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{{Infobox writer |
{{Infobox writer |
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| name = Naim Frashëri |
| name = Naim Frashëri |
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| image = Naim Frashëri.jpg |
| image = Naim Frashëri.jpg |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = |
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| alt = Portrait of Naim Frashëri |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1846| |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1846|5|25}} |
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| birth_place = [[Frashër]], [[Ottoman Empire]] |
| birth_place = [[Frashër]], [[Yanina Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern [[Albania]]) |
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1900|10|20|1846| |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1900|10|20|1846|5|25}} |
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| death_place = [[Kadıköy]], [[ |
| death_place = [[Kadıköy]], [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern Istanbul, [[Turkey]]) |
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| occupation = |
| occupation = [[Educator]] [[Historian]] |
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[[Journalist]] |
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[[Poet]] |
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[[Politician]] |
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[[rilindas]] |
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[[translator]] |
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[[writer]] |
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| genre = [[Romanticism]] |
| genre = [[Romanticism]] |
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| movement = [[Albanian Renaissance]] |
| movement = [[Albanian Renaissance]] |
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| relations = |
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| relations = [[Abdyl Frashëri]] (brother)<br>[[Sami Frashëri]] (brother)<br>[[Mit'hat Frashëri]] (nephew)<br>[[Ali Sami Yen]] (nephew) |
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| signature = Naim Frashëri (nënshkrim).svg |
| signature = Naim Frashëri (nënshkrim).svg |
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| signature_alt = Signature of Naim Frashëri |
| signature_alt = Signature of Naim Frashëri |
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| signature_size = 135px |
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| relatives = {{ubl|[[Abdyl Frashëri]] (Brother)|[[Sami Frashëri]] (Brother)|[[Mid'hat Frashëri]] (Nephew)|[[Ali Sami Yen]] (Nephew)}} Ajaz Bey and Hamza Bey (paternal ancestors), [[Iljaz Bej Mirahori]] (maternal ancestor), 5 other siblings and his parents Halit Bey (1797–1859) - Father and Emine Hanım (1814–1861) - Mother, Ajaz Frasheri (Grandfather) |
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'''Naim |
'''Naim bey Frashëri''',<ref name="RElsie">{{Cite book|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History|last=Elsie|first=Robert|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2013|isbn=978-1-78076-431-3|pages=152|chapter=FRASHËRI, NAIM Bey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&q=Naim+bey+Frashëri }}</ref><ref name="TrencsenyiKopecek">{{Cite book|title=National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945|editor=Balazs Trencsenyi|editor2=Michal Kopecek|publisher=Central European University Press|year=2006|isbn=9789637326608|pages=297|chapter=Sami Frashëri: Albania, what it was, what it is, and what it will be?|volume=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dup4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA297 }}</ref> more commonly '''Naim Frashëri''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|m|_|f|r|ɑː|ʃ|ə|r|ɪ}}; {{IPA-sq|naˈim fɾaˈʃəˈɾi|pron}}; 25 May 1846{{snds}}20 October 1900), was an Albanian historian, journalist, poet, [[rilindas]] and translator who was proclaimed as the [[national poet]] of Albania. He is regarded as a pioneer of modern [[Albanian literature]] and one of the most influential [[Albanian culture|Albanian cultural]] icons of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries|last=Elsie|first=Robert|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing|year=2004|isbn=9789027234537|pages=291|chapter=The Hybrid Soil of the Balkans: A Topography of Albanian Literature|volume=2|author-link=Robert Elsie|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pAwqsSyTlsC&pg=PA291}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Naim and his brothers [[Abdyl Frashëri|Abdyl]] and [[Sami Frashëri|Sami]] were born and raised in the village of [[Frashër]] at the southern slopes of the [[Tomorr Mountain]]s. He |
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| ⚫ | Frashëri's works explored themes such as [[freedom]], humanity, unity, [[Toleration|tolerance]] and revolution. His twenty two works consist of fifteen works written in [[Albanian language|Albanian]] as well as four in Turkish, two in Greek and one in Persian. He is considered to be the most representative writer of [[Sufi poetry]] in Albanian, and having been under the influence of his uncle [[Dalip Frashëri]], he tried to mingle [[Sufism]] with [[Western philosophy]] in his poetical ideals.<ref name=":Osmani">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/qm-17-originals/qm17_Osmani.pdf|title=God in the Eagles' Country: The Bektashi Order|last=Osmani|first=Edlira|website=iemed.org|publisher=Quaderns de la Mediterrània 17, 2012|pages=113|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123155115/http://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/qm-17-originals/qm17_Osmani.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Norris">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC&q=dalip+frasheri&pg=PA180|author=H.T.Norris|pages=76|title=Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World|location=Columbia, S.C|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-87249-977-5|oclc=28067651}}</ref> He had an extraordinarily profound impact on Albanian literature and society during the 20th century, most notably on [[Asdreni]], [[Gjergj Fishta]] and [[Lasgush Poradeci]], among many others.<ref name="Asdreni">{{cite book |author1=Robert Elsie |author-link1=Robert Elsie |title=Albanian Literature: A Short History |date=29 July 2005 |publisher=I.B.Tauris, 2005 |isbn=978-1-84511-031-4 |pages=100–103 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lasgush Poradeci">{{cite book |author1=Robert Elsie |author-link1=Robert Elsie |title=Historical Dictionary of Albania |year=2010 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, 2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6 |pages=362–363 |language=en}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Upon the death of his father, he and his family settled to [[Ioannina]] where he earned initial inspiration for his future poetries written in the [[Lyric poetry|lyric]] and [[Romanticism|romantic]] style. After he suffered a severe lung infection, due to his congenital [[tuberculosis]], in [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], he joined his brother |
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| ⚫ | ''[[Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar]]'' ("You Albania, you give me honor, you give me the name Albanian"), a memorable line in his poem ''O malet e Shqipërisë'', has been designated as the [[national motto]] of Albania. It speaks to unity, freedom and it embodies in its words a sense of pride towards the country and people. |
