Serra da Capivara National Park: Difference between revisions

Serra da Capivara National Park
Serra da Capivara National Park
IUCN category II (national park)
	Location of Serra da Capivara National Park
Location	Piauí, Brazil
Coordinates	8°40′S 42°33′W / 8.667°S 42.550°W
Area	1,291.4 km2 (498.6 sq mi)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: (iii)
Reference	606
Inscription	1991 (15th Session)

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Serra da Capivara National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, IPA: [ˈpaʁki nɐsjoˈnaw ˈsɛʁɐ dɐ kɐpiˈvaɾɐ]) is a national park in the Northeastern region of Brazil. The area has many prehistoric paintings.

The name of the mountain range that defines the park, "Serra da Capivara," literally means "Capybara Hills" in Portuguese. This area has the largest and the oldest concentration of prehistoric sites in the Americas.^[1]^[2] Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the pre-Columbian Era.^[3]

Location

It is located in northeast state of Piauí, between latitudes 8° 26' 50" and 8° 54' 23" south and longitudes 42° 19' 47" and 42° 45' 51" west. It falls within the municipal areas of São Raimundo Nonato, São João do Piauí, Coronel José Dias and Canto do Buriti. It has an area of 1291.4 square kilometres (319,000 acres).

The Capivara-Confusões Ecological Corridor, created in 2006, links the park to the Serra das Confusões National Park.^[4]

History

The park was created to protect the prehistoric artifacts and paintings found there. It became a World Heritage Site in 1991. Its head archaeologist is Niède Guidon. Its best known archaeological site is Pedra Furada.

Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the pre-Columbian Era.^{[citation needed]} A newer site is Toca da Tira Peia, where the stone tools found may date to as early as 22,000 years ago. The site has been dated through optically stimulated luminescence.^[5]

Other important archaeological sites in the area are Toca da Pena, Baxao da Esperanca, and Sitio do Meio. Lapa do Boquete site is located directly south.^[6]

Wildlife

Bearded capuchins in the park have been found to have the "largest known tool kit for wild capuchin monkeys".^[7] Their stone tools include those for foraging, threat, and sexual displays, while they use sticks as tools for probing. Further, while on the ground, they dig with their hands after losing the soil with stone tools for roots and arthropods.^[7]

Sítio do Meio

Sítio do Meio is the second most important rock shelter in the area after Pedra Furada. It features fully Pleistocene dates and artefacts. The stone artefacts are better preserved because of the absence of waterfalls. At least 98 stone tools seem older than 12,500 BP. They belong to the Upper Pleistocenic phase of Pedra Furada 3.^[8]

References

^ Janaina C. Santos1, Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto2, Kenitiro Suguio (December 2012). "Quaternary deposits in the Serra da Capivara National Park and surrounding area, Southeastern Piauí state, Brazil". University of São Paulo. Retrieved 6 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Serra da Capivara National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ Romero, Simon (March 27, 2014). "Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas". New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ Serras da Capivara e das Confusões serão unidas por corredor ecológico (in Portuguese), MMA, 11 March 2005, retrieved 2016-11-04
^ Lahaye, Christelle; Hernandez, Marion; Boëda, Eric; Felice, Gisele D.; Guidon, Niède; Hoeltz, Sirlei; Lourdeau, Antoine; Pagli, Marina; Pessis, Anne-Marie; Rasse, Michel; Viana, Sibeli (2013). "Human occupation in South America by 20,000 BC: the Toca da Tira Peia site, Piauí, Brazil". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (6): 2840–2847. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.019. ISSN 0305-4403.
^ German Dziebel, THE TOCA DA TIRA PEIA SITE AND THE END OF AN ICE AGE IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY. Anthropogenesis, April 24, 2013 (see map)
^ ^a ^b Falótico, Tiago; Siqueira, José O.; Ottoni, Eduardo B. (2017). "Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06541-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5524703. PMID 28740211.
^ AIMOLA, Giulia et al. Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil: Stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada. Journal of Lithic Studies, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 5-24, sep. 2014. ISSN 2055-0472. Available at: <http://journals.ed.ac.uk/lithicstudies/article/view/1125/1631>. Date accessed: 16 Apr. 2016 doi:10.2218/jls.v1i2.1125

Bibliography

Eric Boëda, et al. (2014), Les Industries pléistocènes du Piaui. Nouvelles données academia.edu

External links

[1] Janaina C. Santos1, Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto2, Kenitiro Suguio (December 2012). "Quaternary deposits in the Serra da Capivara National Park and surrounding area, Southeastern Piauí state, Brazil". University of São Paulo. Retrieved 6 May 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[2] "Serra da Capivara National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 6 May 2019.

[3] Romero, Simon (March 27, 2014). "Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas". New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2014.

