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Crowdshipping, sometimes referred to as crowd logistics,^[1] applies the concept of crowdsourcing to the personalized delivery of freight. Crowdshipping can be conceived as an example of people using social networking to behave collaboratively and share services and assets for the greater good of the community, as well as for their own personal benefit.^[2]

Definitions

The United States Postal Service describes crowdshipping as a "new class of logistics, known as crowdshipping or crowdsourced delivery [that] doesn't require processing facilities or fleets of trucks, and can be scaled quickly and cheaply".^[3]

History

2000s

The principle of peer delivery was first applied by a few online ventures in the early 2000s. In 2009, ordinary car drivers could register as "couriers" using the site Stuff2Send.com, and had an option to connect with the sender and arrange a fee in case their journeys coincided with parcel deliveries.^[4] In the years after the Great Recession, startups including Zipments, mmMule, PiggyBee, Deliv, and Friendshippr were created based on the market's need to earn extra income.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

2010s

The 2014 publication Issue in Focus by the United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General raises concerns over the new innovation of crowdshipping in the brief titled "Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages".^[9] In this publication, the Office of the Inspector General describes crowdshipping as "a subset of the larger 'crowdsourcing' movement [which] involves the use of technology to marshal a large group of people to accomplish something".^[10]

The same year, a collaboration between CIRREALT Interuniversity Research Center, Université Laval, and Canada Research Chair in Interconnected Business Engineering created a research paper titled Crowdsourcing Delivery: New interconnected business models to reinvent delivery, which was presented during the 1st International Physical Internet Conference. The research paper quotes Jeremy Rifkin's The Zero Marginal Cost Society, saying: "Crowdsourced delivery is an answer to the growing expectations of customers for faster, more personalized and cost-efficient delivery service. It exploits technological potential (geolocalization, mobile apps) and the social trend of sharing and collaboration."^[11]^[12] The report continues: "For two years, crowdsourced delivery has been bursting. Several start-ups have been launched and some have attracted millions in investment. Currently leading is Postmates and Deliv that have respectively acquired investments totaling more than 22 and 14 million US$."^[11]

In 2016, The Owls Foundation published its annual Breakthrough from Innovation to Impact, Volume 1. The document covers the relevant topics of that year, including global logistics, with crowdshipping being one of the main sub-topics. Written by Alan McKinnon, professor of logistics at Kuehne Logistics University, the publication calls crowdshipping "its corollary in personal travel: encouraging passengers to use their spare carrying capacity on cars, bikes, buses and planes to carry parcels for other people." It further states that crowdshipping "has had an innocent start with a few cheerful websites, but it does raise serious questions about liability and security".^[13]

In 2017, the Journal of Business Logistics published a research paper titled The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co‐Create Logistics Value, authored by Valentina Carbone, professor of supply chain and operations management at ESCP Europe; Aurélien Rouquet, professor of logistics and supply-chain management at NEOMA Business School & CRET-LOG; and Christine Roussat, assistant professor at Blaise Pascal University & CRET-LOG. The paper states: "Bearing in mind the dearth of research on this topic, our purpose is to develop an initial conceptual approach to these initiatives, that we term 'crowd logistics', meant as 'initiatives that tap into the logistical resources of the crowd to perform logistics services.' This article is structured in six sections. The first section reviews the (scarce) literature that relates to crowd logistics. The second section presents our methodology, which is based on the study of 57 cases of emergent crowd logistics initiatives. The third section highlights the main differences between crowd logistics and traditional business logistics."^[14]

Subsets

Crowdshipping "can be grouped into four types depending on the nature of the logistics service they propose: crowd storage, crowd local delivery, crowd freight shipping, and crowd freight forwarding".^[15]

Crowd storage

Crowd resources are mobilized through a web search engine that enables clients to geolocate storage spaces uploaded by the crowd. Most offerings are in large cities, where high real estate prices push traditional business storage space to the outskirts.^[15]

Crowd local delivery

The provision of local delivery services relies on transport resources that the crowd has access to and makes use of, including individual logistics capabilities such as picking up goods, driving, and delivering. Transport resources can be vans, cars, scooters, bicycles, public transport, or even walking. Initiatives in this field operate using mobile applications, which enable peers to place delivery requests that are then fulfilled by other peers.^[15] Examples include Jojo,^[16] Deliv, and Zipments.^[17]

