Bigfin reef squid: Difference between revisions

Bigfin reef squid; Sepioteuthis lessoniana
	A bigfin reef squid in the Monterey Bay Aquarium
	A pair of bigfin reef squid found off the northeast coast of Taiwan
Conservation status
	; Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Order:	Myopsida
Family:	Loliginidae
Genus:	Sepioteuthis
Species:	S. lessoniana
Binomial name
	Sepioteuthis lessoniana; Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830–1831
	estimated native range
Synonyms
	Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Gould, 1852; Sepioteuthis brevis Owen, 1881; Sepioteuthis doreiensis Quoy, 1835; Sepioteuthis guinensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1832; Sepioteuthis hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831; Sepioteuthis indica Goodrich, 1896; Sepioteuthis krempfi Robson, 1928; Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831; Sepioteuthis lunulata Quoy & Gaimard, 1832; Sepioteuthis malayana Wülker, 1913; Sepioteuthis mauritiana Quoy & Gaimard, 1832; Sepioteuthis neoguinaica Pfeffer, 1884; Sepioteuthis sieboldi Joubin, 1898; Sepioteuthis sinensis D'Orbigny, 1848;

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Sepioteuthis lessoniana, commonly known as the bigfin reef squid, tiger squid, glitter squid, oval squid, or northern calamari, is a species of loliginid squid. It is one of the three currently recognized species belonging to the genus Sepioteuthis. Studies in 1993, however, have indicated that bigfin reef squids may comprise a cryptic species complex. The species is likely to include several very similar and closely related species.

Bigfin reef squids are characterised by a large oval fin that extends throughout the margins of its mantle, giving them a superficial similarity to cuttlefish. They are small to medium-sized squids, averaging 3.8 to 33 centimetres (1.5 to 13.0 in) in length. They exhibit elaborate mating displays and usually spawn in May, but it can vary by location. The paralarvae resemble miniature adults and are remarkable for already having the capability to change body colouration upon hatching. Bigfin reef squids have the fastest recorded growth rates of any large marine invertebrate, reaching 600 g (1.3 lb) in only four months. They are a short-lived species, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 315 days.

The diet of bigfin reef squids comprises mainly crustaceans and small fish. They are found in the temperate and tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and have recently been introduced into the Mediterranean as a Lessepsian migrant. They are commonly found near the shoreline, near rocks, and coral reefs. They are fished extensively for human consumption in Asia. Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for mariculture. They are also a valuable source of giant axons for medical research.

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Bigfin reef squids are also known as northern calamary in Australia and New Zealand, to distinguish them from the southern reef squid (or southern calamary), Sepioteuthis australis.^[6]^[7] Other common names include green-eyed squid in English; koonthal in Malayalam; oosi kanava in Tamil;^[8] calmar tonnelet in French; calamar manopla in Spanish;^[9] Großflossen-Riffkalmar in German;^[10] mu he`e in Hawaiian; 莱氏拟乌贼 in Chinese;^[11] torak in Malaysian;^[12] アオリイカ (aori-ika) in Japanese;^[13] kinn mon in Burmese;^[14] and 무늬오징어 (munuiojing-eo), 흰꼴뚜기 (huinkkolttugi), or 미즈이카 (mizuika) in Korean.^[15]^[16]

Sepioteuthis lessoniana is one of the three currently recognised species classified under the genus Sepioteuthis of the pencil squid family, Loliginidae. It belongs to the suborder Myopsina of the squid order Teuthida.^[17] Sepioteuthis literally means 'cuttlefish squid', from Greek: σηπία (sēpía, 'cuttlefish') and τευθίς (teuthis, 'squid').^[18]

It was first described by the French naturalist André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac and named after René Primevère Lesson. The type specimen was collected by Lesson off the coast of New Guinea during the circumnavigational voyage of the French corvette La Coquille (1822–1825) under the command of Louis Isidore Duperrey.^[19] Numerous other species of Sepioteuthis were described from the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the late 19th century and in the early 20th century. In 1939 the Belgian malacologist William Adam examined the specimens of Sepioteuthis recovered from the tropical western Pacific. He synonymised the twelve species then considered valid under Sepioteuthis lessoniana.^[20]

A study in 1993 by Segawa et al. revealed that the population of S. lessoniana in Okinawa may actually be composed of three distinct species.^[21] This was confirmed in genetic studies by Izuka et al. in 1994. Triantafillos and Adams in 2005 also showed that S. lessoniana in Shark Bay, Australia is composed of two species.^[6] These findings indicate that S. lessoniana may actually comprise several very similar and closely related species. It is now believed that S. lessoniana is a cryptic species complex.^[17]^[20]^[22]

Description

Like other members of the genus Sepioteuthis, bigfin reef squids are easy to distinguish from other squids in that they possess thick and muscular oval fins that extend around almost the entire mantle.^[23] The fins extend about 83 to 97% of the mantle length and are 67 to 70% of the mantle length in width.^[24]^[25] Because of these fins, bigfin reef squids are sometimes mistaken for cuttlefish,^{[citation needed]} a fact reflected by their scientific names. A narrow blue or white line is visible at the point of attachment of the fins to the mantle.^[9] A fleshy ridge is also present where the fins meet at the back of the squid.^[25]

The mantles of bigfin reef squids are cylindrical, tapering to a blunt cone at the posterior. The mantle is usually 4 to 33 cm (1.6 to 13.0 in) long in males and 3.8 to 25.6 cm (1.5 to 10.1 in) long in females.^[22] Both sexes can reach a maximum mantle length of 38 cm (15 in).^[2]^[9] Adult males weigh 403.5 to 1,415 g (0.890 to 3.120 lb), while adult females are 165 to 1,046 g (0.364 to 2.306 lb).^[22] Both sexes can attain a maximum documented weight of 1.8 kg (4.0 lb).^[2]^[9] The forward margin of the mantle on the ventral side is concave.^[25]

Their eyes are large and covered entirely by a transparent secondary cornea.^[26] They are greenish at the base.^[27] A pair of prominent ridges (olfactory crests) are present on the ventral surface of the head at the rear edge of the eyes.^[24]^[25] The mouth area is supported by seven triangular flaps (buccal lappets), each with 0 to 7 suckers of less than 0.2 mm in diameter and 18 to 25 teeth. The strong, curved, and short beaks (rostra) are mostly black to dark brown. The radula has seven rows of teeth.^[26]

Gladius of S. lessoniana

The spermatophores of males are about 4.5 mm (0.18 in) long and 0.15 mm wide. The ink sac is pear-shaped, with a silvery blue-green outer layer. The vane of the gladius (the rigid internal remnants of the mollusc shell) is oval-shaped and pointed at both ends (lanceolate). It has a broad midrib (rachis).^[26]^[27]

The eight arms are thick, tapering to a narrow point. They are unequal in length, with arm pair I the shortest, followed by arm pair II and arm pair IV, and arm pair III the longest.^[27] All of them possess two rows of suckers. Each sucker has a diameter less than 2 mm (0.08 in), decreasing distally, and a ring of 17 to 28 sharp acute teeth. The left arm of pair IV in males is modified into a sexual organ known as the hectocotylus. They bear long fleshy protrusions (papillae) with toothless suckers at the distal portion.^[25] The tentacles are thick and long, extending the length of the mantle when retracted. They are slightly compressed laterally.^[27] A prominent ridge (a keel) is present on the outer surface of each of the tentacle clubs (the wide tip of the tentacles). There are four rows of suckers on the manus (proximal part of the club) and the dactylus (distal part of the club). The larger suckers in the centre of the manus have 17 to 18 widely spaced teeth.^[25]

Coloration

Large chromatophores densely cover the upper surfaces of the head, mantle and arms. They are distributed more sparsely on the ventral side.^[26]^[27] The fins do not possess chromatophores on the underside.^[24] Living specimens range in colour from translucent creamy white through pale yellow to brownish pink and brownish violet.^[24]^[26]^[27]

Like some other cephalopods, bigfin reef squids are capable of metachrosis – rapidly changing body colouration and patterns through voluntary control of chromatophores.^[28] They also possess iridophores (particularly in the head), a form of structural colouration that produces iridescent metallic greens and red when illuminated.^[29] They are also possibly one of two squid species with leucophores. Leucophores are a reflector-type structural colouration that reflects ambient light, such that they are white in white light, green in green light, and so on.^[30] Bigfin reef squids are remarkable for having the ability to produce complex body patterns from the moment they hatch. In comparison, other loliginid squid species do not produce complex body patterns at less than four months of age. The patterns produced by bigfin reef squids, however, are less diverse than those of the Caribbean reef squids.^[31]

Bigfin reef squids do not possess photophores, and are thus not truly bioluminescent.^[26]

Sexual dimorphism

It is often difficult to superficially distinguish between male and female bigfin reef squids. Some authors say that females are generally smaller than males,^[22] but this distinction is not observed in other studies.^[28] Closer examination of sexually mature specimens, however, will usually distinguish males from females by the presence of the hectocotylus on the fourth left arm in males, and the nidamental glands and the pale ovaries within the mantle in females.^{[citation needed]} Males also purportedly show a more conspicuous pattern of transverse streaks on their dorsal side.^[27]

Ecology

Distribution and habitat

The bigfin reef squid is a neritic warm water-dwelling squid.^{[citation needed]} They are usually found 0 to 100 m (0 to 328 ft) below the water's surface.^[25] They tend to remain close to the shoreline, near rocks and reefs.^[31]^[32] They are slightly more active during the night and will move to deeper waters or find cover in daytime. Large numbers of juveniles can often be found hiding beneath floating driftwood.^[12]

The bigfin reef squid is the most widespread species in the genus Sepioteuthis. It is found in temperate and tropical regions of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.^[2] Their original range extends east to the Hawaiian Islands, west to the Red Sea, north to Japan, and south to Australia and New Zealand (42°N to 42°S and 32°E to 154°W).^[2] The range has also expanded to include parts of the Mediterranean Sea. In 2002, bigfin reef squids were first documented in the Gulf of İskenderun of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. They may have already existed in significant populations in the area prior to their discovery in 2002, as they have acquired a common name among the fishermen of the Aegean Sea – σουπιοκαλάμαρο (soupiocalamaro, literally "cuttlefish-like squid"). It is a Lessepsian migrant, reaching the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal.^[24]

Diet and predators

The bigfin reef squid eats a variety of different marine organisms. Its main prey are usually prawns and other crustaceans, and fish.^[33] Captive specimens were observed to consume one fish every 2 to 25 hours.^[28]

Bigfin reef squids are, in turn, preyed upon by tuna, marlin, swordfish, and other predator fish and groundfish.^[34]^[35]

Parasites

Bigfin reef squids serve as hosts to the copepod ectoparasite Doridicola similis and the worm-like dicyemid endoparasites Dicyema koshidai and Dicyema orientale.^[36]

Biology and behaviour

Bigfin reef squids are closely related to the Caribbean reef squid (Sepioteuthis sepioidea), a species noted for its complex social interactions. Like Caribbean reef squids, bigfin reef squids also exhibit elaborate mating displays.^{[citation needed]}

Bigfin reef squids also exhibit both schooling and shoaling behaviours. Very young bigfin reef squids will also stay close together (shoaling), but do not swim together parallel to each other (schooling). Unlike most other squid species, bigfin reef squids are rarely cannibalistic. Shoals can include animals of different sizes without the threat of larger members attacking and consuming the smaller members. Whether bigfin reef squids recognise each other individually still remains unknown.^[28]

Phototaxis

Bigfin reef squids exhibit strong positive phototactic behaviour (attraction to light) and will move readily within a certain distance of a light source. Studies have proposed that this might be an involuntary stimulus behaviour, as the squids immediately stop all other movements once a light source is switched on. The colour of the light does not matter, but it has been shown that they react more strongly to underwater lights between the intensities of 1.5 to 2.5 lx, with peak ranges of 2.5 to 10.0 lx.^[37]

Hearing

Bigfin reef squids and the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) were studied to resolve a century-long debate over whether cephalopods can hear. Unlike fishes, cephalopods do not possess air-filled swim bladders, which might amplify sound waves travelling in water.^[38] The results were published in 2009. It showed that bigfin reef squids and octopuses utilise their statocysts for detecting vibrations, an organ primarily used for maintaining spatial orientation. The common octopus can hear sounds between 400 Hz and 1000 Hz. Bigfin reef squids have a slightly better hearing range of 400 Hz to 1500 Hz. Both hear best at a frequency of 600 Hz. Relatively, their hearing is comparable to prawns and some other invertebrates but is less sensitive than that of most fishes.^[39]

The difference in the hearing ranges for octopus and bigfin reef squids may be explained by the difference in their habitats. The octopus is demersal (bottom-dwelling) with excellent camouflage capabilities. Bigfin reef squids, on the other hand, are usually in open water with limited hiding places. Hearing would thus be more important for the squids to escape predators. The ability to hear is particularly relevant for avoiding mammalian predators of the suborder Odontoceti (particularly dolphins), who use echolocation to find prey.^[38]^[39]

Mating behaviour

Video of swimming bigfin reef squids

Bigfin reef squids exhibit two most common social body patterning and posturing behaviours related to mating.^[28]

The first is dubbed "accentuated gonads", in which they will sometimes increase the visibility of their gonads while reducing the rest of their body colouration. This makes their reproductive organs appear bright white through the transparent mantle. It may indicate the reproductive condition of the signalling squid.^[28]

Another common behaviour, primarily seen in males, is dubbed "spread arms", in which the squid will slightly tilt its body forward, head down and arms spread widely and raised above. The mantle is darkened. This behaviour is exhibited mostly when the squids are chasing or following another individual. It is thought to be a signal of reproductive arousal or aggression, similar to the "zebra display" behaviour of Sepioteuthis sepioidea, the "intense zebra display" behaviour of Sepia officinalis, and the "lateral display" of Loligo plei. Females will also sometimes use this display to rebuff courting males.^[28]

There are three known courtship behaviours in bigfin reef squids, dubbed "male-upturned" mating, "male-parallel" mating, and "head-to-head" mating.^[40] Actual insertion in each position lasts for only a few seconds.^[28]^[40]

"Male-upturned" mating involves rapid back and forth swimming by the courting male beside a slower-swimming female. The male will then flip over so that he is swimming upside down and quickly lunge forward towards the female. He will quickly eject several spermatophores from his funnel into his hectocotylus and attempt to deposit them on the female's mouth funnel, then jet away from the female.^[28] "Head-to-head" mating is regarded as a variation of this tactic.^[40]

"Male-parallel" mating involves the male and female swimming side by side. The male will then raise one or two of his arm pair I upwards and swing them back and forth. He moves below the female and clasps the female's neck with his arms. In contrast to the previous behaviours, in this position the male actually inserts his hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of the female, attaching the spermatophores right at the opening of the oviduct rather than at the mouth. Possibly for this reason, it is usually more successful in fertilizing the female than other mating behaviours.^[40]

In addition to the above, males will often engage in "sneaking" behaviour. In this scenario, a smaller male will attach spermatophores to the female's mouth area while she is being courted by a larger male using the "male-upturned" behaviour. Even when successful, the male using this strategy is usually chased away by the larger male afterwards.^[40]

The spermatophores usually remain embedded near the mouth of the female. Mating usually occurs well before spawning, but may also happen on the spawning grounds themselves. In those cases, the male will stay near the female's side as she lays eggs.^[28]

Males have been observed to exhibit mating behaviours with other males. Some males have been found with numerous spermatophores embedded in their mouth funnels.^[22]^[28] Since bigfin reef squids distinguish sex by visual cues, this may be a form of deception. The smaller males (termed "female mimics" or "sneaker males") might have assumed body patterning typical of females in order to trick larger males. Believing they are females, they will then waste their spermatophores on them.^[41] This behaviour has also been observed in other cephalopods.^[22]

Reproduction and life cycle

The main spawning season for bigfin reef squids usually begins in May, but they lay eggs all year round and spawning seasons can vary by location.^[33]^[42]^[43] A single female can spawn more than once in her lifetime.^[22] Females can release 20 to 1180 eggs per individual and will die soon afterwards.^[22]

