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{{Short description|Italian anarchist and Spanish Prime Minister assassin (1871–1897)}}
{{Infobox criminal
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Michele Angiolillo Lombardi
| name = Michele Angiolillo Lombardi
Line 9: Line 10:
| death_place = [[Bergara]], [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Spain]]
| death_place = [[Bergara]], [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Spain]]
| death_cause = [[Garrote]]
| death_cause = [[Garrote]]
| nationality = Italy
| nationality = Italian
| movement = [[Anarchism]]
| movement = [[Anarchism]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment]]
Line 15: Line 16:
| victims = [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]]
| victims = [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]]
| fatalities = 1
| fatalities = 1
| weapons = [[.44 Bull Dog|11.17mm]] [[British Bull Dog revolver|Webley British Bulldog]] revolver<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afuegolento.com/articulo/inteligencia-dame-nombre-exacto-la-mejor-agua-mundo/17499/|title=Inteligencia Dame el Nombre Exacto de la Mejor Agua Del Mundo|website=afuegolento.com}}</ref>
| weapons = [[Handgun]]
}}
}}


'''Michele Angiolillo Lombardi''' ({{IPA-it|miˈkɛːle andʒoˈlillo}}; 5 June 1871 – 20 August 1897) was an [[Italian anarchist]], born in [[Foggia]], [[Italy]]. He assassinated [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]] [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo|Antonio Cánovas]] in 1897 and was captured and executed by Spanish authorities in the same year.
'''Michele Angiolillo Lombardi''' ({{IPA|it|miˈkɛːle andʒoˈlillo}}; 5 June 1871 – 20 August 1897) was an [[Italian anarchist]], born in [[Foggia]], [[Italy]]. He assassinated [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]] [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]] in 1897 and was captured and executed by Spanish authorities in the same year.


==Motive and the Montjuïc trial==
==Motive and the Montjuïc trial==
On 7 June 1896, a bomb was thrown at the [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] [[procession]] in [[Barcelona]]. At least twelve people died and 45 were seriously injured.<ref>{{Harvnb|J. Romero M.|2007|pp=130-183}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Adrian S., George Richard E.|2007|pp=191–202}}</ref> The crime, which was attributed by [[Spanish police|police]] to an unidentified anarchist, precipitated an aggressive reprisal against Spanish [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchists]], [[Communism|communists]], [[Socialism|socialists]] and [[Liberalism and radicalism in Spain|republicans]], in what became known as the [[Montjuïc trial]]: 300 alleged [[revolution]]aries were jailed at [[Montjuïc Castle (Barcelona)|Montjuïc Fortress]], and confessions were extracted by [[torture]].<ref name=":0" /> The prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo himself ordered the repression. Reports of the prisoner abuse were circulated widely in the European press.
On 7 June 1896, a bomb [[1896 Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing|was thrown]] at the [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] [[procession]] in [[Barcelona]]. At least twelve people died and 45 were seriously injured.<ref>{{Harvnb|Maura|1968}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Shubert|Esenwein|1989|pp=191–202}}</ref> The crime, which was attributed by [[Spanish police|police]] to an unidentified anarchist, precipitated an aggressive reprisal against Spanish [[Anarchism in Spain|anarchists]], [[Communism|communists]], [[Socialism|socialists]], and [[Liberalism and radicalism in Spain|republicans]], in what became known as the [[Montjuïc trial]]: 300 alleged [[revolution]]aries were jailed at [[Montjuïc Castle (Barcelona)|Montjuïc Fortress]], and confessions were extracted by [[torture]].<ref name=":0" /> The prime minister [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]] himself ordered the repression. Reports of the prisoner abuse were circulated widely in the European press.


