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{{short description|Cream-filled pastry}}
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{{Infobox prepared food
{{redirect|Creampuff}}
⚫
| name = Profiterole
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{{Infobox food
| image = Cream puff (cropped and edited).jpg
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| name = Profiterole
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| image_size = 230px
| image = Paris 2e - Rue Vivienne - Restaurant Le Vaudeville - Profiteroles au chocolat.jpg
| caption = A single cream puff
⚫
| image_size = 230px
| alternate_name = Cream puff (US); ''choux à la crème'' (France); ''soesje'' (Netherlands); ''kue sus'' (Indonesia)
| caption = ''Profiteroles au chocolat'', chou with ice cream and chocolate [[ganache]], at Le Vaudeville, a [[brasserie]] on Rue Vivienne in Paris
| country = {{flag|France}}<br>
| alternate_name = Cream puff (US)
{{flag|Italy}}
| place_of_origin = [[France]]
| region =
| region =
| creator =
| creator =
| course =
| course =
| type = [[Custard]]
| type =
| served =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Choux pastry]]<br />Filling: [[whipped cream]], [[custard]], or [[ice cream]]
| main_ingredient = [[Choux pastry]]<br />Filling: [[whipped cream]], [[custard]], or [[ice cream]]
| variations =
| variations =
| calories =
| calories =
| other =
| other = Water based, milk based
}}
}}
[[Image:Chou chocolat.JPG|right|thumb|Chou with chocolate [[ganache]]]]
⚫
A '''profiterole''' ({{IPA-fr|pʁɔfitʁɔl|lang}}), '''cream puff''' (US), or '''''chou à la crème''''' ({{IPA-fr|ʃu a la kʁɛm|lang}}) is a [[filling (cooking)|filled]] French [[choux pastry]] ball with a typically sweet and moist filling of [[whipped cream]], [[custard]], [[pastry cream]], or [[ice cream]]. The puffs may be decorated or left plain or garnished with [[Ganache|chocolate sauce]], [[caramel]], or a dusting of [[powdered sugar]]. Savory profiterole are also made, filled with pureed meats, cheese, and so on. These were formerly common garnishes for soups.<ref>Prosper Montagné, ''[[Larousse Gastronomique]]'', 1st edition, 1938, ''s.v.''</ref>


⚫
A '''profiterole''' ({{IPA|fr|pʁɔfitʁɔl|lang}}), '''''chou à la crème''''' ({{IPA|fr|ʃu a la kʁɛm|lang}}), also known alternatively as a '''cream puff''' (US), is a [[Filling (cooking)|filled]] French [[choux pastry]] ball with a typically sweet and moist filling of [[whipped cream]], [[custard]], [[pastry cream]], or [[ice cream]]. The puffs may be embellished or left plain or garnished with [[Ganache|chocolate sauce]], [[caramel]], or a dusting of [[powdered sugar]].
⚫
The various names may be associated with particular variants of filling or sauce in different places.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carole Bloom|title=The Essential Baker: The Comprehensive Guide to Baking with Chocolate, Fruit, Nuts, Spices, and Other Ingredients|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyR9VsqMvJsC&pg=PA433|accessdate=15 June 2011|date=2 March 2007|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-7645-7645-4|pages=433–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Ruhlman|title=Ratio: The Simple Codes Behind the Craft of Everyday Cooking|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGaRpi4YdIQC&pg=PA46|accessdate=15 June 2011|date=7 April 2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-6611-3|pages=46–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Good Housekeeping Magazine|author2=Good Housekeeping|title=The Good Housekeeping Illustrated Cookbook: America's Bestselling Step-by-Step Cookbook, with More Than 1,400 Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TucnTDr5qdAC&pg=PA512|accessdate=15 June 2011|date=28 December 2001|publisher=Hearst Books|isbn=978-1-58816-070-6|pages=512–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Glenn Rinsky|author2=Laura Halpin Rinsky|title=The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOA9n0XjlCgC&pg=PA228|accessdate=15 June 2011|date=14 February 2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-00955-0|pages=228–}}</ref>