Crowd freight shipping

In crowd freight shipping, the connections between drivers and users of the service are established through the same type of Internet platforms or mobile apps. This type of shipping system seems particularly suitable for oversized or non-standard items that cannot be sent by post because their unusual volume makes the use of standard services impractical or too expensive.^[15] Cargomatic is an example.^[18]

Crowd freight forwarding

Crowd freight forwarding initiatives operate using search engines that match clients' requests to travelers' offers with the same origin and destination. Potential users of the service can place ads that inform the crowd of their own shipping needs, while peers post their forthcoming travel itineraries. These initiatives are deployed around the world and may have global coverage, although most of them are specialized in some connections.^[15] Examples of this are Sherpals and Grabr.^[19]

There is also a less common subset of community-based platforms that link international buyers and local forwarders, allowing buyers to use the forwarder's address as the purchaser's destination. The forwarder can then re-send the goods to the buyer. Examples include Parcl.com^[20] and Shippn.^[21]

References

^ Carbone, Valentina; Rouquet, Aurélien; Roussat, Christine (2017). "The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co-Create Logistics Value" (PDF). Journal of Business Logistics. 38 (4): 238–252. doi:10.1111/jbl.12164. S2CID 168925309.
^ Mckinnon, Alan (2016). "Crowdshipping: a Communal Approach to Reducing Urban Traffic Levels?". Unpublished. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.20271.53925.
^ "Using the 'crowd' to deliver packages" (PDF), US Post Office Inspector General, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-18, retrieved 2014-02-12
^ Musafer, Shanaz (14 April 2009), "Unusual ways to make money", BBC, retrieved April 14, 2009
^ "Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town.", Michigan Live, retrieved May 6, 2011
^ Hockenson, Lauren (7 June 2012), "Trade Valuable Goods for Unique Travel Experiences.", Mashable, retrieved June 7, 2012
^ Béchet, Gilles, "The sharing economy, a revolution on the move.", Le Soir, retrieved September 10, 2013
^ Russell, Jon (12 December 2013), "Friendshippr helps you 'crowdship' products and goods via friends on Facebook.", The Next Web, retrieved 2013-12-12
^ "Issue In Focus: Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages".
^ "Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages" (PDF), Issue in Focus United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-18, retrieved 2014-02-12
^ ^a ^b Rougès, J. F.; Montreuil, B., Crowdsourcing delivery: New interconnected business models to reinvent delivery (PDF), retrieved 2014-05-28
^ Rifkin, Jeremy (2014). The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-137-27846-3.
^ "Breakthrough from Innovation to Impact, Volume 1", The Owls Foundation, retrieved Mar 19, 2017
^ Carbone V.; Rouquet A.; Roussat C. (2017), "The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co‐Create Logistics Value." (PDF), Journal of Business Logistics, 38 (4): 238–252, doi:10.1111/jbl.12164, S2CID 168925309
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Carbone, Valentina; Rouquet, Aurélien; Roussat, Christine (2017). "The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co-Create Logistics Value" (PDF). Journal of Business Logistics. 38 (4): 238–252. doi:10.1111/jbl.12164. S2CID 168925309.
^ Abudheen, Sainul, "This Filipino startup turns your traffic stress into money", E27, retrieved May 6, 2011
^ "Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town.", Michigan Live, retrieved March 20, 2019
^ Smith, Jennifer, "Cargomatic Gets New Funding as Rebuilding Effort Gains Traction.", The World Street Journal, archived from the original on August 15, 2018, retrieved August 15, 2018
^ Fuller, Andrea, "Travelers Profit by Skirting Customs When Using Delivery Apps.", The World Street Journal, archived from the original on October 29, 2018, retrieved October 29, 2018
^ Tyrsina, Radu, "Parcl Uses Trusted Forwarders to Bring you Products that don't Ship to your Country", Technology Personalised, archived from the original on October 3, 2015, retrieved October 1, 2015
^ Mаршева, Влада, "В Чехии появилась новая возможность получить посылку из зарубежного магазина", 420On, archived from the original on October 3, 2015, retrieved October 1, 2015

[1] Carbone, Valentina; Rouquet, Aurélien; Roussat, Christine (2017). "The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co-Create Logistics Value" (PDF). Journal of Business Logistics. 38 (4): 238–252. doi:10.1111/jbl.12164. S2CID 168925309.

[2] Mckinnon, Alan (2016). "Crowdshipping: a Communal Approach to Reducing Urban Traffic Levels?". Unpublished. doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.20271.53925.