Of the 87 prisoners taken to trial at Montjuïc, eight received [[death sentence]]s; five executions were carried out.<ref name="executedtoday1">{{cite web|author=Headsman |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2012/05/04/1897-five-barcelona-anarchists/ |title=1897: Five Barcelona anarchists |publisher=Executed today |date=2012-05-04 |accessdate=2013-04-17}}</ref> Many others were condemned to long imprisonment and the remaining prisoners were deported to [[Río de Oro]] (a [[Spanish West Africa|Spanish colony]] in what is now the disputed [[Western Sahara]]).
Of the 87 prisoners taken to trial at Montjuïc, eight received [[death sentence]]s; five executions were carried out.<ref name="executedtoday1">{{cite web |author=Headsman |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2012/05/04/1897-five-barcelona-anarchists/ |title=1897: Five Barcelona anarchists |publisher=Executedtoday.com |date=2012-05-04 |access-date=2013-04-17}}</ref> Many others were condemned to long imprisonment and the remaining prisoners were deported to [[Río de Oro]] (a [[Spanish West Africa|Spanish colony]] in what is now the disputed [[Western Sahara]]).


Angiolillo, was at the time, working as a printer in the little-known Typographia institution, the section of the British printer's union that was reserved for foreigners. On May 30 1897, Angiolillo, among at least ten thousand other people, attended a demonstration in [[Trafalgar Square]] against the brutal repression of worker's rights movements within Spain, specifically under Cánovas. Organized by the Spanish Atrocities Committee led by the anarchist Joseph Perry, a wide range of activists spoke to the crowd, including [[Fernando Tarrida del Mármol]] and [[Charles Malato]]. Malato, in his speech, asked who avenge the people who had died under the regime of Cánovas.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedict R. O'G|2007|pp=191}}</ref>
Angiolillo, was at the time, working as a printer in the little-known Typographia institution, the section of the British printer's union that was reserved for foreigners. On May 30, 1897, Angiolillo, among at least ten thousand other people, attended a demonstration in [[Trafalgar Square]] against the brutal repression of worker's rights movements within Spain, specifically under Cánovas. Organized by the Spanish Atrocities Committee led by the anarchist Joseph Perry, a wide range of activists spoke to the crowd, including [[Fernando Tarrida del Mármol]] and [[Charles Malato]]. Malato, in his speech, asked who would avenge the people who had died under the regime of Cánovas.<ref name="auto">{{Harvnb|Anderson|2007|pp=191}}</ref>


After the protest, Angiolillo personally met with a man by the last name of Oller and Fransisco Gana. Both of these men had terrible wounds, suffered from the torture that was administered on the order of Cánovas. The German anarchist [[Rudolf Rocker]], who was also present, wrote the following about the meeting:
After the protest, Angiolillo personally met with a man by the last name of Oller and Francisco Gana. Both of these men had terrible wounds, suffered from the torture that was administered on the order of Cánovas. The German anarchist [[Rudolf Rocker]], who was also present, wrote the following about the meeting:


<blockquote>"That night when Gana showed us his crippled limbs, and the scars over his entire body left by the tortures, we understood that it is one thing to read about such matters, but quite another to hear about them from the very lips of the victims" ... "We all sat there as if turned to stone, and it was some minutes before we could utter a few words of indignation. Only Angiolillo said not a word. A little later, he suddenly rose to his feet, uttered a laconic goodbye, and abandoned the house" ... "This was the last time I saw him."<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedict R. O'G|2007|pp=191}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"That night when Gana showed us his crippled limbs, and the scars over his entire body left by the tortures, we understood that it is one thing to read about such matters, but quite another to hear about them from the very lips of the victims" ... "We all sat there as if turned to stone, and it was some minutes before we could utter a few words of indignation. Only Angiolillo said not a word. A little later, he suddenly rose to his feet, uttered a laconic goodbye, and abandoned the house" ... "This was the last time I saw him."<ref name="auto"/></blockquote>