⚫
Savory profiterole are also made, filled with pureed meats, cheese, and so on. These were formerly common garnishes for soups.<ref>Prosper Montagné, ''[[Larousse Gastronomique]]'', 1st edition, 1938, ''s.v.''</ref> The various names may be associated with particular variants of filling or sauce in different places.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carole Bloom|title=The Essential Baker: The Comprehensive Guide to Baking with Chocolate, Fruit, Nuts, Spices, and Other Ingredients|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyR9VsqMvJsC&pg=PA433|access-date=15 June 2011|date=2 March 2007|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-7645-7645-4|pages=433–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Ruhlman|title=Ratio: The Simple Codes Behind the Craft of Everyday Cooking|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGaRpi4YdIQC&pg=PA46|access-date=15 June 2011|date=7 April 2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-6611-3|pages=46–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Good Housekeeping Magazine|author2=Good Housekeeping|title=The Good Housekeeping Illustrated Cookbook: America's Bestselling Step-by-Step Cookbook, with More Than 1,400 Recipes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TucnTDr5qdAC&pg=PA512|access-date=15 June 2011|date=28 December 2001|publisher=Hearst Books|isbn=978-1-58816-070-6|pages=512–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Glenn Rinsky|author2=Laura Halpin Rinsky|title=The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOA9n0XjlCgC&pg=PA228|access-date=15 June 2011|date=14 February 2008|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-00955-0|pages=228–}}</ref>
⚫
==Preparation==


⚫
==Preparation==
[[Choux pastry]] dough is piped through a [[pastry bag]] or dropped with a pair of spoons into small balls and baked to form largely hollow puffs. After cooling, the baked profiteroles are injected with filling using a pastry bag and narrow piping tip, or by slicing off the top, filling them, and reassembling. For sweet profiteroles, additional glazes or decorations may then be added.
[[Choux pastry]] dough is piped through a [[pastry bag]] or dropped with a pair of spoons into small balls and baked to form largely hollow puffs. After cooling, the baked profiteroles are injected with filling using a pastry bag and narrow piping tip, or by slicing off the top, filling them, and reassembling. For sweet profiteroles, additional glazes or decorations may then be added.


==Presentation==
==Presentation==
[[Image:Windbeutel.jpg|right|thumb]]
The most common presentations are pastry cream, whipped cream, or ice cream filling, topped with powdered sugar or chocolate ganache and possibly more whipped cream. They are also served plain, with a crisp caramel glaze, [[icing (food)|iced]], or with fruit.
The most common presentations are pastry cream, whipped cream, or ice cream filling, topped with powdered sugar or chocolate ganache and possibly more whipped cream. They are also served plain, with a crisp caramel glaze, [[icing (food)|iced]], or with fruit.


Filled and glazed with caramel, they are assembled into a type of [[pièce montée]] called [[croquembouche]]s, often served at [[wedding]]s in [[France]] and [[Italy]], during the Christmas holiday in [[France]], and are served during important celebrations in [[Gibraltar]]. Profiteroles are also used as the outer wall of [[St. Honoré Cake]].
Filled and glazed with caramel, they are assembled into a type of [[pièce montée]] called [[croquembouche]]s, often served at [[wedding]]s in [[France]] and [[Italy]], during the Christmas holiday in [[France]], and are served during important celebrations in [[Gibraltar]]. Profiteroles are also used as the outer wall of a [[St. Honoré cake]].


==History==
==History==
The French word ''profiterole'', 'small profit, gratification', has been used in cuisine since the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PROFITEROLE : Etymologie de PROFITEROLE |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/profiterole |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.cnrtl.fr}}</ref>
The word ''profiterole'' (also spelled prophitrole, profitrolle, profiterolle)<ref name=oed>{{OED|profiterole}}</ref> has existed in English since 1604, borrowed from [[French language|French]]. The original meaning in both English and French is unclear, but later it came to mean a kind of roll "baked under the ashes". A 17th-century French recipe for a ''Potage de profiteolles'' or ''profiterolles'' describes a soup of dried small breads (presumably the profiteroles) simmered in [[almond]] [[broth]] and garnished with [[Comb (anatomy)#In cookery|coxscomb]]s, [[truffle]]s, and so on.<ref>Alfred Franklin, ''La vie privée d'autrefois. Arts et métiers, modes, mœurs, usages des Parisiens du XII<sup>e</sup> au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle: La Cuisine'', Paris 1888, quoting from [[François Pierre La Varenne|La Varenne]], 1651</ref> The current meaning is only clearly attested in the 19th century.<ref name=oed/>

