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A capitonym is a word that changes its meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a proper noun or eponym.^[1] It is a portmanteau of the word capital with the suffix -onym. A capitonym is a form of homograph and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – is also a form of heteronym. In situations where both words should be capitalized (such as the beginning of a sentence), there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used.

Although some pairs, such as march and March, are completely unrelated, in other cases, such as august and catholic, the capitalized form is a name that is etymologically related to the uncapitalized form. For example, August derives from the name of Imperator Augustus, who named himself after the word augustus, whence English august came. Likewise, both Catholic and catholic derive from a Greek adjective meaning "universal".

Capital letters may be used to differentiate between a set of objects, and a particular example of that object. For instance in astronomical terminology a distinction may be drawn between a moon, any natural satellite, and the Moon, the natural satellite of Earth.

In English

Philosophical, religious, and political terms

A particular example of where capitonyms are prominent is in terminology relating to philosophy, religion, and politics. Capitalized words are often used to differentiate a philosophical concept from how the concept is referred to in everyday life, or to demonstrate respect for an entity or institution.

Words for transcendent ideas in the Platonic sense are often capitalized, especially when used in a religious context. Examples include "Good", "Beauty", "Truth" or "the One".^[2]

The word "god" is capitalized to "God" when referring to the single deity of monotheistic religions such as Christianity, Judaism, or Islam, and common to capitalize pronouns related to God (He, Him, His, etc.) as well;^[3]^[4] this practice is followed by many versions of the Bible, such as the NKJV.^[5]^[6] In this tradition, possessive pronouns are also capitalized if one is quoting God; "My" and "Mine" are capitalized, which should not be done when a human speaks.^[7] The pronouns "You", "Your", and "Yours" are also sometimes capitalized in reference to God.^[8] Other distinctions sometimes made include church (meaning a building) and Church (meaning an organization or group of people), and the liturgical Mass, versus the physical mass.

As political parties are often named after philosophies or ideologies, a capital letter is used to differentiate between a supporter of the philosophy, and a supporter of the party, for instance Liberal, a supporter of any Liberal Party, and liberal, a supporter of the philosophy of liberalism. Terms such as "small-l liberal" may be used to indicate the concept that an individual supports.^[9] Similar examples are conservative/Conservative, democrat/Democrat, libertarian/Libertarian, republican/Republican, socialist/Socialist, communist/Communist, and a supporter of labour/Labour.

List of capitonyms in English

The following list includes only "dictionary words". Personal names (Mark/mark, Will/will), place-names (China/china, Turkey/turkey), company names (Fiat/fiat), names of publications (Time/time) etc. are all excluded as too numerous to list. Adjectives distinct from placenames (e.g. Polish/polish) are allowed. Pairs in which one word is simply a secondary meaning of the other – e.g. Masonry (secret society), which is in essence a peculiar use of the word masonry (wall building) – are omitted.


