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{{short description|Capital and largest city of South Sudan}} |
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{{about|the capital of South Sudan}} |
{{about|the capital of South Sudan}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| settlement_type = Capital |
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] |
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| official_name = Juba |
| official_name = Juba |
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| nickname = |
| nickname = |
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| image_flag = |
| image_flag = Flag_of_Juba,_South_Sudan.svg |
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| image_seal = Juba City Council logo.png |
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| image_skyline = {{multiple image |
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|border = infobox |
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|total_width = 270 |
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|perrow = 1/2/2 |
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|image1 = |
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|image2 = John Garang Mausoleum Square in Juba.JPG |
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|image3 = Juba Sudan aerial view.jpg |
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|image4 = United Nations (UTair) Boeing 737-500-1.jpg |
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|image5 = |
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}} |
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| image_caption = '''From top, left to right:'''<br>View of Juba, John Garang Mausoleum Square, aerial view, United Nations (UTair) Boeing 737, [[White Nile]] river in Juba |
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| imagesize = 270px |
| imagesize = 270px |
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| image_map = |
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| image_map = |
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| mapsize = |
| mapsize = |
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| pushpin_map = South Sudan |
| pushpin_map = South Sudan |
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| pushpin_label = Juba |
| pushpin_label = Juba |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Juba in South Sudan |
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Juba in South Sudan |
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| subdivision_type = |
| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_name = |
| subdivision_name = {{flag|South Sudan}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States of South Sudan|State]] |
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of South Sudan|State]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[ |
| subdivision_name1 = [[Central Equatoria]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[County]] |
| subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of South Sudan|County]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Juba County|Juba]] |
| subdivision_name2 = [[Juba County|Juba]] |
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| subdivision_type3 = [[Payam (administrative division)|Payam]] |
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| subdivision_name3 = Juba |
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| government_type = [[Mayor-council government]] |
| government_type = [[Mayor-council government]] |
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| leader_title = Mayor |
| leader_title = Mayor |
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| leader_name = Flora Gabriel Modi (2023–present)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Radio Tamazuj |first1=Radio Tamazuj |title=Juba city gets first female mayor |url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/juba-city-gets-the-first-female-mayor |website=radiotamazuj.org |date=6 October 2023 |publisher=Radio Tamazuj |access-date=19 April 2024 |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419023813/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/juba-city-gets-the-first-female-mayor |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| leader_name = Stephen Wani Michael |
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| established_title = Founded |
| established_title = Founded |
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| established_date = 1922 |
| established_date = 1922 |
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| area_magnitude = |
| area_magnitude = |
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| area_total_km2 = 52 |
| area_total_km2 = 52 |
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| area_land_km2 = |
| area_land_km2 = |
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| area_metro_km2 = 336 |
| area_metro_km2 = 336 |
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| population_as_of = 2017 |
| population_as_of = 2017 estimate |
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| population_urban = |
| population_urban = |
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| population_note = |
| population_note = |
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| population_density_km2 = |
| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| population_total = 525953 |
| population_total = 525953 |
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| population_metro = |
| population_metro = |
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| timezone = [[ |
| timezone = [[Central Africa Time]] |
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| utc_offset = + |
| utc_offset = +02:00 |
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| timezone_DST = (Not Observed) |
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| coordinates = {{coord|4|51|N|31|36|E|region:SS|display=inline,title}} |
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| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1947|region:SS_type:city|display=inline,title}} |
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| elevation_m = 550 |
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| elevation_m = 550 |
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| latitude = |
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| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
| longitude = |
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| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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| blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] |
| blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] |
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| website = |
| website = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Sudan Juba Hotel 1936.jpg|thumb|Juba |
[[File:Sudan Juba Hotel 1936.jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|Juba, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in the 1930s]] |
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'''Juba''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|uː|b|ə}}<ref>{{cite web |
'''Juba''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|uː|b|ə}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Juba: is the capital of South Sudan, on the White Nile river. Pop: 250 000 (2006 est) |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Juba |access-date=27 October 2013 |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |archive-date=18 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218045306/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/juba |url-status=live }}</ref> is the capital and largest city of [[South Sudan]]. The city is situated on the [[White Nile]] and also serves as the capital of the [[Central Equatoria|Central Equatoria State]]. It is the most recently declared national capital and had a population of 525,953 in 2017. It has an area of {{cvt|52|sqkm|sqmi}}, with the metropolitan area covering {{cvt|336|sqkm|sqmi}}. |
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Jubek State calls upon TGoNU to protect traders|publisher=The National Mirror|date=8 August 2016|accessdate=14 August 2016}}</ref> |
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Juba was established in 1920–21 by the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) in a small [[Bari people|Bari]] village, also called Juba. The city was made as the capital of [[Mongalla Province]] in the late 1920s. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] in 2005,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Ellen |last2=Mosel |first2=Irina |date=January 2011 |title=City limits: urbanisation and vulnerability in Sudan |url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6511.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085247/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6511.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=Overseas Department Institute }}</ref> which made Juba the capital of the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]]. Juba became the capital of South Sudan in 2011 after its independence, but influential parties wanted [[Ramciel]] to be the capital. The government announced the move of the capital to Ramciel, but it is yet to occur. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Under the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], Juba served as the southernmost garrison of the [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] army, quartering only a handful of soldiers. Disease was common; soldiers often fell ill due to the [[malaria]], [[meningitis]] and [[blackwater fever]] that was prevalent in the region. Explorers and campaigners [[Samuel Baker]] and [[Florence Baker]] used the nearby island of [[Gondokoro]] as a base during their expeditions to what is now [[South Sudan]] and northern [[Uganda]] from 1863 to 1865 and 1871 to 1873.<ref name="ReferenceA">Shipman, Pat. ''To The Heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the Exploration of Central Africa''</ref> |
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{{Quote box |width=25em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE |
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|title=Historical affiliations |
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|class=plainlist |
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|fontsize=90% |quote= |
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{{flagicon image|Flag of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg}} [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] 1922–1956 |
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* {{flagicon|Sudan|1956}} [[History of Sudan (1956–69)|Republic of the Sudan]] 1956–1969 |
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* {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[History of Sudan (1969–85)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan]] 1969–1985 |
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* {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan|Republic of the Sudan]] 1985–2011 |
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* {{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[Republic of South Sudan]] 2011–present |
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}} |