[3] "Using the 'crowd' to deliver packages" (PDF), US Post Office Inspector General, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-18, retrieved 2014-02-12

[4] Musafer, Shanaz (14 April 2009), "Unusual ways to make money", BBC, retrieved April 14, 2009

[5] "Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town.", Michigan Live, retrieved May 6, 2011

[6] Hockenson, Lauren (7 June 2012), "Trade Valuable Goods for Unique Travel Experiences.", Mashable, retrieved June 7, 2012

[7] Béchet, Gilles, "The sharing economy, a revolution on the move.", Le Soir, retrieved September 10, 2013

[8] Russell, Jon (12 December 2013), "Friendshippr helps you 'crowdship' products and goods via friends on Facebook.", The Next Web, retrieved 2013-12-12

[9] "Issue In Focus: Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages".

[10] "Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages" (PDF), Issue in Focus United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General, archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-18, retrieved 2014-02-12

[:0-11] Rougès, J. F.; Montreuil, B., Crowdsourcing delivery: New interconnected business models to reinvent delivery (PDF), retrieved 2014-05-28

[12] Rifkin, Jeremy (2014). The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-137-27846-3.

[13] "Breakthrough from Innovation to Impact, Volume 1", The Owls Foundation, retrieved Mar 19, 2017

[14] Carbone V.; Rouquet A.; Roussat C. (2017), "The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co‐Create Logistics Value." (PDF), Journal of Business Logistics, 38 (4): 238–252, doi:10.1111/jbl.12164, S2CID 168925309

[auto-15] Carbone, Valentina; Rouquet, Aurélien; Roussat, Christine (2017). "The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co-Create Logistics Value" (PDF). Journal of Business Logistics. 38 (4): 238–252. doi:10.1111/jbl.12164. S2CID 168925309.

[16] Abudheen, Sainul, "This Filipino startup turns your traffic stress into money", E27, retrieved May 6, 2011

[17] "Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town.", Michigan Live, retrieved March 20, 2019

[18] Smith, Jennifer, "Cargomatic Gets New Funding as Rebuilding Effort Gains Traction.", The World Street Journal, archived from the original on August 15, 2018, retrieved August 15, 2018

[19] Fuller, Andrea, "Travelers Profit by Skirting Customs When Using Delivery Apps.", The World Street Journal, archived from the original on October 29, 2018, retrieved October 29, 2018

[20] Tyrsina, Radu, "Parcl Uses Trusted Forwarders to Bring you Products that don't Ship to your Country", Technology Personalised, archived from the original on October 3, 2015, retrieved October 1, 2015

[21] Mаршева, Влада, "В Чехии появилась новая возможность получить посылку из зарубежного магазина", 420On, archived from the original on October 3, 2015, retrieved October 1, 2015