The females spawn by passing eggs from their oviducts. These eggs are then coated in gelatinous substances from the nidamental glands and oviducal glands, forming an egg 'capsule'. The egg capsules of the bigfin reef squids contain two to nine eggs each.^[44] These are laid in single straight strands on rocks, corals, aquatic plants, submerged branches and other surfaces.^[23]^[45] At this point, the eggs are 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter and the egg capsules about 58.2 mm (2.29 in) in length and 12.6 mm (0.50 in) in width, on average.^[46]

The capsules incubate for about 3 weeks, depending on temperature. In warmer Indonesia, the incubation period was recorded to be only 15 to 16 days, while in Thailand it takes around 20 to 22 days. They gradually enlarge by absorbing water, reaching around 82.4 mm (3.24 in) in length and 14.6 mm (0.57 in) in width. Unfertilised eggs remain milky white and do not develop further. Fertilised eggs undergo cell division reaching a diameter of 16 mm (0.63 in) with the developing embryo at 11 mm (0.43 in) on the day before hatching. Upon hatching, the paralarvae are 6 mm (0.24 in) in mantle length (excluding tentacles), with fully functioning fins and ink sacs.^[46] They resemble miniature adults and are already strong swimmers.^[33] They exhibit schooling behaviour two weeks after hatching.^[31]

Hatchlings are often cannibalistic. This is regarded as the main cause of death in young squids, particularly in dense populations.^[22] However, cannibalism usually happens only when eaten individuals were already weakened significantly or dead, so the actual cause of death may have been something else.^[31] Subadults are usually recognisable by their size, ranging from 20 to 60 mm (0.79 to 2.36 in) in length.^[33] They reach sexual maturity at less than 210 days in the wild. Males reach sexual maturity earlier than females. In captive populations, males mature 140 days after hatching at most. Females will begin spawning at around 156 to 196 days after hatching. Both males and females mature earlier in captivity than in the wild. Water temperature may play an important role in the earlier sexual maturation of captive specimens. High temperatures may induce shorter lifespans and smaller body sizes, while cooler temperatures favour longer lifespans and larger individuals.^[22]^[47]

Bigfin reef squids have one of the fastest recorded growth rates for any large marine invertebrate. They can reach 600 g (1.3 lb) in only four months.^[48] Nonetheless, size can not often be reliably correlated with age, as variations of body size within a generation is fairly common.^[22] In captivity, bigfin reef squids have a lifespan of 161 to 315 days for both sexes.^[22]^[28]

Economic importance

Commercial fishing and human consumption

Bigfin reef squids are one of the most commercially important squid species,^[49] and are widely consumed as human food. They are usually caught in large numbers by trawling, seine fishing, or fixed net traps.^[25] In small-scale fishing, they are caught by jigging, drive-in nets, slingshot-driven spearguns, or with squid pots.^[50]

Fishing operations for bigfin reef squids (particularly in jigging) are usually done at night and utilise bright lights, taking advantage of their attraction to illumination.^[37]^[51]^[52] They are especially abundant during the full moon and in foggy weather. Populations of bigfin reef squids are not seasonal, and they can be fished throughout the year.^{[citation needed]} They are also used as fish bait in hook and line fishing.^[23]

Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for mariculture. Although there have been several studies about this, there have been no reported commercial-scale cultures, as of 2011.^[42]^[48]

Biomedical research

The bigfin reef squid is the first squid species to have been cultured for more than one generation. It is remarkable for its ability to readily adapt to being confined in tanks,^[31]^[53] and is one of the few squid species of which the entire life span has been observed under laboratory conditions.^[54]

Bigfin reef squids are also valuable sources for squid giant axons used in research in neuroscience and physiology. Unlike axons of other animals, squid axons are very large. Those of bigfin reef squids can range in diameter from 350 to 560 μm (in contrast to the typical 1 μm for humans).^[31]^[55] In life, these giant axons are used by the squids to coordinate escape jetting behaviour, enabling the squid to contract its muscles in a split second directly from the brain.^[56]

Global warming

Bigfin reef squids adapt to warmer temperatures by laying more eggs, making them a good indicator species for climate change.^[47]^[57] In conjunction with their rapid growth rates and short lifespans, bigfin reef squid populations may rise dramatically in response to global warming. Overfishing may also play an important role. In the Gulf of Thailand, the fishing industry has been forced to adapt to the large numbers of bigfin reef squids now present in the area, believed to be the result of overfishing of the squid's natural predators. The Australian scientist George Jackson describes them as "the weeds of the sea."^[34]

Warmer waters may also accelerate the squid's expansion into areas in which it was not previously native. Its recent discovery as a Lessepsian migrant in the Mediterranean Sea may be an example.^[35]^[58]

References

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^ Frederick R. Prete (2004). Complex Worlds from Simpler Nervous Systems. MIT Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-262-66174-4.
^ Lydia M. Mäthger; Eric J. Denton; N. Justin Marshall & Roger T. Hanlon (2008). "Mechanisms and behavioural functions of structural colouration in cephalopods" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (Suppl 2): 1–15. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0366.focus. PMC 2706477. PMID 19091688. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Phillip G. Lee; Philip E. Turk; Won Tack Yang & Roger T. Hanlon (1994). "Biological characteristics and biomedical applications of the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana cultured through multiple generations" (PDF). The Biological Bulletin. 186 (3): 328–341. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.595.6281. doi:10.2307/1542279. JSTOR 1542279. PMID 8043657.
^ M.C. Dunning; M.D. Norman & A.L. Reid (1998). "Cephalopods". In Kent E. Carpenter & Volker H. Niem (eds.). The Living Resources of the Western Central Pacific: Volume 2. Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks. FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), & the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). p. 688. ISSN 1020-6868. Archived from the original on 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2021-10-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d E.G. Silas; K. Satyanarayana Rao; R. Sarvesan; K. Prabhakaran Nair & M.M. Meiyappan (1982). "The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources in India: a review" (PDF). Marine Fish Information Service: Technical and Extension Series (34): 1–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^ ^a ^b Caroline Williams (March 4, 2009), "Jellyfish sushi: Seafood's slimy future", New Scientist, pp. issue 2698
^ ^a ^b Taylor Bildstein (2002). "Global warming is good (if you like calamari)" (PDF). Australasian Science Magazine. 23 (7): 30–32.
^ "Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Sakri Ibrahim & Sukree Hajisamae (1999). "Response of squids to different colours and intensities of artificial light" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 22 (1): 19–24. ISSN 1511-3701. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
^ ^a ^b Matt Walker (2009-06-15). "The cephalopods can hear you". BBC Earth News. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Marian Y. Hu; Hong Young Yan; Wen-Sung Chung; Jen-Chieh Shiao & Pung-Pung Hwang (2009). "Acoustically evoked potentials in two cephalopods inferred using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) approach" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 153 (3): 278–283. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.040. PMID 19275944.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Toshifumi Wada; Takeshi Takegaki; Tohru Mori & Yutaka Natsukari (2005). "Alternative male mating behaviors dependent on relative body size in captive oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda, Loliginidae)" (PDF). Zoological Science. 22 (6): 645–651. doi:10.2108/zsj.22.645. hdl:10069/21978. PMID 15988158. S2CID 7663392. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^ Jean Geary Boal (2006). "Social recognition: a top down view of cephalopod behavior" (PDF). Vie et Milieu. 56 (2): 69–79. ISSN 0240-8759. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^ ^a ^b Wen-Sung Chung & Chung-Cheng Lu (2005). "The influence of temperature and salinity on the statolith of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 during early development stages" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 66: 175–185. ISSN 0858-1088. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^ John W. McManus; Cleto L. Nañola Jr.; Rodolfo B. Reyes Jr. & Kathleen N. Kesner (1992). Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral Reef System (PDF). International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management in behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United States Coastal Resources Management Project. p. 4. ISBN 978-971-8709-28-3. ISSN 0115-4389.
^ K. L. Lamprell & A. M. Scheltema (2001). Zoological Catalogue of Australia: 2. Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. Csiro Publishing. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-643-06707-3.
^ Allison Runck (November 21, 2010). "Bigfin Reef Squid – Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^ ^a ^b V. Deepak Samuel & Jamil Patterson (2002). "Intercapsular embryonic development of the big fin squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Loliginidae)" (PDF). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 31 (2): 150–152.
^ ^a ^b G.D. Jackson & M.L. Domeier (2003). "The effects of an extraordinary El Niño / La Niña event on the size and growth of the squid Loligo opalescens off Southern California" (PDF). Marine Biology. 142 (5): 925–935. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-1005-4. S2CID 55045945.
^ ^a ^b Nick Starešinić; Erica A. G. Vidal & Leigh S. Walsh (2004). "New species for mariculture in the Eastern Pacific". Naše More (in Croatian and English). 5 (1–2): 24–36. ISSN 0469-6255.
^ Deepak V. Samuel & Jamila Patterson (2003). "A comparative study on the radula of three coleoid cephalopods" (PDF). South Pacific Study. 24 (1): 33–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
^ J.O. Dickson & B.R. Ricafrente (2007). The squid fishery in Carigara Bay, Samar: catch of Photololigo duvaucelii by squid jigs and Sepioteuthis lessoniana by hanging squid pot (PDF). Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-971-8511-77-0. ISSN 0115-4389. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Sujit Sundaram & V.D. Deshmukh (2011). "On the emergence of squid jigging in India" (PDF). Fishing Chimes. 30 (12): 18–20.
^ Donald J. Macintosh; Elizabeth C. Ashton & Vinij Tansakul (2002). "Utilization and knowledge of biodiversity in the Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand" (PDF). ITCZM Monograph (7): 1–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
^ Stephen A. Smith; Joseph M. Scimeca & Mary E. Mainous (2011). "Culture and maintenance of selected invertebrates in the laboratory and classroom" (PDF). ILAR Journal. 52 (2): 153–164. doi:10.1093/ilar.52.2.153. PMID 21709308. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
^ George D. Jackson; Ross A. Alford & J. Howard Choat (2000). "Can length frequency analysis be used to determine squid growth? – An assessment of ELEFAN". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57 (4): 948–954. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0582.
^ Isao Inoue (1981). "Activation-inactivation of potassium channels and development of the potassium-channel spike in internally perfused squid giant axons" (PDF). The Journal of General Physiology. 78 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1085/jgp.78.1.43. PMC 2228625. PMID 6265593.
^ Marion Nixon & John Zachary Young (2003). The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods. Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-852761-9.
^ Presenter: Robyn Williams, Guest: George Jackson (June 16, 2001). "The Science Show". The Science Show. ABC. Radio National. George Jackson: "...There’s one species, the tropical calamari (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) is its name, and I was actually involved with some overseas researchers. We were putting forward a grant with that very thing; that because this species was so wide spread in shallow water, it had such rapid growth rates and highly predatory that it in fact should be quite a good indicator species..."
^ Argyro Zenetos; Maria-Antonietta Pancucci-Papadopoulou; Stamatis Zogaris; Eva Papastergiadou; Leonidas Vardakas; Katerina Aligizaki & Alcibiades N. Economou (2009). "Aquatic alien species in Greece (2009): tracking sources, patterns and effects on the ecosystem" (PDF). Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki. 12: 135–172.

External links

A video of bigfin reef squids spawning from YouTube.com
Photos of Bigfin reef squid on Sealife Collection

[IUCN-1] Allcock, A.L.; Zheng, X.; Nabhitabhata, J.; Headlam, J. (2019). "Sepioteuthis lessoniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T163376A1003553. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T163376A1003553.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.

[slb-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831". SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase. Retrieved August 11, 2011.

[gbif-3] "Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830-1831". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved August 13, 2011.

[obis-4] "Sepioteuthis lessoniana". Ocean Biogeographic Information System.

[fao-5] Gabriella Bianch (1985). "Cephalopods". Field Guide: Commercial Marine and brackish Water Species of Pakistan. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 163.

[lianos-6] Lianos Triantafillos & Mark Adams (2005). "Genetic evidence that the northern calamary, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, is a species complex in Australian waters". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 62 (8): 1665–1670. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.004.

[seafood-7] "Northern Calamary". Seafood Services Australia. September 9, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2011.

[biosearch-8] "Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 (Squid)". Goa, India: bioSearch v 1.2, Bioinformatics Centre, National Institute of Oceanography. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.

[roper-9] Clyde F.E. Roper; Michael J. Sweeney & Cornelia E. Nauen (1984). "Cephalopods of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries". FAO Species Catalogue. 3 (125). p. 105.

[meerwasser-10] "Sepioteuthis lessoniana - Grossflossen-Riffkalmar" (in German). Meerwasser-Lexikon. Retrieved August 17, 2011.

[commonnameslist-11] "Common names of Sepioteuthis lessoniana". SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase. Retrieved October 10, 2011.

[handline-12] "Bigfin Reef Squid". handlinefishing.com. Retrieved August 17, 2011.

[japan-13] "Aquatic animals around Oita-ken. (Table of Japanese names)" (in Japanese and English). Sueyoshi's page f 31.

[myanmar-14] "Fish Around Myanmar Maintenance". Myanmardotcom. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.

[kang-15] Hyunjung Kang; Yeonghye Kim; Eunhui Lee; Dongwoo Lee & Daesoo Chang (2009). "Fisheries Biology of Bigfin Reef Squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana in Jeju Island, Korea" (PDF). Korean Journal of Malacology. 25 (2): 173–178.

[naksinuri-16] "어종별낚시교실". Naksinuri. November 14, 2012. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.

[systematics-17] M. Vecchione; E. Shea; S. Bussarawit; F. Anderson; D. Alexeyev; C.-C. Lu; T. Okutani; M. Roeleveld; C. Chotiyaputta; C. Roper; E. Jorgensen & N. Sukramongkol (2005). "Systematics of Indo-West Pacific loliginids" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 66: 23–26. ISSN 0858-1088.

[waikiki-18] James B. Wood. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Bigfin Reef squid". The Cephalopod Page, Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii. Retrieved August 13, 2011.

[coquille-19] Louis Isidore Duperrey (1830). Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi sur la Corvette de La Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, par M. L. I. Duperrey (in French). Arthus Bertrand. pp. 244, 468.

[okutani-20] Takashi Okutani (2005). "Past, present and future studies on cephalopod diversity in tropical West Pacific" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 66: 39–50. ISSN 0858-1088. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2011-08-14.

[norman2000-21] M.D. Norman & C.C. Lu (2000). "Preliminary checklist of the cephalopods of the South China Sea" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement No. 8: 539–567. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-31.

[ikeda-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Y. Ikeda; Y. Ueta; F.E. Anderson & G. Matsumoto (2008). "Reproduction and life span of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae): comparison between laboratory-cultured and wild-caught squid". JMBA2 - Biodiversity Records. 2: 1–8. doi:10.1017/S175526720900061X.

[mhitu-23] H.A. Mhitu; Y.D. Mgaya & M.A.K. Ngoile (1999). "Growth and reproduction of the big fin squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, in the coastal waters of Zanzibar" (PDF). Conference on Advances on Marine Sciences in Tanzania: 289–300. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-08-12.

[lefkaditou-24] E. Lefkaditou; M. Corsini-Foka & G. Kondilatos (2009). "Description of the first Lessepsian squid migrant, Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)". Mediterranean Marine Science. 10/2 (2): 87–97. doi:10.12681/mms.110.

[seafdec-25] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Anuwat Nateewathana; Aussanee Munprasit & Penkae Dithachey (1998). "Systematics and distribution of oceanic cephalopods in the South China Sea, area III: Western Philippines" (PDF). Proceedings of the SEAFDEC Seminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea, Area III: Western Philippines: 76–100.

[andaman-26] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Anuwat Nateewathana (1992). "Taxonomic studies on loliginid squids (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 57: 1–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2011-08-14.