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| ⚫ | Frashëri's |
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== Life == |
== Life == |
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=== Family === |
=== Family === |
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Naim Frashëri was born on 25 May 1846 into a wealthy [[Albanians|Albanian]] family of [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi]] |
Naim Frashëri was born on 25 May 1846<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsie |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6inIiCF_930C |title=Historical Dictionary of Albania |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6 |language=en}}</ref> into a wealthy [[Albanians|Albanian]] family of religious belief affiliated with the [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi]] [[tariqa]] of Islam, in the village of [[Frashër]] in what was then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and now [[Albania]]. He, [[Abdyl Frashëri|Abdyl]] and [[Sami Frashëri|Sami]] were one of eight children of Halid Frashëri (1797–1859), a landowner and military commander and Emine (1814–1861).<ref name="Gawrych13"/> Halid belonged to the Dakollari branch of the Frashëri family. They were descendants of Ajaz Bey from [[Gramsh, Elbasan|Gramsh]] who in 1650–60 was given the command of Frashër. Ajaz Bey's grandfather, Hamza Bey had lost his lands in [[Tomorrica]] in 1570 when he rebelled and was exiled but the family's fortunes changed with the rise of [[Köprülü Mehmed Pasha]] who intervened on their behalf and they were pardoned.{{sfn|Frashëri|Frashëri|2014|p=385}} Emine came from the family of [[Iljaz Bej Mirahori]] from the region around [[Korçë County|Korçë]] that traced its [[ancestry]] back to the 15th century.<ref name="Elsie2005-70">{{cite book |author=Elsie, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC&pg=PA70 |title=Albanian Literature: A Short History |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84511-031-4 |pages=67–70}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Naim and his brothers [[Abdyl Frashëri|Abdyl]] and [[Sami Frashëri|Sami]] were born and raised in the village of [[Frashër]] at the southern slopes of the [[Tomorr Mountain]]s. He became acquainted with numerous cultures and languages such as [[Arabic]], [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]], French, Italian, [[Ottoman Turkish]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name="Languages">{{cite web |author1=Robert Elsie |author-link1=Robert Elsie |title=Die Drei Frashëri-Brüder |url=http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A2001DreiFrash.pdf |website=elsie.de |pages=23 |language=de |quote=Hier lernte er Alt- und Neugriechisch, Französisch und Italienisch. Sein besonderes Interesse galt dem Bektaschitum, den Dichtern der persischen Klassik und dem Zeitalter der französischen Aufklärung. Mit dieser Erziehung verkörperte er den osmanischen Intellektuellen, der in beiden Kulturen, der morgenländischen und der abendländischen, gleichermaßen zu Hause war.}}</ref> He was one of the few men to whom the literary culture of the [[Occident]] and [[Orient]] was equally familiar and valuable.<ref name="Elsie2005-70" /> |
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| ⚫ | Upon the death of his father, he and his family settled to [[Ioannina]] where he earned initial inspiration for his future poetries written in the [[Lyric poetry|lyric]] and [[Romanticism|romantic]] style. After he suffered a severe lung infection, due to his congenital [[tuberculosis]], in [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], he joined his brother Abdyl in the fight for national freedom and consciousness of the Albanian people during the [[Albanian Renaissance]] in which he later became the most distinguished representative of that period.<ref name="Elsie2005-70" /> |
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His mother was descended from a distinguished family of [[Iljaz Bej Mirahori]] from the region around [[Korçë County|Korçë]] that traced its [[ancestry]] back to the 15th century.<ref name="Elsie2005-70"/> His paternal family traditions held that they were descendants of [[timar]] holders that hailed from the region around [[Berat]] before moving to Frashër.<ref name="Gawrych13"/> Kristo Frashëri, an Albanian historian member of the family, points out that the first Frashëri documented was an Albanian merchant in [[Thessaloniki]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Frashëri|first=Kristo|title=Frashëri, shkëlqimi dhe rrënimi i tij: vështrim i shkurtër|page=14|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7gAUcgAACAAJ|isbn=9789995688097}}</ref> Although of distinct origin, the family seemed to be of modest financial means by the mid-nineteenth century.<ref name="Gawrych13"/> |
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=== Education === |
=== Education === |
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His religion paved the way for much of his future accomplishments. |
His religion paved the way for much of his future accomplishments. |
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In the [[Tekke of Frashër]], he received lessons in all the common subjects of his time especially in [[language]]s such as [[Arabic]], [[ |
In the [[Tekke of Frashër]], he received lessons in all the common subjects of his time especially in [[language]]s such as [[Arabic]], [[Ottoman Turkish]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. As a member of a family which gave him a strong [[Bektashi]] upbringing, he spent a part of his time in a Bektashi tekke. After the death of their parents, the family moved to [[Ioannina]] in 1865. The eldest brother, Abdyl (b. 1839), became the family head at the age of 22 and started working as a merchant. That year Naim and Sami enrolled in the [[Zosimaia School|Zosimaia secondary school]].<ref name="Gawrych1326">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=13, 26.}}</ref> The education there provided Naim with the basics of a classical education along Western lines.<ref name="Gawrych13">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&pg=PA13 13].}}</ref> Apart from languages he learned in the Zosiamaia (Ancient and Modern Greek, French and Italian), Naim took private lessons in Persian, Turkish and Arabic from two important local Bektashi.<ref name="Qosja2000">{{cite book|author=Qosja, Rexhep |title=Porosia e madhe: monografi mbi krijimtarinë e Naim Frashërit [The Great Instruction]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM47MwAACAAJ|year=2000|pages=34–42|publisher=Botime Toena |isbn=9789992713372}}</ref> |
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After he finished his studies in 1870, Frashëri worked for a few months at the press office in Istanbul (1870) but was forced to return to his home village because of tuberculosis. The climate of Frashër helped Naim and soon he started work in the Ottoman bureaucracy as a clerk in Berat and later in Saranda (1872–1877).<ref name="Shuteriqi1971">{{cite book|author=Dhimitër S. Shuteriqi|title=Historia e letërsisë shqipe (History of Albanian Literature)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfM9AQAAIAAJ|year=1971}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych14">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=14.}}</ref> However, in 1876 Frashëri left the job and went to [[Baden]], in modern [[Austria]] to cure his problems with rheumatism in a health resort.<ref name="Elsie2005-70"/ |