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The present city of Juba was established on the site of a small [[Bari people|Bari]] village, <!--of 36 families (of the Bekat clan)--> also called Juba,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Richardson |first=J.N. |date=1933 |title=Bari Notes |journal=Sudan Notes & Records |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=181–186 }}</ref> where the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) had established a mission and the Nugent Memorial Intermediate School in 1920–21.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keen |first=Rosemary |title=Church Missionary Society Archive, General Introduction and Guide to the Archive |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |website=ampltd.co.uk |publisher=Adam Matthew Publications, Pelham House |date=n.d. |access-date=16 December 2016 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120160137/http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Nalder |first=Leonard F. |title=Equatorial province handbook |publisher=Anglo-Egyptian Sudan government memoranda |date=1936 |oclc=3450641 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Day of devastation, day of contentment: the history of the Sudanese church across 2000 years Volume 10 of Faith in Sudan |last=Werner |first=Roland |date=2000 |publisher=Paulines Publications Africa |isbn=9966215298 |display-authors=etal }}</ref> In the late 1920s, [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian officials]] ordered Bari residents to relocate so that a new town could be constructed to serve as the capital of [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla Province]].<ref name="Badiey 2014 38">{{cite book |last=Badiey |first=Naseem |title=The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction: Land, Urban Development and State Building in Juba, Southern Sudan |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |date=2014 |page=38 }}</ref> The site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials partly because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there, and partly because its proximity to river transportation on the [[Nile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shuichiro |first=Nakao |title=A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954 |journal=The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies |volume=31 |pages=139–160 |date=2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Brendan |title=To the Juba Wharf |url=https://jubainthemaking.com/to-the-juba-wharf/ |website=Juba in the Making |date=2021 |access-date=19 July 2021 }}</ref> Major construction of the new city of Juba was underway by 1927.<ref name="Badiey 2014 38" /> Traders from [[Rejaf]] relocated to the new city in 1929, and the Governor's office of Mongalla was moved there in 1930.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Nakao |last=Shuichiro |title=A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954 |journal=The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies |volume=31 |pages=139–160 |date=2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Juba in the Making |url=https://jubainthemaking.com/ |website=jubainthemaking.com |publisher=L'Humanité, Le Monde Afrique, & Internazionale |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723201208/https://jubainthemaking.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In the 19th century, a trading post and [[Christian mission]], called [[Gondokoro]], was located in the vicinity of Juba. It was the southernmost outpost of the [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egyptian]] garrison, supported by a handful of soldiers, mostly ill due to the [[malaria]] and [[blackwater fever]] that was dominant in the region. Gondokoro was also the base of the explorers and campaigners [[Samuel Baker|(Sir) Samuel]] and [[Florence Baker]] during their expeditions to what is now [[South Sudan]] and northern [[Uganda]] from 1863 to 1865, and from 1871 to 1873.<ref name="ReferenceA">To The Heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the Exploration of Central Africa, by Pat Shipman</ref> |
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Greek merchants supplying the British Army played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shuichiro |first=Nakao |date=2013 |title=A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954 |journal=The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies |volume=31 |pages=139–160 }}</ref> Their number never exceeded 2,000, but because of their excellent relationship with the native Bari people and the large amount of resulting assistance they received, they built many structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as in the area that the contemporary [[British Army|British soldiers]] called the Greek Quarter, which is today the small suburb of Hai Jalaba. Many of these structures are still standing today. Public buildings such as the Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, and the Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank were all built by Greeks. Greek merchants were responsible for the construction of the Central Bank building in the mid-1940s, as well as the Juba Hotel in the mid-1930s.<ref>Greek Community of Juba Archives</ref> |
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The present city of Juba was established on the site of a small [[Bari people|Bari village]], <!--of 36 families (of the Bekat clan)--> called Juba,<ref>{{cite journal |last= Richardson |first= J.N.|date= 1933|title= Bari Notes|url= |journal= Sudan Notes & Records|volume=16 |issue= 2|pages= 181–186|doi= |access-date= }}</ref> where the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) had established a mission and the Nugent Memorial Intermediate School in 1920-21.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |title= Church Missionary Society Archive, General Introduction and Guide to the Archive |last= Keen |first= Rosemary |date= n.d.|website= ampltd.co.uk|publisher= Adam Matthew Publications, Pelham House|access-date= December 16, 2016|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nalder|first= Leonard F.|date= 1936|title= Equatorial province handbook|url= |location= |publisher= Anglo-Egyptian Sudan government memoranda|page= |oclc= 3450641}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Werner|first= Roland|display-authors=etal |date= 2000|title= Day of devastation, day of contentment: the history of the Sudanese church across 2000 years Volume 10 of Faith in Sudan |url= |location= |publisher= Paulines Publications Africa|page= |isbn= 9966215298}}</ref> In the late 1920s, [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian officials]] ordered Bari residents to relocate to make way for a new town, also called "Juba," to serve as the capital of [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla Province]].<ref name="Badiey 2014 38">{{cite book |last= Badiey |first=Naseem |date= 2014 |title= The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction: Land, Urban Development and State Building in Juba, Southern Sudan|url= |location= |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |page= 38|isbn=}}</ref> The site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials, in part, because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Shuichiro|first= Nakao |last2= |first2= |date= 2013|title= A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954|url= |journal= The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies|volume= 31|issue= |pages= 139–160|doi= |access-date= }}</ref> Major construction on Juba was underway by 1927.<ref name="Badiey 2014 38"/> Traders from Rejaf relocated there in 1929, and the Governor's office of Mongalla moved there in 1930.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Shuichiro|first= Nakao |last2= |first2= |date= 2013|title= A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954|url= |journal= The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies|volume= 31|issue= |pages= 139–160|doi= |access-date= }}</ref> |
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From the establishment of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] in 1899 the British administered southern Sudan separately from the north. In 1946, without consulting Southern opinion, the British administration began instead to implement a policy of uniting the north and the south. To facilitate the new policy, the [[Juba Conference]] was convened as a gesture to southerners,<ref>{{cite web |title=Juba conf |url=http://madingaweil.com/conference.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311041121/http://madingaweil.com/conference.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=11 March 2007 |website=madingaweil.com }}</ref> the hidden aim being the appeasement of northern Sudanese nationalists and the [[Politics of Egypt|Egyptian government]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Okeny |first=Kenneth |year=1991 |title=The 1947 Juba Conference |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=111593646 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |jstor=43660336 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718204019/https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=111593646 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Greek merchants, who were mostly supplying the British Army at the time, played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Shuichiro|first= Nakao |last2= |first2= |date= 2013|title= A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954|url= |journal= The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies|volume= 31|issue= |pages= 139–160|doi= |access-date= }}</ref> Although their number never exceeded 2,000 inhabitants, together with a much larger number of the native Bari tribe with whom they had an excellent relationship, the Greeks contributed in what is today visible structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as the Greek Quarter (named by the British), a small suburb that today is called Hai Jalaba. Examples of the development by the Greeks are public buildings such as the beautiful stone buildings of Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank, among others. The Central Bank building was also built at a later stage in the mid 1940s as well as the famous Juba Hotel in the mid 1930s.<ref>Greek Community of Juba Archives</ref> |
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Until 1956, Juba was in |
Until 1956, Juba was in [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], which was jointly administered by the United Kingdom and the [[Kingdom of Egypt]]. In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers in [[Torit]] sparked the [[First Sudanese Civil War]], which did not end until 1972. During the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} |
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In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] |
In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] after the signing of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (before the agreement, [[Rumbek]] had been the proposed interim capital). With the advent of peace, the United Nations increased its presence in Juba, shifting its management of operations in [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]] from its previous location in [[Kenya]]. Under the leadership of the United Nations [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]], the United Nations established a camp known as "OCHA Camp", which served as a base for many United Nations agencies and [[non-governmental organizations]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} |
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Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the [[Sudan|Republic of the Sudan]]. However, influential parties including the South Sudanese government expressed dissatisfaction with the city's suitability as a national capital, and the government proposed that a new [[planned city]] be built as a replacement capital elsewhere, most likely [[Ramciel]] in [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]].<ref name="rnw">{{cite news |url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan |title=New capital city for South Sudan? |date=6 February 2011 |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629133501/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan |archive-date=29 June 2012 |agency=Radio Netherlands }}</ref> |
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[[File:Juba Sudan aerial view.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Juba]] |
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On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital of South Sudan would move some 250 km away from Juba to [[Ramciel]], which is located in the middle of South Sudan, about 60 km East of [[Yirol West County]], [[Lakes (state)|Lakes State]]. As of June 2020, the move has yet to occur. |
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Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the [[Republic of the Sudan]]. However, the South Sudanese government and others have expressed dissatisfaction with the city's suitability as a national capital, and the government studied a proposal that would see a new [[planned city]] built as a replacement capital elsewhere, most likely [[Ramciel]] in [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]].<ref name="rnw">{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan |agency=Radio Netherlands |date=6 February 2011 |accessdate=24 July 2011 |title=New capital city for South Sudan? |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629133501/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan |archivedate=29 June 2012 |df= }}</ref> |