Capitalised word	Lowercase word	Notes
Arabic: of or relating to the Arabic language or Arabic literature	arabic: gum arabic, also called gum acacia, a food ingredient
Ares (/ˈɛəriːz/): god of war	ares (/ˈɑːrz/ or /ˈɛərz/): plural of are, a metric unit of area	Different pronunciations
August (/ˈɔːɡəst/): the eighth month of the year	august (/ɔːˈɡʌst/): majestic or venerable	Different pronunciations
Bohemian: Relating to Bohemia	bohemian: Socially unconventional
Cancer: a constellation and astrological sign, or a genus of crab	cancer: a class of diseases
Catholic: Of the Western Christian Catholic Church, as differentiated from e.g. the Eastern Orthodox Church	catholic: Universal; all-encompassing.
Celt (/kɛlt/, /sɛlt/): A member of one of the Celtic peoples who speak Celtic languages.	celt (/sɛlt/): A prehistoric chisel-bladed tool.	Often different pronunciations
Cuban: from Cuba	cuban: relating to cubes, as in cuban prime (rare technical use)
Divine: relating to God	divine: to discover by intuition or insight; to locate water, minerals, etc.; a theologian	In lower case, the word can take either meaning
French: from France	french: to engage in French kissing or to prepare food by cutting it into strips	The definitions come from the stereotypes of the French being passionate lovers^[10] and French cuisine being sophisticated respectively.
Gallic: relating to France or to the ancient territory of Gaul	gallic: relating to galls (abnormal plant growths) or gallic acid
Hamlet: A play by William Shakespeare, or the play's protagonist	hamlet: a small town
Ionic: relating to Ionia or to a style of classical architecture	ionic: relating to (chemical) ions
Job (/dʒoʊb/): biblical figure in the Book of Job	job (/dʒɒb/): a paid position of regular employment	Different pronunciations
Lent: the period between Ash Wednesday and Easter	lent: past tense and participle of to lend
Mandarin: a Sinitic language spoken in northern and western China, especially in and around Beijing	mandarin: a member of an elite or powerful group or class, as in intellectual or cultural milieus; also, a type of citrus fruit
March: the third month of the year	march: to walk briskly and rhythmically
May: the fifth month of the year	may: modal verb
Mosaic: Relating to Moses	mosaic: a kind of decoration
Muse: One of the nine Greek goddesses involved with the arts, music, poetry, etc.	muse: A person who serves as inspiration for artistic endeavours; also, to ponder reflectively over.
Pole: a Polish person	pole: a long, thin cylindrical object; various other meanings	Pole is not genetically related to pole: The Old English word for "pole" was spelled pal with a short a (compare ModE stone and OE stan).
Polish (/ˈpoʊlɪʃ/): from Poland	polish (/ˈpɒlɪʃ/): to create a shiny surface by rubbing; a compound used in that process	Different pronunciations
Scot: a native of Scotland	scot: a payment, charge, assessment, or tax
Scotch: from or relating to Scotland, or a form of whisky	scotch: to put an end to something (especially rumours); also the form of whisky
Swede: a person from Sweden or of Swedish descent	swede: the yellow root of Brassica napus
Welsh: from or relating to Wales	welsh: to renege (on an agreement)	The verb welsh (also spelled welch) is of unknown etymology but is often described as deriving from the adjective Welsh and consequently perceived as insulting to people from Wales.

Example in poetry

The poem "Job's Job" from Richard Lederer's The Word Circus^[1] is an example of the use of capitonyms:

In August, an august patriarch
Was reading an ad in Reading, Mass.
Long-suffering Job secured a job
To polish piles of Polish brass.

Other languages

In other languages there are more, or fewer, of these pairs depending on that language's capitalization rules. For example, in German, where all nouns are capitalized, there are many pairs such as Laut 'sound' ~ laut 'loud' or Morgen 'morning' ~ morgen 'tomorrow'. In contrast, in Italian, as well as Spanish, very few words (except proper names) are capitalized, so there are extremely few, if any, such pairs. An example in Spanish is Lima (city) ~ lima 'file (tool)' or 'lime (fruit)'. In Portuguese, an example is Peru (country) ~ peru 'turkey' (bird).

References

^ ^a ^b Lederer, Richard (1998). The Word Circus. Merriam-Webster. pp. 23. ISBN 0877793549. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). 2010. 8.93. ISBN 978-0-226-10420-1.
^ Shewan, Ed (2003). Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication. Liberty Press. p. 112. ISBN 1930367287.
^ Elwell, Celia (1996). Practical Legal Writing for Legal Assistants. Cengage Learning. p. 71. ISBN 0314061150.
^ The Bible translator: Volumes 43–45. United Bible Societies. 1992. p. 226.
^ Cabal, Ted (2007). The Apologetics Study Bible. B&H Publishing Group. pp. xix. ISBN 978-1586404468.
^ The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing. Dundurn. 1997. pp. 77. ISBN 1550022768.
^ The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. 2004. p. 8. ISBN 1592760945.
^ Charles Richardson (27 May 2010). "How the Liberal Party left Malcolm Fraser behind". Crikey. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
^ Toglia, Michelle (2013-07-12). "Pucker Up: The Origin Of The French Kiss". Tango Media. Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2018-10-29.