[india-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g E.G. Silas; R. Sarvesan; K. Satyanarayana Rao; K. Prabhakaran Nair & M.M. Meiyappan (1985). E.G. Silas (ed.). "Identity of common species of cephalopods in India" (PDF). Cephalopod Bionomics, Fisheries and Resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India. 37: 13–195.

[geary-28] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Jean Geary Boal; Susan A. Gonzalez (2010). "Social Behaviour of Individual Oval Squids (Cephalopoda, Teuthoidea, Loliginidae, Sepioteuthis lessoniana) within a Captive School". Ethology. 104 (2): 161–178. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00059.x.

[prete-29] Frederick R. Prete (2004). Complex Worlds from Simpler Nervous Systems. MIT Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-262-66174-4.

[mathger-30] Lydia M. Mäthger; Eric J. Denton; N. Justin Marshall & Roger T. Hanlon (2008). "Mechanisms and behavioural functions of structural colouration in cephalopods" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (Suppl 2): 1–15. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0366.focus. PMC 2706477. PMID 19091688. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-08-13.

[lee-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Phillip G. Lee; Philip E. Turk; Won Tack Yang & Roger T. Hanlon (1994). "Biological characteristics and biomedical applications of the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana cultured through multiple generations" (PDF). The Biological Bulletin. 186 (3): 328–341. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.595.6281. doi:10.2307/1542279. JSTOR 1542279. PMID 8043657.

[dunning-32] M.C. Dunning; M.D. Norman & A.L. Reid (1998). "Cephalopods". In Kent E. Carpenter & Volker H. Niem (eds.). The Living Resources of the Western Central Pacific: Volume 2. Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks. FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), & the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). p. 688. ISSN 1020-6868. Archived from the original on 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2021-10-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[silas-33] E.G. Silas; K. Satyanarayana Rao; R. Sarvesan; K. Prabhakaran Nair & M.M. Meiyappan (1982). "The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources in India: a review" (PDF). Marine Fish Information Service: Technical and Extension Series (34): 1–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.

[calamari-34] Caroline Williams (March 4, 2009), "Jellyfish sushi: Seafood's slimy future", New Scientist, pp. issue 2698

[bildstein-35] Taylor Bildstein (2002). "Global warming is good (if you like calamari)" (PDF). Australasian Science Magazine. 23 (7): 30–32.

[worms-36] "Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

[ibrahim-37] Sakri Ibrahim & Sukree Hajisamae (1999). "Response of squids to different colours and intensities of artificial light" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 22 (1): 19–24. ISSN 1511-3701. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-13.

[bbc-38] Matt Walker (2009-06-15). "The cephalopods can hear you". BBC Earth News. Retrieved August 17, 2011.

[hu-39] Marian Y. Hu; Hong Young Yan; Wen-Sung Chung; Jen-Chieh Shiao & Pung-Pung Hwang (2009). "Acoustically evoked potentials in two cephalopods inferred using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) approach" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 153 (3): 278–283. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.040. PMID 19275944.

[wada-40] Toshifumi Wada; Takeshi Takegaki; Tohru Mori & Yutaka Natsukari (2005). "Alternative male mating behaviors dependent on relative body size in captive oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda, Loliginidae)" (PDF). Zoological Science. 22 (6): 645–651. doi:10.2108/zsj.22.645. hdl:10069/21978. PMID 15988158. S2CID 7663392. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.

[boal2-41] Jean Geary Boal (2006). "Social recognition: a top down view of cephalopod behavior" (PDF). Vie et Milieu. 56 (2): 69–79. ISSN 0240-8759. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-08-15.

[chung-42] Wen-Sung Chung & Chung-Cheng Lu (2005). "The influence of temperature and salinity on the statolith of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 during early development stages" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 66: 175–185. ISSN 0858-1088. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-15.

[mcmanus-43] John W. McManus; Cleto L. Nañola Jr.; Rodolfo B. Reyes Jr. & Kathleen N. Kesner (1992). Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral Reef System (PDF). International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management in behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United States Coastal Resources Management Project. p. 4. ISBN 978-971-8709-28-3. ISSN 0115-4389.

[lamprell-44] K. L. Lamprell & A. M. Scheltema (2001). Zoological Catalogue of Australia: 2. Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. Csiro Publishing. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-643-06707-3.

[runck-45] Allison Runck (November 21, 2010). "Bigfin Reef Squid – Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 10, 2011.

[samuel-46] V. Deepak Samuel & Jamil Patterson (2002). "Intercapsular embryonic development of the big fin squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Loliginidae)" (PDF). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 31 (2): 150–152.

[jackson-47] G.D. Jackson & M.L. Domeier (2003). "The effects of an extraordinary El Niño / La Niña event on the size and growth of the squid Loligo opalescens off Southern California" (PDF). Marine Biology. 142 (5): 925–935. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-1005-4. S2CID 55045945.

[nasemore-48] Nick Starešinić; Erica A. G. Vidal & Leigh S. Walsh (2004). "New species for mariculture in the Eastern Pacific". Naše More (in Croatian and English). 5 (1–2): 24–36. ISSN 0469-6255.

[samuel2-49] Deepak V. Samuel & Jamila Patterson (2003). "A comparative study on the radula of three coleoid cephalopods" (PDF). South Pacific Study. 24 (1): 33–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-15.

[dickson-50] J.O. Dickson & B.R. Ricafrente (2007). The squid fishery in Carigara Bay, Samar: catch of Photololigo duvaucelii by squid jigs and Sepioteuthis lessoniana by hanging squid pot (PDF). Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-971-8511-77-0. ISSN 0115-4389. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[jig-51] Sujit Sundaram & V.D. Deshmukh (2011). "On the emergence of squid jigging in India" (PDF). Fishing Chimes. 30 (12): 18–20.

[ranong-52] Donald J. Macintosh; Elizabeth C. Ashton & Vinij Tansakul (2002). "Utilization and knowledge of biodiversity in the Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand" (PDF). ITCZM Monograph (7): 1–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-08-13.

[smith-53] Stephen A. Smith; Joseph M. Scimeca & Mary E. Mainous (2011). "Culture and maintenance of selected invertebrates in the laboratory and classroom" (PDF). ILAR Journal. 52 (2): 153–164. doi:10.1093/ilar.52.2.153. PMID 21709308. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-08-13.

[jackson2-54] George D. Jackson; Ross A. Alford & J. Howard Choat (2000). "Can length frequency analysis be used to determine squid growth? – An assessment of ELEFAN". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57 (4): 948–954. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0582.

[inoue-55] Isao Inoue (1981). "Activation-inactivation of potassium channels and development of the potassium-channel spike in internally perfused squid giant axons" (PDF). The Journal of General Physiology. 78 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1085/jgp.78.1.43. PMC 2228625. PMID 6265593.

[nixon-56] Marion Nixon & John Zachary Young (2003). The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods. Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-852761-9.

[radio-57] Presenter: Robyn Williams, Guest: George Jackson (June 16, 2001). "The Science Show". The Science Show. ABC. Radio National. George Jackson: "...There’s one species, the tropical calamari (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) is its name, and I was actually involved with some overseas researchers. We were putting forward a grant with that very thing; that because this species was so wide spread in shallow water, it had such rapid growth rates and highly predatory that it in fact should be quite a good indicator species..."

