GTK: Difference between revisions

	GTK version 4 (gtk4-widget-factory, a collection of examples that demonstrate many of the GUI widgets)
Original author(s)	Spencer Kimball, Peter Mattis
Developer(s)	The GNOME Project, eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF)
Initial release	April 14, 1998; 26 years ago
Stable release	4.14.4 / April 2, 2024; 8 months ago
Preview release	4.15.1 / May 21, 2024; 7 months ago
Repository	gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk ;
Written in	C, CSS
Operating system	Linux, Unix-like, macOS, Windows
Type	Widget toolkit
License	LGPLv2.1+
Website	gtk.org

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GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKit^[2] and GTK+^[3]) is a free software cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs).^[4] It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it. It is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems.^[5]

The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis.^[6] GTK 4 and GTK 3 are maintained, while GTK 2 is end-of-life.^[7] GTK1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.^[8]

Software architecture

The GTK library contains a set of graphical control elements (widgets); version 3.22.16 contains 186 active and 36 deprecated widgets.^[9] GTK is an object-oriented widget toolkit written in the programming language C; it uses GObject, that is the GLib object system, for the object orientation. While GTK is mainly for windowing systems based on X11 and Wayland, it works on other platforms, including Microsoft Windows (interfaced with the Windows API), and macOS (interfaced with Quartz). There is also an HTML5 back-end named Broadway.^[10]^[11]

GTK can be configured to change the look of the widgets drawn; this is done using different display engines. Several display engines exist which try to emulate the look of the native widgets on the platform in use.

Starting with version 2.8, released in 2005, GTK began the transition to using Cairo to render most of its graphical control elements widgets.^[12] Since GTK version 3.0, all rendering is done using Cairo.^[13]

On January 26, 2018 at DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes are being made in GTK 4 (>3.90), and why.^[14] On February 6, 2019 it was announced that GTK 4 will drop the “+” from the project's name.^[3]

GTK Drawing Kit (GDK)

GDK acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems.

GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK)

GSK is the rendering and scene graph API for GTK. GSK lies between the graphical control elements (widgets) and the rendering. GSK was finally merged into GTK version 3.90 released March 2017.

GtkBuilder

GtkBuilder allows user interfaces to be designed without writing code. The interface is described in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file which is written by hand or generated by a GUI designer, which is then loaded at runtime and the objects created automatically. The description of the user interface is independent from the programming language being used.

Language bindings

Language bindings are available for using GTK from languages other than C, including C++, Genie, JavaScript, Perl, Python, Vala, and others.^[15]

Backends

GTK supports various backends, which provides different ways to display GTK applications depending on the system and environment. Examples of GTK backends are:

Wayland – Used with the Wayland display server on Linux systems, it is a modern replacement for X11.
X11 – The default on Linux systems using the X.Org display server.
Win32 – For running GTK applications on Windows.
Quartz – For macOS support.
Broadway – Allows GTK applications to run in web browsers using HTML5 and WebSockets.^[10]^[11]

Development tools

GUI designers

There are several GUI designers for GTK. Here is a selection of GTK GUI designers:

Cambalache - a successor to Glade, supports GTK 4.^[16]^[17]
Glade - supports GtkBuilder, which is a GTK built-in GUI description format. (not actively maintained)
Gazpacho - GUI builder for the GTK toolkit written in Python^[18]
Crow Designer - relies on its own GuiXml format and GuiLoader library.^[19]
Stetic - part of MonoDevelop, oriented toward Gtk#.
Gambas (since version 2.0 atop BASIC)
Xojo
Lazarus (on Linux defaults to interfacing with GTK 2)

GTK Inspector

The GTK Inspector is a built-in interactive debugging tool in GTK, allowing developers to inspect and modify UI elements, test CSS changes, and analyze widget structure in real time. It can be enabled using the Control + Shift + I or Control + Shift + D shortcuts, or by setting the GTK_DEBUG=interactive environment variable.^[20] It was introduced with GTK version 3.14.^[21]^[22]

Features

Interactive debugging
Real-time CSS testing and modifications
Widget magnification for detailed inspection
UI structure analysis and object property examination
Customizable display settings via environment variables
Detailed object inspection (type, state, properties, CSS, actions, etc.)
Global application information display
CSS rule debugging
Rendering pipeline recording and inspection

Development

GTK is mainly developed by The GNOME Project, which also develops the GNOME Development Platform and the GNOME Desktop Environment.^[23] GTK is mainly written in C.^[24] Many language bindings are available. GTK development is loosely managed.