[4] Serras da Capivara e das Confusões serão unidas por corredor ecológico (in Portuguese), MMA, 11 March 2005, retrieved 2016-11-04

[LahayeHernandez2013-5] Lahaye, Christelle; Hernandez, Marion; Boëda, Eric; Felice, Gisele D.; Guidon, Niède; Hoeltz, Sirlei; Lourdeau, Antoine; Pagli, Marina; Pessis, Anne-Marie; Rasse, Michel; Viana, Sibeli (2013). "Human occupation in South America by 20,000 BC: the Toca da Tira Peia site, Piauí, Brazil". Journal of Archaeological Science. 40 (6): 2840–2847. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.019. ISSN 0305-4403.

[6] German Dziebel, THE TOCA DA TIRA PEIA SITE AND THE END OF AN ICE AGE IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY. Anthropogenesis, April 24, 2013 (see map)

[Falótico_Siqueira_Ottoni_2017_p.-7] Falótico, Tiago; Siqueira, José O.; Ottoni, Eduardo B. (2017). "Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys". Scientific Reports. 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06541-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5524703. PMID 28740211.

[8] AIMOLA, Giulia et al. Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil: Stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada. Journal of Lithic Studies, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 5-24, sep. 2014. ISSN 2055-0472. Available at: <http://journals.ed.ac.uk/lithicstudies/article/view/1125/1631>. Date accessed: 16 Apr. 2016 doi:10.2218/jls.v1i2.1125