[zenetos-58] Argyro Zenetos; Maria-Antonietta Pancucci-Papadopoulou; Stamatis Zogaris; Eva Papastergiadou; Leonidas Vardakas; Katerina Aligizaki & Alcibiades N. Economou (2009). "Aquatic alien species in Greece (2009): tracking sources, patterns and effects on the ecosystem" (PDF). Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki. 12: 135–172.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of squid}}
-{{Distinguish|BIG TOE BIG TOE
+{{Distinguish|Bigfin squid}}
 {{Good article}}
 {{Use British English|date=October 2011}}{{Speciesbox
 | name = Bigfin reef squid<br/>''Sepioteuthis lessoniana''
+| image=Bigfin reef squid (11760).jpg
-| image=Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Tokyo Sea Life Park, Kasai Rinkai Suizokuen, Japan) 2.jpg
-| image_caption=A bigfin reef squid from the [[Tokyo Sea Life Park]], Tokyo, Japan
+| image_caption=A bigfin reef squid in the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]
 | image2_caption=A pair of bigfin reef squid found off the northeast coast of Taiwan
 | image2 = 萊氏擬烏賊.jpg
+| status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1
+| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Allcock, A.L. |author2=Zheng, X. |author3=Nabhitabhata, J. |author4=Headlam, J. |year=2019 |title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T163376A1003553 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T163376A1003553.en |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref>
 | genus = Sepioteuthis
 | species =  lessoniana
 | authority = [[André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac|Férussac]], 1831 ''in'' [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1830–1831
-| synonyms_ref=<ref name="slb">{{cite web|url=http://www.sealifebase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=57302|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Férussac, 1831|publisher= SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase|accessdate=August 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="fao">{{cite book|author =Gabriella Bianch|title =Field Guide: Commercial Marine and brackish Water Species of Pakistan|chapter =Cephalopods|publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|series =FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes|year =1985|page =163|chapter-url =ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/r7066e/r7066e30.pdf|location =Rome}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+| synonyms_ref=<ref name="slb">{{cite web|url=http://www.sealifebase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=57302|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Férussac, 1831|publisher= SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase|access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="fao">{{cite book |author =Gabriella Bianch|title =Field Guide: Commercial Marine and brackish Water Species of Pakistan|chapter =Cephalopods|publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|series =FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes |year =1985|page =163 |url =https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/59ec01c5-0a2b-5884-b6fd-a903645582f2/ |location =Rome}}</ref>
 | synonyms =
 * ''Sepioteuthis arctipinnis''<small> [[Augustus Addison Gould|Gould]], 1852</small>
@@ Line 28: / Line 30: @@
 * ''Sepioteuthis sinensis''<small> [[Alcide d'Orbigny|D'Orbigny]], 1848</small>
 | range_map = Sepioteuthis lessoniana distribution range.png
-| range_map_caption = Estimated [[native range]] of the bigfin reef squid<ref name="slb"/><ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=http://data.gbif.org/species/13754077/|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830-1831|publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility|accessdate=August 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="obis">{{cite web|url=http://iobis.org/mapper/?taxon=Sepioteuthis%20lessoniana|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' |publisher=Ocean Biogeographic Information System}}</ref>
+| range_map_caption = {{legend0|#a0d99a|&nbsp;estimated [[native range]]<ref name="slb"/><ref name="gbif">{{cite web|url=http://data.gbif.org/species/13754077/|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830-1831|publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility|access-date=August 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="obis">{{cite web|url=http://iobis.org/mapper/?taxon=Sepioteuthis%20lessoniana|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' |publisher=Ocean Biogeographic Information System}}</ref>}}
 }}
-'''''Sepioteuthis lessoniana''''', commonly known as the '''bigfin reef squid''', '''glitter squid''' or '''oval squid''', is a commercially important [[species]] of  [[Loliginidae|loliginid]] [[squid]]. It is one of the three currently recognized species belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Sepioteuthis]]''. Studies in 1993, however, have indicated that bigfin reef squids may comprise a [[cryptic species complex]]. The species is likely to include several very similar and closely related species.
+'''''Sepioteuthis lessoniana''''', commonly known as the '''bigfin reef squid''', '''tiger squid''', '''glitter squid''', '''oval squid''', or '''northern calamari''', is a [[species]] of [[Loliginidae|loliginid]] [[squid]]. It is one of the three currently recognized species belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Sepioteuthis]]''. Studies in 1993, however, have indicated that bigfin reef squids may comprise a [[cryptic species complex]]. The species is likely to include several very similar and closely related species.
 Bigfin reef squids are characterised by a large oval fin that extends throughout the margins of its [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]], giving them a superficial similarity to [[cuttlefish]]. They are small to medium-sized squids, averaging {{convert|3.8|to|33|cm|in}} in length. They exhibit elaborate mating displays and usually [[spawn (biology)|spawn]] in May, but it can vary by location. The [[paralarva]]e resemble miniature adults and are remarkable for already having the capability to change body colouration upon hatching. Bigfin reef squids have the fastest recorded growth rates of any large marine invertebrate, reaching {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} in only four months. They are a short-lived species, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 315 days.
-The diet of bigfin reef squids comprises mainly [[crustacean]]s and small [[fish]]. They are found in the [[Temperate region|temperate]] and [[Tropics|tropical]] waters of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s, and have recently been introduced into the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] as a [[Lessepsian migration|Lessepsian migrant]]. They are commonly found near the shoreline, near rocks, and [[coral reef]]s. They are fished in vast quantities for human food in Asia. Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for [[mariculture]]. They are also a valuable source of [[squid giant axon|giant axon]]s for medical research.
+The diet of bigfin reef squids comprises mainly [[crustacean]]s and small [[fish]]. They are found in the [[Temperate region|temperate]] and [[Tropics|tropical]] waters of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s, and have recently been introduced into the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] as a [[Lessepsian migration|Lessepsian migrant]]. They are commonly found near the shoreline, near rocks, and [[coral reef]]s. They are fished extensively for human consumption in Asia. Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for [[mariculture]]. They are also a valuable source of [[squid giant axon|giant axon]]s for medical research.
 == Taxonomy and nomenclature ==
-Bigfin reef squids are also known as '''northern calamary''' in Australia and New Zealand, to distinguish them from the southern reef squid (or southern calamary), ''[[Sepioteuthis australis]]''.<ref name="lianos"/><ref name="seafood">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishnames.com.au/fishnames/fishnames.php?caab=23%20617006|title=Northern Calamary|publisher=Seafood Services Australia|date=September 9, 2006|accessdate=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222259/http://www.fishnames.com.au/fishnames/fishnames.php?caab=23%20617006|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other common names include '''green-eyed squid''' in [[English language|English]]; ''koonthal'' in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]; {{lang|ta|oosi kanava}} in [[Tamil language|Tamil]];<ref name="biosearch">{{cite web|url=http://www.biosearch.in/publicOrganismPage.php?id=39495|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 (Squid)|location=Goa, India|publisher=bioSearch v 1.2, Bioinformatics Centre, National Institute of Oceanography|accessdate=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031827/http://www.biosearch.in/publicOrganismPage.php?id=39495|archive-date=October 8, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang|fr|calmar tonnelet}} in [[French language|French]];  {{lang|es|calamar manopla}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]];<ref name="roper"/> {{lang|de|Großflossen-Riffkalmar}} in [[German language|German]];<ref name="meerwasser">{{cite web|url=http://www.meerwasser-lexikon.de/tiere/2597_Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.htm|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' - Grossflossen-Riffkalmar|language=German|publisher=Meerwasser-Lexikon|accessdate=August 17, 2011}}</ref> {{lang|haw|mu he`e}} in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]; {{lang|zh|莱氏拟乌贼}} in [[Chinese language|Chinese]];<ref name="commonnameslist">{{cite web|url=http://www.sealifebase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?id=57302&genusname=Sepioteuthis&speciesname=lessoniana&stockcode=4205&lang=english|title=Common names of ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana''|publisher= SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase|accessdate=October 10, 2011}}</ref> {{lang|zsm|torak}} in [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]];<ref name="handline"/> {{lang|ja|アオリイカ}} (''aori-ika'') in [[Japanese language|Japanese]];<ref name="japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.coara.or.jp/~sueyoshi/data020.html|title=Aquatic animals around Oita-ken. (Table of Japanese names)|language=Japanese, English|publisher=Sueyoshi's page f 31/http://www.coara.or.jp/~sueyoshi/data020.html|archive-date=October 1, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang|my-Latn|kinn mon}} in [[Burmese language|Burmese]];<ref name="myanmar">{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmardotcom.com/NMDCEditFishList.aspx|title=Fish Around Myanmar Maintenance|publisher=Myanmardotcom|accessdate=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201035/http://www.myanmardotcom.com/NMDCEditFishList.aspx|archive-date=September 29, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 무늬오징어 (''munuiojing-eo''), 흰꼴뚜기 (''huinkkolttugi''), or 미즈이카 (''mizuika'') in [[Korean language|Korean]].<ref name="kang">{{cite journal|author=Hyunjung Kang|author2=Yeonghye Kim|author3=Eunhui Lee|author4=Dongwoo Lee|author5=  Daesoo Chang|last-author-amp= yes |year=2009|title=Fisheries Biology of Bigfin Reef Squid, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' in Jeju Island, Korea|journal=Korean Journal of Malacology|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173&ndash;178|url=http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/tmsk/GPRHB@/2009/v25n2/GPRHB@_2009_v25n2_173.pdf}}</ref><ref name="naksinuri">{{cite web|url=http://www.naksinuri.com/portal/board/view.do?rbsIdx=20&sCate=2&idx=38|title=어종별낚시교실 |date=November 14, 2012|publisher=Naksinuri|accessdate=November 14, 2016}}</ref>
+Bigfin reef squids are also known as '''northern calamary''' in Australia and New Zealand, to distinguish them from the southern reef squid (or southern calamary), ''[[Sepioteuthis australis]]''.<ref name="lianos"/><ref name="seafood">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishnames.com.au/fishnames/fishnames.php?caab=23%20617006|title=Northern Calamary|publisher=Seafood Services Australia|date=September 9, 2006|access-date=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222259/http://www.fishnames.com.au/fishnames/fishnames.php?caab=23%20617006|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other common names include '''green-eyed squid''' in [[English language|English]]; ''koonthal'' in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]; {{lang|ta|oosi kanava}} in [[Tamil language|Tamil]];<ref name="biosearch">{{cite web|url=http://www.biosearch.in/publicOrganismPage.php?id=39495|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 (Squid)|location=Goa, India|publisher=bioSearch v 1.2, Bioinformatics Centre, National Institute of Oceanography|access-date=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008031827/http://www.biosearch.in/publicOrganismPage.php?id=39495|archive-date=October 8, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang|fr|calmar tonnelet}} in [[French language|French]]; {{lang|es|calamar manopla}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]];<ref name="roper" /> {{lang|de|Großflossen-Riffkalmar}} in [[German language|German]];<ref name="meerwasser">{{cite web|url=http://www.meerwasser-lexikon.de/tiere/2597_Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.htm|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' - Grossflossen-Riffkalmar|language=de|publisher=Meerwasser-Lexikon|access-date=August 17, 2011}}</ref> {{lang|haw|mu he`e}} in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]; {{lang|zh|莱氏拟乌贼}} in [[Chinese language|Chinese]];<ref name="commonnameslist">{{cite web|url=http://www.sealifebase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?id=57302&genusname=Sepioteuthis&speciesname=lessoniana&stockcode=4205&lang=english|title=Common names of ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana''|publisher= SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase|access-date=October 10, 2011}}</ref> {{lang|zsm|torak}} in [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]];<ref name="handline"/> {{lang|ja|アオリイカ}} (''aori-ika'') in [[Japanese language|Japanese]];<ref name="japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.coara.or.jp/~sueyoshi/data020.html|title=Aquatic animals around Oita-ken. (Table of Japanese names)|language=ja, en|publisher=Sueyoshi's page f 31}}</ref> {{lang|my-Latn|kinn mon}} in [[Burmese language|Burmese]];<ref name="myanmar">{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmardotcom.com/NMDCEditFishList.aspx|title=Fish Around Myanmar Maintenance|publisher=Myanmardotcom|access-date=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929201035/http://www.myanmardotcom.com/NMDCEditFishList.aspx|archive-date=September 29, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 무늬오징어 (''munuiojing-eo''), 흰꼴뚜기 (''huinkkolttugi''), or 미즈이카 (''mizuika'') in [[Korean language|Korean]].<ref name="kang">{{cite journal|author=Hyunjung Kang|author2=Yeonghye Kim|author3=Eunhui Lee|author4=Dongwoo Lee|author5=  Daesoo Chang|name-list-style= amp |year=2009|title=Fisheries Biology of Bigfin Reef Squid, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' in Jeju Island, Korea|journal=Korean Journal of Malacology|volume=25|issue=2|pages=173&ndash;178|url=http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/tmsk/GPRHB@/2009/v25n2/GPRHB@_2009_v25n2_173.pdf}}</ref><ref name="naksinuri">{{cite web|url=http://www.naksinuri.com/portal/board/view.do?rbsIdx=20&sCate=2&idx=38|title=어종별낚시교실|date=November 14, 2012|publisher=Naksinuri|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232230/http://www.naksinuri.com/portal/board/view.do?rbsIdx=20&sCate=2&idx=38|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' is one of the three currently recognised species classified under the genus ''[[Sepioteuthis]]'' of the pencil squid family, [[Loliginidae]]. It belongs to the suborder [[Myopsina]] of the [[squid]] order [[Teuthida]].<ref name="systematics">{{cite journal|author1=M. Vecchione |author2=E. Shea |author3=S. Bussarawit |author4=F. Anderson |author5=D. Alexeyev |author6=C.-C. Lu |author7=T. Okutani |author8=M. Roeleveld |author9=C. Chotiyaputta |author10=C. Roper |author11=E. Jorgensen |author12=N. Sukramongkol  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2005|title=Systematics of Indo-West Pacific loliginids|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=66|pages=23–26|issn=0858-1088 |url=http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLdocuments/loliginidsystematics.pdf }}</ref> ''Sepioteuthis'' literally means 'cuttlefish squid', from {{lang-gr|σηπία}} (''sēpía'', 'cuttlefish') and {{lang|el|τευθίς}} (''teuthis'', 'squid').<ref name="waikiki">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/Slessoniana.php|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'', Bigfin Reef squid|author= James B. Wood|publisher=The Cephalopod Page, Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii|accessdate=August 13, 2011}}</ref>
+''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' is one of the three currently recognised species classified under the genus ''[[Sepioteuthis]]'' of the pencil squid family, [[Loliginidae]]. It belongs to the suborder [[Myopsina]] of the [[squid]] order [[Teuthida]].<ref name="systematics">{{cite journal|author1=M. Vecchione |author2=E. Shea |author3=S. Bussarawit |author4=F. Anderson |author5=D. Alexeyev |author6=C.-C. Lu |author7=T. Okutani |author8=M. Roeleveld |author9=C. Chotiyaputta |author10=C. Roper |author11=E. Jorgensen |author12=N. Sukramongkol  |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title=Systematics of Indo-West Pacific loliginids|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=66|pages=23–26|issn=0858-1088 |url=http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLdocuments/loliginidsystematics.pdf }}</ref> ''Sepioteuthis'' literally means 'cuttlefish squid', from {{langx|el|σηπία}} (''sēpía'', 'cuttlefish') and {{lang|el|τευθίς}} (''teuthis'', 'squid').<ref name="waikiki">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/Slessoniana.php|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'', Bigfin Reef squid|author= James B. Wood|publisher=The Cephalopod Page, Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii|access-date=August 13, 2011}}</ref>
-It was first described by the [[French people|French]] [[naturalist]] [[André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac]] and named after [[René Primevère Lesson]]. The [[type specimen]] was collected by Lesson off the coast of [[New Guinea]] during the circumnavigational voyage of the [[French people|French]] [[corvette]] ''La Coquille'' (1822–1825) under the command of [[Louis Isidore Duperrey]].<ref name="coquille">{{cite book|author=Louis Isidore Duperrey|author-link=Louis Isidore Duperrey|title =Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi sur la Corvette de La Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, par M. L. I. Duperrey|publisher =Arthus Bertrand|year =1830|language=French|pages=244, 468|url =https://books.google.com/?id=o8NIAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA468#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Numerous other species of ''Sepioteuthis'' were described from the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the late 19th century and in the early 20th century. In 1939 the [[Belgian people|Belgian]] [[malacologist]] [[William Adam (malacologist)|William Adam]] examined the specimens of ''Sepioteuthis'' recovered from the tropical western Pacific. He [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymised]] the twelve species then considered [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] under ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana''.<ref name="okutani"/>
+It was first described by the [[French people|French]] [[naturalist]] [[André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac]] and named after [[René Primevère Lesson]]. The [[type specimen]] was collected by Lesson off the coast of [[New Guinea]] during the circumnavigational voyage of the [[French people|French]] [[corvette]] ''La Coquille'' (1822–1825) under the command of [[Louis Isidore Duperrey]].<ref name="coquille">{{cite book|author=Louis Isidore Duperrey|author-link=Louis Isidore Duperrey|title =Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi sur la Corvette de La Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, par M. L. I. Duperrey|publisher =Arthus Bertrand|year =1830|language=fr|pages=244, 468|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=o8NIAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA468}}</ref> Numerous other species of ''Sepioteuthis'' were described from the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the late 19th century and in the early 20th century. In 1939 the [[Belgian people|Belgian]] [[malacologist]] [[William Adam (malacologist)|William Adam]] examined the specimens of ''Sepioteuthis'' recovered from the tropical western Pacific. He [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymised]] the twelve species then considered [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] under ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana''.<ref name="okutani"/>