GNOME developers and users gather at an annual GNOME Users And Developers European Conference GUADEC meeting to discuss GNOME's current state and future direction.^[25] GNOME incorporates standards and programs from freedesktop.org to better interoperate with other desktops.^{[citation needed]}

On September 1, 2016, a post on the GTK development blog denoted, among other things, the future numbering scheme of GTK.^[26] GTK version 3.22, released in Autumn 2016, was planned to be the last 3.x release, although version 3.24 followed in Fall 2018 with the delay of GTK 4.^[27] The development of GTK 4 used version names 3.90, 3.92, etc. until the first GTK 4.0 stable release was launched in December 2020.^[28] Despite the first stable GTK 4 release, some applications using GTK still rely on GTK 2. For example, as of January 2022, GIMP is still being ported to GTK 3.^[29]

Build automation

The master branch of GTK utilizes Meson for its build automation. GTK (and GNOME, GLib, etc.) formerly utilized the GNU Build System (named Autotools) as the build automation system of choice. Since August 14, 2017, the Autotools build system files have been dropped.^[30]

Criticism

The most common criticism of GTK is the lack of backward-compatibility in major updates, most notably in the application programming interface (API)^[31] and theming.^[32] The result is that application developers or theme developers have to rewrite parts of their code to make it work with a newer version of GTK.

The compatibility breaks between minor releases during the GTK 3.x development cycle was explained by Benjamin Otte as due to strong pressures to innovate, such as providing the features modern users expect and supporting the increasingly influential Wayland display server protocol. With the release of GTK 4, the pressure from the need to innovate will have been released and the balance between stability and innovation will tip toward stability.^[33] Similarly, recent changes to theming are specifically intended to improve and stabilise that part of the API, meaning some investment now should be rewarded later.

Aurélien Gâteau started Gwenview as GTK application but switch to qt early in development.^[34]
Dirk Hohndel, codeveloper of Subsurface and member of Intel's Open-Source Technology Center, criticized the GTK developers for being abrasive and ignoring most community requests.^[35]
Hong Jen Yee, developer of LXDE (the GTK version of which was dropped and all efforts focused on the Qt port), expressed disdain for version 3 of the GTK toolkit's radical API changes and increased memory usage, and ported PCMan File Manager (PCManFM) to Qt. PCManFM is being developed with a GTK and with a Qt backend at the same time.^[36]
The Audacious music player moved to Qt in version 3.6.^[37] The reasons stated by the developers for this include a transition to client-side window decorations, which they claim cause the application to look "GNOME-y and out of place."^[38]
Wireshark has switched to Qt due to not having a good experience with GTK's cross-platform support.^[39]

Use

Applications

Some notable applications that use GTK as a widget toolkit include:

Ardour, a digital audio workstation (DAW)
Deluge, a BitTorrent client
Foliate, an ebook reader
GIMP, a raster graphics editor
GNOME Core Applications, a collection of applications as a standard bundle of the GNOME desktop environment
GNOME Circle, a collection of applications created to work within the GNOME ecosystem
GNOME Evolution, a personal information manager
HandBrake, digital video transcoder
Inkscape, a vector graphics editor
LibreOffice, an office suite
Lutris, a game manager
Mozilla Firefox, a web browser
Mozilla Thunderbird, a personal information manager
Pitivi, a video editor
PCSX-Reloaded, a video game console emulator
REAPER, a digital audio workstation (DAW)
Remmina, a remote desktop client
Transmission, a Bit Torrent client

GTK programs can be run on desktop environments based on X11 and Wayland, or others including ones not made with GTK, provided the needed libraries are installed; this includes macOS if X11.app is installed. GTK can be also run on Microsoft Windows. It is used by some popular cross-platform applications like Pidgin and GIMP. wxWidgets, a cross-platform GUI toolkit, uses GTK on Linux by default.^[40] Other ports include DirectFB (for example used by the Debian installer).

Desktop environments

Several desktop environments utilize GTK as the widget toolkit.