After he finished his studies in 1870, Frashëri worked for a few months at the press office in Istanbul (1870) but was forced to return to his home village because of tuberculosis. The climate of Frashër helped Naim and soon he started work in the Ottoman bureaucracy as a clerk in Berat and later in Saranda (1872–1877).<ref name="Shuteriqi1971">{{cite book|author=Dhimitër S. Shuteriqi|title=Historia e letërsisë shqipe (History of Albanian Literature)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfM9AQAAIAAJ|year=1971}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych14">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=14.}}</ref> However, in 1876 Frashëri left the job and went to [[Baden]], in modern [[Austria]] to cure his problems with rheumatism in a health resort.<ref name="Elsie2005-70"/><ref name="Qosja2000"/> |
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===Politics=== |
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In 1879, along with his brother Sami and 25 other Albanians, Naim Frashëri founded and was a member of the [[Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings]] in Istanbul that promoted Albanian language publications.<ref name="Skendi119">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=119.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych59">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=59.}}</ref> Ottoman authorities forbid writing in Albanian in 1885 that resulted in publications being published abroad and Frashëri used his initials '''N.H.F.''' to bypass those restrictions for his works. Later on, Albanian schools were established in 1887 in Southeastern Albania.<ref name="Skendi128">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=128.}}</ref> |
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An Albanian magazine, ''[[Drita (magazine)|Drita]]'', appeared in 1884 under the editorship of [[Petro Poga]] and later [[Pandeli Sotiri]] with Naim Frashëri being a behind the scenes editor as it was not allowed by Ottoman authorities to write in Albanian at that time.<ref name="Skendi146"/><ref name="Gawrych88"/> Naim Frashëri and other Albanian writers like his brother Sami Frashëri would write using pseudonyms in Poga's publication.<ref name="Skendi146">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=146.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych88"/> Due to a lack of education material Naim Frashëri, his brother Sami and several other Albanians wrote textbooks in the Albanian language during the late 1880s for the [[Mësonjëtorja|Albanian school in Korçë]].<ref name="Gawrych88">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=88.}}</ref> In a letter to [[Faik Konitza]] in 1887, Frashëri expressed sentiments regarding the precarious state of the Ottoman Empire that the best outcome for Albanians was a future annexation of all of Albania by [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref name="Skendi268">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=268.}}</ref> |
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An Albanian magazine ''[[Drita (magazine)|Drita]]'' appeared in 1884 under the editorship of [[Petro Poga]] and later [[Pandeli Sotiri]] with Naim Frashëri being a behind the scenes editor as it was not allowed by Ottoman authorities to write in Albanian at that time.<ref name="Skendi146"/><ref name="Gawrych88"/> Naim Frashëri and other Albanian writers like his brother Sami Frashëri would write using pseudonyms in Poga's publication.<ref name="Skendi146">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=146.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych88"/> Due to a lack of education material Naim Frashëri, his brother Sami and several other Albanians wrote textbooks in the Albanian language during the late 1880s for the [[Mësonjëtorja|Albanian school in Korçë]].<ref name="Gawrych88">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=88.}}</ref> In a letter to [[Faik Konitza]] in 1887, Frashëri expressed sentiments regarding the precarious state of the Ottoman Empire that the best outcome for Albanians was a future annexation of all of Albania by [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref name="Skendi268">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=268.}}</ref> |
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In 1900 Naim Frashëri died in Istanbul. During the 1950s the Turkish government allowed for his remains to be sent and reburied in Albania.<ref name="Gawrych200">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=200.}}</ref> |
In 1900 Naim Frashëri died in Istanbul. During the 1950s the Turkish government allowed for his remains to be sent and reburied in Albania.<ref name="Gawrych200">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=200.}}</ref> |
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=== Works === |
=== Works === |
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{{Quote box|align=right|quote=<poem> |
{{Quote box|align=right|quote=<poem> |
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"Oh mountains of Albania |
"Oh mountains of Albania |
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Oh you blessed, sacred places, |
Oh you blessed, sacred places, |
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you inspire and delight me! |
you inspire and delight me! |
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[[Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar|You, Albania, give me |
[[Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar|You, Albania, give me honor, |
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and you name me as Albanian]], |
and you name me as Albanian]], |
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And my heart you have replenished |
And my heart you have replenished |
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all the love you've given to me ..." |
all the love you've given to me ..." |
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</poem> |
</poem> |
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|source=—''Oh mountains of Albania''<br>from Bagëti e Bujqësi{{Small|<ref>{{cite book |author1=Robert Elsie | |
|source=—''Oh mountains of Albania''<br>from Bagëti e Bujqësi{{Small|<ref>{{cite book |author1=Robert Elsie |author-link1=Robert Elsie |title=Albanian Literature: A Short History |date=29 July 2005 |publisher=I.B.Tauris, 2005 |isbn=9781845110314 |page=72 |language=en}}</ref>}} |
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With its literary stature and the broad range both stylistic and thematic of its content, Frashëri significantly contributed the development of the modern [[Albanian language|Albanian]] [[literary language]]. The importance of his works lies less in his creative expression than in the [[social]] and [[political]] intention of his poetry and faith. His works were noted by the desire to the emergence of an [[independent Albania]]n unity that overcomes denominational and territorial differences, and by an optimistic belief in civilization and the political, [[economic]] and [[cultural]] rise of the [[Albanian people]]. |
With its literary stature and the broad range both stylistic and thematic of its content, Frashëri significantly contributed to the development of the modern [[Albanian language|Albanian]] [[literary language]]. The importance of his works lies less in his creative expression than in the [[social]] and [[political]] intention of his poetry and faith. His works were noted by the desire to the emergence of an [[independent Albania]]n unity that overcomes denominational and territorial differences, and by an optimistic belief in civilization and the political, [[economic]] and [[cultural]] rise of the [[Albanian people]]. |