In the 17th century, profiteroles were small hollow bread rolls filled with a mixture of sweetbreads, truffles, artichoke bottoms, mushrooms, pieces of partridge, pheasant, or various poultry, accompanied by garnish. They could also be served in a soup.<ref>{{Cite book |last=siècle |first=Société française d'étude du XVIIIe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sso_PU3u-KcC&dq=profiterole+artichauts+perdrix&pg=PA163 |title=Les liaisons savoureuses: réflexions et pratiques culinaires au XVIIIe siècle |date=1995 |publisher=Université de Saint-Etienne |isbn=978-2-86272-070-8 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdU6AAAAcAAJ&dq=profiterole+artichauts+perdrix&pg=RA2-PA148 |title=Dictionnaire portatif de cuisine, d'office et de distillation |date=1770 |language=fr}}</ref>

[[François Massialot]] in ''Le Cuisinier royal et bourgeois''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Massialot |first=François (1660?-1733) Auteur du texte |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108571q |title=Le cuisinier roïal et bourgeois ; qui apprend a ordonner toute sorte de repas en gras & en maigre, & la meilleure maniere des ragoûts les plus delicats & les plus à la mode. Ouvrage tres-utile dans les familles, &, singulierement necessaire à tous maîtres d'hôtels, & ecüiers de cuisine. Nouvelle edition, revûe, corrigée & beaucoup augmentée avec des figures |date=1705 |language=EN}}</ref> (1698) gives several recipes for profiterole soup, with fillings of minced ham and poultry on a stew of mushrooms, asparagus, artichoke bottoms, rooster crests, sweetbreads, and truffles. The profiteroles are made of bread dough.

Joseph Menon in his ''Traité de cuisine''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Joseph (1700?-1771) Auteur du texte |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1511760n |title=Nouveau traité de la cuisine, avec de nouveaux desseins de tables et vingt-quatre menus. Tome 2 / ... Tome premier. [-second.] |date=1739 |language=EN}}</ref> (1732) and François Marin in ''Les Dons de Comus''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marin |first=François (17-17 ; maître d'hôtel) Auteur du texte |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1512114n |title=Les dons de Comus , ou Les délices de la table. Ouvrage non-seulement utile aux officiers de bouche pour ce qui concerne leur art, mais principalement à l'usage des personnes qui sont curieuses de sc̜avoir donner à manger, & d'être servies délicatement, tant en gras qu'en maigre, snivant [sic] les saisons, & dans le goût le plus nouveau |date=1739 |language=EN}}</ref> (1750) give other examples of savory recipes while keeping the same principle.

The profiteroles we know today, using choux pastry, were created in the 19th century.

[[Jules Gouffé]] in his ''Livre de cuisine''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gouffé |first=Jules |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTRKAAAAYAAJ&dq=jules+gouffe+le+livre+de+cuisine+profiterole&pg=PA753 |title=Le livre de cuisine: comprenant la cuisine de ménage et la grande cuisine |date=1867 |publisher=Hachette |language=fr}}</ref> (1870) explains that a profiterole is a small choux pastry. Gustave Garlin in ''Le Cuisinier moderne''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlin |first=Gustave |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPRpQwAACAAJ |title=Le Cuisinier moderne, ou les Secrets de l'art culinaire: menus, haute cuisine, pâtisserie, glaces, office, etc., suivi d'un dictionnaire complet des termes techniques, par Gustave Garlin ... |date=1887 |publisher=Garnier frères |language=fr}}</ref> (1887) mentions profiteroles filled with cream and glazed with chocolate or coffee, worked to be smooth and shiny.

A widely-repeated legend claims that choux pastry, the key ingredient of profiteroles, was invented by the head chef to the court of [[Catherine de' Medici]].<ref name="Larouse gastronomique">{{cite book |last1=Montagné |first1=Prosper |last2=Lang |first2=Jenifer Harvey |title=Larousse gastronomique: the new American edition of the world's greatest culinary encyclopedia |date=1988 |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |pages=777–778 | quote=Choux pastry is said to have been invented in 1540 by Popelini, Catherine de' Medici's chef}}</ref> But this is a [[Choux pastry#History|19th-century invention]].<ref>Bienassis, Loïc; Campanini, Antonella (6 December 2022), Brioist, Pascal; Quellier, Florent (eds.), "La reine à la fourchette et autres histoires. Ce que la table française emprunta à l'Italie : analyse critique d'un mythe", La table de la Renaissance : Le mythe italien, Tables des hommes (in French), Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, pp. 29–88, {{isbn|978-2-86906-842-1}}, [https://books.openedition.org/pufr/32517 full text] retrieved 5 October 2023.</ref>