Current

GNOME, based on GTK, meaning that programs native to GNOME use GTK
Budgie, built from scratch for the SolusOS successor, Solus Operating System
Cinnamon, a fork of GNOME 3 which uses GTK version 3
MATE, a fork of GNOME 2 which uses GTK 3 since version 1.18
Xfce, based on GTK 3 since version 4.14
Pantheon uses GTK 3 exclusively, being developed by elementary OS
Sugar, a desktop environment for youth primary education, which uses GTK, especially PyGTK
Phosh, a mobile UI designed for PureOS
LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) is based on GTK 2
Unity, the former default desktop environment of Ubuntu

Inactive

Access Linux Platform (successor of the Palm OS PDA platform)
Consort, the GNOME 3.4 Fallback Mode – fork from Solus
GPE, the GPE Palmtop Environment
ROX Desktop, a lightweight desktop, with features from the GUI of RISC OS

Window managers

The following window managers use GTK:

Aewm
AfterStep
Amaterus
Consortium
IceWM
Marco
Metacity
Muffin
Mutter
Sawfish
Wmg
Xfwm

GtkSourceView

For syntax highlighting there is GtkSourceView, "source code editing widget". GtkSourceView is maintained by GNOME separately from GTK as a library: gtksourceview. There are plans to rename to gsv.^{[citation needed]}

GtkSpell

GtkSpell is a library separate from GTK. GtkSpell depends on GTK and Enchant. Enchant is a wrapper for ispell, hunspell, etc., the actual spell checker engine/software. GtkSpell uses GTK's GtkTextView widget, to highlight misspelled words and offer replacement.

History

GTK was originally designed and used in the GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) as a replacement of the Motif toolkit; at some point Peter Mattis became disenchanted with Motif and began to write his own GUI toolkit named the GIMP toolkit and had successfully replaced Motif by the 0.60 release of GIMP.^[41] Finally GTK was re-written to be object-oriented and was renamed GTK+.^[42] This was first used in the 0.99 release of GIMP. GTK was subsequently adopted for maintenance by the GNOME Foundation, which uses it in the GNOME desktop environment.

GTK 2

The GTK 2.0.0 release series introduced new features which include improved text rendering using Pango, a new theme engine, improved accessibility using the Accessibility Toolkit, transition to Unicode using UTF-8 strings, and a more flexible API. Starting with version 2.8, GTK 2 depends on the Cairo graphics library for rendering vector graphics.

GTK 3

GTK version 3.0.0 included revised input device handling, support for themes written with CSS-like syntax, and the ability to receive information about other opened GTK applications.

The '+' was dropped returning to simply 'GTK' in February 2019 during a Hackathon.^[43]

OpenVMS

HP stated that their goal was to merge the needed OpenVMS changes into the GTK Version 1.3 development stream, however this never materialised.^[44] The latest version of GTK for OpenVMS is version 1.2.10.^[45]

GTK 4

One of the main changes made during the GTK 4 development cycle (i.e. GTK 3.92, etc.) was the removal of user customization options (like individual keyboard shortcuts that could be set in GTK+ 2), and the delegation of functionality to ancillary objects instead of encoding it into the base classes provided by GTK. Other changes include:

Event handling from signal handlers described by GtkWidget is delegated to event controllers.
Rendering is delegated to GtkSnapshot objects.
The layout mechanism is delegated from GtkWidget to GtkLayoutManager.

At the 2018 edition of DevConf.cz, Matthias Clasen gave an overview of the then-current state of GTK 4 development, including a high-level explanation of how rendering and input worked in GTK 3, what changes were being made to GTK 4, and the reasons for those changes. Examples of things that have become possible with GTK 4 were given as well.^[46]

