, and thus became closer to [[Charles de Gaulle]] without, however, becoming the official voice of his movement.


⚫
In August 1944, ''Combat'' took over the headquarters of ''[[L'Intransigeant]]'' in Paris, and [[Albert Camus]] became its [[editor in chief]]. The newspaper's production run decreased from 185,000 copies in January 1945 to 150,000 in August of the same year:{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} it did not attain the circulation of other established newspapers (the Communist daily ''[[L'Humanité]]'' was publishing at the time 500,000 copies).
⚫
Loyal to its origins, ''Combat'' tried to become the place of expression for those who believed in creating a popular non-Communist [[left wing|Left]] movement in France. In July 1948 (more than a year after the May 1947 crisis and the expulsion of the [[French Communist Party|Communist Party]] (ministers) from the government), [[Victor Fay]] [[:de:Victor Fay|(de)]], a [[Marxist]] activist, took over ''Combat'' 's direction, but he failed to stop the newspaper's evolution towards more popular subjects and less political information.

== Liberation ==

⚫
Following the liberation, the main participants in the publication included [[Albert Ollivier]], [[Jean-Paul de Dadelsen]], [[Jean Bloch-Michel]] (1912–1987), and [[Georges Altschuler]] [[:fr:Georges Altschuler|(fr)]]. Among leading contributors were [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[André Malraux]], [[Emmanuel Mounier]], [[Raymond Aron]] and [[Pierre Herbart]].<ref>Sylvie Courtine-Denamy, Le souci du monde. Dialogue entre Hannah Arendt et quelques-uns de ses contemporains, Vrin, 1999, p. 81</ref> From 1943 to 1947, its editor-in-chief was [[Albert Camus]].<ref>J. Levi-Valensi (ed), ''Camus at Combat'' Princeton University Press, 2006</ref> Its production was directed by [[André Bollier]] until [[Milice]] repression led to his death.

== Post-war ==

During 1946, ''Combat'' was opposed to the "game of the parties" claiming to rebuild France, and thus became closer to [[Charles de Gaulle]] without, however, becoming the official voice of his movement.

⚫
Loyal to its origins, ''Combat'' tried to become the place of expression for those who believed in creating a popular non-Communist [[left wing|Left]] movement in France. In July 1948 (more than a year after the May 1947 crisis and the expulsion of the [[French Communist Party|Communist Party]] (ministers) from the government), [[Victor Fay]] [[:de:Victor Fay|(de)]], a [[Marxist]] activist, took over ''Combat''{{'}}s direction, but he failed to stop the newspaper's evolution towards more popular subjects and less political information.


In 1950, it hosted a debate about the [[Notre-Dame Affair]] stimulated by a vehement letter by [[André Breton]] in response to the editor [[Louis Pauwels]].<ref name="Boucharenc05">Myriam Boucharenc (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYKf2PLK1BgC ''L'universel reportage''], pp. 94-6</ref><ref name="Breton50NotreDame" />
In 1950, it hosted a debate about the [[Notre-Dame Affair]] stimulated by a vehement letter by [[André Breton]] in response to the editor [[Louis Pauwels]].<ref name="Boucharenc05">Myriam Boucharenc (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=uYKf2PLK1BgC ''L'universel reportage''], pp. 94-6</ref><ref name="Breton50NotreDame" />
Line 29: Line 39:
[[Philippe Tesson]] [[:fr:Philippe Tesson|(fr)]] became editor in chief from 1960 to 1974. [[Henri Smadja]] [[:fr:Henri Smadja|(fr)]] had thought Tesson could be a perfect puppet-editor but Smadja's situation, in part because of the [[Tunisia]]n regime, got worse. In March 1974, Philippe Tesson created ''[[Le Quotidien de Paris]]'' (1974–1996), which he had conceived as the successor of ''Combat''.
[[Philippe Tesson]] [[:fr:Philippe Tesson|(fr)]] became editor in chief from 1960 to 1974. [[Henri Smadja]] [[:fr:Henri Smadja|(fr)]] had thought Tesson could be a perfect puppet-editor but Smadja's situation, in part because of the [[Tunisia]]n regime, got worse. In March 1974, Philippe Tesson created ''[[Le Quotidien de Paris]]'' (1974–1996), which he had conceived as the successor of ''Combat''.


== May 1968 ==
⚫
During the [[May 1968 in France|May 1968 crisis]], ''Combat'' supported the student movement although from a [[Stalinist]] point of view, through the signatures of the likes of [[Jacques-Arnaud Penent]] [[:fr:Jacques-Arnaud Penent|(fr)]]. On 3 June, it published a falsified version of the ''Address to All Workers'' by the [[Council for Maintaining the Occupations]], removing the references to the [[Situationist International]] and the attacks against the Stalinists.<ref name="Vienet68" /><ref name="Knabb 2006" /> Henri Smadja committed suicide on 14 July 1974, and ''Combat'' definitively ceased to be published the following month.