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+'''Crowdshipping''', sometimes referred to as crowd logistics,<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co-Create Logistics Value | date=2017 | last1=Carbone | first1=Valentina | last2=Rouquet | first2=Aurélien | last3=Roussat | first3=Christine | journal=Journal of Business Logistics | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=238–252 | language=en | doi=10.1111/jbl.12164| s2cid=168925309 | url=https://hal.uca.fr/hal-03118967/file/TheRiseofCrowdLogistics.pdf }}</ref> applies the concept of [[crowdsourcing]] to the personalized delivery of [[Cargo|freight]]. Crowdshipping can be conceived as an example of people using [[Social networking service|social networking]] to behave collaboratively and share services and assets for the greater good of the community, as well as for their own personal benefit.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Alan | last1=Mckinnon | title=Crowdshipping: a Communal Approach to Reducing Urban Traffic Levels? | date=2016 | journal=Unpublished | doi=10.13140/rg.2.2.20271.53925}}</ref>
-{{copy edit|date=September 2019}}
-'''Crowdshipping''', sometimes is referred as crowd logistics<ref>Carbone, V., Rouquet A., Roussat C. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value The rise of crowd-logistics: a new way to co-create value] {{webarchive|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value |date=2017-08-28 }}. Journal of Business Logistics volume 38, issue 4, August 2017,{{DOI: 10.1111/jbl.12164} </ref>, applies the concept of [[crowdsourcing]] to the personalized delivery of [[Cargo|freight]]. Crowdshipping can be conceived as an example of people using [[Social networking service|social networking]] to behave collaboratively and share services and assets for the greater good of the community as well as their own personal benefit.<ref>McKinnon, Alan[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310833718_Crowdshipping_a_Communal_Approach_to_Reducing_Urban_Traffic_LevelsCrowdshipping: a Communal Approach to Reducing Urban Traffic Levels?] {{webarchive|url=www.alanmckinnon.co.uk |date=2016-09 }}. Kühne Logistics University,September 2016,{{DOI|10.1109/IMIS.2011.89}</ref>
-==Definitions==
+== Definitions ==
-The [[United States Postal Service]] described crowdshipping as ‘new class of logistics, known as crowdshipping or crowdsourced delivery, doesn’t require processing facilities or fleets of trucks, and can be scaled quickly and cheaply.<ref>{{Citation |US Post Office Inspector General |title = Using the 'crowd' to deliver packages, pp. 1 |url = https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2015/using_the_crowd_to_deliver_packages_0.pdf |accessdate = February 12, 2014</ref>
+The [[United States Postal Service]] describes crowdshipping as a "new class of logistics, known as crowdshipping or [[crowdsourced]] delivery [that] doesn't require processing facilities or fleets of trucks, and can be scaled quickly and cheaply".<ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2015/using_the_crowd_to_deliver_packages_0.pdf | title=Using the 'crowd' to deliver packages | page=1 | access-date=2014-02-12 | website=US Post Office Inspector General | archive-date=2020-10-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018035253/https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2015/using_the_crowd_to_deliver_packages_0.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-==History==
+== History ==
-The principle of peer delivery was initially applied by a few online ventures in early 2000. In 2009, ordinary car drivers could register as "couriers", using the site Stuff2Send.com and in case their journeys coincided with parcel deliveries, drivers had an option to connect with the sender and arrange a fee.<ref>{{Citation |last=Musafer |first=Shanaz |title = Unusual ways to make money |journal = BBC |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7990621.stm |accessdate = April 14, 2009</ref>
+=== 2000s ===
-Startups like Zipments, mmMule, PiggyBee, [[Deliv]] and Friendshippr were created based on the market’s need to make extra income in years after the [[Great Recession]].<ref>{{Citation |title = Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town. |journal = Michigan Live |url = https://www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/2011/05/got_a_spare_hour_zipmentscom_w.html |accessdate = May 6, 2011</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Hockenson |first=Lauren |title = Trade Valuable Goods for Unique Travel Experiences. |journal = Mashable |url = https://mashable.com/2012/06/07/mmmule-video/#aNLdHCETG8q6 |accessdate = June 7, 2012</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Béchet |first=Gilles |title = The sharing economy, a revolution on the move. |journal = Le Soir |url = https://www.lesoir.be/art/315580/article/styles/air-du-temps/2013-09-10/l-economie-du-partage-une-revolution-en-marche |accessdate = September 10, 2013</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Russell |first=Jon |title = Friendshippr helps you ‘crowdship’ products and goods via friends on Facebook. |journal = The Next Web |url = https://thenextweb.com/apps/2013/12/12/friendshippr-helps-you-crowdship-products-and-goods-via-friends-on-facebook/ |accessdate = December, 12 2013</ref>