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In his poem ''Bagëti e Bujqësi'', Frashëri idyllically describes the natural and cultural beauty of Albania and the modest life of its people where nothing infringes on mystical euphoria and all conflicts find reconciliation and fascination.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arshi Pipa |title=Letërsia Shqipe: Perspektiva Shoqërore Volume 3 of Trilogjia Albanika |isbn=9789928409096 |pages=97–100 |language= |
In his poem ''Bagëti e Bujqësi'', Frashëri idyllically describes the natural and cultural beauty of Albania and the modest life of its people where nothing infringes on mystical euphoria and all conflicts find reconciliation and fascination.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arshi Pipa |title=Letërsia Shqipe: Perspektiva Shoqërore Volume 3 of Trilogjia Albanika |year=2013 |isbn=9789928409096 |pages=97–100 |publisher=Princi |language=sq}}</ref> |
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Frashëri saw his liberal [[religion]] as a profound source for Albanian libration, tolerance and national awareness among his religiously divided people. He therefore composed his [[theological]] ''Fletore e Bektashinjet'' which is now a piece of national importance.<ref name="Fletore e Bektashinjet">{{cite book |author1=Robert Elsie | |
Frashëri saw his liberal [[religion]] as a profound source for Albanian libration, tolerance and national awareness among his religiously divided people.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Albert DOJA |title=The politics of religious dualism: Naim Frashëri and his elective affinity to religion in the course of 19th-century Albanian activism |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c847/5c8a0efd02875b69a3b1d672397397297e17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020184802/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c847/5c8a0efd02875b69a3b1d672397397297e17.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2019 |journal=Social Compass |year=2013 |volume=60 |page=3 |doi=10.1177/0037768612471770 |s2cid=15564654 |language=en}}</ref> He, therefore, composed his [[theological]] ''Fletore e Bektashinjet'' which is now a piece of national importance.<ref name="Fletore e Bektashinjet">{{cite book |author1=Robert Elsie |author-link1=Robert Elsie |title=The Albanian Bektashi: History and Culture of a Dervish Order in the Balkans |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019 |isbn=9781788315715 |pages=30–36 |language=en}}</ref> It contains an introductory profession of his faith and ten spiritual poems granting a contemporary perspective into the beliefs of the [[sect]].<ref name="Fletore e Bektashinjet"/> |
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#Kavâid-i farisiyye dar tarz-i nevîn (''Grammar of the Persian language according to the new method''), Istanbul, 1871. |
#Kavâid-i farisiyye dar tarz-i nevîn (''Grammar of the Persian language according to the new method''), Istanbul, 1871. |
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#Vjersha për mësonjëtoret të para (''Poetry for the first grades''), Bucharest, 1886. |
#Vjersha për mësonjëtoret të para (''Poetry for the first grades''), Bucharest, 1886. |
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#Dituritë për mësonjëtoret të para (General knowledge for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886. |
#Dituritë për mësonjëtoret të para (General knowledge for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886. |
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#O alithis pothos ton Skypetaron (''The True Desire of Albanians'', {{ |
#O alithis pothos ton Skypetaron (''The True Desire of Albanians'', {{langx|el|Ο αληθής πόθος των Σκιπετάρων}}), Bucharest, 1886. |
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#Luletë e Verësë (''Flowers of the Summer''), Bucharest, 1890. |
#Luletë e Verësë (''Flowers of the Summer''), Bucharest, 1890. |
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#Mësime (''Lessons''), Bucharest, 1894. |
#Mësime (''Lessons''), Bucharest, 1894. |
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#Parajsa dhe fjala fluturake |
#Parajsa dhe fjala fluturake (''Paradise and the Flying Word''), Bucharest, 1894. |
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#Gjithësia (''Omneity''), Bucharest, 1895. |
#Gjithësia (''Omneity''), Bucharest, 1895. |
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#Fletore e bektashinjët |
#Fletore e bektashinjët (''The Bektashi Notebook''), Bucharest, 1895. |
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#O eros (''Love'', {{ |
#O eros (''Love'', {{langx|el|Ο Έρως}}), Istanbul, 1895. |
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#Iliadh' e Omirit, |
#Iliadh' e Omirit, (''Homer's Iliad''), Bucharest, 1896. |
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#Histori e Skënderbeut (''History of Skanderbeg''), Bucharest, 1898. |
#Histori e Skënderbeut (''History of Skanderbeg''), Bucharest, 1898. |
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#Qerbelaja |
#Qerbelaja (''Qerbela''), Bucharest, 1898. |
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#Istori e Shqipërisë (''History of Albania''), Sofia, 1899. |
#Istori e Shqipërisë (''History of Albania''), Sofia, 1899. |
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#Shqipëria (''Albania''), Sofia, 1902. |
#Shqipëria (''Albania''), Sofia, 1902. |
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=== Legacy === |
=== Legacy === |
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[[File:Nail Frashëri statue.jpg|right|upright|thumb|A [[King Michael I Park|bust]] of Naim Frashëri in [[Bucharest]] |
[[File:Nail Frashëri statue.jpg|right|upright|thumb|A [[King Michael I Park|bust]] of Naim Frashëri in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]].]] |
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The prime representative of [[Romanticism]] in [[Albanian literature]], Frashëri is considered by many to be the most distinguished [[Albanian poets|Albanian poet]] of the [[Albanian Renaissance]] whose [[poetry]] continued to have a tremendous influence on the literature and society of the [[Albanian people]] |
The prime representative of [[Romanticism]] in [[Albanian literature]], Frashëri is considered by many to be the most distinguished [[Albanian poets|Albanian poet]] of the [[Albanian Renaissance]] whose [[poetry]] continued to have a tremendous influence on the literature and society of the [[Albanian people]] in the 20th century.<ref>{{Citation|last=Elsie|first=Robert|title=Albanian literature: a short history |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC&pg=PA100|access-date=18 January 2011|year=2005|publisher=I.B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies|location=London, UK|isbn=1-84511-031-5|page=100|chapter=Writing in the independence period |quote=major source of inspiration and guiding lights for most Albanian poets and intellectuals}}</ref><ref name="Skendi123124"/> He is also widely regarded as the [[national poet]] of [[Albania]] and is celebrated as such among the Albanian people in [[Kosovo]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]] and other Albanian-inhabited lands in the [[Balkans]]. |
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After his death, Frashëri became a great source of inspiration and a guiding light for the Albanian writers and |
