Ébrié Lagoon: Difference between revisions
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The Ébrié Lagoon is a long narrow lagoon complex located in the south of Ivory Coast. It lies parallel with the coast on an east/west axis and consists of several linked lagoons. At the eastern end it is linked by a channel to the Aghien and [[Potou Lagoon]]s, into which the |
The Ébrié Lagoon is a long narrow lagoon complex located in the south of Ivory Coast. It lies parallel with the coast on an east/west axis and consists of several linked lagoons. At the eastern end it is linked by a channel to the Aghien and [[Potou Lagoon]]s, into which the Mé River flows. The other major rivers flowing into the lagoon are the [[Komoé River]] in the east, the [[Agnéby River]] in the centre, and the [[Ira River]] in the west. At the western end, Ébrié is linked by the [[Asagni Canal]] to the Tagba Lagoon and the [[Bandama River]]. It is connected to the [[Gulf of Guinea]] by the Vridi Canal, which was opened as a navigable channel in 1950. The natural mouth of the complex is at [[Grand-Bassam]], but this tends to silt up during the dry season. There are several large and many small islands in the lagoon.<ref name=Hughes/> The cities of [[Abidjan]], [[Bingerville]], [[Jacqueville]], [[Attécoubé]], [[Tiagba]] and [[Dabou]] lie beside the lagoon and it is crossed by four bridges.<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of the World |last=Philip's |year=1994 |publisher=Reed International |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=100}}</ref> |
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[[File:Coucher de soleil lagune Ébrié Abidjan.jpg|thumb|Sunset over Ébrié Lagoon, with Abidjan in the distance]] |
[[File:Coucher de soleil lagune Ébrié Abidjan.jpg|thumb|Sunset over Ébrié Lagoon, with Abidjan in the distance]] |
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The Ébrié Lagoon has an area of approximately {{convert|560|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}, a maximum length of {{convert|130|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, and a maximum width of {{convert|7|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. The average depth is {{convert|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and the maximum depth is {{convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FAO>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/T0360E/T0360E05.htm#ch5 |title=Ébrié Lagoon|work=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa |publisher=FAO |accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref> The amount of fresh water entering the lagoon varies with the time of year, but averages {{convert|98500000|m3}} per year, and tidal exchanges with the sea average {{convert|380000000|m3}} per year.<ref name=Hughes/> The water is brackish, varying in salinity from 0 to |
The Ébrié Lagoon has an area of approximately {{convert|560|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}, a maximum length of {{convert|130|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, and a maximum width of {{convert|7|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. The average depth is {{convert|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and the maximum depth is {{convert|20|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FAO>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/3/T0360E/T0360E05.htm#ch5 |title=Ébrié Lagoon|work=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa |publisher=FAO |accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref> The amount of fresh water entering the lagoon varies with the time of year, but averages {{convert|98500000|m3}} per year, and tidal exchanges with the sea average {{convert|380000000|m3}} per year.<ref name=Hughes/> The water is brackish, varying in salinity from 0 to 35‰.<ref name=FAO/> It is also turbid and polluted, especially near Abidjan, with high levels of [[nitrogen]] and [[phosphate]].<ref name=Hughes/> |
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==Flora and fauna== |
==Flora and fauna== |
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There are extensive areas around the lagoon dominated by [[mangrove]]s such as ''[[Rhizophora racemosa]]'', and the golden leather fern ''[[Acrostichum aureum]]''. Elsewhere, there are floating [[aquatic plant]]s in the bays and backwaters, and reeds, sedges and grasses at the edges of the water. The lagoon is separated from the sea by a sandbar and much of the terrain close to the lagoon is [[swamp]]y, with taller vegetation and some trees.<ref name=Hughes/> |
There are extensive areas around the lagoon dominated by [[mangrove]]s such as ''[[Rhizophora racemosa]]'', and the golden leather fern ''[[Acrostichum aureum]]''. Elsewhere, there are floating [[aquatic plant]]s in the bays and backwaters, and reeds, sedges and grasses at the edges of the water. The lagoon is separated from the sea by a sandbar and much of the terrain close to the lagoon is [[swamp]]y, with taller vegetation and some trees.<ref name=Hughes/> |