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In September 2015, [[List of tanker explosions|nearly 200 people were killed in a tanker explosion in Juba]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Rubin |first=Jonathan M. |title=Liquefied Natural Gas Tanker Truck Explosion |date=2006 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50160-6 |work=Disaster Medicine |pages=784–785 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50160-6 |isbn=9780323032537 |access-date=9 November 2021 }}</ref> |
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On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital would indeed move some 250 km away from Juba to Ramciel, which is situated at the middle of South Sudan and about 60 km from Yirol West County of Lakes state. As of November 2018, the move has yet to occur. |
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Since the beginning of the [[War in Sudan (2023–present)|2023 Sudan Conflict]], approximately 6,000 refugees have arrived in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miettaux |first=Florence |date=8 September 2023 |title=From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/08/city-of-hope-and-fear-life-in-africas-youngest-capital |access-date=16 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> Many settled in Gorom, an area near the city, and have struggled from lack of humanitarian aid. |
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==Government== |
==Government== |
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Juba is led by a [[city council]] |
Juba is led by a [[city council]], formed in March 2011. The council was established by Governor [[Clement Wani Konga]] who appointed by Mohammed El Haj Baballa mayor of the council and former [[Yei River County|Yei]] County Commissioner [[David Lokonga Moses]] was appointed as deputy mayor. A ministerial committee to keep Juba clean and sanitary was also created by gubernatorial decree at the same time.<ref name="jubatown">{{cite news |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5065/CES-Governor-Appoints-Juba-Town-Mayor.aspx |title=CES Governor Appoints Mayor For Juba City Council |last=Stephen |first=Juma John |date=3 April 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |agency=Gurtong |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234551/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5065/CES-Governor-Appoints-Juba-Town-Mayor.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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In [[Michael Lado Allah-Jabu]] was appointed mayor of the city council following the removal of Kalisto Lado by Governor of [[Central Equatoria]] [[Emmanuel Adil Anthony]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2021 |title=Adil appoints new Juba mayor after Kalisto's dismissal |url=https://cityreviewss.com/adil-appoints-new-juba-mayor-after-kalistos-dismissal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110152950/https://cityreviewss.com/adil-appoints-new-juba-mayor-after-kalistos-dismissal/ |archive-date=10 January 2023 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=The City Review }}</ref> Allah-Jabu was himself removed by Adil Anthony on 27 June 2023. Following his removal, [[Emmanuel Khamis]] was appointed caretaker mayor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=27 June 2023 |title=Gov. Adil relieves Mayor Allah-Juba |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/gov-adil-relieves-mayor-allah-jabu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628064102/https://www.eyeradio.org/gov-adil-relieves-mayor-allah-jabu/ |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Eye Radio }}</ref> |
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Prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Muniki ''payams''. It is now a standalone subdivision of [[Juba County]],<ref name="jubatown"/> of which it is the county seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilebuffalo.com/resource_detail.php?countryID=1 |title=Central Equatoria State |publisher=NileBuffalo Gazette |year=2008 |accessdate=28 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320051711/http://www.nilebuffalo.com/resource_detail.php?countryID=1 |archivedate=20 March 2011 |df= }}</ref> |
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Prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Muniki ''payams''. It is now a standalone subdivision of [[Juba County]],<ref name="jubatown" /> of which it is the county seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nilebuffalo.com/resource_detail.php?countryID=1 |title=Central Equatoria State |year=2008 |work=NileBuffalo Gazette |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320051711/http://www.nilebuffalo.com/resource_detail.php?countryID=1 |archive-date=20 March 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref> |
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==Infrastructure== |
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[[File:Sudan Juba bridge.jpg|thumb|Juba Bridge]] |
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==Transportation== |
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The city is a river port and the southern terminus of traffic along the [[Nile]], properly called the ''Bahr al Jabal'' section of the [[White Nile]]. Before the civil war, Juba was also a transport hub, with highways connecting it to [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. |
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[[File:Sudan Juba bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Juba Bridge, a prefabricated [[Bailey bridge]] over the [[White Nile]]]] |
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The city is a river port and the southern terminus of traffic along the [[Nile]] (specifically along the Bahr-al-Ghazal portion of the [[White Nile]]).<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 }}</ref> Before the civil war, Juba was also a transport hub, with highways connecting it to [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. |
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Because of the war Juba can hardly be called a transport hub anymore. Roads and the river harbour are currently not in use due to disrepair. The United Nations and the [[Government of South Sudan|South Sudanese government]] are repairing the roads, but full repair is expected to take many years. In 2003, the [[Swiss Foundation for Mine Action]] (FSD) started to clear the roads leading from Juba to Uganda and Kenya. It was expected that these roads would be completely de-mined and rebuilt in the course of 2006–2008. {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} The rebuilding of the roads, which are mostly un-paved, takes a tremendous amount of effort and time because of the limited work season due to the lengthy rainy season, which lasts from March until October. The roads are important for the peace process in Sudan as people need them to return to their homes and to regain what they feel is a normal life. The first road that has started to be rebuilt is the road to Uganda. This road is particularly important, as many of the original inhabitants of Juba fled to Uganda during the war. {{As of|2009}}, there are three paved roads in Juba, one that was re-surfaced in July. The main one is a concrete road, built by the British in the 1950s. {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} |
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Since the end of the war Juba has been unable to recover to its pre-war state and is no longer a significant trade city. Roads and the river harbour are no longer in use due to being in disrepair. The United Nations and the [[Government of South Sudan|South Sudanese government]] are working on repairing the roads, but a full repair is expected to take many years. In 2003, the [[Swiss Foundation for Mine Action]] (FSD) started to clear the roads leading from Juba to Uganda and Kenya. It was expected that these roads would be completely de-mined and rebuilt in the course of 2006–2008.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} The rebuilding of the roads, which are mostly unpaved, takes a tremendous amount of effort and time because of the limited work season due to the lengthy rainy season, which lasts from March until October. The roads are important for the peace process in Sudan as people need them to return to their homes and to regain what they feel is a normal life. The first road that has started to be rebuilt is the road to Uganda. This road is particularly important, as many of the original inhabitants of Juba fled to Uganda during the war. {{As of|2009}}, there are three paved roads in Juba, one that was re-surfaced in July. The main one is a concrete road, built by the British in the 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} |
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Between 2008 and 2011, the [[Government of Uganda|Ugandan government]] and the [[Southern Sudan autonomous region (2005–2011)|South Sudanese government]] undertook joint efforts to develop a railway link between the [[Northern Region, Uganda|Northern Uganda]]n city of [[Gulu]] and Juba, with an extension to [[Wau, Sudan|Wau]]. A memorandum of understanding between the two governments was signed to that effect in August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pachodo.org/20080908783/Pachodo.org-English-Articles/gulu-nimule-juba-wau-railway-line-in-offing.html |title=Gulu – Juba Railway in the Offing |publisher=Pachodo.org |date=20 September 2010 |accessdate=20 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007041738/http://www.pachodo.org/20080908783/Pachodo.org-English-Articles/gulu-nimule-juba-wau-railway-line-in-offing.html |archivedate=7 October 2011 |df= }}</ref> The same memorandum outlined plans to develop the road network between the two countries. Recent media reports from the region suggest that the railway link from Juba may link directly with Kenya, bypassing Uganda.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thome |first=Wolfgang H. |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/18517/railway-link-juba-may-go-directly-kenya |title=Railway Link From Juba May Go Directly To Kenya |publisher=Eturbonews.com |date=14 September 2010 |accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref> |
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Between 2008 and 2011, the [[Government of Uganda|Ugandan government]] and the [[Southern Sudan autonomous region (2005–2011)|Southern Sudanese government]] undertook joint efforts to develop a railway link between the [[Northern Region, Uganda|Northern Ugandan]] city of [[Gulu]] and Juba, with an extension to [[Wau, Sudan|Wau]]. A memorandum of understanding between the two governments was signed to that effect in August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pachodo.org/20080908783/Pachodo.org-English-Articles/gulu-nimule-juba-wau-railway-line-in-offing.html |title=Gulu – Juba Railway in the Offing |date=20 September 2010 |publisher=Pachodo.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007041738/http://www.pachodo.org/20080908783/Pachodo.org-English-Articles/gulu-nimule-juba-wau-railway-line-in-offing.html |archive-date=7 October 2011 |access-date=20 June 2012 }}</ref> The same memorandum outlined plans to develop the road network between the two countries. Recent media reports from the region suggest that the railway link from Juba may link directly with Kenya, bypassing Uganda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eturbonews.com/18517/railway-link-juba-may-go-directly-kenya |title=Railway Link From Juba May Go Directly To Kenya |last=Thome |first=Wolfgang H. |date=14 September 2010 |publisher=Eturbonews.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=3 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803064510/http://www.eturbonews.com/18517/railway-link-juba-may-go-directly-kenya |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Starting December 2018, an emerging NGO, The South Sudan Library Foundation intends to finance and donate the first library to South Sudan.[https://www.southsudanlibrary.org] |
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[[Juba International Airport]] {{Airport codes|JUB|HJJJ}} is the site of large numbers of flights bringing UN and non-governmental organization (NGO) aid into [[South Sudan]], as well as passengers and general air freight. The construction of a new terminal was begun in late 2007 when the oil prices were very high ($100+). Since then – with the oil prices going back down – the fate of the new terminal is uncertain. Building on the new terminal restarted in early 2014.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} As of February 2014, there are daily flights to [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]] in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]; [[Khartoum International Airport]] in Sudan; [[Entebbe International Airport]] in [[Entebbe]], [[Uganda]]; and [[Bole International Airport]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia. The [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] ([[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UNMISS]]) has a large compound near the Juba Airport. |