After his death, Frashëri became a great source of inspiration and a guiding light for the Albanian writers and intellectuals of the 20th century amongst them [[Asdreni]], [[Gjergj Fishta]], [[Mitrush Kuteli]] and [[Lasgush Poradeci]].<ref name="Asdreni"/><ref name="Lasgush Poradeci"/> His great work such as ''Bagëti e Bujqësi'', ''Gjuha Jonë'' and ''Feja'' promoted national unity, consciousness, and tolerance in the breasts of his countrymen an enthusiasm for the culture and history of their ancestors. |
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Albanians of the [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi]] faith were in particular influenced and motivated by his work.<ref name="Skendi166">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=166.}}</ref> Himself a Bektashi, he desired purity of the [[Albanian language]] and had attempted in his lifetime to Albanianise hierarchical terms of the order in his work ''Fletore e Bektashinjët'' which called for an Albanian Bektashism.<ref name="Skendi339">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=123, 339.}}</ref> His poem ''Bagëti e Bujqësi'' celebrated the natural beauty of Albania and the simple life of Albanian people while expressing gratitude that Albania had bestowed upon him "the name Albanian".<ref name="Skendi123124"/> In ''Istori' e Skënderbeut'', he celebrated his love for Albania by referring to the medieval battles between the Albanians and [[Ottomans]] while highlighting [[Skanderbeg|Skenderbeg]]'s Albanian origins and his [[Skanderbeg# |
Albanians of the [[Bektashi Order|Bektashi]] faith were in particular influenced and motivated by his work.<ref name="Skendi166">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=166.}}</ref> Himself a Bektashi, he desired purity of the [[Albanian language]] and had attempted in his lifetime to Albanianise hierarchical terms of the order in his work ''Fletore e Bektashinjët'' which called for an Albanian Bektashism.<ref name="Skendi339">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=123, 339.}}</ref> His poem ''Bagëti e Bujqësi'' celebrated the natural beauty of Albania and the simple life of Albanian people while expressing gratitude that Albania had bestowed upon him "the name Albanian".<ref name="Skendi123124"/> In ''Istori' e Skënderbeut'', he celebrated his love for Albania by referring to the medieval battles between the Albanians and [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] while highlighting [[Skanderbeg|Skenderbeg]]'s Albanian origins and his [[Skanderbeg#History|successful]] fight for liberation.<ref name="Gawrych90">{{cite book|last=Gawrych|first=George|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913|year=2006|location=London|publisher=IB Tauris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&q=Naim|isbn=9781845112875|pages=90}}</ref><ref name="Skendi123124"/> In ''Gjuha Jonë'', he called for fellow Albanians to honor their nation and write in Albanian while in another poem ''Feja'', he pleaded with Albanians not make religious distinctions among themselves as they all were of one [[Origin of the Albanians|origin]] that speak Albanian.<ref name="Skendi123124">{{cite book|last=Skendi|first=Stavro|title=The Albanian national awakening|year=1967|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&q=Naim+Frash%C3%ABri&pg=PR15|isbn=9781400847761|pages=123–124}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Numerous organizations, [[monument]]s, schools, and streets had been founded and dedicated to his memory throughout Albania, Kosovo as well as to a lesser extent in North Macedonia and [[Romania]]. His family's house, where he was born and raised, in Frashër of [[Gjirokastër County]] is today a museum and was declared a monument of important cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Albania)|Instituti i Monumenteve të Kulturës]] |title=RRETHI I PËRMETIT |url=http://www.imk.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/monumente/lista%20e%20monumentewve/PeRMET.pdf |website=imk.gov.al |page=2 |language=sq}}</ref> It houses numerous artefacts including handwritten manuscripts, portraits, clothing and the busts of him and his brothers [[Abdyl Frashëri|Abdyl]] and [[Sami Frashëri|Sami]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Albania)|Ministry of Culture of Albania]] |title=DREJTORIA E PËRGJITHSHME EKONOMIKE DHE SHËRBIMEVE MBËSHTETËSE DREJTORIA E BUXHETIT DHE MENAXHIMIT FINANCIAR—RAPORTET E MONITORIMIT 12–MUJORI VITI 2018 |url=https://kultura.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Relacion-mbi-monitorimin-12-mujori-2018.pdf |website=kultura.gov.al |pages=17–18 |language=sq}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Frashëri's portrait is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]]s of the 500 [[Albanian lek|lek]] [[banknote]] from 1992 to 1996 and since 1996 on the 200 lekë banknote.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Bank of Albania |title=Currency: Banknotes in circulation |url=http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Albanian_banknotes_issue_from_Bank_of_Albania_202_2.php |website=bankofalbania.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226154906/http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Albanian_banknotes_issue_from_Bank_of_Albania_202_2.php |archive-date=26 February 2009 |location=Tirana |language=en |date=26 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Bank of Albania |title=200 Lek |url=https://www.bankofalbania.org/Currency/Banknotes_in_circulation/200_lek/ |website=bankofalbania.org |location=Tirana |language=en}}</ref> On the reverse side of the bill is a picture of his family house in Frashër. The Albanian nation has established an [[Order (decoration)|order of merit]] that bears his name which was awarded to, amongst others, the Albanian nun and missionary [[Mother Teresa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qpz.gov.al/doc.jsp?doc=docs/Ligj%20Nr%206133%20Dat%C3%AB%2012-02-1980.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928045918/http://www.qpz.gov.al/doc.jsp?doc=docs%2FLigj%20Nr%206133%20Dat%C3%AB%2012-02-1980.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2007|title=Ligj Nr.6133, datë 12.2.1980 Për titujt e nderit dhe dekoratat e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë|last=Parliament of Albania|publisher=Parliament of Albania|language=sq|access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Numerous |
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| ⚫ | Frashëri's portrait is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]]s of the 500 [[Albanian lek| |
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{{Clear}} |
{{Clear}} |
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== Gallery == |
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<gallery mode="packed"> |
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File:ALB0036ar.jpg|Frashëri (up right) on the reverse of a 1964 10 Lekë banknote |
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File:ALB0057ao.jpg|Frashëri on the obverse of a 1994 500 Lekë banknote |
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File:ALB0071-2012o.jpg|Frashëri on the obverse of a 2012 200 Lekë banknote |
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File:Albania-200.jpg|Frashëri on the obverse of 2017 200 Lekë [[polymer]] banknote |
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</gallery> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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== Sources == |
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*{{cite book |last1=Frashëri |first1=Alfred |last2=Frashëri |first2=Neki |title=Frashëri në historinë e Shqipërisë |date=2014 |publisher=Dudaj |isbn=978-99943-0-051-8}} |
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{{Albanian Literature}} |