+The principle of peer delivery was first applied by a few online ventures in the early 2000s. In 2009, ordinary car drivers could register as "couriers" using the site Stuff2Send.com, and had an option to connect with the sender and arrange a fee in case their journeys coincided with parcel deliveries.<ref>{{Citation | last=Musafer | first=Shanaz | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7990621.stm | title=Unusual ways to make money | journal=BBC | date=14 April 2009 | access-date=April 14, 2009}}</ref> In the years after the [[Great Recession]], startups including Zipments, {{proper name|mmMule}}, PiggyBee, [[Deliv]], and Friendshippr were created based on the market's need to earn extra income.<ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/2011/05/got_a_spare_hour_zipmentscom_w.html | title=Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town. | journal=Michigan Live | access-date=May 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Hockenson | first=Lauren | url=https://mashable.com/2012/06/07/mmmule-video/#aNLdHCETG8q6 | title=Trade Valuable Goods for Unique Travel Experiences. | journal=Mashable | date=7 June 2012 | access-date=June 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Béchet | first=Gilles | url=https://www.lesoir.be/art/315580/article/styles/air-du-temps/2013-09-10/l-economie-du-partage-une-revolution-en-marche | title=The sharing economy, a revolution on the move. | journal=Le Soir | access-date=September 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last=Russell | first=Jon | url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2013/12/12/friendshippr-helps-you-crowdship-products-and-goods-via-friends-on-facebook/ | title=Friendshippr helps you 'crowdship' products and goods via friends on Facebook. | journal=The Next Web | date=12 December 2013 | access-date=2013-12-12}}</ref>
+=== 2010s ===
-The 2014 ''Issue in Focus'' by [[United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General]] raises concerns over a new innovation as crowdshipping in the brief titled ''Using the ‘Crowd’ to Deliver Packages''. Quote from the document: 'Crowdshipping is a subset of the larger “crowdsourcing" movement. Essentially, crowdsourcing involves the use of technology to marshal a large group of people to accomplish something.'<ref>{{Citation |title = Using the ‘Crowd’ to Deliver Packages |journal = Issue in Focus United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General|url = https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2015/using_the_crowd_to_deliver_packages_0.pdf |accessdate = February, 12 2014</ref>
+The 2014 publication ''Issue in Focus'' by the [[United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General]] raises concerns over the new innovation of crowdshipping in the brief titled "Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uspsoig.gov/document/issue-focus-using-%E2%80%98crowd%E2%80%99-deliver-packages | title=Issue In Focus: Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages}}</ref> In this publication, the Office of the Inspector General describes crowdshipping as "a subset of the larger 'crowdsourcing' movement [which] involves the use of technology to marshal a large group of people to accomplish something".<ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2015/using_the_crowd_to_deliver_packages_0.pdf | title=Using the 'Crowd' to Deliver Packages | journal=Issue in Focus United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General | access-date=2014-02-12 | archive-date=2020-10-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018035253/https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2015/using_the_crowd_to_deliver_packages_0.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
-The same year, a collaboration between CIRREALT Interuniversity Research Center, [[Université Laval]], and Canada Research Chair in Interconnected Business Engineering had created a research paper titled ''Crowdsourcing delivery: New interconnected business models to reinvent delivery''. The report was presented during the 1st International Physical Internet Conference. Here is a quote from the paper: 'Crowdsourced delivery is an answer to the growing expectations of customers for faster, more personalized and cost efficient delivery service. It exploits technological potential (geolocalization, mobile apps) and the social trend of sharing and collaboration (Rifkin, 2014). For two years, crowdsourced delivery has been bursting. Several start-ups have been launched and some have attracted millions in investment. Currently leading are [[Postmates|Posmates]] and [[Deliv]] that have respectively acquired investments totaling more than 22 and 14 million US$ (Lawler, 2014a ; Lawler, 2014b).'<ref>{{Citation |authors = Rougès, J. F., & Montreuil, B. |title = Crowdsourcing delivery: New interconnected business models to reinvent delivery |url = https://www.cirrelt.ca/IPIC2014/PDF/1027S.pdf |accessdate = May 28-30, 2014</ref>
+The same year, a collaboration between CIRREALT Interuniversity Research Center, [[Université Laval]], and Canada Research Chair in Interconnected Business Engineering created a research paper titled ''Crowdsourcing Delivery: New interconnected business models to reinvent delivery'', which was presented during the 1st International Physical Internet Conference. The research paper quotes Jeremy Rifkin's ''The Zero Marginal Cost Society'', saying: "Crowdsourced delivery is an answer to the growing expectations of customers for faster, more personalized and cost-efficient delivery service. It exploits technological potential (geolocalization, mobile apps) and the social trend of sharing and collaboration."<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book | title=The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism | publisher=St. Martin's Press | last=Rifkin | first=Jeremy | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-137-27846-3 }}</ref> The report continues: "For two years, crowdsourced delivery has been bursting. Several start-ups have been launched and some have attracted millions in investment. Currently leading is [[Postmates]] and Deliv that have respectively acquired investments totaling more than 22 and 14 million US$."<ref name=":0">{{Citation |author1=Rougès, J. F. |author2=Montreuil, B. | url=https://www.cirrelt.ca/IPIC2014/PDF/1027S.pdf | title=Crowdsourcing delivery: New interconnected business models to reinvent delivery | access-date=2014-05-28}}</ref>