The pastry cook's art of choux pastry began to develop around the 17th century.<ref name="Larouse gastronomique" /> The patissier Jean Avice<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean Avice |url=https://www.gastronomiac.com/chefs-cuisiniers/avice-jean/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Gastronomiac |language=fr-FR}}</ref> developed the pastry further in the middle of the 18th century and created choux buns, with the dough becoming known as 'pâte à choux', since only choux buns were made from it. In the 19th century, [[Antoine Carême]] developed the recipe used today.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Claude |first1=Juillet |title=Classic patisserie: an A-Z handbook |date=1998 |publisher=Butterworth Heinemann |location=Oxford}}</ref>

<gallery>
Image:Profiteroles by Star5112.jpg|Single profiterole with ice cream and chocolate ganache
Image:Windbeutel.jpg|A German version, known as a ''windbeutel''
Image:VĚTRNÍK +šXéřXěéěé.jpg|A Czech version with chocolate
Image:İnci Pastanesi Profiterol.jpg|A Turkish version
Image:ホイップクリーム たっぷり (48154860687).jpg|Japanese cream puffs at a [[Fujiya]] store in [[Tokyo]]
</gallery>


==Today==
==United States==
[[Image:Cream puff in Graduation dinner.jpg|thumb|A plate of cream puffs]]
⚫
Cream puffs have appeared on U.S. restaurant menus since at least 1851.<ref>[http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=269316&imageID=476896&total=23&num=0&parent_id=443920&word=&s=&notword=&d=&c=&f=&k=0&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&lword=&lfield=&imgs=20&pos=3&snum=&e=w "Revere House" restaurant, Boston, menu dated May 18, 1851: "Puddings and Pastry. ... Cream Puffs"]. Digitalgallery.nypl.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref>


The [[Wisconsin State Fair]] is known for its giant cream puffs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wistatefair.com/fair/original-cream-puffs/|title=Original Cream Puffs|work=WIStateFair.com|access-date=2020-01-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/08/12/637932151/the-cream-puffs-of-wisconsin|title=The Cream Puffs Of Wisconsin|work=NPR.org|access-date=2020-01-10|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
The "cream puff" has appeared on US restaurant menus since at least 1851.<ref>[http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=269316&imageID=476896&total=23&num=0&parent_id=443920&word=&s=&notword=&d=&c=&f=&k=0&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&lword=&lfield=&imgs=20&pos=3&snum=&e=w "Revere House" restaurant, Boston, menu dated May 18, 1851: "Puddings and Pastry. ... Cream Puffs"]. Digitalgallery.nypl.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.</ref>


In [[Cuisine of Hawaii|Hawaii]], '''coco puffs''' (not to be confused with [[Cocoa Puffs]]) made by Liliha Bakery are a popular dessert. They are filled with chocolate [[Custard|creme patissiere]] and topped with a frosting known as "chantilly" (similar to [[German chocolate cake]] sans coconut and nuts).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hitt |first1=Christine |title=The secret recipe that has helped Hawaii institution Liliha Bakery stay open for 71 years |url=https://www.sfgate.com/hawaii/article/Coco-Puffs-are-Hawaii-Liliha-Bakery-secret-16848116.php |website=SFGate |date=11 February 2022}}</ref>
Profiteroles are a national dish of [[Gibraltar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://home.bt.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/gibraltar-7-reasons-why-you-should-pay-it-a-visit-11364172075245|title=Gibraltar: 7 reasons why you should pay it a visit|work=BT.com|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* {{portal-inline|Food}}
{{Portal|Food}}
* [[Bossche bol]], a giant profiterole from the Dutch city of [[Den Bosch]]
* [[Bossche bol]] – a giant profiterole from the Dutch city of [['s-Hertogenbosch|Den Bosch]]
* [[Éclair (pastry)]], a differently-shaped choux and cream pastry
* [[Éclair]] – a differently-shaped choux and cream pastry
* [[Gougère]], an hors d'oeuvre made with choux pastry
* [[Gougère]] – an hors d'oeuvre made with choux pastry
* [[List of French desserts]]
* [[List of French desserts]]
* [[Moorkop]], a similar Dutch pastry
* [[Moorkop]] – a similar Dutch pastry
* [[Whoopie pie]] – a similarly shaped pastry


==References==
==References==
Line 61: Line 85:
[[Category:French desserts]]
[[Category:French desserts]]
[[Category:French pastries]]
[[Category:French pastries]]
[[Category:Stuffed dishes]]
[[Category:Choux pastry]]
[[Category:Stuffed desserts]]