{{Albanian Literature}} |
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{{Rilindas}} |
{{Rilindas}} |
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{{Romanticism}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{Subject bar |
{{Subject bar |
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[[Category:1900 deaths]] |
[[Category:1900 deaths]] |
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[[Category:19th-century Albanian poets]] |
[[Category:19th-century Albanian poets]] |
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[[Category:Albanian Sufis]] |
[[Category:Albanian Sufis]] |
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[[Category:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening]] |
[[Category:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening]] |
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[[Category:Muslim poets]] |
[[Category:Muslim poets]] |
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[[Category:Politicians |
[[Category:Politicians from the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Romantic poets]] |
[[Category:Romantic poets]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Zosimaia School alumni]] |
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[[Category:Zosimaia school alumni]] |
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[[Category:People from Gjirokastër County]] |
[[Category:People from Gjirokastër County]] |
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[[Category:Bektashi Order]] |
[[Category:Bektashi Order]] |
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[[Category:Sufi poets]] |
[[Category:Sufi poets]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:19th-century civil servants from the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Albanian-language poets]] |
[[Category:Albanian-language poets]] |
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[[Category:Albanian male poets]] |
[[Category:Albanian male poets]] |
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[[Category:Albanian historians]] |
[[Category:19th-century Albanian historians]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Modern Greek-language writers]] |
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[[Category:19th-century historians]] |
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[[Category:Greek-language writers]] |
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[[Category:Persian-language writers]] |
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[[Category:Turkish-language writers]] |
[[Category:Turkish-language writers]] |
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[[Category:19th-century translators]] |
[[Category:19th-century Albanian translators]] |
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[[Category:French–Albanian |
[[Category:French–Albanian translators]] |
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[[Category:Persian–Albanian |
[[Category:Persian–Albanian translators]] |
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[[Category:Disease-related deaths in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:19th-century male writers]] |
[[Category:19th-century male writers]] |
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[[Category:Dulellari family|Naim]] |
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[[Category:Frashëri family|Naim]] |
[[Category:Frashëri family|Naim]] |
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[[Category:Albanian Arabic-language poets]] |
[[Category:Albanian Arabic-language poets]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Arabic-language poets from the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Translators of the Quran into Albanian]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:45, 10 November 2024
Naim Frashëri | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 25 May 1846 Frashër, Yanina Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (modern Albania) |
| Died | 20 October 1900 (aged 54) Kadıköy, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (modern Istanbul, Turkey) |
| Occupation | Educator Historian
Journalist Poet Politician rilindas translator writer |
| Language | |
| Alma mater | Zosimaia School |
| Genre | Romanticism |
| Literary movement | Albanian Renaissance |
| Relatives |
|
| Signature | |
.svg){kind=small} | |
Naim bey Frashëri,[1][2] more commonly Naim Frashëri (/ˈnaɪm frɑːʃərɪ/; pronounced [naˈim fɾaˈʃəˈɾi]; 25 May 1846 – 20 October 1900), was an Albanian historian, journalist, poet, rilindas and translator who was proclaimed as the national poet of Albania. He is regarded as a pioneer of modern Albanian literature and one of the most influential Albanian cultural icons of the 19th century.[3]
Frashëri's works explored themes such as freedom, humanity, unity, tolerance and revolution. His twenty two works consist of fifteen works written in Albanian as well as four in Turkish, two in Greek and one in Persian. He is considered to be the most representative writer of Sufi poetry in Albanian, and having been under the influence of his uncle Dalip Frashëri, he tried to mingle Sufism with Western philosophy in his poetical ideals.[4][5] He had an extraordinarily profound impact on Albanian literature and society during the 20th century, most notably on Asdreni, Gjergj Fishta and Lasgush Poradeci, among many others.[6][7]
Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar ("You Albania, you give me honor, you give me the name Albanian"), a memorable line in his poem O malet e Shqipërisë, has been designated as the national motto of Albania. It speaks to unity, freedom and it embodies in its words a sense of pride towards the country and people.
Life
[edit]Family
[edit]
Naim Frashëri was born on 25 May 1846[8] into a wealthy Albanian family of religious belief affiliated with the Bektashi tariqa of Islam, in the village of Frashër in what was then part of the Ottoman Empire and now Albania. He, Abdyl and Sami were one of eight children of Halid Frashëri (1797–1859), a landowner and military commander and Emine (1814–1861).[9] Halid belonged to the Dakollari branch of the Frashëri family. They were descendants of Ajaz Bey from Gramsh who in 1650–60 was given the command of Frashër. Ajaz Bey's grandfather, Hamza Bey had lost his lands in Tomorrica in 1570 when he rebelled and was exiled but the family's fortunes changed with the rise of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha who intervened on their behalf and they were pardoned.[10] Emine came from the family of Iljaz Bej Mirahori from the region around Korçë that traced its ancestry back to the 15th century.[11]
Naim and his brothers Abdyl and Sami were born and raised in the village of Frashër at the southern slopes of the Tomorr Mountains. He became acquainted with numerous cultures and languages such as Arabic, Ancient and Modern Greek, French, Italian, Ottoman Turkish and Persian.[12] He was one of the few men to whom the literary culture of the Occident and Orient was equally familiar and valuable.[11]
Upon the death of his father, he and his family settled to Ioannina where he earned initial inspiration for his future poetries written in the lyric and romantic style. After he suffered a severe lung infection, due to his congenital tuberculosis, in Constantinople, he joined his brother Abdyl in the fight for national freedom and consciousness of the Albanian people during the Albanian Renaissance in which he later became the most distinguished representative of that period.[11]
Education
[edit]His religion paved the way for much of his future accomplishments.