-In 2016, the Owl Foundation published its annual ''Breakthrough from Innovation to Impact, Volume 1''. The document covers relevant topics of that year, including Global Logistics, with crowdshipping being one of the main sub-topics, written by Alan McKinnon, professor of [[Logistics]] at [[Kuehne Logistics University]]. Quote from the document: ‘Crowd shipping’ is its corollary in personal travel: encouraging passengers to use their spare carrying capacity on cars, bikes, buses and planes to carry parcels for other people. Crowd shipping has had an innocent start with a few cheerful websites, but it does raise serious questions about liability and security.'<ref>{{Citation |title = Breakthrough from Innovation to Impact, Volume 1 | journal = Owl Foundation|url = https://issuu.com/theowlsfoundation/docs/breakthrough_2016|accessdate = Mar 19, 2017</ref>
+In 2016, The Owls Foundation published its annual ''Breakthrough from Innovation to Impact, Volume 1''. The document covers the relevant topics of that year, including global [[logistics]], with crowdshipping being one of the main sub-topics. Written by Alan McKinnon, professor of logistics at [[Kühne Logistics University|Kuehne Logistics University]], the publication calls crowdshipping "its corollary in personal travel: encouraging passengers to use their spare carrying capacity on cars, bikes, buses and planes to carry parcels for other people." It further states that crowdshipping "has had an innocent start with a few cheerful websites, but it does raise serious questions about liability and security".<ref>{{Citation|title=Breakthrough from Innovation to Impact, Volume 1|url=https://issuu.com/theowlsfoundation/docs/breakthrough_2016|journal=The Owls Foundation|access-date=Mar 19, 2017}}</ref>
-The following year, the [[Journal of Business Logistics]] published a research paper by Valentina Carbone, Professor of Supply Chain and Operations Management at [[ESCP Europe]], Aurélien Rouquet, Professor of Logistics and Supply Chain Management at [[NEOMA Business School]] & CRET-LOG, and Christine Roussat, assistant professor at [[Blaise Pascal University]] & CRET-LOG. The title of the paper was ''The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co‐Create Logistics Value''. Here is a quote from the document: 'Bearing in mind the dearth of research on this topic, our purpose is to develop an initial conceptual approach to these initiatives, that we term "crowd logistics," meant as “initiatives that tap into the logistical resources of the crowd to perform logistics services." This article is structured in six sections. The first section reviews the (scarce) literature that relates to crowd logistics. The second section presents our methodology, which is based on the study of 57 cases of emergent crowd logistics initiatives. The third section highlights the main differences between crowd logistics and traditional business logistics.'<ref>{{Citation |authors = Carbone V.,  Rouquet A., & Roussat C. |title = The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co‐Create Logistics Value. | journal = the Journal of Business Logistics |url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jbl.12164 |accessdate = August 28, 2017</ref>
+In 2017, the ''[[Journal of Business Logistics]]'' published a research paper titled ''The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co‐Create Logistics Value'', authored by Valentina Carbone, professor of [[supply chain]] and [[operations management]] at [[ESCP Europe]]; Aurélien Rouquet, professor of logistics and [[supply-chain management]] at [[NEOMA Business School]] & CRET-LOG; and Christine Roussat, assistant professor at [[Blaise Pascal University]] & CRET-LOG. The paper states: "Bearing in mind the dearth of research on this topic, our purpose is to develop an initial conceptual approach to these initiatives, that we term 'crowd logistics', meant as 'initiatives that tap into the logistical resources of the crowd to perform logistics services.' This article is structured in six sections. The first section reviews the (scarce) literature that relates to crowd logistics. The second section presents our methodology, which is based on the study of 57 cases of emergent crowd logistics initiatives. The third section highlights the main differences between crowd logistics and traditional business logistics."<ref>{{Citation |author1=Carbone V. |author2=Rouquet A. |author3=Roussat C. | title=The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co‐Create Logistics Value. | journal=Journal of Business Logistics | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=238–252 | doi=10.1111/jbl.12164 | year=2017 | s2cid=168925309 | url=https://hal.uca.fr/hal-03118967/file/TheRiseofCrowdLogistics.pdf }}</ref>
-==Subsets==
+== Subsets ==
-Crowdshipping "can be grouped into four types depending on the nature of the logistics service they propose crowd storage, crowd local delivery, crowd freight shipping, and crowd freight forwarding".<ref>Carbone, V., Rouquet A., Roussat C. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value The rise of crowd-logistics: a new way to co-create value] {{webarchive|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jbl.12164#accessDenialLayout |date=2017-08-28 }}. Journal of Business Logistics volume 38, issue 4, August 2017, </ref>