[circus-1] Lederer, Richard (1998). The Word Circus. Merriam-Webster. pp. 23. ISBN 0877793549. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

[2] The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). 2010. 8.93. ISBN 978-0-226-10420-1.

[3] Shewan, Ed (2003). Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication. Liberty Press. p. 112. ISBN 1930367287.

[4] Elwell, Celia (1996). Practical Legal Writing for Legal Assistants. Cengage Learning. p. 71. ISBN 0314061150.

[5] The Bible translator: Volumes 43–45. United Bible Societies. 1992. p. 226.

[6] Cabal, Ted (2007). The Apologetics Study Bible. B&H Publishing Group. pp. xix. ISBN 978-1586404468.

[7] The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing. Dundurn. 1997. pp. 77. ISBN 1550022768.

[8] The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. 2004. p. 8. ISBN 1592760945.

[9] Charles Richardson (27 May 2010). "How the Liberal Party left Malcolm Fraser behind". Crikey. Retrieved 2010-12-30.

[10] Toglia, Michelle (2013-07-12). "Pucker Up: The Origin Of The French Kiss". Tango Media. Archived from the original on 2018-07-25. Retrieved 2018-10-29.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Word that changes meaning when capitalized}}
-{{Refimprove|date=March 2010}}
+{{More citations needed|date=March 2010}}
-A '''capitonym''' is a word that changes its meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a [[proper noun]] or [[eponym]].<ref name="circus">{{cite book|last=Lederer|first=Richard|title=The Word Circus|year=1998|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=	0877793549|pages=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHlHFp9zG1wC&pg=PA23|accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref> It is a [[portmanteau]] of the word ''capital'' with the suffix ''[[-onym]]''. A capitonym is a form of [[homograph]] and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – is also a form of [[heteronym (linguistics)|heteronym]]. In situations where both words should be capitalized (such as the beginning of a sentence), there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used.
+A '''capitonym''' is a word that changes its meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a [[proper noun]] or [[eponym]].<ref name="circus">{{cite book|last=Lederer|first=Richard|title=The Word Circus|year=1998|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=	0877793549|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wordcircusletter00lede/page/23 23]|url=https://archive.org/details/wordcircusletter00lede|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 December 2015}}</ref> It is a [[portmanteau]] of the word ''capital'' with the suffix ''[[-onym]]''. A capitonym is a form of [[homograph]] and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – is also a form of [[heteronym (linguistics)|heteronym]]. In situations where both words should be capitalized (such as the beginning of a sentence), there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used.
 Although some pairs, such as ''march'' and ''March'', are completely unrelated, in other cases, such as ''august'' and ''catholic'', the capitalized form is a name that is etymologically related to the uncapitalized form. For example, ''August'' derives from the name of Imperator Augustus, who named himself after the word ''augustus'', whence English ''august'' came. Likewise, both ''Catholic'' and ''catholic'' derive from a Greek adjective meaning "universal".
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 A particular example of where capitonyms are prominent is in terminology relating to philosophy, religion, and politics. Capitalized words are often used to differentiate a philosophical concept from how the concept is referred to in everyday life, or to demonstrate respect for an entity or institution.
+Words for [[Platonic idealism|transcendent ideas in the Platonic sense]] are often capitalized, especially when used in a religious context.  Examples include "Good", "Beauty", "Truth" or "the One".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=16th |year=2010 |at=8.93 |isbn=978-0-226-10420-1}}</ref>