==The assassination of Cánovas del Castillo==
==The assassination of Cánovas del Castillo==
[[File:Angiolillo-assassinato.jpg|thumb|Killing of [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo|Castillo]] by Angiolillo.]]
{{main|Assassination of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo}}
[[File:Angiolillo-assassinato.jpg|thumb|Killing of [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo|Cánovas del Castillo]] by Angiolillo.]]
[[File:Execucio Angiolillo 2.jpg|thumb|Execution of Angiolillo by [[garrote vil]].]]
[[File:Execucio Angiolillo 2.jpg|thumb|Execution of Angiolillo by [[garrote vil]].]]
[[Image:Angiolillo died bravely.png|thumb|[[New York Times]] headline after his execution. Michele Angiolillo uttered clearly the word "[[Germinal (novel)|Germinal]]" before he died.]]
[[Image:Angiolillo died bravely.png|thumb|[[New York Times]] headline after his execution. Michele Angiolillo uttered clearly the word "[[Germinal (novel)|Germinal]]" before he died.]]
⚫
Under a false identity of a reporter for the Il Popolo newspaper by the name of Emilio Rinaldini, Michele Angiolillo traveled to Spain from London, passing through [[Paris]] and [[Bordeaux]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/kkwj4b|title=Angiolillo's Vengeance|website=www.katesharpleylibrary.net|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref> When he reached [[Madrid]], he learned that Cánovas had traveled to the thermal bath resort of Santa Águeda (now a psychiatric hospital) in [[Mondragón]], [[Guipúzcoa]], and decided to pursue him there.<ref name="auto"/> On 8 August 1897, Angiolillo found Cánovas alone and shot him dead. The Prime Minister's wife hurried to the scene, shouting "Murderer! Murderer!" after the gunman. Angiolillo, in turn, bowed and declared, "Pardon, Madame. I respect you as a lady, but I regret that you were the wife of that man." The repression and mass torture at Montjuich was a direct factor behind Michele Angiolillo's decision to assassinate Cánovas, and he claimed in his defence speech to be "no assassin, but rather an executioner", calling Cánovas, among other things, the personification of the greed of the [[bourgeoisie]] and the tyranny of power.<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|2007|pp=193}}</ref>

Under a false identity of a reporter for the Il Popolo newspaper by the name of Emilio Rinaldini, Michele Angiolillo traveled to Spain from London, passing through [[Paris]] and [[Bourdeaux]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/kkwj4b|title=Angiolillo's Vengeance|website=www.katesharpleylibrary.net|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref>
⚫
When he reached [[Madrid]], he learned that Cánovas had traveled to the thermal bath resort of Santa Águeda (now a psychiatric hospital) in [[Mondragón]], [[Guipúzcoa]], and decided to pursue him there.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedict R. O'G|2007|pp=191}}</ref> On 8 August 1897, Angiolillo found Cánovas alone and shot him dead. The Prime Minister's wife hurried to the scene, shouting “Murderer! Murderer!” after the gunman. Angiolillo, in turn, bowed and declared, “Pardon, Madame. I respect you as a lady, but I regret that you were the wife of that man.” The repression and mass torture at Montjuich was a direct factor behind Michele Angiolillo's decision to assassinate Cánovas, and he claimed in his defence speech to be "no assassin, but rather an executioner", calling Cánovas, among other things, the personification of the greed of the [[bourgeoisie]] and the tyranny of power.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedict R. O'G|2007|pp=193}}</ref>


About Angiolillo, the ''[[New York Times]]'' wrote:
About Angiolillo, the ''[[New York Times]]'' wrote:


<blockquote>Angiolillo allowed the authorities to capture him and vehemently denied other parties' involvement in the assassination. He was executed by [[garrote]] in the nearby town of [[Bergara|Vergara]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Angiolillo Died Bravely |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1897/08/22/archives/angiolillo-died-bravely-mail-advices-say-he-was-collected-and-spoke.html |work=The New York Times |date=August 22, 1897 |accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>Angiolillo allowed the authorities to capture him and vehemently denied other parties' involvement in the assassination. He was executed by [[garrote]] in the nearby town of [[Bergara|Vergara]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Angiolillo Died Bravely |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1897/08/22/archives/angiolillo-died-bravely-mail-advices-say-he-was-collected-and-spoke.html |work=The New York Times |date=August 22, 1897 |access-date=2007-09-25}}</ref></blockquote>