-A study in 1993 by Segawa ''et al.'' revealed that the population of ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' in [[Okinawa]] may actually be composed of three distinct species.<ref name="norman2000">{{cite journal|author1=M.D. Norman|author2=C.C. Lu|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2000|title=Preliminary checklist of the cephalopods of the South China Sea|journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|volume=Supplement No. 8|pages=539–567|url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s8/s08rbz539-567.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331094527/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s8/s08rbz539-567.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-31}}</ref> This was confirmed in genetic studies by Izuka ''et al.'' in 1994. Triantafillos and Adams in 2005 also showed that ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' in [[Shark Bay]], Australia is composed of two species.<ref name="lianos">{{cite journal|author1=Lianos Triantafillos  |author2=Mark Adams |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Genetic evidence that the northern calamary, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'', is a species complex in Australian waters|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=62|issue=8 |pages=1665–1670|doi=10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.004|issn=1054-3139|url=http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/8/1665.full.pdf}}</ref> These findings indicate that ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' may actually comprise several very similar and closely related species. It is now believed that ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' is a [[cryptic species complex]].<ref name="systematics"/><ref name="okutani">{{cite journal|author=Takashi Okutani|year=2005|title=Past, present and future studies on cephalopod diversity in tropical West Pacific|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=66|pages=39–50|issn=0858-1088|url=http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/6.%20T.Okutani%20new.pdf|access-date=2011-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316025227/http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/6.%20T.Okutani%20new.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ikeda">{{cite journal|author1=Y. Ikeda |author2=Y. Ueta |author3=F.E. Anderson |author4=G. Matsumoto  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2008|title=Reproduction and life span of the oval squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae): comparison between laboratory-cultured and wild-caught squid|journal=JMBA2 - Biodiversity Records|pages=1–8|doi=10.1017/S175526720900061X|volume=2}}</ref>
+A study in 1993 by Segawa ''et al.'' revealed that the population of ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] may actually be composed of three distinct species.<ref name="norman2000">{{cite journal|author1=M.D. Norman|author2=C.C. Lu|name-list-style=amp|year=2000|title=Preliminary checklist of the cephalopods of the South China Sea|journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|volume=Supplement No. 8|pages=539–567|url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s8/s08rbz539-567.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331094527/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s8/s08rbz539-567.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> This was confirmed in genetic studies by Izuka ''et al.'' in 1994. Triantafillos and Adams in 2005 also showed that ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' in [[Shark Bay]], Australia is composed of two species.<ref name="lianos">{{cite journal|author1=Lianos Triantafillos  |author2=Mark Adams |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title=Genetic evidence that the northern calamary, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'', is a species complex in Australian waters|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=62|issue=8 |pages=1665–1670|doi=10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> These findings indicate that ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' may actually comprise several very similar and closely related species. It is now believed that ''S.&nbsp;lessoniana'' is a [[cryptic species complex]].<ref name="systematics"/><ref name="okutani">{{cite journal|author=Takashi Okutani|year=2005|title=Past, present and future studies on cephalopod diversity in tropical West Pacific|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=66|pages=39–50|issn=0858-1088 |url=http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/6.%20T.Okutani%20new.pdf|access-date=2011-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316025227/http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/6.%20T.Okutani%20new.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ikeda">{{cite journal|author1=Y. Ikeda |author2=Y. Ueta |author3=F.E. Anderson |author4=G. Matsumoto  |name-list-style=amp |year=2008|title=Reproduction and life span of the oval squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae): comparison between laboratory-cultured and wild-caught squid|journal=JMBA2 - Biodiversity Records|pages=1–8|doi=10.1017/S175526720900061X|volume=2}}</ref>
 == Description ==
-Like other members of the [[genus]] ''[[Sepioteuthis]]'', bigfin reef squids are easy to distinguish from other squids in that they possess thick and muscular oval fins that extend around almost the entire [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]].<ref name="mhitu">{{cite journal|author1=H.A. Mhitu|author2=Y.D. Mgaya|author3=M.A.K. Ngoile|last-author-amp=yes|year=1999|title=Growth and reproduction of the big fin squid, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'', in the coastal waters of Zanzibar|journal=Conference on Advances on Marine Sciences in Tanzania|pages=289–300|url=http://gridnairobi.unep.org/chm/EAFDocuments/Tanzania/Growth_and_reproduction_of_big_fin_squid.pdf|access-date=2011-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053806/http://gridnairobi.unep.org/chm/EAFDocuments/Tanzania/Growth_and_reproduction_of_big_fin_squid.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="charles">{{cite journal|author1=G.A. Charles  |author2=K. Sivashanthini |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2011|title=Population dynamics of squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Lesson, 1830) from the northern coast of Sri Lanka|journal= Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=6|issue=1|pages=74–84|doi=10.3923/jfas.2011.74.84|issn=1816-4927|url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/academicjournals/jfas/2011/74-84.pdf }}</ref> The fins extend about 83 to 97% of the [[mantle length]] and are 67 to 70% of the mantle length in width.<ref name="lefkaditou"/><ref name="seafdec"/> Because of these fins, bigfin reef squids are sometimes mistaken for [[cuttlefish]],<ref name="epoch">{{cite web|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/science/science-in-pics-breeding-bigfin-reef-squid-59504.html|title=Science in Pics: Breeding Bigfin Reef Squid|date=July 25, 2011|publisher=The Epoch Times|accessdate=August 17, 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010221517/http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/science/science-in-pics-breeding-bigfin-reef-squid-59504.html|archivedate=October 10, 2012}}</ref> a fact reflected by their [[scientific names]]. A narrow blue or white line is visible at the point of attachment of the fins to the mantle.<ref name="roper"/> A fleshy ridge is also present where the fins meet at the back of the squid.<ref name="seafdec"/>
+Like other members of the [[genus]] ''[[Sepioteuthis]]'', bigfin reef squids are easy to distinguish from other squids in that they possess thick and muscular oval fins that extend around almost the entire [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]].<ref name="mhitu">{{cite journal|author1=H.A. Mhitu|author2=Y.D. Mgaya|author3=M.A.K. Ngoile|name-list-style=amp|year=1999|title=Growth and reproduction of the big fin squid, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'', in the coastal waters of Zanzibar|journal=Conference on Advances on Marine Sciences in Tanzania|pages=289–300|url=http://gridnairobi.unep.org/chm/EAFDocuments/Tanzania/Growth_and_reproduction_of_big_fin_squid.pdf|access-date=2011-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053806/http://gridnairobi.unep.org/chm/EAFDocuments/Tanzania/Growth_and_reproduction_of_big_fin_squid.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> The fins extend about 83 to 97% of the [[mantle length]] and are 67 to 70% of the mantle length in width.<ref name="lefkaditou"/><ref name="seafdec"/> Because of these fins, bigfin reef squids are sometimes mistaken for [[cuttlefish]],{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} a fact reflected by their [[scientific names]]. A narrow blue or white line is visible at the point of attachment of the fins to the mantle.<ref name="roper"/> A fleshy ridge is also present where the fins meet at the back of the squid.<ref name="seafdec"/>
-The [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]]s of bigfin reef squids are cylindrical, tapering to a blunt cone at the posterior. The mantle is usually {{convert|4|to|33|cm|in|abbr=on}} long in males and {{convert|3.8|to|25.6|cm|in|abbr=on}} long in females.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="srilanka"/> Both sexes can reach a maximum mantle length of {{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="slb"/><ref name="roper">{{cite journal|author1=Clyde F.E. Roper |author2=Michael J. Sweeney |author3=Cornelia E. Nauen  |last-author-amp=yes |year=1984|title=Cephalopods of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries|journal=FAO Species Catalogue |volume=3|issue=125|at=p. 105|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/ac479e/ac479e.zip}}</ref> Adult males weigh {{convert|403.5|to|1415|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while adult females are {{convert|165|to|1046|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ikeda"/> Both sexes can attain a maximum documented weight of {{convert|1.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="slb"/><ref name="roper"/> The forward margin of the mantle on the ventral side is concave.<ref name="seafdec"/>
+The [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]]s of bigfin reef squids are cylindrical, tapering to a blunt cone at the posterior. The mantle is usually {{convert|4|to|33|cm|in|abbr=on}} long in males and {{convert|3.8|to|25.6|cm|in|abbr=on}} long in females.<ref name="ikeda"/> Both sexes can reach a maximum mantle length of {{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="slb"/><ref name="roper">{{cite journal|author1=Clyde F.E. Roper|author2=Michael J. Sweeney|author3=Cornelia E. Nauen|name-list-style=amp|year=1984|title=Cephalopods of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries|journal=FAO Species Catalogue|volume=3|issue=125|at=p. 105 |url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/bab682f4-2346-5bf1-89d7-94f276279a36/ }}</ref> Adult males weigh {{convert|403.5|to|1415|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while adult females are {{convert|165|to|1046|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ikeda"/> Both sexes can attain a maximum documented weight of {{convert|1.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="slb"/><ref name="roper"/> The forward margin of the mantle on the ventral side is concave.<ref name="seafdec"/>
-Their [[Cephalopod eye|eyes]] are large and covered entirely by a transparent secondary [[cornea]].<ref name="andaman"/> They are greenish at the base.<ref name="india"/> A pair of prominent ridges (olfactory crests) are present on the ventral surface of the head at the rear edge of the eyes.<ref name="lefkaditou"/><ref name="seafdec"/> The mouth area is supported by seven triangular flaps (buccal lappets), each with 0 to 7 [[Cephalopod arm|suckers]] of less than 0.2&nbsp;mm in diameter and 18 to 25 teeth. The strong, curved, and short [[Cephalopod beak|beaks]] ([[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostra]]) are mostly black to dark brown. The [[radula]] has seven rows of teeth.<ref name="andaman">{{cite journal|author=Anuwat Nateewathana|year=1992|title=Taxonomic studies on loliginid squids (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=57|pages=1–40|issn=0858-1088|url=http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/full/Bulletin_57_full1.pdf|access-date=2011-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316025508/http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/full/Bulletin_57_full1.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Their [[Cephalopod eye|eyes]] are large and covered entirely by a transparent secondary [[cornea]].<ref name="andaman"/> They are greenish at the base.<ref name="india"/> A pair of prominent ridges (olfactory crests) are present on the ventral surface of the head at the rear edge of the eyes.<ref name="lefkaditou"/><ref name="seafdec"/> The mouth area is supported by seven triangular flaps (buccal lappets), each with 0 to 7 [[Cephalopod arm|suckers]] of less than 0.2&nbsp;mm in diameter and 18 to 25 teeth. The strong, curved, and short [[Cephalopod beak|beaks]] ([[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostra]]) are mostly black to dark brown. The [[radula]] has seven rows of teeth.<ref name="andaman">{{cite journal|author=Anuwat Nateewathana|year=1992|title=Taxonomic studies on loliginid squids (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=57|pages=1–40 |url=http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/full/Bulletin_57_full1.pdf|access-date=2011-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316025508/http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/full/Bulletin_57_full1.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 [[File:Sepioteuthis lessoniana gladius.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gladius (cephalopod)|Gladius]] of ''S. lessoniana'']]
@@ Line 58: / Line 62: @@
 The [[spermatophore]]s of males are about {{convert|4.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and 0.15&nbsp;mm wide. The [[ink sac]] is pear-shaped, with a silvery blue-green outer layer. The vane of the [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] (the rigid internal remnants of the [[mollusc]] shell) is oval-shaped and pointed at both ends (lanceolate). It has a broad midrib (rachis).<ref name="andaman"/><ref name="india"/>
-The eight [[Cephalopod arm|arms]] are thick, tapering to a narrow point. They are unequal in length, with arm pair I the shortest, followed by arm pair II and arm pair IV, and arm pair III the longest.<ref name="india">{{cite journal|author1=E.G. Silas |author2=R. Sarvesan |author3=K. Satyanarayana Rao |author4=K. Prabhakaran Nair |author5=M.M. Meiyappan  |last-author-amp=yes |editor=E.G. Silas|year=1985|title=Identity of common species of cephalopods in India|journal=Cephalopod Bionomics, Fisheries and Resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India|volume=37|pages=13–195|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/2521/1/Article_06.pdf }}</ref> All of them possess two rows of suckers. Each sucker has a diameter less than {{convert|2|mm|in|abbr=on || sigfig=1}}, decreasing distally, and a ring of 17 to 28 sharp acute teeth. The left arm of pair IV in males is modified into a sexual organ known as the [[hectocotylus]]. They bear long fleshy protrusions (papillae) with toothless suckers at the distal portion.<ref name="seafdec"/> The [[tentacle]]s are thick and long, extending the length of the mantle when retracted. They are slightly compressed laterally.<ref name="india"/> A prominent ridge (a keel) is present on the outer surface of each of the tentacle clubs (the wide tip of the tentacles). There are four rows of suckers on the [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]] (proximal part of the club) and the [[dactylus]] (distal part of the club). The larger suckers in the centre of the manus have 17 to 18 widely spaced teeth.<ref name="seafdec"/>
+The eight [[Cephalopod arm|arms]] are thick, tapering to a narrow point. They are unequal in length, with arm pair I the shortest, followed by arm pair II and arm pair IV, and arm pair III the longest.<ref name="india">{{cite journal|author1=E.G. Silas |author2=R. Sarvesan |author3=K. Satyanarayana Rao |author4=K. Prabhakaran Nair |author5=M.M. Meiyappan  |name-list-style=amp |editor=E.G. Silas|year=1985|title=Identity of common species of cephalopods in India|journal=Cephalopod Bionomics, Fisheries and Resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India|volume=37|pages=13–195|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/2521/1/Article_06.pdf }}</ref> All of them possess two rows of suckers. Each sucker has a diameter less than {{convert|2|mm|in|abbr=on || sigfig=1}}, decreasing distally, and a ring of 17 to 28 sharp acute teeth. The left arm of pair IV in males is modified into a sexual organ known as the [[hectocotylus]]. They bear long fleshy protrusions (papillae) with toothless suckers at the distal portion.<ref name="seafdec"/> The [[tentacle]]s are thick and long, extending the length of the mantle when retracted. They are slightly compressed laterally.<ref name="india"/> A prominent ridge (a keel) is present on the outer surface of each of the tentacle clubs (the wide tip of the tentacles). There are four rows of suckers on the [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]] (proximal part of the club) and the [[dactylus]] (distal part of the club). The larger suckers in the centre of the manus have 17 to 18 widely spaced teeth.<ref name="seafdec"/>
 === Coloration ===
@@ Line 65: / Line 69: @@
 Large [[chromatophore]]s densely cover the upper surfaces of the head, mantle and arms. They are distributed more sparsely on the ventral side.<ref name="andaman"/><ref name="india"/> The fins do not possess chromatophores on the underside.<ref name="lefkaditou"/> Living specimens range in colour from translucent creamy white through pale yellow to brownish pink and brownish violet.<ref name="lefkaditou"/><ref name="andaman"/><ref name="india"/>
-Like some other cephalopods, bigfin reef squids are capable of [[metachrosis]] – rapidly changing body colouration and patterns through voluntary control of chromatophores.<ref name="epoch"/><ref name="geary"/> They also possess [[iridophore]]s (particularly in the head), a form of [[structural coloration|structural colouration]] that produces [[iridescent]] metallic greens and red when illuminated.<ref name="prete">{{cite book|author=Frederick R. Prete|title =Complex Worlds from Simpler Nervous Systems|publisher =MIT Press|year =2004|page=270|isbn =978-0-262-66174-4|url =https://www.google.com/books?id=uW9cOblnpEoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA270#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> They are also possibly one of two squid species with [[Chromatophore#Iridophores and leucophores|leucophore]]s. Leucophores are a reflector-type structural colouration that reflects ambient light, such that they are white in white light, green in green light, and so on.<ref name="mathger">{{cite journal|author=Lydia M. Mäthger|author2=Eric J. Denton|author2-link=Eric J. Denton|author3=N. Justin Marshall|author4=Roger T. Hanlon|last-author-amp=yes|year=2008|title=Mechanisms and behavioural functions of structural colouration in cephalopods|journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface|pages=1–15|doi=10.1098/rsif.2008.0366.focus|url=http://www.mbl.edu/mrc/hanlon/pdfs/Mathger_etal_STR_COLOR_08.pdf|pmid=19091688|volume=6 Suppl 2|pmc=2706477|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084747/http://www.mbl.edu/mrc/hanlon/pdfs/Mathger_etal_STR_COLOR_08.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bigfin reef squids are remarkable for having the ability to produce complex body patterns from the moment they hatch. In comparison, other [[loliginid]] squid species do not produce complex body patterns at less than four months of age. The patterns produced by bigfin reef squids, however, are less diverse than those of the [[Caribbean reef squid]]s.<ref name="lee"/>