-It is common practice to capitalize the pronouns referring to the Abrahamic God (He, Him, His, etc.)<ref>{{cite book|last=Shewan|first=Ed|title=Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication|year=2003|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=1930367287|pages=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Elwell|first=Celia|title=Practical Legal Writing for Legal Assistants|year=1996|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0314061150|pages=71}}</ref> and many versions of the [[Bible]], such as the [[NKJV]], therefore do so.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bible translator: Volumes 43-45|year=1992|publisher=United Bible Societies|pages=226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cabal|first=Ted|title=The Apologetics Study Bible|year=2007|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|isbn=1586404466|pages=xix}}</ref> In this tradition, possessive pronouns are also capitalized if one is quoting God; "My" and "Mine" are capitalized, which should not be done when a human speaks.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing|year=1997|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=1550022768|pages=77|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/canadianstylegui0000unse}}</ref> The pronouns "You", "Your", and "Yours" are also sometimes capitalized in reference to God.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults|year=2004|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|isbn=1592760945|pages=8}}</ref>
+The word "god" is capitalized to "God" when referring to the single deity of [[monotheism|monotheistic]] religions such as Christianity, Judaism, or Islam, and common to capitalize pronouns related to God (He, Him, His, etc.) as well;<ref>{{cite book|last=Shewan|first=Ed|title=Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication|year=2003|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=1930367287|pages=112}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Elwell|first=Celia|title=Practical Legal Writing for Legal Assistants|year=1996|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0314061150|pages=71}}</ref> this practice is followed by many versions of the [[Bible]], such as the [[NKJV]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bible translator: Volumes 43–45|year=1992|publisher=United Bible Societies|pages=226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cabal|first=Ted|title=The Apologetics Study Bible|year=2007|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|isbn=978-1586404468|pages=xix}}</ref> In this tradition, possessive pronouns are also capitalized if one is quoting God; "My" and "Mine" are capitalized, which should not be done when a human speaks.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing|year=1997|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=1550022768|pages=[https://archive.org/details/canadianstylegui0000unse/page/77 77]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/canadianstylegui0000unse}}</ref> The pronouns "You", "Your", and "Yours" are also sometimes capitalized in reference to God.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Teaching of Christ: A Catholic Catechism for Adults|year=2004|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|isbn=1592760945|pages=8}}</ref> Other distinctions sometimes made include ''church'' (meaning a building) and ''Church'' (meaning an organization or group of people), and the liturgical ''Mass'', versus the physical ''mass''.
-Words for transcendent ideas in the Platonic sense are often capitalized, especially when used in a religious context.  Examples include "Good", "Beauty", "Truth" or "the One".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=16th |year=2010 |at=8.93 |isbn=978-0-226-10420-1}}</ref>
+As political parties are often named after philosophies or ideologies, a capital letter is used to differentiate between a supporter of the philosophy, and a supporter of the party, for instance ''Liberal'', a supporter of any [[Liberal Party]], and ''liberal'', a supporter of the philosophy of [[liberalism]].  Terms such as "small-l liberal" may be used to indicate the concept that an individual supports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/05/27/how-the-liberal-party-left-malcolm-fraser-behind/|title=How the Liberal Party left Malcolm Fraser behind|author=Charles Richardson|date=27 May 2010|accessdate=2010-12-30|work=Crikey}}</ref>  Similar examples are [[Conservatism|conservative]]/[[Conservative Party (disambiguation)|Conservative]], [[democracy|democrat]]/[[Democratic Party (disambiguation)|Democrat]], [[Libertarianism|libertarian]]/[[Libertarian Party (disambiguation)|Libertarian]], [[Republicanism|republican]]/[[Republican Party (disambiguation)|Republican]], [[socialism|socialist]]/[[List of socialist parties|Socialist]], [[communism|communist]]/[[Communist Party (disambiguation)|Communist]], and a supporter of [[labour movement|labour]]/[[Labour Party (disambiguation)|Labour]].