There is some evidence that he originally planned to kill one or two young members of the Spanish royal family, but was dissuaded by Puerto Rican [[Puerto Rican nationalist|nationalist]] leader [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], who suggested Cánovas del Castillo as a target instead. Betances provided logistical assistance for Angiolillo's safe travel into Spain, as well as some money.<ref>{{Harvnb|Félix O. R.|2001|pp=356-359}}</ref>
There is some evidence that he originally planned to kill one or two young members of the Spanish royal family, but was dissuaded by [[Independence movement in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican nationalist]] leader [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], who suggested Cánovas del Castillo as a target instead. Betances provided logistical assistance for Angiolillo's safe travel into Spain, as well as some money.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ojeda Reyes|2001|pp=356–359}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
There is a street named after him in Foggia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Via Michele Angiolillo · 71100 Foggia, Province of Foggia, Italy |url=https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Via+Michele+Angiolillo,+71100+Foggia+FG,+Italy/@41.456606,15.5496969,15.25z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x1339d8f7a3c8718f:0xd17873fe1ef1f9c7!8m2!3d41.4617044!4d15.5449348!16s/g/119v9qq3l?entry=ttu |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Via Michele Angiolillo · 71100 Foggia, Province of Foggia, Italy |language=en}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==


*{{Cite book|title=Under three flags : anarchism and the anti-colonial imagination|last=Anderson|first=Benedict Richard O'Gorman|date=2007|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844670901|oclc=886542241}}
*{{Cite book|title=[[Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination]]|last=Anderson|first=Benedict Richard O'Gorman|date=2007|publisher=Verso|isbn=9781844670901|oclc=886542241}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tamburini|first=F.|year=1996|title=Michele Angiolillo e l'assassinio di Cánovas del Castillo|url=|journal=Spagna Contemporanea|volume=9|pages=|via=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tamburini|first=F.|year=1996|title=Michele Angiolillo e l'assassinio di Cánovas del Castillo|journal=Spagna Contemporanea|volume=9}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tamburini|first=F.|year=1997|title=Michele Angiolillo el anarquista que asesinó a Cánovas del Castillo|url=|journal=Historia 16|volume=|pages=|via=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tamburini|first=F.|year=1997|title=Michele Angiolillo el anarquista que asesinó a Cánovas del Castillo|journal=Historia 16}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tamburini|first=F.|year=2000|title=Betances, los mambises italianos y Michele Angiolillo, in Pasión por la libertad, Actas del coloquio internacional|url=|journal=El Independentismo Puertorriqueño de Betances a Nuestros Días|volume=|pages=|via=}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Tamburini|first=F.|year=2000|title=Betances, los mambises italianos y Michele Angiolillo, in Pasión por la libertad, Actas del coloquio internacional|journal=El Independentismo Puertorriqueño de Betances a Nuestros Días}}
*{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2004|title=Michele Angiolillo Anarchico di Michele Gualano|url=|journal=Edizioni Il Castello|volume=|pages=|via=}}
*{{Cite journal|year=2004|title=Michele Angiolillo Anarchico di Michele Gualano|journal=Edizioni Il Castello}}
*{{Cite book|title=Questionario per il destino - Storia di un anarchico giustiziere (romanzo)|last=Gualano|first=M.|publisher=Edizioni Il Castello|year=2013|isbn=978-88-6572-100-1|location=|pages=|url=http://www.questionarioperildestino.it/}}
*{{Cite book|title=Questionario per il destino - Storia di un anarchico giustiziere (romanzo)|last=Gualano|first=M.|publisher=Edizioni Il Castello|year=2013|isbn=978-88-6572-100-1|url=http://www.questionarioperildestino.it/}}
*{{Cite book|title=El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898)|last=Ojeda Reyes|first=Félix|publisher=Ediciones Puerto|year=2001|isbn=|location=Puerto Rico}}
*{{Cite book|title=El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898)|last=Ojeda Reyes|first=Félix|publisher=Ediciones Puerto|year=2001|location=Puerto Rico}}
*{{Cite book|title=Anarchist ideology and the working-class movement in Spain, 1868-1898|last=Shubert|first=Adrian|last2=Esenwein|first2=George Richard|date=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520063988|location=Berkeley|oclc=19554399}}
*{{Cite book|title=Anarchist ideology and the working-class movement in Spain, 1868–1898|last1=Shubert|first1=Adrian|last2=Esenwein|first2=George Richard|date=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520063988|location=Berkeley|oclc=19554399}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Maura|first=J. Romero|date=1968|title=Terrorism in Barcelona and Its Impact on Spanish Politics 1904-1909|journal=Past and Present|volume=41|issue=1|doi=10.1093/past/41.1.130|issn=0031-2746}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Maura|first=J. Romero|date=1968|title=Terrorism in Barcelona and Its Impact on Spanish Politics 1904-1909|journal=Past and Present|issue=41|pages=130–183|doi=10.1093/past/41.1.130|issn=0031-2746}}