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===Air transport=== |
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[[Juba International Airport]] {{Airport codes|JUB|HSSJ}} is the site of large numbers of flights bringing UN and NGO (non-governmental organization) aid into Southern Sudan, as well as passengers and general air freight. The airport is very busy, among the busiest in East Africa.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} The construction of a new terminal was begun in late 2007 when the oil prices were very high ($100+). Since then, with the oil prices going back down, the fate of the new terminal is uncertain. Building on the new terminal restarted in early 2014 {{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} As of February 2014, there are daily flights to [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport]] in [[Nairobi, Kenya]]; [[Khartoum International Airport]] in Sudan; [[Entebbe International Airport]] in [[Entebbe]], [[Uganda]]; and [[Bole International Airport]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia. The [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNMISS) has a large compound near the Juba Airport. |
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==Demography== |
==Demography== |
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In 2005, Juba's population was 163,442. Based on analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000. The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population of [[Juba County]] to be 372,413 (the majority residing in Juba City, which dominates the [[counties of South Sudan|county]]), but the results were rejected by the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]].<ref>{{cite news| |
In 2005, Juba's population was 163,442. Based on analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000. The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population of [[Juba County]] to be 372,413 (the majority residing in Juba City, which dominates the [[counties of South Sudan|county]]), but the results were rejected by the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746 |title=South Sudan parliament throw outs census results |author=Isaac Vuni |date=8 July 2009 |publisher=Sudan Tribune |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-date=12 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712230242/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} In 2011, the population of the city of Juba is estimated at 372,410, but may potentially be more.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Juba&lk=1&a=ClashPrefs_*City.*Juba.CentralEquatoria.Sudan-- |title=Estimated Population in 2011 |publisher=Wolframalpha.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002141517/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Juba&lk=1&a=ClashPrefs_*City.*Juba.CentralEquatoria.Sudan-- |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the city's population was growing at a rate of 4.23%.<ref name="The World Factbook: South Sudan">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ |title=The World Factbook: South Sudan |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154752/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> The Juba City Council's CEO, Martin Simon Wani, has claimed the population exceeds one million with up to a million more living in surrounding suburbs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miettaux |first=Florence |date=8 September 2023 |title=From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/08/city-of-hope-and-fear-life-in-africas-youngest-capital |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908061005/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/08/city-of-hope-and-fear-life-in-africas-youngest-capital |archive-date=8 September 2023 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref> Suburbs adjacent to Juba have become increasingly dense as people from the countryside move into the city for economic opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miettaux |first=Florence |date=8 September 2023 |title=From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/08/city-of-hope-and-fear-life-in-africas-youngest-capital |access-date=16 October 2023 |issn=0261-3077 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle Juba Population, 1995-2013 - knoema.com |url=https://knoema.com//atlas/Somalia/Middle-Juba/Population |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Knoema |language=en-US |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601125706/https://knoema.com//atlas/Somalia/Middle-Juba/Population |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
{|class="wikitable" |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! Year!! Population |
! Year!! Population !! |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 1973 (census) || style="text-align:right;"| 56,740 |
| 1973 (census) || style="text-align:right;" | 56,740|| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 1983 (census) || style="text-align:right;"| 83,790 |
| 1983 (census) || style="text-align:right;" | 83,790|| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 1993 (census) || style="text-align:right;"| 114,980 |
| 1993 (census) || style="text-align:right;" | 114,980|| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 2005 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;"| 163,440 |
| 2005 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;" | 163,440|| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 2006 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;"| 250,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripwiser.com/trip_destination-Juba_Sudan?itiNodeId=8a8c80fe18ab78760118ac5f68cd2290&eType=site |title=Estimated Population in 2006 |publisher=Tripwiser.com |date= | |
| 2006 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;" | 250,000||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripwiser.com/trip_destination-Juba_Sudan?itiNodeId=8a8c80fe18ab78760118ac5f68cd2290&eType=site |title=Estimated Population in 2006 |publisher=Tripwiser.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530084644/http://www.tripwiser.com/trip_destination-Juba_Sudan?itiNodeId=8a8c80fe18ab78760118ac5f68cd2290&eType=site |url-status=live }}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
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| 2008 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;"| 250,000<ref name="The World Factbook: South Sudan" |
| 2008 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;" | 250,000||<ref name="The World Factbook: South Sudan" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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| 2011 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;"| 372,410 |
| 2011 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;" | 372,410|| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| 2014 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;"| 492,970 |
| 2014 (estimate) || style="text-align:right;" | 492,970|| |
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|} |
|} |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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Juba has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence. |
Juba has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of merchants to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and from East Africa. {{as of|October 2010}}, several regional and international businesses have established a presence in Juba. The [[Commercial Bank of Ethiopia]] and the Kenyan banking conglomerate [[KCB Group|Kenya Commercial Bank]] has its South Sudanese headquarters in the city and a branch network of eleven branches throughout South Sudan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/su/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=1 |title=About KCB Southern Sudan |date=4 March 2008 |publisher=Kcbbankgroup.com |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194732/http://www.kcbbankgroup.com/su/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1&Itemid=1 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The three indigenous South Sudanese commercial banks namely; [[Buffalo Commercial Bank]], [[Ivory Bank]] and [[Nile Commercial Bank]], all maintain their headquarters in Juba. [[Equity Bank Group|Equity Bank]], another regional finance services provider also has a branch in Juba. [[National Insurance Corporation]] (NIC), the leading Ugandan insurance services provider, maintains an office in the city.<ref>[http://www.nic.co.ug/pg.php?Id=6&p=media&s=news NIC Expands Into Sudan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516032406/http://www.nic.co.ug/pg.php?Id=6&p=media&s=news |date=16 May 2009 }}</ref> Despite recent economic difficulties brought about by the [[South Sudanese Civil War|15 December 2013 civil war]], Juba has continued to grow and construction is still booming. This is probably due to the high demand for affordable housing and hotel accommodations. Research from the [[Overseas Development Institute]] found that markets in Juba are transient, as many traders only come to make a quick profit and so do not invest in storage facilities or shops.<ref>Irina Mosel and Emily Henderson (2015) [http://www.odi.org/publications/10000-markets-crises-south-sudan-case-study Markets in crises: South Sudan case study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030011105/http://www.odi.org/publications/10000-markets-crises-south-sudan-case-study |date=30 October 2015 }} London: Overseas Development Institute</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=umajulius |date=5 March 2024 |title=South Sudan economic cluster unveil plans to curb inflation |url=https://sudantribune.com/article282903/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US }}</ref> |
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== |
== Roads In Juba == |
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Juba has major roads that go to major towns in South Sudan, such roads include the Juba-Nimule road<ref>{{Cite web |title=JUBA-NIMULE ROAD {{!}} GULSAN HOLDİNG |url=https://www.gulsanholding.com.tr/en/juba-nimule-road-section-en.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111161321/https://www.gulsanholding.com.tr/en/juba-nimule-road-section-en.asp |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Gulsan }}</ref> and the [[Aggrey Jaden Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngong |first=Akol Madut |date=31 October 2021 |title=Juba-Yei-Kaya road to be named after Aggrey Jaden |url=https://onecitizendaily.com/index.php/2021/10/31/juba-yei-kaya-road-to-be-named-after-aggrey-jaden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111161023/https://onecitizendaily.com/index.php/2021/10/31/juba-yei-kaya-road-to-be-named-after-aggrey-jaden/ |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=One Citizen Daily }}</ref> as others are seen in the table below; |
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Juba has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Aw),<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/1254/ |title=Climate: Juba – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |accessdate=27 October 2013 }}</ref> and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round. However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching {{convert|38|°C}} in February. From April to October, more than {{convert|100|mm}} of rain falls per month. The annual total precipitation is nearly {{convert|1000|mm|abbr=on}}. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |
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!Number |
|||
!Name of Road |
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!Distance |
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!Designated |
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!Completed |
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|- |
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|1 |
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|[[Juba–Nimule Road]] |
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|{{cvt|192|km|0}} |
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|2007 |