In the Tekke of Frashër, he received lessons in all the common subjects of his time especially in languages such as Arabic, Ottoman Turkish and Persian. As a member of a family which gave him a strong Bektashi upbringing, he spent a part of his time in a Bektashi tekke. After the death of their parents, the family moved to Ioannina in 1865. The eldest brother, Abdyl (b. 1839), became the family head at the age of 22 and started working as a merchant. That year Naim and Sami enrolled in the Zosimaia secondary school.[13] The education there provided Naim with the basics of a classical education along Western lines.[9] Apart from languages he learned in the Zosiamaia (Ancient and Modern Greek, French and Italian), Naim took private lessons in Persian, Turkish and Arabic from two important local Bektashi.[14]
After he finished his studies in 1870, Frashëri worked for a few months at the press office in Istanbul (1870) but was forced to return to his home village because of tuberculosis. The climate of Frashër helped Naim and soon he started work in the Ottoman bureaucracy as a clerk in Berat and later in Saranda (1872–1877).[15][16] However, in 1876 Frashëri left the job and went to Baden, in modern Austria to cure his problems with rheumatism in a health resort.[11][14]
Politics
[edit]In 1879, along with his brother Sami and 25 other Albanians, Naim Frashëri founded and was a member of the Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings in Istanbul that promoted Albanian language publications.[17][18] Ottoman authorities forbid writing in Albanian in 1885 that resulted in publications being published abroad and Frashëri used his initials N.H.F. to bypass those restrictions for his works. Later on, Albanian schools were established in 1887 in Southeastern Albania.[19]
An Albanian magazine, Drita, appeared in 1884 under the editorship of Petro Poga and later Pandeli Sotiri with Naim Frashëri being a behind the scenes editor as it was not allowed by Ottoman authorities to write in Albanian at that time.[20][21] Naim Frashëri and other Albanian writers like his brother Sami Frashëri would write using pseudonyms in Poga's publication.[20][21] Due to a lack of education material Naim Frashëri, his brother Sami and several other Albanians wrote textbooks in the Albanian language during the late 1880s for the Albanian school in Korçë.[21] In a letter to Faik Konitza in 1887, Frashëri expressed sentiments regarding the precarious state of the Ottoman Empire that the best outcome for Albanians was a future annexation of all of Albania by Austria-Hungary.[22]
In 1900 Naim Frashëri died in Istanbul. During the 1950s the Turkish government allowed for his remains to be sent and reburied in Albania.[23]
Career
[edit]Works
[edit]"Oh mountains of Albania
and you, oh trees so lofty,
Broad plains with all your flowers,
day and night I contemplate you,
You highlands so exquisite,
and you streams and rivers sparkling,
Oh peaks and promontories,
and you slopes, cliffs, verdant forests,
Of the herds and flocks
I'll sing out which you hold
and which you nourish.
Oh you blessed, sacred places,
you inspire and delight me!
You, Albania, give me honor,
and you name me as Albanian,
And my heart you have replenished
both with ardour and desire.
Albania! Oh my mother!
Though in exile I am longing,
My heart has ne'er forgotten
all the love you've given to me ..."
—Oh mountains of Albania
from Bagëti e Bujqësi[24]
from Bagëti e Bujqësi[24]
With its literary stature and the broad range both stylistic and thematic of its content, Frashëri significantly contributed to the development of the modern Albanian literary language. The importance of his works lies less in his creative expression than in the social and political intention of his poetry and faith. His works were noted by the desire to the emergence of an independent Albanian unity that overcomes denominational and territorial differences, and by an optimistic belief in civilization and the political, economic and cultural rise of the Albanian people.
In his poem Bagëti e Bujqësi, Frashëri idyllically describes the natural and cultural beauty of Albania and the modest life of its people where nothing infringes on mystical euphoria and all conflicts find reconciliation and fascination.[25]
Frashëri saw his liberal religion as a profound source for Albanian libration, tolerance and national awareness among his religiously divided people.[26] He, therefore, composed his theological Fletore e Bektashinjet which is now a piece of national importance.[27] It contains an introductory profession of his faith and ten spiritual poems granting a contemporary perspective into the beliefs of the sect.[27]
- Kavâid-i farisiyye dar tarz-i nevîn (Grammar of the Persian language according to the new method), Istanbul, 1871.
- Ihtiraat ve kessfiyyat (Inventions and Discoveries), Istanbul, 1881.
- Fusuli erbea (Four Seasons), Istanbul, 1884.
- Tahayyülat (Dreams), Istanbul, 1884.
- Bagëti e Bujqësi (Herds and Crops), Bucharest, 1886.
- E këndimit çunavet (Reader for Boys), Bucharest, 1886.
- Istori e përgjithshme për mësonjëtoret të para (General history for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886.
- Vjersha për mësonjëtoret të para (Poetry for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886.
- Dituritë për mësonjëtoret të para (General knowledge for the first grades), Bucharest, 1886.
- O alithis pothos ton Skypetaron (The True Desire of Albanians, Greek: Ο αληθής πόθος των Σκιπετάρων), Bucharest, 1886.
- Luletë e Verësë (Flowers of the Summer), Bucharest, 1890.
- Mësime (Lessons), Bucharest, 1894.
- Parajsa dhe fjala fluturake (Paradise and the Flying Word), Bucharest, 1894.
- Gjithësia (Omneity), Bucharest, 1895.
- Fletore e bektashinjët (The Bektashi Notebook), Bucharest, 1895.
- O eros (Love, Greek: Ο Έρως), Istanbul, 1895.
- Iliadh' e Omirit, (Homer's Iliad), Bucharest, 1896.
- Histori e Skënderbeut (History of Skanderbeg), Bucharest, 1898.
- Qerbelaja (Qerbela), Bucharest, 1898.
- Istori e Shqipërisë (History of Albania), Sofia, 1899.
- Shqipëria (Albania), Sofia, 1902.
Legacy
[edit]
The prime representative of Romanticism in Albanian literature, Frashëri is considered by many to be the most distinguished Albanian poet of the Albanian Renaissance whose poetry continued to have a tremendous influence on the literature and society of the Albanian people in the 20th century.[28][29] He is also widely regarded as the national poet of Albania and is celebrated as such among the Albanian people in Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and other Albanian-inhabited lands in the Balkans.
After his death, Frashëri became a great source of inspiration and a guiding light for the Albanian writers and intellectuals of the 20th century amongst them Asdreni, Gjergj Fishta, Mitrush Kuteli and Lasgush Poradeci.[6][7] His great work such as Bagëti e Bujqësi, Gjuha Jonë and Feja promoted national unity, consciousness, and tolerance in the breasts of his countrymen an enthusiasm for the culture and history of their ancestors.