-The word "god" is capitalized to "God" when referring to the single deity of [[monotheism|monotheistic]] religions such as Christianity, Judaism, or Islam. Other distinctions made include ''church'' (meaning a building) and ''Church'' (meaning an organization or group of people), and the liturgical ''Mass'', versus the physical ''mass''.
-As political parties are often named after philosophies, a capital letter is used to differentiate between a supporter of the philosophy, and a supporter of the party, for instance ''Liberal'', a supporter of any [[Liberal Party]], and ''liberal'', a supporter of the philosophy of [[liberalism]].  Terms such as "small-l liberal" may be used to indicate the concept that an individual supports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/05/27/how-the-liberal-party-left-malcolm-fraser-behind/|title=How the Liberal Party left Malcolm Fraser behind|author=Charles Richardson|date=27 May 2010|accessdate=2010-12-30|work=Crikey}}</ref>  Similar examples are [[Conservatism|conservative]]/[[Conservative Party (disambiguation)|Conservative]], [[democracy|democrat]]/[[Democratic Party (disambiguation)|Democrat]], [[Libertarianism|libertarian]]/[[Libertarian Party (disambiguation)|Libertarian]], [[Republicanism|republican]]/[[Republican Party (disambiguation)|Republican]], [[socialism|socialist]]/[[Socialist Party (disambiguation)|Socialist]], and a supporter of [[labour movement|labour]]/[[Labour Party (disambiguation)|Labour]].
 ===List of capitonyms in English===
-The following list includes only "dictionary words". Personal names (''Mark''/''mark''), place-names (''China''/''china'',''Turkey''/''turkey''), company names (''Fiat''/''fiat''), names of publications (''Time''/''time'') etc. are all excluded as too numerous to list. Adjectives distinct from placenames (e.g. ''Polish''/''polish'') are allowed. Pairs in which one word is simply a secondary meaning of the other – e.g. ''Masonry'' (secret society), which is in essence a peculiar use of the word ''masonry'' (wall building) – are omitted.
+The following list includes only "dictionary words". Personal names (''Mark''/''mark'', ''Will''/''will''), place-names (''China''/''china'', ''Turkey''/''turkey''), company names (''Fiat''/''fiat''), names of publications (''Time''/''time'') etc. are all excluded as too numerous to list. Adjectives distinct from placenames (e.g. ''Polish''/''polish'') are allowed. Pairs in which one word is simply a secondary meaning of the other – e.g. ''Masonry'' (secret society), which is in essence a peculiar use of the word ''masonry'' (wall building) – are omitted.
 <!--Rules of thumb: if a dictionary lists the two words in separate entries, as for ''march''/''March'', they are considered different words and included in this list. If they are in the same entry, as in ''masonry''/''Masonry'', they are considered different meanings of the same word, and not included. If a capitalized word is not in dictionaries (and is usually used without any article), it is a proper name and doesn't belong here; if it is '''defined''' in dictionaries it isn't.-->
@@ Line 51: / Line 49: @@
 |''Cancer'': a [[Cancer (constellation)|constellation]] and [[Cancer (astrology)|astrological]] sign, or a [[Cancer (genus)|genus of crab]]
 |''[[cancer]]'': a class of diseases
-|-
-|''[[Calorie]]'': a unit of measurement equivalent to a kilocalorie or 1,000 calories
-|''[[calorie]]'': the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
 |
 |-
-|''[[Catholic]]'': Of the [[Western Christian|Catholic]] [[Catholic Church|church]], as differentiated from e.g. the [[Orthodox church|Eastern Orthodox |Church]]
+|''[[Catholic]]'': Of the [[Western Christian]] [[Catholic Church]], as differentiated from e.g. the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
 |''catholic'': Universal; all-encompassing.
 |
+|-
+|''Celt'' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɛ|l|t}}, {{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|l|t}}): A member of one of the [[Celts|Celtic peoples]] who speak [[Celtic languages]].
+|''celt'' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɛ|l|t}}): A prehistoric chisel-bladed tool.
+| Often different pronunciations
 |-
 |''Cuban'': from [[Cuba]]
@@ Line 65: / Line 64: @@
 |-
 |''Divine'': relating to God
-|''divine'': to discover by intuition or insight; to locate water, minerals, etc.
+|''divine'': to discover by intuition or insight; to locate water, minerals, etc.; a theologian
 | In lower case, the word can take either meaning
+|-