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|2012<ref>{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Juba,+South+Sudan/Nimule,+South+Sudan/@4.2170056,31.1694776,8.5z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1712804abcf3b5f9:0xd89839286346c433!2m2!1d31.57125!2d4.859363!1m5!1m1!1s0x17725cc45b1ef6a5:0xdcf84cc316580f6f!2m2!1d32.0638586!2d3.5915846!3e0|title=Road Distance Between Juba, South Sudan And Nimule, South Sudan|access-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|2 |
|||
|[[Gulu–Nimule Road]] |
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|{{cvt|105|km|0}} |
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|2012 |
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|2015 |
|||
|- |
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|tbd |
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|Kangi-Bar-Urud Road |
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|{{cvt|28|km|0}} |
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|2017? |
|||
|2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangi-Bar-Urud Feeder Road in Wau to be Completed Next Month > Gurtong Trust > Editorial |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ID/21070/Default.aspx |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525095529/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ID/21070/Default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> (Expected) |
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|- |
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|tbd |
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|[[Aggrey Jaden Road]] (Juba-Yei- Kaya Road) |
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|{{cvt|243|km|0}} |
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|2022 |
|||
|2025 (Expected) |
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|- |
|||
|tbd |
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|[[Juba-Torit-Nadapal Highway]] |
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|353 kilometers (219miles) |
|||
| ? |
|||
| ? |
|||
|- |
|||
|tbd |
|||
|Juba-Bor-Malakal Highway |
|||
|{{cvt|500|km|0}} |
|||
|2020 |
|||
|2025 (Expected) |
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|- |
|||
|tbd |
|||
|[[Juba–Terekeka–Rumbek Road]] |
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|{{cvt|392|km|0}} |
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|2019 |
|||
|2025 (Expected)<ref>{{cite web |author=Xinhua |date=3 September 2022 |title=South Sudan approves over 700 mln USD on road project |url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2022-09/03/content_78402700.htm |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=China.org.cn |location=Beijing, China |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024170915/http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2022-09/03/content_78402700.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Wanjala |date=8 September 2022 |title=US$ 713.53M approved for Juba-Terekeka-Rumbek road construction |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/us-713-53m-approved-for-juba-terekeka-rumbek-road-construction/ |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=Construction Review Online |location=Nairobi, Kenya |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908085428/https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/us-713-53m-approved-for-juba-terekeka-rumbek-road-construction |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|tbd |
|||
|Kajo- keji - Juba Road |
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|156 kilometers (97miles) |
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| |
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| |
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|} |
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== Food in Juba == |
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A variety of foods are eaten in Juba including: |
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* Kisra: A staple food in [[South Sudan]], Kisra is a type of flatbread made from sorghum flour or maize flour. It is typically served with soup or stew and is prepared by mixing sorghum flour with water to form a thick batter, which is then left to fermented for a few days before being cooked on a hot griddle.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=South Sudanese Food: 10 Must-Try Traditional Dishes of South Sudan {{!}} Travel Food Atlas |url=https://travelfoodatlas.com/south-sudanese-food |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603093218/https://travelfoodatlas.com/south-sudanese-food |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* Bamia: A popular dish in Juba, [[bamia]] is a stew made with [[okra]], tomatoes, onions, and meat (usually beef or goat). The okra is sliced and cooked with the other ingredients until tender, resulting in a thick and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or kisra.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=#1 Food From South Sudan: Savor The Best Of South Sudanese Cuisine |url=https://www.rjtravelagency.com/food-from-south-sudan/ |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en-US }}</ref> |
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* Ful Medames: A traditional breakfast dish in Juba, Ful medames is made from cooked fava beans that are smashed and [[Seasoning|seasoned]] with garlic, lemon juice, and [[olive oil]]. It is typically served with flatbread or [[pita]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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* Asida: A type of porridge made from [[sorghum]] flour, Asida is popular dish in Juba that is often served with meat or vegetable stew. The sorghum flour is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is then cooked until it reaches a smooth and [[Cream soda|creamy]] consistency.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> |
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* Malakwang: A traditional dish in South Sudan, Malakwang is a stew made from leafy greens, peanuts, butter, and meat, (usually goat or beef). The greens are cooked with the other [[Ingredient|ingredients]] until tender, resulting in a rich and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or Ugali. |
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* Ugali: A staple food in many [[African Union|African]] countries, Ugali is a type of maize porridge that is often served with stews or soups. The [[maize flour]] is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is often cooked until is reaches a smooth and firm consistency. It is typically eaten by hand, using it to scoop up stew or soup.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== Education == |
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* The [[University of Juba]] was founded in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 1998 |title=Juba |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Juba |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=[[Britannica Online]] |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227191039/https://www.britannica.com/place/Juba |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* Upper Nile University in Juba |
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* The Juba Public Peace Library was founded on 1 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First public library opens in South Sudan, advocates for peace |url=http://www.thechristiantimes.net/index.php/s-sudan/19-education/2434-first-public-library-opens-in-south-sudan-advocates-for-peace |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=The Christian Times |place=South Sudan |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107132917/http://www.thechristiantimes.net/index.php/s-sudan/19-education/2434-first-public-library-opens-in-south-sudan-advocates-for-peace |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2019 |title=Instilling a culture of reading; South Sudan looks forward to new public library |url=https://audioboom.com/posts/7327847-instilling-a-culture-of-reading-south-sudan-looks-forward-to-new-public-library |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=Audioboom |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107132914/https://audioboom.com/posts/7327847-instilling-a-culture-of-reading-south-sudan-looks-forward-to-new-public-library |url-status=live }}</ref> The library was donated by The South Sudan Library Foundation and contains over 13,000 books. It was the first public library of South Sudan. The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=MBA student establishes NGO to improve literacy in South Sudan |url=https://sydney.edu.au/business/news-and-events/news/2019/02/07/mba-student-establishes-ngo-to-improve-literacy-in-south-sudan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802224031/https://www.sydney.edu.au/business/news-and-events/news/2019/02/07/mba-student-establishes-ngo-to-improve-literacy-in-south-sudan.html |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=[[The University of Sydney]] |language=en-AU }}</ref> |
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* Kampala International University<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=S. Sudanese students lose court case against Kampala University |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/s-sudanese-students-lose-court-case-against-kampala-university/ |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US }}</ref> |
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* Catholic University of South Sudan |
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* Episcopal University of South Sudan |
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* Starford International University |
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* Ayii University |
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== Health services == |
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* [[Juba Teaching Hospital]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juba Teaching Hospital {{!}} EA Health |url=https://www.eahealth.org/directory/search/organisations/juba-teaching-hospital |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=eahealth.org |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210095104/https://www.eahealth.org/directory/search/organisations/juba-teaching-hospital |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* Juba Military Referral Hospital |
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* Al Sabah Children's Hospital |
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* Nyakurun PHCC<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYAKURON PHCC – Juba County |url=http://www.southsudanpharma.org/sdp_view.php?editid1=803 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website=southsudanpharma.org |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210095104/http://www.southsudanpharma.org/sdp_view.php?editid1=803 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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* Munuki PHCC |
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* Gurei PHCC |
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== Places of worship == |
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Among the [[places of worship]], they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Juba]] ([[Catholic Church]]), [[Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan]] ([[Anglican Communion]]), [[Baptist Convention of South Sudan]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Presbyterian Church in Sudan]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]).<ref>Britannica, |
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[https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Sudan South Sudan], britannica.com, USA, accessed on 8 September 2019</ref> |
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==Climate== |
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Juba has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Aw),<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/1254/ |title=Climate: Juba – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200329/http://en.climate-data.org/location/1254/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round. However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching {{cvt|38|°C}} in February. From April to October, more than {{cvt|100|mm}} of rain falls per month. The annual total precipitation is nearly {{cvt|1000|mm}}. |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location = Juba (1971–2000, extremes 1931–1990) |
|location = Juba (1971–2000, extremes 1931–1990) |
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|Dec percentsun = 68 |
|Dec percentsun = 68 |
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|year percentsun = 62 |
|year percentsun = 62 |