Albanians of the Bektashi faith were in particular influenced and motivated by his work.[30] Himself a Bektashi, he desired purity of the Albanian language and had attempted in his lifetime to Albanianise hierarchical terms of the order in his work Fletore e Bektashinjët which called for an Albanian Bektashism.[31] His poem Bagëti e Bujqësi celebrated the natural beauty of Albania and the simple life of Albanian people while expressing gratitude that Albania had bestowed upon him "the name Albanian".[29] In Istori' e Skënderbeut, he celebrated his love for Albania by referring to the medieval battles between the Albanians and Ottomans while highlighting Skenderbeg's Albanian origins and his successful fight for liberation.[32][29] In Gjuha Jonë, he called for fellow Albanians to honor their nation and write in Albanian while in another poem Feja, he pleaded with Albanians not make religious distinctions among themselves as they all were of one origin that speak Albanian.[29]
Numerous organizations, monuments, schools, and streets had been founded and dedicated to his memory throughout Albania, Kosovo as well as to a lesser extent in North Macedonia and Romania. His family's house, where he was born and raised, in Frashër of Gjirokastër County is today a museum and was declared a monument of important cultural heritage.[33] It houses numerous artefacts including handwritten manuscripts, portraits, clothing and the busts of him and his brothers Abdyl and Sami.[34]
Frashëri's portrait is depicted on the obverses of the 500 lek banknote from 1992 to 1996 and since 1996 on the 200 lekë banknote.[35][36] On the reverse side of the bill is a picture of his family house in Frashër. The Albanian nation has established an order of merit that bears his name which was awarded to, amongst others, the Albanian nun and missionary Mother Teresa.[37]
Gallery
[edit]-
Frashëri (up right) on the reverse of a 1964 10 Lekë banknote -
Frashëri on the obverse of a 1994 500 Lekë banknote -
Frashëri on the obverse of a 2012 200 Lekë banknote -
Frashëri on the obverse of 2017 200 Lekë polymer banknote
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Elsie, Robert (2013). "FRASHËRI, NAIM Bey". A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3.
- ^ Balazs Trencsenyi; Michal Kopecek, eds. (2006). "Sami Frashëri: Albania, what it was, what it is, and what it will be?". National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945. Vol. 2. Central European University Press. p. 297. ISBN 9789637326608.
- ^ Elsie, Robert (2004). "The Hybrid Soil of the Balkans: A Topography of Albanian Literature". History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Vol. 2. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 291. ISBN 9789027234537.
- ^ Osmani, Edlira. "God in the Eagles' Country: The Bektashi Order" (PDF). iemed.org. Quaderns de la Mediterrània 17, 2012. p. 113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ H.T.Norris (1993), Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World, Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press, p. 76, ISBN 978-0-87249-977-5, OCLC 28067651
- ^ a b Robert Elsie (29 July 2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. I.B.Tauris, 2005. pp. 100–103. ISBN 978-1-84511-031-4.
- ^ a b Robert Elsie (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. pp. 362–363. ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6.
- ^ Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6.
- ^ a b Gawrych 2006, p. 13.
- ^ Frashëri & Frashëri 2014, p. 385.
- ^ a b c d Elsie, Robert (2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 67–70. ISBN 978-1-84511-031-4.
- ^ Robert Elsie. "Die Drei Frashëri-Brüder" (PDF). elsie.de (in German). p. 23.
Hier lernte er Alt- und Neugriechisch, Französisch und Italienisch. Sein besonderes Interesse galt dem Bektaschitum, den Dichtern der persischen Klassik und dem Zeitalter der französischen Aufklärung. Mit dieser Erziehung verkörperte er den osmanischen Intellektuellen, der in beiden Kulturen, der morgenländischen und der abendländischen, gleichermaßen zu Hause war.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, pp. 13, 26.
- ^ a b Qosja, Rexhep (2000). Porosia e madhe: monografi mbi krijimtarinë e Naim Frashërit [The Great Instruction]. Botime Toena. pp. 34–42. ISBN 9789992713372.
- ^ Dhimitër S. Shuteriqi (1971). Historia e letërsisë shqipe (History of Albanian Literature).
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 14.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 119.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 59.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 128.
- ^ a b Skendi 1967, p. 146.
- ^ a b c Gawrych 2006, p. 88.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 268.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 200.
- ^ Robert Elsie (29 July 2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. I.B.Tauris, 2005. p. 72. ISBN 9781845110314.
- ^ Arshi Pipa (2013). Letërsia Shqipe: Perspektiva Shoqërore Volume 3 of Trilogjia Albanika (in Albanian). Princi. pp. 97–100. ISBN 9789928409096.
- ^ Albert DOJA (2013). "The politics of religious dualism: Naim Frashëri and his elective affinity to religion in the course of 19th-century Albanian activism" (PDF). Social Compass. 60: 3. doi:10.1177/0037768612471770. S2CID 15564654. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2019.
- ^ a b Robert Elsie (25 July 2019). The Albanian Bektashi: History and Culture of a Dervish Order in the Balkans. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019. pp. 30–36. ISBN 9781788315715.
- ^ Elsie, Robert (2005), "Writing in the independence period", Albanian literature: a short history, London, UK: I.B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies, p. 100, ISBN 1-84511-031-5, retrieved 18 January 2011,
major source of inspiration and guiding lights for most Albanian poets and intellectuals
- ^ a b c d Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 9781400847761.
- ^ Skendi 1967, p. 166.
- ^ Skendi 1967, pp. 123, 339.
- ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. p. 90. ISBN 9781845112875.
- ^ "RRETHI I PËRMETIT" (PDF). imk.gov.al (in Albanian). Instituti i Monumenteve të Kulturës. p. 2.
- ^ "DREJTORIA E PËRGJITHSHME EKONOMIKE DHE SHËRBIMEVE MBËSHTETËSE DREJTORIA E BUXHETIT DHE MENAXHIMIT FINANCIAR—RAPORTET E MONITORIMIT 12–MUJORI VITI 2018" (PDF). kultura.gov.al (in Albanian). Ministry of Culture of Albania. pp. 17–18.
- ^ "Currency: Banknotes in circulation". bankofalbania.org. Tirana: Bank of Albania. 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009.
- ^ "200 Lek". bankofalbania.org. Tirana: Bank of Albania.
- ^ Parliament of Albania. "Ligj Nr.6133, datë 12.2.1980 Për titujt e nderit dhe dekoratat e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë" (in Albanian). Parliament of Albania. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Sources
[edit]- Frashëri, Alfred; Frashëri, Neki (2014). Frashëri në historinë e Shqipërisë. Dudaj. ISBN 978-99943-0-051-8.
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