[[no:Vannbakkels]]
[[pl:Ptyś]]
[[pl:Ptyś]]
[[ja:シュークリーム]]

Latest revision as of 19:19, 13 October 2024

"Creampuff" redirects here. For other uses, see Creampuff (disambiguation).
Profiterole
Profiteroles au chocolat, chou with ice cream and chocolate ganache, at Le Vaudeville, a brasserie on Rue Vivienne in Paris
Alternative namesCream puff (US)
Place of originFrance
Main ingredientsChoux pastry
Filling: whipped cream, custard, or ice cream
Other informationWater based, milk based

A profiterole (French: [pʁɔfitʁɔl]), chou à la crème (French: [ʃu a la kʁɛm]), also known alternatively as a cream puff (US), is a filled French choux pastry ball with a typically sweet and moist filling of whipped cream, custard, pastry cream, or ice cream. The puffs may be embellished or left plain or garnished with chocolate sauce, caramel, or a dusting of powdered sugar.

Savory profiterole are also made, filled with pureed meats, cheese, and so on. These were formerly common garnishes for soups.[1] The various names may be associated with particular variants of filling or sauce in different places.[2][3][4][5]

Preparation

[edit]

Choux pastry dough is piped through a pastry bag or dropped with a pair of spoons into small balls and baked to form largely hollow puffs. After cooling, the baked profiteroles are injected with filling using a pastry bag and narrow piping tip, or by slicing off the top, filling them, and reassembling. For sweet profiteroles, additional glazes or decorations may then be added.

Presentation

[edit]

The most common presentations are pastry cream, whipped cream, or ice cream filling, topped with powdered sugar or chocolate ganache and possibly more whipped cream. They are also served plain, with a crisp caramel glaze, iced, or with fruit.

Filled and glazed with caramel, they are assembled into a type of pièce montée called croquembouches, often served at weddings in France and Italy, during the Christmas holiday in France, and are served during important celebrations in Gibraltar. Profiteroles are also used as the outer wall of a St. Honoré cake.

History

[edit]

The French word profiterole, 'small profit, gratification', has been used in cuisine since the 16th century.[6]

In the 17th century, profiteroles were small hollow bread rolls filled with a mixture of sweetbreads, truffles, artichoke bottoms, mushrooms, pieces of partridge, pheasant, or various poultry, accompanied by garnish. They could also be served in a soup.[7][8]

François Massialot in Le Cuisinier royal et bourgeois[9] (1698) gives several recipes for profiterole soup, with fillings of minced ham and poultry on a stew of mushrooms, asparagus, artichoke bottoms, rooster crests, sweetbreads, and truffles. The profiteroles are made of bread dough.

Joseph Menon in his Traité de cuisine[10] (1732) and François Marin in Les Dons de Comus[11] (1750) give other examples of savory recipes while keeping the same principle.

The profiteroles we know today, using choux pastry, were created in the 19th century.

Jules Gouffé in his Livre de cuisine[12] (1870) explains that a profiterole is a small choux pastry. Gustave Garlin in Le Cuisinier moderne[13] (1887) mentions profiteroles filled with cream and glazed with chocolate or coffee, worked to be smooth and shiny.

A widely-repeated legend claims that choux pastry, the key ingredient of profiteroles, was invented by the head chef to the court of Catherine de' Medici.[14] But this is a 19th-century invention.[15]

The pastry cook's art of choux pastry began to develop around the 17th century.[14] The patissier Jean Avice[16] developed the pastry further in the middle of the 18th century and created choux buns, with the dough becoming known as 'pâte à choux', since only choux buns were made from it. In the 19th century, Antoine Carême developed the recipe used today.[17]

  • Single profiterole with ice cream and chocolate ganache
    Single profiterole with ice cream and chocolate ganache
  • A German version, known as a windbeutel
    A German version, known as a windbeutel
  • A Czech version with chocolate
    A Czech version with chocolate
  • A Turkish version
    A Turkish version
  • Japanese cream puffs at a Fujiya store in Tokyo
    Japanese cream puffs at a Fujiya store in Tokyo

United States

[edit]
A plate of cream puffs

Cream puffs have appeared on U.S. restaurant menus since at least 1851.[18]

The Wisconsin State Fair is known for its giant cream puffs.[19][20]