+Like some other cephalopods, bigfin reef squids are capable of [[metachrosis]] – rapidly changing body colouration and patterns through voluntary control of chromatophores.<ref name="geary"/> They also possess [[iridophore]]s (particularly in the head), a form of [[structural coloration|structural colouration]] that produces [[iridescent]] metallic greens and red when illuminated.<ref name="prete">{{cite book|author=Frederick R. Prete|title =Complex Worlds from Simpler Nervous Systems|publisher =MIT Press|year =2004|page=270|isbn =978-0-262-66174-4|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9cOblnpEoC&pg=PA270}}</ref> They are also possibly one of two squid species with [[Chromatophore#Iridophores and leucophores|leucophore]]s. Leucophores are a reflector-type structural colouration that reflects ambient light, such that they are white in white light, green in green light, and so on.<ref name="mathger">{{cite journal|author=Lydia M. Mäthger|author2=Eric J. Denton|author2-link=Eric J. Denton|author3=N. Justin Marshall|author4=Roger T. Hanlon|name-list-style=amp|year=2008|title=Mechanisms and behavioural functions of structural colouration in cephalopods|journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface|pages=1–15|doi=10.1098/rsif.2008.0366.focus|url=http://www.mbl.edu/mrc/hanlon/pdfs/Mathger_etal_STR_COLOR_08.pdf|pmid=19091688|volume=6|issue=Suppl 2 |pmc=2706477|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084747/http://www.mbl.edu/mrc/hanlon/pdfs/Mathger_etal_STR_COLOR_08.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bigfin reef squids are remarkable for having the ability to produce complex body patterns from the moment they hatch. In comparison, other [[loliginid]] squid species do not produce complex body patterns at less than four months of age. The patterns produced by bigfin reef squids, however, are less diverse than those of the [[Caribbean reef squid]]s.<ref name="lee"/>
 Bigfin reef squids do not possess [[photophore]]s, and are thus not truly [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]].<ref name="andaman"/>
@@ Line 71: / Line 75: @@
 === Sexual dimorphism ===
-It is often difficult to superficially distinguish between male and female bigfin reef squids. Some authors say that females are generally smaller than males,<ref name="ikeda"/> but this distinction is not observed in other studies.<ref name="geary"/> Closer examination of sexually mature specimens, however, will usually distinguish males from females by the presence of the hectocotylus on the fourth left arm in males, and the [[nidamental gland]]s and the pale ovaries within the mantle in females.<ref name="srilanka"/> Males also purportedly show a more conspicuous pattern of transverse streaks on their dorsal side.<ref name="india"/>
+It is often difficult to superficially distinguish between male and female bigfin reef squids. Some authors say that females are generally smaller than males,<ref name="ikeda"/> but this distinction is not observed in other studies.<ref name="geary"/> Closer examination of sexually mature specimens, however, will usually distinguish males from females by the presence of the hectocotylus on the fourth left arm in males, and the [[nidamental gland]]s and the pale ovaries within the mantle in females.{{cn|date=February 2022}} Males also purportedly show a more conspicuous pattern of transverse streaks on their dorsal side.<ref name="india"/>
 == Ecology ==
@@ Line 78: / Line 82: @@
 [[File:Bigfin Reef Squid 2.jpg|thumb|A bigfin reef squid among [[coral]]s in the [[Red Sea]] of Egypt]]
-The bigfin reef squid is a [[neritic zone|neritic]] warm water-dwelling squid.<ref name="srilanka">{{cite journal|author1=K. Sivashanthini |author2=W.S. Thulasitha |author3=G.A. Charles  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2010|title=Reproductive characteristics of squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Lesson, 1830) from the northern coast of Sri Lanka|journal= Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science|pages=1–11|issn=1816-4927|url=http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/academicjournals/jfas/0000/14075-14075.pdf }}</ref>  They are usually found {{convert|0|to|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} below the water's surface.<ref name="seafdec">{{cite journal|author1=Anuwat Nateewathana |author2=Aussanee Munprasit |author3=Penkae Dithachey  |last-author-amp=yes |year=1998|title=Systematics and distribution of oceanic cephalopods in the South China Sea, area III: Western Philippines|journal=Proceedings of the SEAFDEC Seminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea, Area III: Western Philippines|pages=76–100|url=http://map.seafdec.org/downloads/pdf/collaborative%20research/AreaIII_Philippine/SCS_FRS3_08.pdf}}</ref> They tend to remain close to the shoreline, near rocks and [[reef]]s.<ref name="lee"/><ref name="dunning">{{cite book|author1 =M.C. Dunning|author2 =M.D. Norman|author3 =A.L. Reid|last-author-amp =yes|title =The Living Resources of the Western Central Pacific: Volume 2. Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks|publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), & the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD)|series =FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes|year =1998|location =Rome|chapter =Cephalopods|editor1 =Kent E. Carpenter|editor2 =Volker H. Niem|page =688|issn =1020-6868|chapter-url =ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/w7192e/}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They are slightly more active during the night and will move to deeper waters or find cover in daytime. Large numbers of juveniles can often be found hiding beneath floating driftwood.<ref name="handline">{{cite web|url=http://handlinefishing.com/whatsthisfish/otheraquatics/bigfinreefsquid.htm|title=Bigfin Reef Squid |publisher=handlinefishing.com |accessdate=August 17, 2011}}</ref>
+The bigfin reef squid is a [[neritic zone|neritic]] warm water-dwelling squid.{{Cn|date=February 2022}} They are usually found {{convert|0|to|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} below the water's surface.<ref name="seafdec">{{cite journal|author1=Anuwat Nateewathana |author2=Aussanee Munprasit |author3=Penkae Dithachey  |name-list-style=amp |year=1998|title=Systematics and distribution of oceanic cephalopods in the South China Sea, area III: Western Philippines|journal=Proceedings of the SEAFDEC Seminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea, Area III: Western Philippines|pages=76–100|url=http://map.seafdec.org/downloads/pdf/collaborative%20research/AreaIII_Philippine/SCS_FRS3_08.pdf}}</ref> They tend to remain close to the shoreline, near rocks and [[reef]]s.<ref name="lee"/><ref name="dunning">{{cite book|author1 =M.C. Dunning|author2 =M.D. Norman|author3 =A.L. Reid|name-list-style =amp|title =The Living Resources of the Western Central Pacific: Volume 2. Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks|publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), & the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD)|series =FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes|year =1998|location =Rome|chapter =Cephalopods|editor1 =Kent E. Carpenter|editor2 =Volker H. Niem|page =688|issn =1020-6868|chapter-url =ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/w7192e|access-date =2021-10-11|archive-date =2017-08-12|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170812021638/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/w7192e|url-status =bot: unknown}}</ref> They are slightly more active during the night and will move to deeper waters or find cover in daytime. Large numbers of juveniles can often be found hiding beneath floating driftwood.<ref name="handline">{{cite web|url=http://handlinefishing.com/whatsthisfish/otheraquatics/bigfinreefsquid.htm|title=Bigfin Reef Squid |publisher=handlinefishing.com |access-date=August 17, 2011}}</ref>
-The bigfin reef squid is the most widespread species in the genus ''Sepioteuthis''. It is found in [[Temperate region|temperate]] and [[Tropics|tropical]] regions of the [[Indian Ocean]] and the western [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="slb"/><ref name="srilanka"/> Their original range extends east to the [[Hawaiian Islands]], west to the [[Red Sea]], north to [[Japan]], and south to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (42°N to 42°S and 32°E to 154°W).<ref name="slb"/> The range has also expanded to include parts of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. In 2002, bigfin reef squids were first documented in the [[Gulf of İskenderun]] of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. They may have already existed in significant populations in the area as they have acquired a common name among the fishermen of the [[Aegean Sea]] – {{lang|el|σουπιοκαλάμαρο}} (''soupiocalamaro'', literally "[[cuttlefish]]-like squid"). It is a [[Lessepsian migration|Lessepsian migrant]], reaching the Mediterranean Sea through the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name="lefkaditou">{{cite journal|author1=E. Lefkaditou |author2=M. Corsini-Foka |author3=G. Kondilatos |last-author-amp=yes |year=2009 |title=Description of the first Lessepsian squid migrant, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean) |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |volume=10/2 |issue=2 |pages=87–97 |issn=1791-6763 |url=http://www.medit-mar-sc.net/files/200912/08-131004MEDIT_MAR_SC_VOL10_NUMB2_DEC_2009_pp87-97_LEFKADITOU_363.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330193623/http://www.medit-mar-sc.net/files/200912/08-131004MEDIT_MAR_SC_VOL10_NUMB2_DEC_2009_pp87-97_LEFKADITOU_363.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-30 |doi=10.12681/mms.110 }}</ref>
+The bigfin reef squid is the most widespread species in the genus ''Sepioteuthis''. It is found in [[Temperate region|temperate]] and [[Tropics|tropical]] regions of the [[Indian Ocean]] and the western [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="slb"/> Their original range extends east to the [[Hawaiian Islands]], west to the [[Red Sea]], north to [[Japan]], and south to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (42°N to 42°S and 32°E to 154°W).<ref name="slb"/> The range has also expanded to include parts of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. In 2002, bigfin reef squids were first documented in the [[Gulf of İskenderun]] of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. They may have already existed in significant populations in the area prior to their discovery in 2002, as they have acquired a common name among the fishermen of the [[Aegean Sea]] – {{lang|el|σουπιοκαλάμαρο}} (''soupiocalamaro'', literally "[[cuttlefish]]-like squid"). It is a [[Lessepsian migration|Lessepsian migrant]], reaching the Mediterranean Sea through the [[Suez Canal]].<ref name="lefkaditou">{{cite journal|author1=E. Lefkaditou |author2=M. Corsini-Foka |author3=G. Kondilatos |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=Description of the first Lessepsian squid migrant, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean) |journal=Mediterranean Marine Science |volume=10/2 |issue=2 |pages=87–97 |doi=10.12681/mms.110 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 === Diet and predators ===
@@ Line 90: / Line 94: @@
 === Parasites ===
-Bigfin reef squids serve as hosts to the [[copepod]] [[ectoparasite]] ''[[Doridicola similis]]'' and the worm-like [[Dicyemida|dicyemid]] [[endoparasite]]s ''[[Dicyema koshidai]]'' and ''[[Dicyema orientale]]''.<ref name="worms">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=220317|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 |publisher=World Register of Marine Species|accessdate=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
+Bigfin reef squids serve as hosts to the [[copepod]] [[ectoparasite]] ''[[Doridicola similis]]'' and the worm-like [[Dicyemida|dicyemid]] [[endoparasite]]s ''[[Dicyema koshidai]]'' and ''[[Dicyema orientale]]''.<ref name="worms">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=220317|title=''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 |publisher=World Register of Marine Species|access-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
 == Biology and behaviour ==
@@ Line 96: / Line 100: @@
 [[File:Banc de seiches.jpg|thumb|A [[Shoaling and schooling|school]] of bigfin reef squids from the island of [[Réunion]], off the eastern coast of [[Madagascar]]]]
 [[File:Sepioteuthis lessoniana 2.jpg|thumb|[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]] bigfin reef squids from the [[Suma Aqualife Park]], [[Kobe, Hyōgo|Kobe]], Japan]]
-Bigfin reef squids are closely related to the [[Caribbean reef squid]] (''Sepioteuthis sepioidea''), a species noted for its complex social interactions. Like Caribbean reef squids, bigfin reef squids also exhibit elaborate [[courtship display|mating display]]s.<ref name="epoch"/>
+Bigfin reef squids are closely related to the [[Caribbean reef squid]] (''Sepioteuthis sepioidea''), a species noted for its complex social interactions. Like Caribbean reef squids, bigfin reef squids also exhibit elaborate [[courtship display|mating display]]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
 Bigfin reef squids also exhibit both [[Shoaling and schooling|schooling and shoaling]] behaviours. Very young bigfin reef squids will also stay close together (shoaling), but do not swim together parallel to each other (schooling). Unlike most other squid species, bigfin reef squids are rarely [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalistic]]. Shoals can include animals of different sizes without the threat of larger members attacking and consuming the smaller members. Whether bigfin reef squids recognise each other individually still remains unknown.<ref name="geary">{{Cite journal
@@ Line 102: / Line 106: @@
 | author2 = Susan A. Gonzalez
 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00059.x
-| title = Social Behaviour of Individual Oval Squids (Cephalopoda, Teuthoidea, Loliginidae, Sepioteuthis lessoniana) within a Captive School
+| title = Social Behaviour of Individual Oval Squids (Cephalopoda, Teuthoidea, Loliginidae, ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'') within a Captive School
 | journal = Ethology
 | volume = 104
@@ Line 112: / Line 116: @@
 === Phototaxis ===
-Bigfin reef squids exhibit strong positive [[phototaxis|phototactic]] behaviour (attraction to light) and will move readily within a certain distance of a light source. Studies have proposed that this might be an involuntary [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimulus]] behaviour, as the squids immediately stop all other movements once a light source is switched on. The colour of the light does not matter, but it has been shown that they react more strongly to underwater lights between the intensities of 1.5 to 2.5&nbsp;[[lux|lx]], with peak ranges of 2.5 to 10.0&nbsp;lx.<ref name="ibrahim">{{cite journal|author1=Sakri Ibrahim  |author2=Sukree Hajisamae |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1999|title=Response of squids to different colours and intensities of artificial light|journal=Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science|volume=22|issue=1|pages=19–24|issn=1511-3701|url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3797/1/Response_of_Squids_to_Different_Colours_and_Intensities_of_Artificial_Light.pdf}}</ref>
+Bigfin reef squids exhibit strong positive [[phototaxis|phototactic]] behaviour (attraction to light) and will move readily within a certain distance of a light source. Studies have proposed that this might be an involuntary [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimulus]] behaviour, as the squids immediately stop all other movements once a light source is switched on. The colour of the light does not matter, but it has been shown that they react more strongly to underwater lights between the intensities of 1.5 to 2.5&nbsp;[[lux|lx]], with peak ranges of 2.5 to 10.0&nbsp;lx.<ref name="ibrahim">{{cite journal|author1=Sakri Ibrahim|author2=Sukree Hajisamae|name-list-style=amp|year=1999|title=Response of squids to different colours and intensities of artificial light|journal=Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science|volume=22|issue=1|pages=19–24|issn=1511-3701|url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3797/1/Response_of_Squids_to_Different_Colours_and_Intensities_of_Artificial_Light.pdf|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330173922/http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3797/1/Response_of_Squids_to_Different_Colours_and_Intensities_of_Artificial_Light.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 === Hearing ===
-Bigfin reef squids and the [[common octopus]] (''Octopus vulgaris'') were studied to resolve a century-long debate over whether cephalopods can hear. Unlike fishes, cephalopods do not possess air-filled [[swim bladder]]s, which might amplify sound waves travelling in water.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8095000/8095977.stm|title=The cephalopods can hear you |author=Matt Walker|publisher=BBC Earth News|accessdate=August 17, 2011}}</ref> The results were published in 2009. It showed that bigfin reef squids and octopuses utilise their [[statocyst]]s for detecting vibrations, an organ primarily used for maintaining spatial orientation. The common octopus can hear sounds between 400&nbsp;Hz and 1000&nbsp;Hz. Bigfin reef squids have a slightly better hearing range of 400&nbsp;Hz to 1500&nbsp;Hz. Both hear best at a frequency of 600&nbsp;Hz. Relatively, their hearing is comparable to prawns and some other invertebrates but is less sensitive than that of most fishes.<ref name="hu">{{cite journal|author1=Marian Y. Hu |author2=Hong Young Yan |author3=Wen-Sung Chung |author4=Jen-Chieh Shiao |author5=Pung-Pung Hwang  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2009|title=Acoustically evoked potentials in two cephalopods inferred using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) approach|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A|volume=153|issue=3 |pages=278–283|url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/162905/1/25.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.040|pmid=19275944 }}</ref>
+Bigfin reef squids and the [[common octopus]] (''Octopus vulgaris'') were studied to resolve a century-long debate over whether cephalopods can hear. Unlike fishes, cephalopods do not possess air-filled [[swim bladder]]s, which might amplify sound waves travelling in water.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8095000/8095977.stm|title=The cephalopods can hear you |author=Matt Walker|publisher=BBC Earth News|access-date=August 17, 2011|date=2009-06-15 }}</ref> The results were published in 2009. It showed that bigfin reef squids and octopuses utilise their [[statocyst]]s for detecting vibrations, an organ primarily used for maintaining spatial orientation. The common octopus can hear sounds between 400&nbsp;Hz and 1000&nbsp;Hz. Bigfin reef squids have a slightly better hearing range of 400&nbsp;Hz to 1500&nbsp;Hz. Both hear best at a frequency of 600&nbsp;Hz. Relatively, their hearing is comparable to prawns and some other invertebrates but is less sensitive than that of most fishes.<ref name="hu">{{cite journal|author1=Marian Y. Hu |author2=Hong Young Yan |author3=Wen-Sung Chung |author4=Jen-Chieh Shiao |author5=Pung-Pung Hwang  |name-list-style=amp |year=2009|title=Acoustically evoked potentials in two cephalopods inferred using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) approach|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A|volume=153|issue=3 |pages=278–283|url=http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/162905/1/25.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.040|pmid=19275944 }}</ref>
 The difference in the hearing ranges for octopus and bigfin reef squids may be explained by the difference in their habitats. The octopus is [[demersal]] (bottom-dwelling) with excellent [[camouflage]] capabilities. Bigfin reef squids, on the other hand, are usually in open water with limited hiding places. Hearing would thus be more important for the squids to escape predators. The ability to hear is particularly relevant for avoiding mammalian predators of the suborder [[Odontoceti]] (particularly [[dolphin]]s), who use [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] to find prey.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="hu"/>
@@ Line 129: / Line 133: @@
 Another common behaviour, primarily seen in males, is dubbed "spread arms", in which the squid will slightly tilt its body forward, head down and arms spread widely and raised above. The mantle is darkened. This behaviour is exhibited mostly when the squids are chasing or following another individual. It is thought to be a signal of reproductive arousal or aggression, similar to the "zebra display" behaviour of ''Sepioteuthis sepioidea'', the "intense zebra display" behaviour of ''[[Sepia officinalis]]'', and the "lateral display" of ''[[Loligo plei]]''. Females will also sometimes use this display to rebuff courting males.<ref name="geary"/>