⚫
During the [[May 1968 in France|May 1968 crisis]], ''Combat'' supported the student movement although from a [[Stalinist]] point of view, through the signatures of the likes of [[Jacques-Arnaud Penent]] [[:fr:Jacques-Arnaud Penent|(fr)]]. On 3 June, it published a falsified version of the ''Address to All Workers'' by the [[Council for Maintaining the Occupations]], removing the references to the [[Situationist International]] and the attacks against the Stalinists.<ref name="Vienet68" /><ref name="Knabb 2006" />

== Dissolution ==

Henri Smadja died by suicide on 14 July 1974, and ''Combat'' definitively ceased to be published the following month.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 47: Line 63:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34501455d/date ''Combat''] issues (1941–1944 only) online in [[Gallica]], the digital library of the [[BnF]]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34501455d/date ''Combat''] issues (1941–1953 only) online in [[Gallica]], the digital library of the [[BnF]]
* [http://www.matisse.lettres.free.fr/artdeblamer/tcombat.htm Albert Camus' editorial] on 8 August 1945 concerning the [[Hiroshima bombing]] {{fr icon}}
* [http://www.matisse.lettres.free.fr/artdeblamer/tcombat.htm Albert Camus' editorial] on 8 August 1945 concerning the [[Hiroshima bombing]] {{in lang|fr}}

{{French Resistance}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Combat (Newspaper)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Combat (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:1974 disestablishments in France]]
[[Category:1974 disestablishments in France]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1974]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1974]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers of France]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in France]]
[[Category:French resistance publications]]
[[Category:French resistance publications]]
[[Category:Newspapers of the Vichy regime]]
[[Category:Contemporary French history]]
[[Category:Contemporary French history]]
[[Category:Underground press in World War II]]
[[Category:Underground press in World War II]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in France]]

Latest revision as of 22:09, 26 June 2024

Combat
CategoriesNational Press
Frequencydaily
FoundedDecember 1941
First issueDecember 1941
Final issueAugust 1974
Country France
Based inParis
LanguageFrench

Combat was a French newspaper created during the Second World War. It was founded in 1941 as a clandestine newspaper of the French Resistance.

War years

[edit]

In August 1944, Combat took over the headquarters of L'Intransigeant in Paris, and Albert Camus became its editor in chief. The newspaper's production run decreased from 185,000 copies in January 1945 to 150,000 in August of the same year:[clarification needed] it did not attain the circulation of other established newspapers (the Communist daily L'Humanité was publishing at the time 500,000 copies).

Liberation

[edit]

Following the liberation, the main participants in the publication included Albert Ollivier, Jean-Paul de Dadelsen, Jean Bloch-Michel (1912–1987), and Georges Altschuler (fr). Among leading contributors were Jean-Paul Sartre, André Malraux, Emmanuel Mounier, Raymond Aron and Pierre Herbart.[1] From 1943 to 1947, its editor-in-chief was Albert Camus.[2] Its production was directed by André Bollier until Milice repression led to his death.

Post-war

[edit]

During 1946, Combat was opposed to the "game of the parties" claiming to rebuild France, and thus became closer to Charles de Gaulle without, however, becoming the official voice of his movement.

Loyal to its origins, Combat tried to become the place of expression for those who believed in creating a popular non-Communist Left movement in France. In July 1948 (more than a year after the May 1947 crisis and the expulsion of the Communist Party (ministers) from the government), Victor Fay (de), a Marxist activist, took over Combat's direction, but he failed to stop the newspaper's evolution towards more popular subjects and less political information.

In 1950, it hosted a debate about the Notre-Dame Affair stimulated by a vehement letter by André Breton in response to the editor Louis Pauwels.[3][4]

Philippe Tesson (fr) became editor in chief from 1960 to 1974. Henri Smadja (fr) had thought Tesson could be a perfect puppet-editor but Smadja's situation, in part because of the Tunisian regime, got worse. In March 1974, Philippe Tesson created Le Quotidien de Paris (1974–1996), which he had conceived as the successor of Combat.

May 1968

[edit]

During the May 1968 crisis, Combat supported the student movement although from a Stalinist point of view, through the signatures of the likes of Jacques-Arnaud Penent (fr). On 3 June, it published a falsified version of the Address to All Workers by the Council for Maintaining the Occupations, removing the references to the Situationist International and the attacks against the Stalinists.[5][6]

Dissolution

[edit]

Henri Smadja died by suicide on 14 July 1974, and Combat definitively ceased to be published the following month.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sylvie Courtine-Denamy, Le souci du monde. Dialogue entre Hannah Arendt et quelques-uns de ses contemporains, Vrin, 1999, p. 81
  2. ^ J. Levi-Valensi (ed), Camus at Combat Princeton University Press, 2006
  3. ^ Myriam Boucharenc (2005) L'universel reportage, pp. 94-6
  4. ^ André Breton (1950) "Lettre a Louis Pauwels" sur le 'scandale" de Notre Dame,'" Combat, April 12, 1950, OC III, pp. 1024-5
  5. ^ René Viénet (1968) Enragés et situationnistes dans le mouvement des occupations, chapter 8 The "Council for Maintaining the Occupations" and Councilist Tendencies (Paris: Gallimard) Translated by Loren Goldner and Paul Sieveking; OCLC 13724457
  6. ^ Authentic version: Address to All Workers by Enragés-Situationist International Committee, Council for Maintaining the Occupations. Paris, 30 May 1968.
    Translated and reprinted in the book, Situationist International Anthology, translated by Ken Knabb, Bureau of Public Secrets (2006); OCLC 124093356
[edit]
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