+Crowdshipping "can be grouped into four types depending on the nature of the logistics service they propose: crowd storage, crowd local delivery, crowd freight shipping, and crowd freight forwarding".<ref name="auto" />
-===Storage services===
+=== Crowd storage ===
-Crowd resources are mobilized through a search engine that enables a client to geo-locate storage spaces uploaded by the crowd. Most of the offerings are in large cities, where high real estate prices push traditional business storage space to the outskirts.<ref>Carbone, V., Rouquet A., Roussat C. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value The rise of crowd-logistics: a new way to co-create value] {{webarchive|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value |date=2017-08-28 }}. Journal of Business Logistics volume 38, issue 4, August 2017, </ref>
+Crowd resources are mobilized through a [[web search engine]] that enables clients to [[geolocate]] storage spaces uploaded by the crowd. Most offerings are in large cities, where high real estate prices push traditional business storage space to the outskirts.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal | first1=Valentina | title=The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co-Create Logistics Value | last2=Rouquet | first2=Aurélien | first3=Christine | journal=Journal of Business Logistics | last1=Carbone | last3=Roussat | year=2017 | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=238–252 | doi=10.1111/jbl.12164| s2cid=168925309 | url=https://hal.uca.fr/hal-03118967/file/TheRiseofCrowdLogistics.pdf }}</ref>
-Examples of these include Big Apple Buddy, MyUS.com, and HopShopGo.
-===Crowd local delivery===
+=== Crowd local delivery ===
-The provision of these services relies on transport resources that the crowd has access to and makes use of individual logistics capabilities such as picking up goods, driving, and delivering. Transport resources can be vans, cars, scooters, bicycles, public transport or even walking. Initiatives in this field operate using smartphone applications, which enable peers to place delivery requests that are then fulfilled by other peers.<ref>Carbone, V., Rouquet A., Roussat C. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value The rise of crowd-logistics: a new way to co-create value] {{webarchive|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value |date=2017-08-28 }}. Journal of Business Logistics volume 38, issue 4, August 2017, </ref>
+The provision of local delivery services relies on transport resources that the crowd has access to and makes use of, including individual logistics capabilities such as picking up goods, driving, and delivering. Transport resources can be vans, cars, scooters, bicycles, public transport, or even walking. Initiatives in this field operate using [[mobile applications]], which enable peers to place delivery requests that are then fulfilled by other peers.<ref name="auto" /> Examples include Jojo,<ref>{{Citation | last=Abudheen | first=Sainul | url=https://www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/2011/05/got_a_spare_hour_zipmentscom_w.html | title=This Filipino startup turns your traffic stress into money | journal=E27 | access-date=May 6, 2011}}</ref> [[Deliv]], and Zipments.<ref>{{Citation | url=https://e27.co/jojo-pasabay-crowdshipping-app-philippines-20190320/ | title=Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town. | journal=Michigan Live | access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>
-Examples: Jojo<ref>{{Citation |last=Abudheen |first=Sainul|title = This Filipino startup turns your traffic stress into money |journal = E27 |url = https://www.mlive.com/business/west-michigan/2011/05/got_a_spare_hour_zipmentscom_w.html |accessdate = May 6, 2011</ref>, [[Deliv]], Zipments <ref>{{Citation |title = Got a spare hour? Zipments.com will pay you to move something across town. |journal = Michigan Live |url = https://e27.co/jojo-pasabay-crowdshipping-app-philippines-20190320/ |accessdate = March 20, 2019</ref>
-===Crowd freight shipping===
+=== Crowd freight shipping ===
-The connections between the driving crowd and the users of the service are established through the same type of Internet platforms or mobile apps. This type of shipping system seems particularly suitable for oversized or non-standard items that cannot be sent by post because of their unusual volume, which makes the use of standard services impractical or too expensive.<ref>Carbone, V., Rouquet A., Roussat C. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value The rise of crowd-logistics: a new way to co-create value] {{webarchive|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value |date=2017-08-28 }}. Journal of Business Logistics volume 38, issue 4, August 2017, </ref>
+In crowd freight shipping, the connections between drivers and users of the service are established through the same type of Internet platforms or mobile apps. This type of shipping system seems particularly suitable for oversized or non-standard items that cannot be sent by post because their unusual volume makes the use of standard services impractical or too expensive.<ref name="auto" /> [[Cargomatic (business)|Cargomatic]] is an example.<ref>{{Citation | last=Smith | first=Jennifer | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/cargomatic-gets-new-funding-as-rebuilding-effort-gains-traction-1534341629 | title=Cargomatic Gets New Funding as Rebuilding Effort Gains Traction. | journal=The World Street Journal | access-date=August 15, 2018 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815154257/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cargomatic-gets-new-funding-as-rebuilding-effort-gains-traction-1534341629 | archive-date=August 15, 2018 }}</ref>