{{commons category-inline}}
{{commonscatinline}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Anarcho-communists]]
[[Category:Anarcho-communists]]
[[Category:Anarchist assassins]]
[[Category:Anarchist assassins]]
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[[Category:19th century in Spain]]
[[Category:19th-century Italian people]]
[[Category:19th-century Italian people]]
[[Category:Politics of Spain]]
[[Category:Politics of Spain]]
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[[Category:Executed anarchists]]
[[Category:People executed by ligature strangulation]]
[[Category:People executed by ligature strangulation]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by Spain]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by Spain]]
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[[Category:People convicted of murder by Spain]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Spain]]
[[Category:Assassins of heads of government]]
[[Category:Assassins of heads of government]]
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[[Category:Executed anarchists]]
[[Category:Executed assassins]]
[[Category:Executed assassins]]
[[Category:Murder in 1897]]
[[Category:Executed communists]]
[[Category:1897 murders in Europe]]
⚫
[[Category:1890s murders in Spain]]

Latest revision as of 16:10, 19 September 2024

Michele Angiolillo Lombardi
Michele Angiolillo Lombardi
An image of Michele Angiolillo published in the Spanish magazine Blanco y Negro.
Born(1871-06-05)June 5, 1871
Foggia, Italy
DiedAugust 20, 1897(1897-08-20) (aged 26)
Bergara, Basque Country, Spain
Cause of deathGarrote
NationalityItalian
MovementAnarchism
MotiveRevenge for the Montjuïc trial
Criminal penaltyCapital punishment
Details
VictimsAntonio Cánovas del Castillo
Killed1
Weapons11.17mm Webley British Bulldog revolver[1]

Michele Angiolillo Lombardi (Italian pronunciation: [miˈkɛːle andʒoˈlillo]; 5 June 1871 – 20 August 1897) was an Italian anarchist, born in Foggia, Italy. He assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo in 1897 and was captured and executed by Spanish authorities in the same year.

Motive and the Montjuïc trial

[edit]

On 7 June 1896, a bomb was thrown at the Corpus Christi procession in Barcelona. At least twelve people died and 45 were seriously injured.[2][3] The crime, which was attributed by police to an unidentified anarchist, precipitated an aggressive reprisal against Spanish anarchists, communists, socialists, and republicans, in what became known as the Montjuïc trial: 300 alleged revolutionaries were jailed at Montjuïc Fortress, and confessions were extracted by torture.[3] The prime minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo himself ordered the repression. Reports of the prisoner abuse were circulated widely in the European press.

Of the 87 prisoners taken to trial at Montjuïc, eight received death sentences; five executions were carried out.[4] Many others were condemned to long imprisonment and the remaining prisoners were deported to Río de Oro (a Spanish colony in what is now the disputed Western Sahara).

Angiolillo, was at the time, working as a printer in the little-known Typographia institution, the section of the British printer's union that was reserved for foreigners. On May 30, 1897, Angiolillo, among at least ten thousand other people, attended a demonstration in Trafalgar Square against the brutal repression of worker's rights movements within Spain, specifically under Cánovas. Organized by the Spanish Atrocities Committee led by the anarchist Joseph Perry, a wide range of activists spoke to the crowd, including Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and Charles Malato. Malato, in his speech, asked who would avenge the people who had died under the regime of Cánovas.[5]

After the protest, Angiolillo personally met with a man by the last name of Oller and Francisco Gana. Both of these men had terrible wounds, suffered from the torture that was administered on the order of Cánovas. The German anarchist Rudolf Rocker, who was also present, wrote the following about the meeting:

"That night when Gana showed us his crippled limbs, and the scars over his entire body left by the tortures, we understood that it is one thing to read about such matters, but quite another to hear about them from the very lips of the victims" ... "We all sat there as if turned to stone, and it was some minutes before we could utter a few words of indignation. Only Angiolillo said not a word. A little later, he suddenly rose to his feet, uttered a laconic goodbye, and abandoned the house" ... "This was the last time I saw him."[5]

The assassination of Cánovas del Castillo

[edit]
Main article: Assassination of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
Killing of Cánovas del Castillo by Angiolillo.
Execution of Angiolillo by garrote vil.
New York Times headline after his execution. Michele Angiolillo uttered clearly the word "Germinal" before he died.