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In the shallow parts of the lagoon there are a range of [[invertebrate]]s including [[polychaete]] worms, [[nemertea]]n worms, [[oligochaete]]s, [[isopod]]s, [[amphipod]]s and [[prawn]]s. Over a hundred species of fish have been recorded in the lagoon, and it and the surrounding swamps are home to the [[African manatee]], the [[pygmy hippopotamus]], the [[Nile crocodile]], the [[West African slender-snouted crocodile]] and the [[dwarf crocodile]].<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA341 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=341–345}}</ref> Birds such as the [[African darter]], the [[Pel's fishing owl]], the [[white-crested tiger heron]] and the [[goliath heron]] breed here.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1583 |title=Grand Bassam |publisher=Ramsar |accessdate=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617200048/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1583 |archive-date=17 June 2019 | |
In the shallow parts of the lagoon there are a range of [[invertebrate]]s including [[polychaete]] worms, [[nemertea]]n worms, [[oligochaete]]s, [[isopod]]s, [[amphipod]]s and [[prawn]]s. Over a hundred species of fish have been recorded in the lagoon, and it and the surrounding swamps are home to the [[African manatee]], the [[pygmy hippopotamus]], the [[Nile crocodile]], the [[West African slender-snouted crocodile]] and the [[dwarf crocodile]].<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA341 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=341–345}}</ref> Birds such as the [[African darter]], the [[Pel's fishing owl]], the [[white-crested tiger heron]] and the [[goliath heron]] breed here.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1583 |title=Grand Bassam |publisher=Ramsar |accessdate=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617200048/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1583 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Human use== |
==Human use== |
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[[File:Piroguiers.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pirogue]] on Ébrié Lagoon]] |
[[File:Piroguiers.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pirogue]] on Ébrié Lagoon]] |
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Parts of the lagoon are highly polluted. Chemical pollution comes from the agricultural and industrial activity in the catchment area, with [[fertiliser]] run off occurring particularly in the wet season. Organic and bacterial pollution occurs mainly in urban areas, with high levels of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]'' being detected.<ref name=Guyonnet>{{cite journal |author=Guyonnet, B.; Aliaume, C.; Albaret, J.-J.; Casellas, C.; Zerbi, A.; Lasserre, G.; Chi, T Do |year=2003 |title=Biology of ''Ethmalosa fimbriata ''(Bowdich) and fish diversity in the Ebrie Lagoon (Ivory Coast), a multipolluted environment |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00016-X}}</ref> |
Parts of the lagoon are highly polluted. Chemical pollution comes from the agricultural and industrial activity in the catchment area, with [[fertiliser]] run off occurring particularly in the wet season. Organic and bacterial pollution occurs mainly in urban areas, with high levels of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]'' being detected.<ref name=Guyonnet>{{cite journal |author=Guyonnet, B.; Aliaume, C.; Albaret, J.-J.; Casellas, C.; Zerbi, A.; Lasserre, G.; Chi, T Do |year=2003 |title=Biology of ''Ethmalosa fimbriata ''(Bowdich) and fish diversity in the Ebrie Lagoon (Ivory Coast), a multipolluted environment |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00016-X|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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There is an [[ |
There is an [[artisanal fishing|artisanal fishery]] on the lagoon, employing about seven thousand people using four thousand boats with a potential annual catch of around {{convert|8000|t}}.<ref name=FAO/> The [[Ethmalosa fimbriata|bonga shad]] (''Ethmalosa fimbriata'') accounts for about 75% of the catch, especially in the more polluted waters near Abidjan where it is more abundant than other species.<ref name=Guyonnet/> Other fish are found away from the urban areas in unpolluted waters, with the [[Atlantic bumper]] (''Chloroscombrus chrysurus'') and the [[Sardinella maderensis |Madeiran sardinella]] (''Sardinella maderensis'') being abundant, and the [[Gerres nigri|Guinean striped mojarra]] (''Gerres nigri'') and [[Senegal jack]] (''Caranx senegallus'') also contributing to the catch.<ref name=Guyonnet/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 15:17, 25 October 2021
The Ébrié Lagoon lies in Ivory Coast, separated for almost all of its length from the Atlantic Ocean by a narrow coastal strip. The 130 km (80 mi) long lagoon is linked to the sea by the Vridi Canal, while the Comoë River flows into it. The lagoon averages 4 km (2½ mi) in width, and 5 m (16 ft) in depth. Abidjan and towns such as Grand Bassam, Bingerville, Jacqueville, Attécoubé, and Tiagba lie on the lagoon.