-Examples: Cargomatic<ref>{{Citation |last=Smith |first=Jennifer |title = Cargomatic Gets New Funding as Rebuilding Effort Gains Traction. |journal = The World Street Journal |deadurl=yes |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/cargomatic-gets-new-funding-as-rebuilding-effort-gains-traction-1534341629 |accessdate = August 15, 2018 }}</ref>
-===Crowd freight forwarding===
+=== Crowd freight forwarding ===
-These initiatives operate using search engines that match clients’ requests to travelers’ offers with the same origin and destination. Potential users of the service can place ads that inform the crowd of their own shipping needs, while peers post their forthcoming travel itineraries. These initiatives are deployed around the world and may have global coverage, although most of them are specialized in some connections.<ref>Carbone, V., Rouquet A., Roussat C. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value The rise of crowd-logistics: a new way to co-create value] {{webarchive|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319325907_The_Rise_of_Crowd_Logistics_A_New_Way_to_Co-Create_Logistics_Value |date=2017-08-28 }}. Journal of Business Logistics volume 38, issue 4, August 2017, </ref>
+Crowd freight forwarding initiatives operate using search engines that match clients' requests to travelers' offers with the same origin and destination. Potential users of the service can place ads that inform the crowd of their own shipping needs, while peers post their forthcoming travel itineraries. These initiatives are deployed around the world and may have global coverage, although most of them are specialized in some connections.<ref name="auto" /> Examples of this are Sherpals and Grabr.<ref>{{Citation | first1=Andrea | journal=The World Street Journal | last1=Fuller | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/users-of-sites-to-deliver-goods-between-countries-find-better-deals-without-duties-1540805400 | title=Travelers Profit by Skirting Customs When Using Delivery Apps. | access-date=October 29, 2018 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029114307/https://www.wsj.com/articles/users-of-sites-to-deliver-goods-between-countries-find-better-deals-without-duties-1540805400 | archive-date=October 29, 2018 }}</ref>
-Examples: Grabr<ref>{{Citation |last1=Fuller |first1=Andrea |title = Travelers Profit by Skirting Customs When Using Delivery Apps. |journal = The World Street Journal |deadurl=yes |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/users-of-sites-to-deliver-goods-between-countries-find-better-deals-without-duties-1540805400 |accessdate = October 29, 2018 }}</ref>
-There is a less common subset: community-based platforms that link international buyers and local forwarders, allowing buyers to use the forwarder’s address as the purchaser's destination, after that the forwarders re-send the goods farther to the buyer. Examples: Parcl<ref>{{Citation |last=Tyrsina |first=Radu |title=Parcl Uses Trusted Forwarders to Bring you Products that don’t Ship to your Country |journal=Tehcnology Personalised |deadurl=yes |url=https://techpp.com/2015/10/01/parcl-buy-products-that-dont-ship-to-your-country/ |accessdate=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003234051/http://techpp.com/2015/10/01/parcl-buy-products-that-dont-ship-to-your-country/ |archive-date=October 3, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>, Shippn <ref>{{Citation |last=Mаршева |first1=Влада |title=В Чехии появилась новая возможность получить посылку из зарубежного магазина |journal=420On |deadurl=yes |url=https://techpp.com/2015/10/01/parcl-buy-products-that-dont-ship-to-your-country/ |accessdate=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://420on.cz/news/people/53720-v-chehii-poyavilas-novaya-vozmozhnost-poluchit-posylku-iz-zarubezhnogo-magazina |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
+There is also a less common subset of community-based platforms that link international buyers and local forwarders, allowing buyers to use the forwarder's address as the purchaser's destination. The forwarder can then re-send the goods to the buyer. Examples include [https://www.parcl.com Parcl.com]<ref>{{Citation | archive-date=October 3, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003234051/http://techpp.com/2015/10/01/parcl-buy-products-that-dont-ship-to-your-country/ | df=mdy-all | last=Tyrsina | first=Radu | url=https://techpp.com/2015/10/01/parcl-buy-products-that-dont-ship-to-your-country/ | title=Parcl Uses Trusted Forwarders to Bring you Products that don't Ship to your Country | journal=Technology Personalised | access-date=October 1, 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref> and Shippn.<ref>{{Citation | archive-date=October 3, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003234051/http://techpp.com/2015/10/01/parcl-buy-products-that-dont-ship-to-your-country/ | df=mdy-all | first1=Влада | last1=Mаршева | url=https://techpp.com/2015/10/01/parcl-buy-products-that-dont-ship-to-your-country/ | title=В Чехии появилась новая возможность получить посылку из зарубежного магазина | journal=420On | access-date=October 1, 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
 == References ==