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|source 1 = ''[[World Meteorological Organization]]'',<ref name="WMO">{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/085/c01541.htm |title=World Weather Information Service – Juba |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] (UN) |access-date=21 March 2013 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084408/http://worldweather.wmo.int/085/c01541.htm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|source 2 = ''NOAA'' (sun and humidity, 1961–1990),<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/SU/62941.TXT |title=Juba Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=18 January 2016 }}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, mean temperatures)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_629410_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Juba / Sudan |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=3 November 2016 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113191729/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_629410_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|source 1 = ''[[World Meteorological Organization]]'',<ref name = WMO>{{cite web |
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| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/085/c01541.htm |
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| title = World Weather Information Service – Juba |
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| publisher = [[World Meteorological Organization]] (UN) |
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| accessdate = 21 March 2013}}</ref> |
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|source 2 = ''NOAA'' (sun and humidity, 1961–1990),<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web |
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| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/SU/62941.TXT |
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| title = Juba Climate Normals 1961–1990 |
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| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |
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| accessdate = 18 January 2016}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, mean temperatures)<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_629410_kt.pdf |
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| title = Klimatafel von Juba / Sudan |
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| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst |
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| language = German |
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| accessdate = 3 November 2016}}</ref> |
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|date=July 2011 |
|date=July 2011 |
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}} |
}} |
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* [[Aheu Deng]], beauty queen and fashion model |
* [[Aheu Deng]], beauty queen and fashion model |
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* [[Bangs (hip hop artist)|Bangs]], rapper and YouTube personality |
* [[Bangs (hip hop artist)|Bangs]], rapper and YouTube personality |
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* [[Mangok Mathiang]] (born 1992), Australian-Sudanese basketball player for [[Hapoel Eilat B.C.|Hapoel Eilat]] of the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]] |
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* Independent Moses Nunuh, first child born in [[South Sudan]] after its independence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/offbeat/story/2011/07/10/independent-baby-sudan.html |title=The First South Sudanese baby named Independent |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=10 July 2011 |accessdate=9 July 2012}}</ref> In common with many other children in South Sudan, he died before his first birthday.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/happy-birthday-south-sudan-7912244.html |title=Happy Birthday South Sudan? |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |author=Ros Wynne-Jones |quote=Independent Moses, like one in 10 babies in South Sudan, had not reached his first birthday, dying of Africa's biggest killer, diarrhoea. |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=9 July 2012}}</ref> |
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* [[Emmanuel Jambo]], photographer |
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*Stephen Wani Michael |
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* Independent Moses Nunuh, first child born in [[South Sudan]] after its independence.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 July 2011 |title=The First South Sudanese baby named Independent |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/first-south-sudanese-baby-named-independent-1.1027593 |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917204008/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/first-south-sudanese-baby-named-independent-1.1027593 |archive-date=17 September 2020 }}</ref> Like many other children in South Sudan, he died before his first birthday.<ref>{{cite news |author=Wynne-Jones |first=Ros |date=7 July 2012 |title=Happy Birthday South Sudan? |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/happy-birthday-south-sudan-7912244.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200908/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/happy-birthday-south-sudan-7912244.html |archive-date=11 November 2020 |quote=Independent Moses, like one in 10 babies in South Sudan, had not reached his first birthday, dying of Africa's biggest killer, diarrhoea. }}</ref> |
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==November 2015 aircraft crash== |
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{{main|2015 Juba An-12 crash}} |
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On 4 November 2015, a cargo plane, en route to the [[Paloich]] oil fields in [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] state, crashed directly after takeoff half a mile from [[Juba International Airport|Juba's international airport]], killing over 40 people, mostly oil workers and their family members. A child and an adult survived. The Antonov An-12 (or 12-B) cargo plane, made in [[Ukraine]] for [[Russia]] in 1971, landed in a farming community on the eastern bank of the [[White Nile River]]. The plane, built for moving cargo, was operated by Allied Services Limited, a logistics company based in South Sudan. The crew may be considered heroes: A man who saw the plane come down told [[Associated Press|AP]] he thought it might crash into a market area, but the pilot seemed to divert it at the last minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article56942 |title=Over 40 killed in plane crash, as Juba regrets the incident – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |date= |accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Div col|colwidth=25em}} |
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{{Portal|South Sudan}} |
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* [[Equatoria]] |
* [[Equatoria]] |
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** [[Eastern Equatoria]] |
** [[Eastern Equatoria]] |
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* [[Railway stations in South Sudan]] |
* [[Railway stations in South Sudan]] |
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* [[Anataban Campaign]] |
* [[Anataban Campaign]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{ |
{{Wikivoyage|Juba}} |
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{{Commons category|Juba}} |
{{Commons category|Juba}} |
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* Fisher, J. 2005, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4461663.stm 'Southern Sudan's Front-line Town'], ''BBC News'', 20 April 2005. |
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* |
* Fisher, J. 2005, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4461663.stm 'Southern Sudan's Front-line Town'], BBC News, 20 April 2005. |
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* Holt, K. 2007, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6228705.stm 'In pictures: Juba's Street Struggle'], BBC News, 4 January 2007. |
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* [http://www.friendsoftherail.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=2946 Sudan And Uganda Sign MoU To Develop Infrastructure] |
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* [http://www.friendsoftherail.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=2946 Sudan And Uganda Sign MoU To Develop Infrastructure] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002103221/http://www.friendsoftherail.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?f=27&t=2946 |date=2 October 2011 }} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101009035359/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/734095 'Gulu-Juba rail link underway'] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101009035359/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/220/734095 'Gulu-Juba rail link underway'] |
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* [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/11/16/103825/worlds-newest-nation-would-start.html World's Newest Nation would Start Almost from Scratch] – article & video by ''[[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]]'' |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110921065020/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/11/16/103825/worlds-newest-nation-would-start.html World's Newest Nation would Start Almost from Scratch] – article & video by ''[[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]]'' |
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{{List of African capitals}} |
{{List of African capitals}} |
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[[Category:Juba| ]] |
[[Category:Juba| ]] |
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[[Category:Juba County]] |
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[[Category:State capitals in South Sudan]] |
[[Category:State capitals in South Sudan]] |
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[[Category:Capitals in Africa]] |
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in |
[[Category:Populated places in Central Equatoria]] |
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[[Category:Populated places on the Nile]] |
[[Category:Populated places on the Nile]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1922]] |
[[Category:Populated places established in 1922]] |
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[[Category:South Sudan-related lists|Towns in South Sudan]] |
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[[Category:1922 establishments in Africa]] |
[[Category:1922 establishments in Africa]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:11, 16 December 2024
Juba | |
|---|---|
From top, left to right: View of Juba, John Garang Mausoleum Square, aerial view, United Nations (UTair) Boeing 737, White Nile river in Juba | |
 Flag  Seal | |
  Juba Location of Juba in South Sudan | |
| Coordinates: 4°51′14″N 31°34′57″E / 4.85389°N 31.58250°E | |
| Country |  South Sudan |
| State | Central Equatoria |
| County | Juba |
| Payam | Juba |
| Founded | 1922 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council government |
| • Mayor | Flora Gabriel Modi (2023–present)[1] |
| Area | |
| 52 km2 (20 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 336 km2 (130 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 550 m (1,800 ft) |
| Population (2017 estimate) | |
| 525,953 | |
| • Density | 10,000/km2 (26,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (Central Africa Time) |
| • Summer (DST) | (Not Observed) |
| Climate | Aw |
_Boeing_737-500-1.jpg)
Juba (/ˈdʒuːbə/)[2] is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of the Central Equatoria State. It is the most recently declared national capital and had a population of 525,953 in 2017. It has an area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi), with the metropolitan area covering 336 km2 (130 sq mi).
Juba was established in 1920–21 by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in a small Bari village, also called Juba. The city was made as the capital of Mongalla Province in the late 1920s. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005,[3] which made Juba the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan. Juba became the capital of South Sudan in 2011 after its independence, but influential parties wanted Ramciel to be the capital. The government announced the move of the capital to Ramciel, but it is yet to occur.