-There are three known [[Mating|courtship]] behaviours in bigfin reef squids, dubbed "male-upturned" mating, "male-parallel" mating, and "head-to-head" mating.<ref name="wada">{{cite journal|author1=Toshifumi Wada |author2=Takeshi Takegaki |author3=Tohru Mori |author4=Yutaka Natsukari  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2005|title=Alternative male mating behaviors dependent on relative body size in captive oval squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana ''(Cephalopoda, Loliginidae)|journal=Zoological Science|volume=22|issue=6 |pages=645–651|url=http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10069/21978/1/ZooSci22_645.pdf|doi=10.2108/zsj.22.645|pmid=15988158 |hdl=10069/21978 }}</ref> Actual insertion in each position lasts for only a few seconds.<ref name="geary"/><ref name="wada"/>
+There are three known [[Mating|courtship]] behaviours in bigfin reef squids, dubbed "male-upturned" mating, "male-parallel" mating, and "head-to-head" mating.<ref name="wada">{{cite journal |author1=Toshifumi Wada |author2=Takeshi Takegaki |author3=Tohru Mori |author4=Yutaka Natsukari |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Alternative male mating behaviors dependent on relative body size in captive oval squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana ''(Cephalopoda, Loliginidae) |journal=Zoological Science |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=645–651 |url=http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10069/21978/1/ZooSci22_645.pdf |doi=10.2108/zsj.22.645 |pmid=15988158 |hdl=10069/21978 |s2cid=7663392 |access-date=2011-08-15 |archive-date=2018-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722082159/http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10069/21978/1/ZooSci22_645.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Actual insertion in each position lasts for only a few seconds.<ref name="geary"/><ref name="wada"/>
 "Male-upturned" mating involves rapid back and forth swimming by the courting male beside a slower-swimming female. The male will then flip over so that he is swimming upside down and quickly lunge forward towards the female. He will quickly eject several [[spermatophore]]s from his funnel into his hectocotylus and attempt to deposit them on the female's mouth funnel, then jet away from the female.<ref name="geary"/> "Head-to-head" mating is regarded as a variation of this tactic.<ref name="wada"/>
-"Male-parallel" mating involves the male and female swimming side by side. The male will then raise one or two of his arm pair I upwards and swing them back and forth. He moves below the female and clasps the female's neck with his arms. In contrast to the previous behaviours, in this position the male actually inserts his hectoctylus into the mantle cavity of the female, attaching the spermatophores right at the opening of the [[oviduct]] rather than at the mouth. Possibly for this reason, it is usually more successful in fertilizing the female than other mating behaviours.<ref name="wada"/>
+"Male-parallel" mating involves the male and female swimming side by side. The male will then raise one or two of his arm pair I upwards and swing them back and forth. He moves below the female and clasps the female's neck with his arms. In contrast to the previous behaviours, in this position the male actually inserts his hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of the female, attaching the spermatophores right at the opening of the [[oviduct]] rather than at the mouth. Possibly for this reason, it is usually more successful in fertilizing the female than other mating behaviours.<ref name="wada"/>
 In addition to the above, males will often engage in "sneaking" behaviour. In this scenario, a smaller male will attach spermatophores to the female's mouth area while she is being courted by a larger male using the "male-upturned" behaviour. Even when successful, the male using this strategy is usually chased away by the larger male afterwards.<ref name="wada"/>
@@ Line 139: / Line 143: @@
 The spermatophores usually remain embedded near the mouth of the female. Mating usually occurs well before spawning, but may also happen on the spawning grounds themselves. In those cases, the male will stay near the female's side as she lays eggs.<ref name="geary"/>
-Males have been observed to exhibit mating behaviours with other males. Some males have been found with numerous spermatophores embedded in their mouth funnels.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="geary"/> Since bigfin reef squids distinguish sex by visual cues, this may be a form of deception. The smaller males (termed "female mimics" or "sneaker males") might have assumed body patterning typical of females in order to trick larger males. Believing they are females, they will then waste their spermatophores on them.<ref name="boal2">{{cite journal|author=Jean Geary Boal|year=2006|title=Social recognition: a top down view of cephalopod behavior|journal=[[Vie et Milieu]]|volume=56|issue=2|pages=69–79|issn=0240-8759|url=http://www.millersville.edu/biology/faculty/boal-pdf/5.boal_vie_milieu_2006.pdf }}</ref> This behaviour has also been observed in other cephalopods.<ref name="ikeda"/>
+Males have been observed to exhibit mating behaviours with other males. Some males have been found with numerous spermatophores embedded in their mouth funnels.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="geary"/> Since bigfin reef squids distinguish sex by visual cues, this may be a form of deception. The smaller males (termed "female mimics" or "sneaker males") might have assumed body patterning typical of females in order to trick larger males. Believing they are females, they will then waste their spermatophores on them.<ref name="boal2">{{cite journal|author=Jean Geary Boal|year=2006|title=Social recognition: a top down view of cephalopod behavior|journal=[[Vie et Milieu]]|volume=56|issue=2|pages=69–79|issn=0240-8759|url=http://www.millersville.edu/biology/faculty/boal-pdf/5.boal_vie_milieu_2006.pdf|access-date=2011-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929110406/http://www.millersville.edu/biology/faculty/boal-pdf/5.boal_vie_milieu_2006.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> This behaviour has also been observed in other cephalopods.<ref name="ikeda"/>
 === Reproduction and life cycle ===
 [[File:Sepioteuthis lessoniana eggs.jpg|thumb|left|Egg strands of bigfin reef squids]]
-The main [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] season for bigfin reef squids usually begins in May, but they lay eggs all year round and spawning seasons can vary by location.<ref name="srilanka"/><ref name="silas"/><ref name="chung">{{cite journal|author1=Wen-Sung Chung|author2=Chung-Cheng Lu|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2005|title=The influence of temperature and salinity on the statolith of the oval squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 during early development stages|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=66|pages=175–185|issn=0858-1088|url=http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/16.%20Chung%20Wen%20Sung.pdf|access-date=2011-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191358/http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/16.%20Chung%20Wen%20Sung.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mcmanus">{{cite book|author1=John W. McManus |author2=Cleto L. Nañola Jr. |author3=Rodolfo B. Reyes Jr. |author4=Kathleen N. Kesner  |last-author-amp=yes |year=1992|title=Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral Reef System|pages=4|publisher=International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management in behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United States Coastal Resources Management Project|isbn=978-971-8709-28-3|issn=0115-4389|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP611.pdf }}</ref> A single female can spawn more than once in her lifetime.<ref name="ikeda"/> Females can release 20 to 1180 eggs per individual and will die soon afterwards.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="srilanka"/>
+The main [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] season for bigfin reef squids usually begins in May, but they lay eggs all year round and spawning seasons can vary by location.<ref name="silas"/><ref name="chung">{{cite journal|author1=Wen-Sung Chung|author2=Chung-Cheng Lu|name-list-style=amp|year=2005|title=The influence of temperature and salinity on the statolith of the oval squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 during early development stages|journal=Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin|volume=66|pages=175–185|issn=0858-1088|url=http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/16.%20Chung%20Wen%20Sung.pdf|access-date=2011-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191358/http://www.pmbc.go.th/webpmbc/ResearchBulletin/Bull%2066%20%20pdf/16.%20Chung%20Wen%20Sung.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mcmanus">{{cite book|author1=John W. McManus |author2=Cleto L. Nañola Jr. |author3=Rodolfo B. Reyes Jr. |author4=Kathleen N. Kesner  |name-list-style=amp |year=1992|title=Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral Reef System|pages=4|publisher=International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management in behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United States Coastal Resources Management Project|isbn=978-971-8709-28-3|issn=0115-4389|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP611.pdf }}</ref> A single female can spawn more than once in her lifetime.<ref name="ikeda"/> Females can release 20 to 1180 eggs per individual and will die soon afterwards.<ref name="ikeda"/>
-The females spawn by passing [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s from their [[oviduct]]s. These eggs are then coated in gelatinous substances from the [[nidamental gland]]s and [[oviducal gland]]s, forming an egg 'capsule'. The egg capsules of the bigfin reef squids contain two to nine eggs each.<ref name="lamprell">{{cite book|author1=K. L. Lamprell  |author2=A. M. Scheltema |lastauthoramp=yes |title =Zoological Catalogue of Australia: 2. Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda|publisher =Csiro Publishing|year =2001|page=213|isbn =978-0-643-06707-3|url =https://books.google.com/?id=5e4aah3VXZQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA213#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> These are laid in single straight strands on rocks, [[coral]]s, [[aquatic plant]]s, submerged branches and other surfaces.<ref name="mhitu"/><ref name="runck">{{cite web|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Bigfin-Reef-Squid-Sepioteuthis-lessoniana-Lesson-1830|title=Bigfin Reef Squid – ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 |author=Allison Runck |date=November 21, 2010|publisher=Australian Museum|accessdate=October 10, 2011}}</ref> At this point, the eggs are {{convert|3|mm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter and the egg capsules about {{convert|58.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|12.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} in width, on average.<ref name="samuel"/>
+The females spawn by passing [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s from their [[oviduct]]s. These eggs are then coated in gelatinous substances from the [[nidamental gland]]s and [[oviducal gland]]s, forming an egg 'capsule'. The egg capsules of the bigfin reef squids contain two to nine eggs each.<ref name="lamprell">{{cite book|author1=K. L. Lamprell  |author2=A. M. Scheltema |name-list-style=amp |title =Zoological Catalogue of Australia: 2. Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda|publisher =Csiro Publishing|year =2001|page=213|isbn =978-0-643-06707-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=5e4aah3VXZQC&pg=PA213}}</ref> These are laid in single straight strands on rocks, [[coral]]s, [[aquatic plant]]s, submerged branches and other surfaces.<ref name="mhitu"/><ref name="runck">{{cite web|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Bigfin-Reef-Squid-Sepioteuthis-lessoniana-Lesson-1830|title=Bigfin Reef Squid – ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson, 1830 |author=Allison Runck |date=November 21, 2010|publisher=Australian Museum|access-date=October 10, 2011}}</ref> At this point, the eggs are {{convert|3|mm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter and the egg capsules about {{convert|58.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|12.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} in width, on average.<ref name="samuel"/>
 [[File:Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Bigfin reef squid).jpg|thumb|A small (possibly subadult) bigfin reef squid from [[East Timor]]]]
-The capsules incubate for about 3 weeks, depending on temperature. In warmer [[Indonesia]], the incubation period was recorded to be only 15 to 16 days, while in [[Thailand]] it takes around 20 to 22 days. They gradually enlarge by absorbing water, reaching around {{convert|82.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|14.6|mm|abbr=on}} in width. Unfertilised eggs remain milky white and do not develop further. Fertilised eggs undergo [[cell division]] reaching a diameter of {{convert|16|mm|in|abbr=on}} with the developing [[embryo]] at {{convert|11|mm|in|abbr=on}} on the day before hatching. Upon hatching, the [[paralarva]]e are {{convert|6|mm|in|abbr=on}} in mantle length (excluding tentacles), with fully functioning fins and ink sacs.<ref name="samuel">{{cite journal|author1=V. Deepak Samuel  |author2=Jamil Patterson |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2002|title=Intercapsular embryonic development of the big fin squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Loliginidae)|journal=Indian Journal of Marine Sciences|volume=31|issue=2|pages=150–152|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/4315/1/IJMS%2031(2)%20150-152.pdf }}</ref> They resemble miniature adults and are already strong swimmers.<ref name="silas"/> They exhibit schooling behaviour two weeks after hatching.<ref name="lee"/>
+The capsules incubate for about 3 weeks, depending on temperature. In warmer [[Indonesia]], the incubation period was recorded to be only 15 to 16 days, while in [[Thailand]] it takes around 20 to 22 days. They gradually enlarge by absorbing water, reaching around {{convert|82.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|14.6|mm|abbr=on}} in width. Unfertilised eggs remain milky white and do not develop further. Fertilised eggs undergo [[cell division]] reaching a diameter of {{convert|16|mm|in|abbr=on}} with the developing [[embryo]] at {{convert|11|mm|in|abbr=on}} on the day before hatching. Upon hatching, the [[paralarva]]e are {{convert|6|mm|in|abbr=on}} in mantle length (excluding tentacles), with fully functioning fins and ink sacs.<ref name="samuel">{{cite journal|author1=V. Deepak Samuel  |author2=Jamil Patterson |name-list-style=amp |year=2002|title=Intercapsular embryonic development of the big fin squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' (Loliginidae)|journal=Indian Journal of Marine Sciences|volume=31|issue=2|pages=150–152|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/4315/1/IJMS%2031(2)%20150-152.pdf }}</ref> They resemble miniature adults and are already strong swimmers.<ref name="silas"/> They exhibit schooling behaviour two weeks after hatching.<ref name="lee"/>
-Hatchlings are often cannibalistic. This is regarded as the main cause of death in young squids, particularly in dense populations.<ref name="ikeda"/> However, cannibalism usually happens only when eaten individuals were already weakened significantly or dead, so the actual cause of death may have been something else.<ref name="lee"/> Subadults are usually recognisable by their size, ranging from {{convert|20|to|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name="silas">{{cite journal|author1=E.G. Silas |author2=K. Satyanarayana Rao |author3=R. Sarvesan |author4=K. Prabhakaran Nair |author5=M.M. Meiyappan  |last-author-amp=yes |year=1982|title=The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources in India: a review|journal=Marine Fish Information Service: Technical and Extension Series|issue=34|pages=1–17|url=http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10069/21978/1/ZooSci22_645.pdf }}</ref> They reach [[sexual maturity]] at less than 210 days in the wild. Males reach sexual maturity earlier than females. In captive populations, males mature 140 days after hatching at most. Females will begin spawning at around 156 to 196 days after hatching. Both males and females mature earlier in captivity than in the wild. Water temperature may play an important role in the earlier sexual maturation of captive specimens. High temperatures may induce shorter lifespans and smaller body sizes, while cooler temperatures favour longer lifespans and larger individuals.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="jackson">{{cite journal|author1=G.D. Jackson  |author2=M.L. Domeier |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2003|title=The effects of an extraordinary El Niño / La Niña event on the size and growth of the squid ''Loligo opalescens'' off Southern California|journal=Marine Biology|volume=142|issue=5 |pages=925–935|doi=10.1007/s00227-002-1005-4|url=http://www.marinecsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/jackson_domeier_squid_031.pdf }}</ref>
+Hatchlings are often cannibalistic. This is regarded as the main cause of death in young squids, particularly in dense populations.<ref name="ikeda"/> However, cannibalism usually happens only when eaten individuals were already weakened significantly or dead, so the actual cause of death may have been something else.<ref name="lee"/> Subadults are usually recognisable by their size, ranging from {{convert|20|to|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name="silas">{{cite journal |author1=E.G. Silas |author2=K. Satyanarayana Rao |author3=R. Sarvesan |author4=K. Prabhakaran Nair |author5=M.M. Meiyappan |name-list-style=amp |year=1982 |title=The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources in India: a review |journal=Marine Fish Information Service: Technical and Extension Series |issue=34 |pages=1–17 |url=http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10069/21978/1/ZooSci22_645.pdf |access-date=2011-08-15 |archive-date=2018-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722082159/http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10069/21978/1/ZooSci22_645.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They reach [[sexual maturity]] at less than 210 days in the wild. Males reach sexual maturity earlier than females. In captive populations, males mature 140 days after hatching at most. Females will begin spawning at around 156 to 196 days after hatching. Both males and females mature earlier in captivity than in the wild. Water temperature may play an important role in the earlier sexual maturation of captive specimens. High temperatures may induce shorter lifespans and smaller body sizes, while cooler temperatures favour longer lifespans and larger individuals.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="jackson">{{cite journal|author1=G.D. Jackson  |author2=M.L. Domeier |name-list-style=amp |year=2003|title=The effects of an extraordinary El Niño / La Niña event on the size and growth of the squid ''Loligo opalescens'' off Southern California|journal=Marine Biology|volume=142|issue=5 |pages=925–935|doi=10.1007/s00227-002-1005-4|s2cid=55045945 |url=http://www.marinecsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/jackson_domeier_squid_031.pdf }}</ref>
-Bigfin reef squids have one of the fastest recorded growth rates for any large marine [[invertebrate]]. They can reach {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} in only four months.<ref name="nasemore">{{cite journal|language=Croatian, English|author1=Nick Starešinić |author2=Erica A. G. Vidal |author3=Leigh S. Walsh  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2004|title=New species for mariculture in the Eastern Pacific|journal=Naše More|volume=5|issue=1–2|pages=24–36|issn=0469-6255|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/12911 }}</ref> Nonetheless, size can not often be reliably correlated with age, as variations of body size within a generation is fairly common.<ref name="ikeda"/> In captivity, bigfin reef squids have a lifespan of 161 to 315 days for both sexes.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="geary"/>