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|National park of Brazil}}
 {{Infobox protected area
-| name = Serra do Capivara National Park
+| name = Serra da Capivara National Park
 | iucn_category = II
-| photo = Pedra Furada - Serra da Capivara I.jpg
+| photo = Canoas_-_Vale_Verde.JPG
 | photo_caption =
 | location = [[Piauí]], Brazil
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | map = Brazil
 | relief = 1
-| map_caption = Location of Serra do Capivara National Park
+| map_caption = Location of Serra da Capivara National Park
 | area_km2 = 1291.4
 | established =
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 }}
 }}
-'''Serra do Capivara National Park''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Parque Nacional Serra do Capivara'', {{IPA-pt|ˈpaʁki nɐsjoˈnaw ˈsɛʁɐ ðɐ kɐpiˈvaɾɐ|IPA}}, locally {{IPA-pt|ˈsɛɦɐ da kapiˈvaɾɐ|}}) is a [[national park]] in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeastern]] region of [[Brazil]]. The area has many [[Prehistoric art|prehistoric paintings]].
+'''Serra da Capivara National Park''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara'', {{IPA|pt|ˈpaʁki nɐsjoˈnaw ˈsɛʁɐ dɐ kɐpiˈvaɾɐ|IPA}}) is a [[national park]] in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeastern]] region of [[Brazil]]. The area has many [[Prehistoric art|prehistoric paintings]].
-This area has the largest and the oldest concentration of prehistoric sites in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.revistas.usp.br/guspsc/article/download/54077/58007/ |title=Quaternary deposits in the Serra do Capivara National Park and surrounding area, Southeastern Piauí state, Brazil |publisher=[[University of São Paulo]] |accessdate=6 May 2019 |date=December 2012 |author=Janaina C. Santos1, Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto2, Kenitiro Suguio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/606 |title=Serra da Capivara National Park |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=6 May 2019}}</ref> Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the [[pre-Columbian]] Era.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans’ Arrival in the Americas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html|work=New York Times|date=March 27, 2014|accessdate=May 31, 2014|first=Simon|last=Romero}}</ref>
+The name of the mountain range that defines the park, "Serra da Capivara," literally means "[[Capybara]] Hills" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. This area has the largest and the oldest concentration of prehistoric sites in the [[Americas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.revistas.usp.br/guspsc/article/download/54077/58007/ |title=Quaternary deposits in the Serra da Capivara National Park and surrounding area, Southeastern Piauí state, Brazil |publisher=[[University of São Paulo]] |access-date=6 May 2019 |date=December 2012 |author=Janaina C. Santos1, Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto2, Kenitiro Suguio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/606 |title=Serra da Capivara National Park |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the [[pre-Columbian]] Era.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html|work=New York Times|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=May 31, 2014|first=Simon|last=Romero|authorlink= Simon Romero}}</ref>
 ==Location==
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 The [[Capivara-Confusões Ecological Corridor]], created in 2006, links the park to the [[Serra das Confusões National Park]].<ref>{{citation|language=pt|ref={{harvid|Serras da Capivara e das Confusões serão unidas por corredor ecológico}} |title=Serras da Capivara e das Confusões serão unidas por corredor ecológico|date=11 March 2005|publisher=MMA
- |url=http://www.meioambiente.gov.br/informma/item/2435-serras-da-capivara-e-das-confusoes-serao-unidas-por-corredor-ecologico|accessdate=2016-11-04}}</ref>
+ |url=http://www.meioambiente.gov.br/informma/item/2435-serras-da-capivara-e-das-confusoes-serao-unidas-por-corredor-ecologico|access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref>
 ==History==
-[[file:20030924PPedraFurada9.jpg|thumb|upright=1.32|[[Pedra Furada]]]]
+[[file:Pedra Furada - Serra da Capivara I.jpg|thumb|upright=1.32|[[Pedra Furada]]]]
 The park was created to protect the prehistoric artifacts and paintings found there. It became a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1991. Its head archaeologist is [[Niède Guidon]]. Its best known archaeological site is [[Pedra Furada Site|Pedra Furada]].
-Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the [[pre-Columbian]] Era.{{cn|date=July 2018}}
+Scientific studies confirm that the Capivara mountain range was densely populated in the [[pre-Columbian]] Era.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
-A newer site is [[Toca da Tira Peia]], where the stone tools found may date to as early as 22,000 years ago. The site has been dated through [[optically stimulated luminescence]].<ref name="LahayeHernandez2013">{{cite journal|last1=Lahaye|first1=Christelle|last2=Hernandez|first2=Marion|last3=Boëda|first3=Eric|last4=Felice|first4=Gisele D.|last5=Guidon|first5=Niède|last6=Hoeltz|first6=Sirlei|last7=Lourdeau|first7=Antoine|last8=Pagli|first8=Marina|last9=Pessis|first9=Anne-Marie|last10=Rasse|first10=Michel|last11=Viana|first11=Sibeli|title=Human occupation in South America by 20,000 BC: the Toca da Tira Peia site, Piauí, Brazil|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40|issue=6|year=2013|pages=2840–2847|issn=0305-4403|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.019}}</ref>
+A newer site is [[Toca da Tira Peia]], where the stone tools found may date to as early as 22,000 years ago. The site has been dated through [[optically stimulated luminescence]].<ref name="LahayeHernandez2013">{{cite journal|last1=Lahaye|first1=Christelle|last2=Hernandez|first2=Marion|last3=Boëda|first3=Eric|last4=Felice|first4=Gisele D.|last5=Guidon|first5=Niède|authorlink5=Niède Guidon|last6=Hoeltz|first6=Sirlei|last7=Lourdeau|first7=Antoine|last8=Pagli|first8=Marina|last9=Pessis|first9=Anne-Marie|last10=Rasse|first10=Michel|last11=Viana|first11=Sibeli|title=Human occupation in South America by 20,000 BC: the Toca da Tira Peia site, Piauí, Brazil|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40|issue=6|year=2013|pages=2840–2847|issn=0305-4403|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.019}}</ref>
 Other important archaeological sites in the area are Toca da Pena, Baxao da Esperanca, and Sitio do Meio. Lapa do Boquete site is located directly south.<ref>German Dziebel, [http://anthropogenesis.kinshipstudies.org/2013/04/the-toca-da-tira-peia-site-and-the-end-of-the-ice-age-in-american-archaeology/ THE TOCA DA TIRA PEIA SITE AND THE END OF AN ICE AGE IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY.] Anthropogenesis, April 24, 2013 (see map)</ref>
-===Sítio do Meio===
+== Wildlife ==
+[[Black-striped capuchin|Bearded capuchins]] in the park have been found to have the "largest known tool kit for wild capuchin monkeys".<ref name="Falótico Siqueira Ottoni 2017 p.">{{cite journal |last=Falótico |first=Tiago |last2=Siqueira |first2=José O. |last3=Ottoni |first3=Eduardo B. |date=2017 |title=Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |page= |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-06541-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5524703 |pmid=28740211}}</ref> Their stone tools include those for foraging, threat, and sexual displays, while they use sticks as tools for probing. Further, while on the ground, they dig with their hands after losing the soil with stone tools for roots and arthropods.<ref name="Falótico Siqueira Ottoni 2017 p.">{{cite journal |last=Falótico |first=Tiago |last2=Siqueira |first2=José O. |last3=Ottoni |first3=Eduardo B. |date=2017 |title=Digging up food: excavation stone tool use by wild capuchin monkeys |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |page= |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-06541-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5524703 |pmid=28740211}}</ref>
-Sítio do Meio is the second most important rock shelter in the area after Pedra Furada. It features fully [[Pleistocene]] dates and artefacts. The stone artefacts are better preserved because of the absence of waterfalls here. At least 98 stone tools seem older than 12,500 BP. They belong to the Upper Pleistocenic phase of Pedra Furada 3.<ref>AIMOLA, Giulia et al. ''Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil: Stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada.'' '''Journal of Lithic Studies''', [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 5-24, sep. 2014. ISSN 2055-0472. Available at: <http://journals.ed.ac.uk/lithicstudies/article/view/1125/1631>. Date accessed: 16 Apr. 2016 {{doi|10.2218/jls.v1i2.1125}}</ref>
+== Sítio do Meio ==
+Sítio do Meio is the second most important rock shelter in the area after Pedra Furada. It features fully [[Pleistocene]] dates and artefacts. The stone artefacts are better preserved because of the absence of waterfalls. At least 98 stone tools seem older than 12,500 BP. They belong to the Upper Pleistocenic phase of Pedra Furada 3.<ref>AIMOLA, Giulia et al. ''Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil: Stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada.'' '''Journal of Lithic Studies''', [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 5-24, sep. 2014. ISSN 2055-0472. Available at: <http://journals.ed.ac.uk/lithicstudies/article/view/1125/1631>. Date accessed: 16 Apr. 2016 {{doi|10.2218/jls.v1i2.1125}}</ref>
 <gallery>
@@ Line 48: / Line 51: @@
 Image:Serra da Capivara - Painting 8.JPG
 Image:Serra da Capivara - Several Paintings 3.jpg
+Image:Punições_(14205232887).jpg
+Image:Sítio_Arqueológico_Serra_da_Capivara_IV.jpg
 </gallery>
@@ Line 53: / Line 58: @@
 * [[Niède Guidon]]
 *[[Cavernas do Peruaçu Environmental Protection Area]]
+*[[Museum of Archeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo]]
+*[[Museum of the American Man]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 63: / Line 70: @@
 {{commons category|Serra da Capivara National Park}}
 {{Wikivoyage}}
+*[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/wgWRzHhNso6r5w Explore Serra da Capivara National Park in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture]
 *[http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/south_america/serra_da_capivara/index.php The Rock Art of Serra da Capivara]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210558/http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/artecult/patrim/capivara/ Brazilian Ministry of External Relations information about park]
 *[http://www.maria-brazil.org/serradacapivara.htm Photos of Serra da Capivara by Maria-Brazil]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110523100240/http://www.fumdham.org.br/pinturas.asp FUMDHAM - South-American Pre-Historic Men Foundation]
 {{World Heritage Sites in Brazil}}
 {{National park (Brazil)}}
+{{authority control}}
 [[Category:Archaeological sites in Brazil]]
 [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Brazil]]
 [[Category:National parks of Brazil]]
+[[Category:Oldest human remains in the Americas]]
 [[Category:Protected areas of Piauí]]
 [[Category:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas]]
+[[Category:Caatinga]]
+[[Category:National heritage sites of Piauí]]