History
[edit]Under the Khedivate of Egypt, Juba served as the southernmost garrison of the Egyptian army, quartering only a handful of soldiers. Disease was common; soldiers often fell ill due to the malaria, meningitis and blackwater fever that was prevalent in the region. Explorers and campaigners Samuel Baker and Florence Baker used the nearby island of Gondokoro as a base during their expeditions to what is now South Sudan and northern Uganda from 1863 to 1865 and 1871 to 1873.[4]
The present city of Juba was established on the site of a small Bari village, also called Juba,[5] where the Church Missionary Society (CMS) had established a mission and the Nugent Memorial Intermediate School in 1920–21.[6][7][8] In the late 1920s, Anglo-Egyptian officials ordered Bari residents to relocate so that a new town could be constructed to serve as the capital of Mongalla Province.[9] The site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials partly because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there, and partly because its proximity to river transportation on the Nile.[10][11] Major construction of the new city of Juba was underway by 1927.[9] Traders from Rejaf relocated to the new city in 1929, and the Governor's office of Mongalla was moved there in 1930.[12][13]
Greek merchants supplying the British Army played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s.[14] Their number never exceeded 2,000, but because of their excellent relationship with the native Bari people and the large amount of resulting assistance they received, they built many structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as in the area that the contemporary British soldiers called the Greek Quarter, which is today the small suburb of Hai Jalaba. Many of these structures are still standing today. Public buildings such as the Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, and the Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank were all built by Greeks. Greek merchants were responsible for the construction of the Central Bank building in the mid-1940s, as well as the Juba Hotel in the mid-1930s.[15]
From the establishment of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899 the British administered southern Sudan separately from the north. In 1946, without consulting Southern opinion, the British administration began instead to implement a policy of uniting the north and the south. To facilitate the new policy, the Juba Conference was convened as a gesture to southerners,[16] the hidden aim being the appeasement of northern Sudanese nationalists and the Egyptian government.[17]
Until 1956, Juba was in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was jointly administered by the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt. In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers in Torit sparked the First Sudanese Civil War, which did not end until 1972. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting.[citation needed]
In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (before the agreement, Rumbek had been the proposed interim capital). With the advent of peace, the United Nations increased its presence in Juba, shifting its management of operations in Southern Sudan from its previous location in Kenya. Under the leadership of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the United Nations established a camp known as "OCHA Camp", which served as a base for many United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations.[citation needed]
Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the Republic of the Sudan. However, influential parties including the South Sudanese government expressed dissatisfaction with the city's suitability as a national capital, and the government proposed that a new planned city be built as a replacement capital elsewhere, most likely Ramciel in Lakes.[18]
On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital of South Sudan would move some 250 km away from Juba to Ramciel, which is located in the middle of South Sudan, about 60 km East of Yirol West County, Lakes State. As of June 2020, the move has yet to occur.
In September 2015, nearly 200 people were killed in a tanker explosion in Juba.[19]
Since the beginning of the 2023 Sudan Conflict, approximately 6,000 refugees have arrived in the city.[20] Many settled in Gorom, an area near the city, and have struggled from lack of humanitarian aid.
Government
[edit]Juba is led by a city council, formed in March 2011. The council was established by Governor Clement Wani Konga who appointed by Mohammed El Haj Baballa mayor of the council and former Yei County Commissioner David Lokonga Moses was appointed as deputy mayor. A ministerial committee to keep Juba clean and sanitary was also created by gubernatorial decree at the same time.[21]
In Michael Lado Allah-Jabu was appointed mayor of the city council following the removal of Kalisto Lado by Governor of Central Equatoria Emmanuel Adil Anthony.[22] Allah-Jabu was himself removed by Adil Anthony on 27 June 2023. Following his removal, Emmanuel Khamis was appointed caretaker mayor.[23]
Prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Muniki payams. It is now a standalone subdivision of Juba County,[21] of which it is the county seat.[24]
Transportation
[edit]
The city is a river port and the southern terminus of traffic along the Nile (specifically along the Bahr-al-Ghazal portion of the White Nile).[25] Before the civil war, Juba was also a transport hub, with highways connecting it to Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Since the end of the war Juba has been unable to recover to its pre-war state and is no longer a significant trade city. Roads and the river harbour are no longer in use due to being in disrepair. The United Nations and the South Sudanese government are working on repairing the roads, but a full repair is expected to take many years. In 2003, the Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD) started to clear the roads leading from Juba to Uganda and Kenya. It was expected that these roads would be completely de-mined and rebuilt in the course of 2006–2008.[citation needed] The rebuilding of the roads, which are mostly unpaved, takes a tremendous amount of effort and time because of the limited work season due to the lengthy rainy season, which lasts from March until October. The roads are important for the peace process in Sudan as people need them to return to their homes and to regain what they feel is a normal life. The first road that has started to be rebuilt is the road to Uganda. This road is particularly important, as many of the original inhabitants of Juba fled to Uganda during the war. As of 2009[update], there are three paved roads in Juba, one that was re-surfaced in July. The main one is a concrete road, built by the British in the 1950s.[citation needed]
Between 2008 and 2011, the Ugandan government and the Southern Sudanese government undertook joint efforts to develop a railway link between the Northern Ugandan city of Gulu and Juba, with an extension to Wau. A memorandum of understanding between the two governments was signed to that effect in August 2008.[26] The same memorandum outlined plans to develop the road network between the two countries. Recent media reports from the region suggest that the railway link from Juba may link directly with Kenya, bypassing Uganda.[27] Juba International Airport (IATA: JUB, ICAO: HJJJ) is the site of large numbers of flights bringing UN and non-governmental organization (NGO) aid into South Sudan, as well as passengers and general air freight. The construction of a new terminal was begun in late 2007 when the oil prices were very high ($100+). Since then – with the oil prices going back down – the fate of the new terminal is uncertain. Building on the new terminal restarted in early 2014.[citation needed] As of February 2014, there are daily flights to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya; Khartoum International Airport in Sudan; Entebbe International Airport in Entebbe, Uganda; and Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has a large compound near the Juba Airport.
Demography
[edit]In 2005, Juba's population was 163,442. Based on analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000. The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population of Juba County to be 372,413 (the majority residing in Juba City, which dominates the county), but the results were rejected by the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan.[28] Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development.[citation needed] In 2011, the population of the city of Juba is estimated at 372,410, but may potentially be more.[29] As of 2013[update], the city's population was growing at a rate of 4.23%.[30] The Juba City Council's CEO, Martin Simon Wani, has claimed the population exceeds one million with up to a million more living in surrounding suburbs.[31] Suburbs adjacent to Juba have become increasingly dense as people from the countryside move into the city for economic opportunities.[32][33]
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
| 1973 (census) | 56,740 | |
| 1983 (census) | 83,790 | |
| 1993 (census) | 114,980 | |
| 2005 (estimate) | 163,440 | |
| 2006 (estimate) | 250,000 | [34] |
| 2008 (estimate) | 250,000 | [30] |
| 2011 (estimate) | 372,410 | |
| 2014 (estimate) | 492,970 |
Economy
[edit]Juba has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence.[citation needed] The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of merchants to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and from East Africa. As of October 2010[update], several regional and international businesses have established a presence in Juba. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and the Kenyan banking conglomerate Kenya Commercial Bank has its South Sudanese headquarters in the city and a branch network of eleven branches throughout South Sudan.[35] The three indigenous South Sudanese commercial banks namely; Buffalo Commercial Bank, Ivory Bank and Nile Commercial Bank, all maintain their headquarters in Juba. Equity Bank, another regional finance services provider also has a branch in Juba. National Insurance Corporation (NIC), the leading Ugandan insurance services provider, maintains an office in the city.[36] Despite recent economic difficulties brought about by the 15 December 2013 civil war, Juba has continued to grow and construction is still booming. This is probably due to the high demand for affordable housing and hotel accommodations. Research from the Overseas Development Institute found that markets in Juba are transient, as many traders only come to make a quick profit and so do not invest in storage facilities or shops.[37][38]
Roads In Juba
[edit]Juba has major roads that go to major towns in South Sudan, such roads include the Juba-Nimule road[39] and the Aggrey Jaden Road.[40] as others are seen in the table below;
| Number | Name of Road | Distance | Designated | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Juba–Nimule Road | 192 km (119 mi) | 2007 | 2012[41] |
| 2 | Gulu–Nimule Road | 105 km (65 mi) | 2012 | 2015 |
| tbd | Kangi-Bar-Urud Road | 28 km (17 mi) | 2017? | 2017[42] (Expected) |
| tbd | Aggrey Jaden Road (Juba-Yei- Kaya Road) | 243 km (151 mi) | 2022 | 2025 (Expected) |
| tbd | Juba-Torit-Nadapal Highway | 353 kilometers (219miles) | ? | ? |
| tbd | Juba-Bor-Malakal Highway | 500 km (311 mi) | 2020 | 2025 (Expected) |
| tbd | Juba–Terekeka–Rumbek Road | 392 km (244 mi) | 2019 | 2025 (Expected)[43][44] |
| tbd | Kajo- keji - Juba Road | 156 kilometers (97miles) |
Food in Juba
[edit]A variety of foods are eaten in Juba including:
- Kisra: A staple food in South Sudan, Kisra is a type of flatbread made from sorghum flour or maize flour. It is typically served with soup or stew and is prepared by mixing sorghum flour with water to form a thick batter, which is then left to fermented for a few days before being cooked on a hot griddle.[45]
- Bamia: A popular dish in Juba, bamia is a stew made with okra, tomatoes, onions, and meat (usually beef or goat). The okra is sliced and cooked with the other ingredients until tender, resulting in a thick and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or kisra.[46]
- Ful Medames: A traditional breakfast dish in Juba, Ful medames is made from cooked fava beans that are smashed and seasoned with garlic, lemon juice, and olive oil. It is typically served with flatbread or pita.[46][45]
- Asida: A type of porridge made from sorghum flour, Asida is popular dish in Juba that is often served with meat or vegetable stew. The sorghum flour is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is then cooked until it reaches a smooth and creamy consistency.[46][45]
- Malakwang: A traditional dish in South Sudan, Malakwang is a stew made from leafy greens, peanuts, butter, and meat, (usually goat or beef). The greens are cooked with the other ingredients until tender, resulting in a rich and flavorful stew that is often served with rice or Ugali.