In Hawaii, coco puffs (not to be confused with Cocoa Puffs) made by Liliha Bakery are a popular dessert. They are filled with chocolate creme patissiere and topped with a frosting known as "chantilly" (similar to German chocolate cake sans coconut and nuts).[21]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Prosper Montagné, Larousse Gastronomique, 1st edition, 1938, s.v.
  2. ^ Carole Bloom (2 March 2007). The Essential Baker: The Comprehensive Guide to Baking with Chocolate, Fruit, Nuts, Spices, and Other Ingredients. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 433–. ISBN 978-0-7645-7645-4. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  3. ^ Michael Ruhlman (7 April 2009). Ratio: The Simple Codes Behind the Craft of Everyday Cooking. Simon and Schuster. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-1-4165-6611-3. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  4. ^ Good Housekeeping Magazine; Good Housekeeping (28 December 2001). The Good Housekeeping Illustrated Cookbook: America's Bestselling Step-by-Step Cookbook, with More Than 1,400 Recipes. Hearst Books. pp. 512–. ISBN 978-1-58816-070-6. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  5. ^ Glenn Rinsky; Laura Halpin Rinsky (14 February 2008). The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-0-470-00955-0. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  6. ^ "PROFITEROLE : Etymologie de PROFITEROLE". www.cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  7. ^ siècle, Société française d'étude du XVIIIe (1995). Les liaisons savoureuses: réflexions et pratiques culinaires au XVIIIe siècle (in French). Université de Saint-Etienne. ISBN 978-2-86272-070-8.
  8. ^ Dictionnaire portatif de cuisine, d'office et de distillation (in French). 1770.
  9. ^ Massialot, François (1660?-1733) Auteur du texte (1705). Le cuisinier roïal et bourgeois ; qui apprend a ordonner toute sorte de repas en gras & en maigre, & la meilleure maniere des ragoûts les plus delicats & les plus à la mode. Ouvrage tres-utile dans les familles, &, singulierement necessaire à tous maîtres d'hôtels, & ecüiers de cuisine. Nouvelle edition, revûe, corrigée & beaucoup augmentée avec des figures.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Menon, Joseph (1700?-1771) Auteur du texte (1739). Nouveau traité de la cuisine, avec de nouveaux desseins de tables et vingt-quatre menus. Tome 2 / ... Tome premier. [-second.].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Marin, François (17-17 ; maître d'hôtel) Auteur du texte (1739). Les dons de Comus , ou Les délices de la table. Ouvrage non-seulement utile aux officiers de bouche pour ce qui concerne leur art, mais principalement à l'usage des personnes qui sont curieuses de sc̜avoir donner à manger, & d'être servies délicatement, tant en gras qu'en maigre, snivant [sic] les saisons, & dans le goût le plus nouveau.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Gouffé, Jules (1867). Le livre de cuisine: comprenant la cuisine de ménage et la grande cuisine (in French). Hachette.
  13. ^ Garlin, Gustave (1887). Le Cuisinier moderne, ou les Secrets de l'art culinaire: menus, haute cuisine, pâtisserie, glaces, office, etc., suivi d'un dictionnaire complet des termes techniques, par Gustave Garlin ... (in French). Garnier frères.
  14. ^ a b Montagné, Prosper; Lang, Jenifer Harvey (1988). Larousse gastronomique: the new American edition of the world's greatest culinary encyclopedia. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 777–778. Choux pastry is said to have been invented in 1540 by Popelini, Catherine de' Medici's chef
  15. ^ Bienassis, Loïc; Campanini, Antonella (6 December 2022), Brioist, Pascal; Quellier, Florent (eds.), "La reine à la fourchette et autres histoires. Ce que la table française emprunta à l'Italie : analyse critique d'un mythe", La table de la Renaissance : Le mythe italien, Tables des hommes (in French), Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, pp. 29–88, ISBN 978-2-86906-842-1, full text retrieved 5 October 2023.
  16. ^ "Jean Avice". Gastronomiac (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  17. ^ Claude, Juillet (1998). Classic patisserie: an A-Z handbook. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
  18. ^ "Revere House" restaurant, Boston, menu dated May 18, 1851: "Puddings and Pastry. ... Cream Puffs". Digitalgallery.nypl.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
  19. ^ "Original Cream Puffs". WIStateFair.com. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  20. ^ "The Cream Puffs Of Wisconsin". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  21. ^ Hitt, Christine (11 February 2022). "The secret recipe that has helped Hawaii institution Liliha Bakery stay open for 71 years". SFGate.
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