v t e World Heritage Sites in Brazil
North Region	Central Amazon Conservation Complex	Flag of Brasil Ruins of São Miguel das Missões
Northeast Region	Brazilian Atlantic Islands Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves¹ Historic Centre of São Luís Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda Lençóis Maranhenses National Park São Francisco Square in São Cristóvão Serra da Capivara National Park
Central-West Region	Brasília Cerrado Protected Areas Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Park Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás Pantanal Conservation Area
Southeast Region	Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves¹ Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves¹ Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina Historic Town of Ouro Preto Pampulha Modern Ensemble, Minas Gerais Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos Sítio Roberto Burle Marx Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site
South Region	Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves¹ Iguaçu National Park Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis² Ruins of São Miguel das Missões
¹ Shared with other region/s ² Shared with Argentina

v t e National parks of Brazil
Amazon	Acari Amazônia Anavilhanas Araguaia Cabo Orange Campos Amazônicos Jamanxim Jaú Juruena Mapinguari Monte Roraima Nascentes do Lago Jari Pacaás Novos Pico da Neblina Rio Novo Serra da Cutia Serra da Mocidade Serra do Divisor Serra do Pardo Tumucumaque Mountains Viruá
Atlantic Forest	Alto Cariri Aparados da Serra Araucárias Boa Nova Campos Gerais Caparaó Descobrimento Guaricana Iguaçu Itatiaia Monte Pascoal Pau Brasil Saint-Hilaire/Lange São Joaquim Serra da Bocaina Serra da Capivara Serra das Lontras Serra de Itabaiana Serra do Gandarela Serra do Itajaí Serra dos Órgãos Serra Geral Tijuca
Caatinga	Chapada Diamantina Furna Feia Serra das Confusões Sete Cidades Ubajara Catimbau
Cerrado	Brasília Cavernas do Peruaçu Chapada das Mesas Chapada dos Veadeiros Emas Grande Sertão Veredas Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba Sempre Vivas Serra da Bodoquena Serra da Canastra Serra do Cipó
Coastal Marine	Abrolhos Fernando de Noronha Ilhas dos Currais Jericoacoara Jurubatiba Sandbank Lagoa do Peixe Lençóis Maranhenses Superagüi
Pantanal	Chapada dos Guimarães Ilha Grande Pantanal Matogrossense

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	United States France BnF data Israel