- Ugali: A staple food in many African countries, Ugali is a type of maize porridge that is often served with stews or soups. The maize flour is mixed with water to form a thick paste, which is often cooked until is reaches a smooth and firm consistency. It is typically eaten by hand, using it to scoop up stew or soup.[46]
Education
[edit]- The University of Juba was founded in 1975.[47]
- Upper Nile University in Juba
- The Juba Public Peace Library was founded on 1 October 2019.[48][49] The library was donated by The South Sudan Library Foundation and contains over 13,000 books. It was the first public library of South Sudan. The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.[49][50]
- Kampala International University[51]
- Catholic University of South Sudan
- Episcopal University of South Sudan
- Starford International University
- Ayii University
Health services
[edit]- Juba Teaching Hospital[52]
- Juba Military Referral Hospital
- Al Sabah Children's Hospital
- Nyakurun PHCC[53]
- Munuki PHCC
- Gurei PHCC
Places of worship
[edit]Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Juba (Catholic Church), Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan (Anglican Communion), Baptist Convention of South Sudan (Baptist World Alliance), Presbyterian Church in Sudan (World Communion of Reformed Churches).[54]
Climate
[edit]Juba has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw),[55] and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round. However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching 38 °C (100 °F) in February. From April to October, more than 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain falls per month. The annual total precipitation is nearly 1,000 mm (39 in).
| Climate data for Juba (1971–2000, extremes 1931–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 42.2 (108.0) |
43.0 (109.4) |
43.6 (110.5) |
42.4 (108.3) |
43.7 (110.7) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.5 (101.3) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.4 (104.7) |
42.8 (109.0) |
43.7 (110.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
33.5 (92.3) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.9 (96.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 28.2 (82.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.5 (81.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 5.1 (0.20) |
11.0 (0.43) |
36.7 (1.44) |
111.5 (4.39) |
129.9 (5.11) |
117.8 (4.64) |
144.7 (5.70) |
127.5 (5.02) |
103.7 (4.08) |
114.5 (4.51) |
43.1 (1.70) |
8.2 (0.32) |
953.7 (37.55) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 2.0 | 6.6 | 11.6 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 13.0 | 11.5 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 96.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 44 | 42 | 51 | 64 | 73 | 76 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 73 | 69 | 53 | 65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 235.2 | 210.8 | 198.0 | 207.7 | 207.0 | 182.9 | 204.6 | 228.0 | 241.8 | 237.0 | 260.4 | 2,692.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 76 | 67 | 57 | 54 | 62 | 58 | 50 | 57 | 63 | 64 | 68 | 68 | 62 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[56] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity, 1961–1990),[57] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, mean temperatures)[58] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
[edit]- Aheu Deng, beauty queen and fashion model
- Bangs, rapper and YouTube personality
- Mangok Mathiang (born 1992), Australian-Sudanese basketball player for Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
- Emmanuel Jambo, photographer
- Independent Moses Nunuh, first child born in South Sudan after its independence.[59] Like many other children in South Sudan, he died before his first birthday.[60]
See also
[edit]References
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- ^ Shipman, Pat. To The Heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the Exploration of Central Africa
- ^ Richardson, J.N. (1933). "Bari Notes". Sudan Notes & Records. 16 (2): 181–186.
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- ^ Nalder, Leonard F. (1936). Equatorial province handbook. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan government memoranda. OCLC 3450641.
- ^ Werner, Roland; et al. (2000). Day of devastation, day of contentment: the history of the Sudanese church across 2000 years Volume 10 of Faith in Sudan. Paulines Publications Africa. ISBN 9966215298.
- ^ a b Badiey, Naseem (2014). The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction: Land, Urban Development and State Building in Juba, Southern Sudan. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 38.
- ^ Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954". The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies. 31: 139–160.
- ^ Tuttle, Brendan (2021). "To the Juba Wharf". Juba in the Making. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954". The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies. 31: 139–160.
- ^ "Juba in the Making". jubainthemaking.com. L'Humanité, Le Monde Afrique, & Internazionale. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Shuichiro, Nakao (2013). "A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954". The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies. 31: 139–160.
- ^ Greek Community of Juba Archives
- ^ "Juba conf". madingaweil.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ^ Okeny, Kenneth (1991). "The 1947 Juba Conference". Northeast African Studies. 13 (1): 39–58. JSTOR 43660336. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
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- ^ a b Stephen, Juma John (3 April 2011). "CES Governor Appoints Mayor For Juba City Council". Gurtong. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
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- ^ "Central Equatoria State". NileBuffalo Gazette. 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ Parsons, Ellen C. (1905). Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa. Macmillan Company. p. 7. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ "Gulu – Juba Railway in the Offing". Pachodo.org. 20 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
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- ^ "Estimated Population in 2011". Wolframalpha.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ a b "The World Factbook: South Sudan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ^ Miettaux, Florence (8 September 2023). "From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ Miettaux, Florence (8 September 2023). "From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
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- ^ a b c "South Sudanese Food: 10 Must-Try Traditional Dishes of South Sudan | Travel Food Atlas". 4 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d "#1 Food From South Sudan: Savor The Best Of South Sudanese Cuisine". 2 February 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
- ^ "Juba". Britannica Online. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "First public library opens in South Sudan, advocates for peace". The Christian Times. South Sudan. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Instilling a culture of reading; South Sudan looks forward to new public library". Audioboom. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- ^ "MBA student establishes NGO to improve literacy in South Sudan". The University of Sydney. 7 February 2019. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
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- ^ "Juba Teaching Hospital | EA Health". eahealth.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "NYAKURON PHCC – Juba County". southsudanpharma.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ Britannica, South Sudan, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 8 September 2019
- ^ "Climate: Juba – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Juba". World Meteorological Organization (UN). Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
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- ^ "The First South Sudanese baby named Independent". CBC News. 10 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ Wynne-Jones, Ros (7 July 2012). "Happy Birthday South Sudan?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
Independent Moses, like one in 10 babies in South Sudan, had not reached his first birthday, dying of Africa's biggest killer, diarrhoea.
External links
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Juba.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juba.
- Fisher, J. 2005, 'Southern Sudan's Front-line Town', BBC News, 20 April 2005.
- Holt, K. 2007, 'In pictures: Juba's Street Struggle', BBC News, 4 January 2007.
- Sudan And Uganda Sign MoU To Develop Infrastructure Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- 'Gulu-Juba rail link underway'
- World's Newest Nation would Start Almost from Scratch – article & video by McClatchy
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