Under a false identity of a reporter for the Il Popolo newspaper by the name of Emilio Rinaldini, Michele Angiolillo traveled to Spain from London, passing through Paris and Bordeaux.[6] When he reached Madrid, he learned that Cánovas had traveled to the thermal bath resort of Santa Águeda (now a psychiatric hospital) in Mondragón, Guipúzcoa, and decided to pursue him there.[5] On 8 August 1897, Angiolillo found Cánovas alone and shot him dead. The Prime Minister's wife hurried to the scene, shouting "Murderer! Murderer!" after the gunman. Angiolillo, in turn, bowed and declared, "Pardon, Madame. I respect you as a lady, but I regret that you were the wife of that man." The repression and mass torture at Montjuich was a direct factor behind Michele Angiolillo's decision to assassinate Cánovas, and he claimed in his defence speech to be "no assassin, but rather an executioner", calling Cánovas, among other things, the personification of the greed of the bourgeoisie and the tyranny of power.[7]

About Angiolillo, the New York Times wrote:

Angiolillo allowed the authorities to capture him and vehemently denied other parties' involvement in the assassination. He was executed by garrote in the nearby town of Vergara.[8]

There is some evidence that he originally planned to kill one or two young members of the Spanish royal family, but was dissuaded by Puerto Rican nationalist leader Ramón Emeterio Betances, who suggested Cánovas del Castillo as a target instead. Betances provided logistical assistance for Angiolillo's safe travel into Spain, as well as some money.[9]

Legacy

[edit]

There is a street named after him in Foggia.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Inteligencia Dame el Nombre Exacto de la Mejor Agua Del Mundo". afuegolento.com.
  2. ^ Maura 1968
  3. ^ a b Shubert & Esenwein 1989, pp. 191–202
  4. ^ Headsman (2012-05-04). "1897: Five Barcelona anarchists". Executedtoday.com. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  5. ^ a b c Anderson 2007, pp. 191
  6. ^ "Angiolillo's Vengeance". www.katesharpleylibrary.net. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  7. ^ Anderson 2007, pp. 193
  8. ^ "Angiolillo Died Bravely". The New York Times. August 22, 1897. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  9. ^ Ojeda Reyes 2001, pp. 356–359
  10. ^ "Via Michele Angiolillo · 71100 Foggia, Province of Foggia, Italy". Via Michele Angiolillo · 71100 Foggia, Province of Foggia, Italy. Retrieved 2024-07-31.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Anderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman (2007). Under Three Flags: Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination. Verso. ISBN 9781844670901. OCLC 886542241.
  • Tamburini, F. (1996). "Michele Angiolillo e l'assassinio di Cánovas del Castillo". Spagna Contemporanea. 9.
  • Tamburini, F. (1997). "Michele Angiolillo el anarquista que asesinó a Cánovas del Castillo". Historia 16.
  • Tamburini, F. (2000). "Betances, los mambises italianos y Michele Angiolillo, in Pasión por la libertad, Actas del coloquio internacional". El Independentismo Puertorriqueño de Betances a Nuestros Días.
  • "Michele Angiolillo Anarchico di Michele Gualano". Edizioni Il Castello. 2004.
  • Gualano, M. (2013). Questionario per il destino - Storia di un anarchico giustiziere (romanzo). Edizioni Il Castello. ISBN 978-88-6572-100-1.
  • Ojeda Reyes, Félix (2001). El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898). Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto.
  • Shubert, Adrian; Esenwein, George Richard (1989). Anarchist ideology and the working-class movement in Spain, 1868–1898. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520063988. OCLC 19554399.
  • Maura, J. Romero (1968). "Terrorism in Barcelona and Its Impact on Spanish Politics 1904-1909". Past and Present (41): 130–183. doi:10.1093/past/41.1.130. ISSN 0031-2746.

Media related to Michele Angiolillo at Wikimedia Commons

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