+Bigfin reef squids have one of the fastest recorded growth rates for any large marine [[invertebrate]]. They can reach {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} in only four months.<ref name="nasemore">{{cite journal|language=hr, en|author1=Nick Starešinić |author2=Erica A. G. Vidal |author3=Leigh S. Walsh  |name-list-style=amp |year=2004|title=New species for mariculture in the Eastern Pacific|journal=Naše More|volume=5|issue=1–2|pages=24–36|issn=0469-6255|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/12911 }}</ref> Nonetheless, size can not often be reliably correlated with age, as variations of body size within a generation is fairly common.<ref name="ikeda"/> In captivity, bigfin reef squids have a lifespan of 161 to 315 days for both sexes.<ref name="ikeda"/><ref name="geary"/>
 == Economic importance ==
+[[File:Aori Ika (Bigfin Reef Squid) Nigiri.jpg|thumb|As [[sushi]]]]
-[[File:Stir-fried bigfin reef squid.jpg|thumb|180px|Stir-fried bigfin reef squid]]
+[[File:Aori Ika (Bigfin Reef Squid) Tempura.jpg|thumb|As [[tempura]]]]
-[[File:Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) caught off Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.jpg|thumb|180px|Bigfin reef squid caught off [[Pekan District|Pekan]], Malaysia by [[jigging]].]]
+[[File:Stir-fried bigfin reef squid.jpg|thumb|Stir-fried bigfin reef squid]]
 === Commercial fishing and human consumption ===
+Bigfin reef squids are one of the most commercially important squid species,<ref name="samuel2">{{cite journal|author1=Deepak V. Samuel|author2=Jamila Patterson|name-list-style=amp|year=2003|title=A comparative study on the radula of three coleoid cephalopods|journal=South Pacific Study|volume=24|issue=1|pages=33–38|url=http://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/bitstream/10232/5361/1/2003_006.pdf|access-date=2011-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602093049/http://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/bitstream/10232/5361/1/2003_006.pdf|archive-date=2012-06-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> and are widely consumed as human food. They are usually caught in large numbers by [[trawling]], [[seine fishing]], or [[Fish net|fixed net]] traps.<ref name="seafdec"/> In small-scale fishing, they are caught by [[jigging]], drive-in nets, slingshot-driven [[speargun]]s, or with [[fishing pot|squid pot]]s.<ref name="dickson">{{Cite book|author1=J.O. Dickson  |author2=B.R. Ricafrente |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title=The squid fishery in Carigara Bay, Samar: catch of ''Photololigo duvaucelii'' by squid jigs and ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' by hanging squid pot|journal=Research Output of the Fisheries Sector Program|pages=178–181|publisher=Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|isbn=978-971-8511-77-0 |issn=0115-4389|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP611.pdf }}</ref>
+[[File:Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) caught off Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.jpg|thumb|Bigfin reef squid caught off [[Pekan District|Pekan]], Malaysia by [[jigging]].]]
-Bigfin reef squids are one of the most commercially important squid species,<ref name="samuel2">{{cite journal|author1=Deepak V. Samuel|author2=Jamila Patterson|lastauthoramp=yes|year=2003|title=A comparative study on the radula of three coleoid cephalopods|journal=South Pacific Study|volume=24|issue=1|pages=33–38|url=http://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/bitstream/10232/5361/1/2003_006.pdf|access-date=2011-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602093049/http://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/bitstream/10232/5361/1/2003_006.pdf|archive-date=2012-06-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> and are widely consumed as human food. They are usually caught in large numbers by [[trawling]], [[seine fishing]], or [[Fish net|fixed net]] traps.<ref name="seafdec"/> In small-scale fishing, they are caught by [[jigging]], drive-in nets, slingshot-driven [[speargun]]s, or with [[fishing pot|squid pot]]s.<ref name="siva2">{{cite journal|author1=K. Sivashanthini|author2=G.A. Charles|author3=W.S. Thulasitha|last-author-amp=yes|year=2009|title=Length-weight relationship and growth pattern of ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' Lesson 1830 (Cephalopoda:Teuthida) from the Jaffna Lagoon, Sri Lanka|journal=Journal of Biological Sciences|volume=9|issue=4|pages=357–361|issn=1727-3048|url=http://content.imamu.edu.sa/Scholars/it/net/357-361.pdf|doi=10.3923/jbs.2009.357.361|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319230356/http://content.imamu.edu.sa/Scholars/it/net/357-361.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dickson">{{Cite book|author1=J.O. Dickson  |author2=B.R. Ricafrente |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007|title=The squid fishery in Carigara Bay, Samar: catch of ''Photololigo duvaucelii'' by squid jigs and ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' by hanging squid pot|journal=Research Output of the Fisheries Sector Program|pages=178–181|publisher=Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines|isbn=978-971-8511-77-0 |issn=0115-4389|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP611.pdf }}</ref>
-Fishing operations for bigfin reef squids (particularly in jigging) are usually done at night and utilise bright lights, taking advantage of their attraction to illumination.<ref name="ibrahim"/><ref name="jig">{{cite journal|author1=Sujit Sundaram  |author2=V.D. Deshmukh |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2011|title=On the emergence of squid jigging in India|journal= Fishing Chimes|volume=30|issue=12|pages=18–20|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8367/1/fc_new.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ranong">{{cite journal|author1=Donald J. Macintosh|author2=Elizabeth C. Ashton|author3=Vinij Tansakul|last-author-amp=yes|year=2002|title=Utilization and knowledge of biodiversity in the Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand|journal=ITCZM Monograph|issue=7|pages=1–30|url=http://www.itczm.ait.ac.th/7ranong.pdf|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005191104/http://www.itczm.ait.ac.th/7ranong.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are especially abundant during the [[full moon]] and in [[fog]]gy weather. Populations of bigfin reef squids are not seasonal, and they can be fished throughout the year.<ref name="siva2"/> They are also used as [[fish bait]] in [[hook and line fishing]].<ref name="mhitu"/>
+Fishing operations for bigfin reef squids (particularly in jigging) are usually done at night and utilise bright lights, taking advantage of their attraction to illumination.<ref name="ibrahim"/><ref name="jig">{{cite journal|author1=Sujit Sundaram  |author2=V.D. Deshmukh |name-list-style=amp |year=2011|title=On the emergence of squid jigging in India|journal= Fishing Chimes|volume=30|issue=12|pages=18–20|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8367/1/fc_new.pdf}}</ref><ref name="ranong">{{cite journal|author1=Donald J. Macintosh|author2=Elizabeth C. Ashton|author3=Vinij Tansakul|name-list-style=amp|year=2002|title=Utilization and knowledge of biodiversity in the Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand|journal=ITCZM Monograph|issue=7|pages=1–30|url=http://www.itczm.ait.ac.th/7ranong.pdf|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005191104/http://www.itczm.ait.ac.th/7ranong.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are especially abundant during the [[full moon]] and in [[fog]]gy weather. Populations of bigfin reef squids are not seasonal, and they can be fished throughout the year.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} They are also used as [[fish bait]] in [[hook and line fishing]].<ref name="mhitu"/>
 Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for [[mariculture]]. Although there have been several studies about this, there have been no reported commercial-scale cultures, as of 2011.<ref name="chung"/><ref name="nasemore"/>
@@ Line 170: / Line 174: @@
 === Biomedical research ===
-The bigfin reef squid is the first squid species to have been [[Aquaculture|cultured]] for more than one generation. It is remarkable for its ability to readily adapt to being confined in tanks,<ref name="lee">{{cite journal|author1=Phillip G. Lee |author2=Philip E. Turk |author3=Won Tack Yang |author4=Roger T. Hanlon  |last-author-amp=yes |year=1994|title=Biological characteristics and biomedical applications of the squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' cultured through multiple generations|journal= The Biological Bulletin|volume=186|issue=3 |pages=328–341|issn=0006-3185|url=http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/186/3/328.pdf|doi=10.2307/1542279|pmid=8043657 |jstor=1542279 |citeseerx=10.1.1.595.6281 }}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite journal|author1=Stephen A. Smith|author2=Joseph M. Scimeca|author3=Mary E. Mainous|last-author-amp=yes|year=2011|title=Culture and maintenance of selected invertebrates in the laboratory and classroom|journal=ILAR Journal|volume=52|issue=2|pages=153–164|url=http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/52_2/PDFs/v5202Smith153.pdf|doi=10.1093/ilar.52.2.153|pmid=21709308|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325083056/http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/52_2/PDFs/v5202Smith153.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is one of the few squid species of which the entire life span has been observed under laboratory conditions.<ref name="jackson2">{{cite journal|author1=George D. Jackson |author2=Ross A. Alford |author3=J. Howard Choat  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2000|title=Can length frequency analysis be used to determine squid growth? – An assessment of ELEFAN|journal= ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=57|issue=4 |pages=948–954|doi=10.1006/jmsc.2000.0582|issn=1054-3139|url=http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/4/948.full.pdf#page=1&view=FitH}}</ref>
+The bigfin reef squid is the first squid species to have been [[Aquaculture|cultured]] for more than one generation. It is remarkable for its ability to readily adapt to being confined in tanks,<ref name="lee">{{cite journal|author1=Phillip G. Lee |author2=Philip E. Turk |author3=Won Tack Yang |author4=Roger T. Hanlon  |name-list-style=amp |year=1994|title=Biological characteristics and biomedical applications of the squid ''Sepioteuthis lessoniana'' cultured through multiple generations|journal= The Biological Bulletin|volume=186|issue=3 |pages=328–341 |url=http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/reprint/186/3/328.pdf|doi=10.2307/1542279|pmid=8043657 |jstor=1542279 |citeseerx=10.1.1.595.6281 }}</ref><ref name="smith">{{cite journal|author1=Stephen A. Smith|author2=Joseph M. Scimeca|author3=Mary E. Mainous|name-list-style=amp|year=2011|title=Culture and maintenance of selected invertebrates in the laboratory and classroom|journal=ILAR Journal|volume=52|issue=2|pages=153–164|url=http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/52_2/PDFs/v5202Smith153.pdf|doi=10.1093/ilar.52.2.153|pmid=21709308|access-date=2011-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325083056/http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/52_2/PDFs/v5202Smith153.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-25|url-status=dead|doi-access=free}}</ref> and is one of the few squid species of which the entire life span has been observed under laboratory conditions.<ref name="jackson2">{{cite journal|author1=George D. Jackson |author2=Ross A. Alford |author3=J. Howard Choat  |name-list-style=amp |year=2000|title=Can length frequency analysis be used to determine squid growth? – An assessment of ELEFAN|journal= ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=57|issue=4 |pages=948–954|doi=10.1006/jmsc.2000.0582 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-Bigfin reef squids are also valuable sources for [[squid giant axon]]s used in research in [[neuroscience]] and [[physiology]]. Unlike [[axon]]s of other animals, squid axons are very large. Those of bigfin reef squids can range in diameter from 350 to 560&nbsp;[[μm]] (in contrast to the typical 1&nbsp;μm for humans).<ref name="lee"/><ref name="inoue">{{cite journal|author=Isao Inoue|year=1981|title=Activation-inactivation of potassium channels and development of the potassium-channel spike in internally perfused squid giant axons |journal=The Journal of General Physiology|volume=78|issue=1|pages=43–61|url=http://jgp.rupress.org/content/78/1/43.full.pdf#page=1&view=FitH|doi=10.1085/jgp.78.1.43|pmid=6265593|pmc=2228625}}</ref> In life, these giant axons are used by the squids to coordinate escape jetting behaviour, enabling the squid to contract its muscles in a split second directly from the brain.<ref name="nixon">{{cite book|author1=Marion Nixon |author2=John Zachary Young |author2link=John Zachary Young |lastauthoramp=yes |title =The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods|publisher =Oxford University Press|year =2003|page=98|isbn =978-0-19-852761-9|url =https://books.google.com/?id=BRvrtsuKc6MC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
+Bigfin reef squids are also valuable sources for [[squid giant axon]]s used in research in [[neuroscience]] and [[physiology]]. Unlike [[axon]]s of other animals, squid axons are very large. Those of bigfin reef squids can range in diameter from 350 to 560&nbsp;[[μm]] (in contrast to the typical 1&nbsp;μm for humans).<ref name="lee"/><ref name="inoue">{{cite journal|author=Isao Inoue|year=1981|title=Activation-inactivation of potassium channels and development of the potassium-channel spike in internally perfused squid giant axons |journal=The Journal of General Physiology|volume=78|issue=1|pages=43–61|url=http://jgp.rupress.org/content/78/1/43.full.pdf#page=1&view=FitH|doi=10.1085/jgp.78.1.43|pmid=6265593|pmc=2228625}}</ref> In life, these giant axons are used by the squids to coordinate escape jetting behaviour, enabling the squid to contract its muscles in a split second directly from the brain.<ref name="nixon">{{cite book|author1=Marion Nixon |author2=John Zachary Young |author2-link=John Zachary Young |name-list-style=amp |title =The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods|publisher =Oxford University Press|year =2003|page=98|isbn =978-0-19-852761-9|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=BRvrtsuKc6MC&pg=PA98}}</ref>
 ===Global warming===
-Bigfin reef squids adapt to warmer temperatures by laying more eggs, making them a good [[Ecological indicator|indicator]] species for [[climate change]].<ref name="jackson"/><ref name="radio">{{Cite episode|title= The Science Show|series = The Science Show|credits= Presenter: Robyn Williams, Guest: George Jackson|network= ABC|station= Radio National|airdate= June 16, 2001|transcript= George Jackson: "...There’s one species, the tropical calamari (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) is its name, and I was actually involved with some overseas researchers. We were putting forward a grant with that very thing; that because this species was so wide spread in shallow water, it had such rapid growth rates and highly predatory that it in fact should be quite a good indicator species..."|transcripturl=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s305244.htm }}</ref> In conjunction with their rapid growth rates and short lifespans, bigfin reef squid populations may rise dramatically in response to [[global warming]]. [[Overfishing]] may also play an important role. In the [[Gulf of Thailand]], the fishing industry has been forced to adapt to the large numbers of bigfin reef squids now present in the area, believed to be the result of overfishing of the squid's natural predators. The Australian scientist George Jackson describes them as "the weeds of the sea."<ref name="calamari">{{Citation | author=Caroline Williams| title = Jellyfish sushi: Seafood's slimy future | pages = issue 2698 | magazine = New Scientist | date = March 4, 2009 | url =https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126981.900-jellyfish-sushi-seafoods-slimy-future.html}}</ref>
+Bigfin reef squids adapt to warmer temperatures by laying more eggs, making them a good [[Ecological indicator|indicator]] species for [[climate change]].<ref name="jackson"/><ref name="radio">{{Cite episode|title= The Science Show|series = The Science Show|credits= Presenter: Robyn Williams, Guest: George Jackson|network= ABC|station= Radio National|airdate= June 16, 2001|transcript= George Jackson: "...There’s one species, the tropical calamari (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) is its name, and I was actually involved with some overseas researchers. We were putting forward a grant with that very thing; that because this species was so wide spread in shallow water, it had such rapid growth rates and highly predatory that it in fact should be quite a good indicator species..."|transcript-url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s305244.htm }}</ref> In conjunction with their rapid growth rates and short lifespans, bigfin reef squid populations may rise dramatically in response to [[global warming]]. [[Overfishing]] may also play an important role. In the [[Gulf of Thailand]], the fishing industry has been forced to adapt to the large numbers of bigfin reef squids now present in the area, believed to be the result of overfishing of the squid's natural predators. The Australian scientist George Jackson describes them as "the weeds of the sea."<ref name="calamari">{{Citation | author=Caroline Williams| title = Jellyfish sushi: Seafood's slimy future | pages = issue 2698 | magazine = New Scientist | date = March 4, 2009 | url =https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126981.900-jellyfish-sushi-seafoods-slimy-future.html}}</ref>
-Warmer waters may also accelerate the squid's expansion into areas in which it was not previously native. Its recent discovery as a [[Lessepsian migrant]] in the Mediterranean Sea may be an example.<ref name="bildstein">{{cite journal|author=Taylor Bildstein|year=2002|title=Global warming is good (if you like calamari)|journal=Australasian Science Magazine|volume=23|issue=7|pages=30–32|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/magazines/2002/AustralSci_Aug02.pdf }}</ref><ref name="zenetos">{{cite journal|author1=Argyro Zenetos |author2=Maria-Antonietta Pancucci-Papadopoulou |author3=Stamatis Zogaris |author4=Eva Papastergiadou |author5=Leonidas Vardakas |author6=Katerina Aligizaki |author7=Alcibiades N. Economou  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2009|title=Aquatic alien species in Greece (2009): tracking sources, patterns and effects on the ecosystem|journal=Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki|volume=12|pages=135–172|url=http://www.jbr.gr/papers20092/03-Zenetos%20et%20al.pdf}}</ref>
+Warmer waters may also accelerate the squid's expansion into areas in which it was not previously native. Its recent discovery as a [[Lessepsian migrant]] in the Mediterranean Sea may be an example.<ref name="bildstein">{{cite journal|author=Taylor Bildstein|year=2002|title=Global warming is good (if you like calamari)|journal=Australasian Science Magazine|volume=23|issue=7|pages=30–32|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/magazines/2002/AustralSci_Aug02.pdf }}</ref><ref name="zenetos">{{cite journal|author1=Argyro Zenetos |author2=Maria-Antonietta Pancucci-Papadopoulou |author3=Stamatis Zogaris |author4=Eva Papastergiadou |author5=Leonidas Vardakas |author6=Katerina Aligizaki |author7=Alcibiades N. Economou  |name-list-style=amp |year=2009|title=Aquatic alien species in Greece (2009): tracking sources, patterns and effects on the ecosystem|journal=Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki|volume=12|pages=135–172|url=http://www.jbr.gr/papers20092/03-Zenetos%20et%20al.pdf}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 193: / Line 197: @@
 == External links ==
 * A video of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=404AV1UjAKg bigfin reef squids spawning] from YouTube.com
+* {{SealifePhotos|220317}}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121010221517/http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/science/science-in-pics-breeding-bigfin-reef-squid-59504.html Science in Pics: Breeding Bigfin Reef Squid] from The Epoch Times
-* {{sealifephotos|220317}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q1870469}}
-[[Category:Squid]]
+[[Category:Loliginidae]]
+[[Category:Molluscs of the Indian Ocean]]
+[[Category:Molluscs of the Mediterranean Sea]]
 [[Category:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean]]
 [[Category:Molluscs of Oceania]]
 [[Category:Marine molluscs of Asia]]
 [[Category:Cephalopods of Australia]]
-[[Category:Fauna of the Indian Ocean]]
 [[Category:Fauna of Southeast Asia]]
 [[Category:Cenozoic cephalopods]]
-[[Category:Pliocene animals]]
+[[Category:Pliocene molluscs]]
 [[Category:Cephalopods described in 1831]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac]]
+[[Category:Edible molluscs]]
 [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
-[[Category:Edible animals