Geography
[edit]The Ébrié Lagoon is a long narrow lagoon complex located in the south of Ivory Coast. It lies parallel with the coast on an east/west axis and consists of several linked lagoons. At the eastern end it is linked by a channel to the Aghien and Potou Lagoons, into which the Mé River flows. The other major rivers flowing into the lagoon are the Komoé River in the east, the Agnéby River in the centre, and the Ira River in the west. At the western end, Ébrié is linked by the Asagni Canal to the Tagba Lagoon and the Bandama River. It is connected to the Gulf of Guinea by the Vridi Canal, which was opened as a navigable channel in 1950. The natural mouth of the complex is at Grand-Bassam, but this tends to silt up during the dry season. There are several large and many small islands in the lagoon.[1] The cities of Abidjan, Bingerville, Jacqueville, Attécoubé, Tiagba and Dabou lie beside the lagoon and it is crossed by four bridges.[2]
The Ébrié Lagoon has an area of approximately 560 km2 (216 sq mi), a maximum length of 130 km (80 mi), and a maximum width of 7 km (4 mi). The average depth is 5 m (16 ft) and the maximum depth is 20 m (66 ft).[3] The amount of fresh water entering the lagoon varies with the time of year, but averages 98,500,000 cubic metres (3.48×109 cu ft) per year, and tidal exchanges with the sea average 380,000,000 cubic metres (1.3×1010 cu ft) per year.[1] The water is brackish, varying in salinity from 0 to 35‰.[3] It is also turbid and polluted, especially near Abidjan, with high levels of nitrogen and phosphate.[1]
Flora and fauna
[edit]There are extensive areas around the lagoon dominated by mangroves such as Rhizophora racemosa, and the golden leather fern Acrostichum aureum. Elsewhere, there are floating aquatic plants in the bays and backwaters, and reeds, sedges and grasses at the edges of the water. The lagoon is separated from the sea by a sandbar and much of the terrain close to the lagoon is swampy, with taller vegetation and some trees.[1]
In the shallow parts of the lagoon there are a range of invertebrates including polychaete worms, nemertean worms, oligochaetes, isopods, amphipods and prawns. Over a hundred species of fish have been recorded in the lagoon, and it and the surrounding swamps are home to the African manatee, the pygmy hippopotamus, the Nile crocodile, the West African slender-snouted crocodile and the dwarf crocodile.[1] Birds such as the African darter, the Pel's fishing owl, the white-crested tiger heron and the goliath heron breed here.[4]
Human use
[edit]
Parts of the lagoon are highly polluted. Chemical pollution comes from the agricultural and industrial activity in the catchment area, with fertiliser run off occurring particularly in the wet season. Organic and bacterial pollution occurs mainly in urban areas, with high levels of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens being detected.[5]
There is an artisanal fishery on the lagoon, employing about seven thousand people using four thousand boats with a potential annual catch of around 8,000 tonnes (7,900 long tons; 8,800 short tons).[3] The bonga shad (Ethmalosa fimbriata) accounts for about 75% of the catch, especially in the more polluted waters near Abidjan where it is more abundant than other species.[5] Other fish are found away from the urban areas in unpolluted waters, with the Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus chrysurus) and the Madeiran sardinella (Sardinella maderensis) being abundant, and the Guinean striped mojarra (Gerres nigri) and Senegal jack (Caranx senegallus) also contributing to the catch.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Hughes, R.H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. pp. 341–345. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5.
- ^ Philip's (1994). Atlas of the World. Reed International. p. 100. ISBN 0-540-05831-9.
- ^ a b c "Ébrié Lagoon". Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa. FAO. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
- ^ "Grand Bassam". Ramsar. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Guyonnet, B.; Aliaume, C.; Albaret, J.-J.; Casellas, C.; Zerbi, A.; Lasserre, G.; Chi, T Do (2003). "Biology of Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich) and fish diversity in the Ebrie Lagoon (Ivory Coast), a multipolluted environment". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 60 (2): 259–267. doi:10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00016-X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)