+|''French'': from [[France]]
+|''french'': to engage in [[French kiss|French kissing]] or to prepare food by cutting it into strips
+|The definitions come from the [[Stereotype|stereotypes]] of the French being passionate lovers<ref>{{cite web |last=Toglia |first=Michelle |date=2013-07-12 |title=Pucker Up: The Origin Of The French Kiss |url=https://www.yourtango.com/2013188093/pucker-origin-french-kiss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725092751/https://www.yourtango.com/2013188093/pucker-origin-french-kiss |archive-date=2018-07-25 |access-date=2018-10-29 |publisher=[[Tango (magazine)|Tango Media]]}}</ref> and French cuisine being sophisticated respectively.
 |-
 |''Gallic'': relating to France or to the ancient territory of [[Gaul]]
@@ Line 72: / Line 75: @@
 |
 |-
-|''Hamlet'': A play by [[William Shakespeare]], or the play's protagonist
+|''[[Hamlet]]'': A play by [[William Shakespeare]], or the play's protagonist
 |''hamlet'': a small town
 |
@@ Line 79: / Line 82: @@
 |''ionic'': relating to (chemical) [[ion]]s
 |
+|-
+|''[[Job (biblical figure)|Job]]'' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|oʊ|b}}): biblical figure in the [[Book of Job]]
+|''[[job]]'' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɒ|b}}): a paid position of regular employment
+|Different pronunciations
 |-
 |''[[Lent]]'': the period between [[Ash Wednesday]] and [[Easter]]
@@ Line 84: / Line 91: @@
 |
 |-
-|''[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]'': a northern [[Chinese language|Chinese]] dialect, especially as spoken in and around [[Beijing]]
+|''[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]'': a [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic language]] spoken in northern and western China, especially in and around [[Beijing]]
-|''mandarin'': a member of an elite or powerful group or class, as in intellectual or cultural milieus.
+|''mandarin'': a member of an elite or powerful group or class, as in intellectual or cultural milieus; also, a type of citrus fruit
-Also a small flattish citrus fruit with a loose yellow-orange skin.
 |-
 |''March'': the third month of the year
@@ Line 95: / Line 100: @@
 |''May'': the fifth month of the year
 |''may'': modal verb
-|
-|-
-|''Mercury'': the messenger god of [[Roman mythology]], or the first [[Mercury (planet)|planet]] in the [[Solar System]]
-|''mercury'': a substance also known as [[Mercury (element)|quicksilver]]
 |
 |-
@@ Line 105: / Line 106: @@
 |
 |-
-|''Muse'': One of the [[Muse | nine Greek goddesses]] involved with the arts, music, poetry, etc.
+|''Muse'': One of the [[Muse|nine Greek goddesses]] involved with the arts, music, poetry, etc.
 |''muse'': A person who serves as inspiration for artistic endeavours; also, to ponder reflectively over.
 |
@@ Line 122: / Line 123: @@
 |-
 |''Scotch'': from or relating to [[Scotland]], or a [[Scotch whisky|form of whisky]]
-|''scotch'': to put an end to something (especially rumours)
+|''scotch'': to put an end to something (especially rumours); also the form of whisky
+|
+|-
+|''Swede'': a person from [[Sweden]] or of Swedish descent
+|''swede'': the yellow root of ''[[Brassica napus]]''
 |
 |-
 |''Welsh'': from or relating to [[Wales]]
 |''welsh'': to renege (on an agreement)
-| The verb ''welsh'' (also spelled ''welch'') is of unknown etymology but is often described as deriving from the adjective Welsh and consequently perceived as insulting to people from Wales, although there is no direct evidence of the connection, nor any popular perception that people from Wales do not comply with agreements
+| The verb ''welsh'' (also spelled ''welch'') is of unknown etymology but is often described as deriving from the adjective Welsh and consequently perceived as insulting to people from Wales.
 |}
 === Example in poetry ===
-The following poem from Richard Lederer's ''The Word Circus''<ref name="circus" /> is an example of the use of capitonyms:
+The poem "Job's Job" from Richard Lederer's ''The Word Circus''<ref name="circus" /> is an example of the use of capitonyms:
+{{poemquote|
-'''Job's Job'''<br/>
-In August, an august patriarch<br/>
+In August, an august patriarch
-Was reading an ad in [[Reading, Massachusetts|Reading, Mass]].<br/>
+Was reading an ad in [[Reading, Massachusetts|Reading, Mass]].
-Long-suffering Job secured a job<br/>
+Long-suffering Job secured a job
 To polish piles of Polish brass.
+}}
 ==Other languages==
@@ Line 144: / Line 150: @@
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-==External links==
-{{Wiktionary|capitonym}}
 [[Category:Semantics]]