Releases

Release series	Initial release	Major enhancements	Latest minor version
Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version Future release
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0	1998-04-13^[47]	First stable version	1.0.
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2	1999-02-25^[48]	New widgets: GtkFontSelector GtkPacker GtkItemFactory GtkCTree GtkInvisible GtkCalendar GtkLayout GtkPlug GtkSocket	1.2.10
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0	2002-03-11^[49]	GObject Overall support for UTF-8	2.0.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2	2002-12-22^[50]	Multihead support	2.2.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.4	2004-03-16^[51]	New widgets: GtkFileChooser GtkComboBox GtkComboBoxEntry GtkExpander GtkFontButton GtkColorButton	2.4.14
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6	2004-12-16^[52]	New widgets: GtkIconView GtkAboutDialog GtkCellView The last to support Windows 98/Me	2.6.10
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.8	2005-08-13^[53]	Most widgets are rendered by Cairo	2.8.20
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.10	2006-07-03^[54]	New widgets: GtkStatusIcon GtkAssistant GtkLinkButton GtkRecentChooser Print support: GtkPrintOperation	2.10.14
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.12	2007-09-14^[55]	GtkBuilder	2.12.12
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.14	2008-09-04^[56]	JPEG 2000 load support	2.14.7
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.16	2009-03-13^[57]	New widget: GtkOrientable Caps Lock warning in password entry Improvements on GtkScale, GtkStatusIcon, GtkFileChooser	2.16.6
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.18	2009-09-23^[58]	New widget: GtkInfoBar Improvement on file chooser, printing To remove much of the necessary IPC between the X11 application and the X11 server, GDK is rewritten (mainly by Alexander Larsson) to use "client-side windows", i.e., the GdkWindow, which every widget must have, belongs now to the client	2.18.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.20	2010-03-23^[59]	New widgets: GtkSpinner GtkToolPalette GtkOffscreenWindow Improvement on file chooser, keyboard handling, GDK Introspection data is now included in GTK	2.20.1
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.22	2010-09-23^[60]	GdkPixbuf moved to separate module Most GDK drawing are based on Cairo Many internal data are now private and can be sealed in preparation to GTK 3	2.22.1
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.24	2011-01-30^[61]	New widget: GtkComboBoxText which had previously been a custom widget shipped with Gtkmm The CUPS print backend can send print jobs as PDF GtkBuilder has gained support for text tags and menu toolbuttons and many introspection annotation fixes were added Migrating from GTK+ 2.x to GTK+ 3	2.24.33 (2020-12-21)^[62]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0	2011-02-10^[63]	Development and design of the GTK 3 release of the toolkit started in February 2009 during the GTK Theming Hackfest held in Dublin^[64] The first draft of the development roadmap was released on April 9, 2009^[65] Completed mostly Project Ridley the attempt to consolidate several libraries that were external to GTK+ including `libgnome`, `libgnomeui`, `libgnomeprint22`, `libgnomeprintui22`, `libglade`, `libgnomecanvas`, `libegg`, `libeel`, `gtkglext`, and `libsexy`^[66] All the rendering is done using Cairo GDK became more X11 agnostic XInput2, theme API is based on Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), worsening the achievable performance for 60 Hz frame rates	3.0.12
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.2	2011-09-25^[67]	New widgets: GtkLockButton GtkOverlay New Font Chooser dialog New experimental backends: Wayland HTML5 (named "Broadway")	3.2.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.4	2012-03-26^[68]	Menu support in GtkApplication A new color chooser Added support for touch devices Added support for smooth scrolling GtkScrolledWindow will do kinetic scrolling with touch devices macOS support is improved This is the first version of GTK 3 that works well on Windows The Wayland backend is updated to the current Wayland version Spin buttons have received a new look Accessibility: the treeview accessible support is rewritten More complete CSS theming support	3.4.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.6	2012-09-24^[69]	New widgets: GtkSearchEntry GtkMenuButton GtkLevelBar Vertical spin buttons CSS animations, blur shadows Support for cross-fading and transitions in themes	3.6.5
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.8	2013-03-25^[70]	Wayland 1.0 stable support Support for the broadwayd server Improved theming Better geometry management Touch improvements Support with the window manager for the frame synchronization protocol GdkFrameClock added^[71]	3.8.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.10	2013-09-23^[72]	New widgets: GtkHeaderBar GtkPlacesSidebar GtkStack GtkStackSwitcher GtkRevealer GtkSearchBar GtkListBox Support for Wayland 1.2 maximization animated cursors multiple monitors settings custom surfaces frame synchronization Added: client-side decorations scaled output support on high-dpi screens fine-adjustment mode for scrolling Removed: support for the Motif DND protocol support for multiple screens per display gdk_window_get_display gtk_widget_push_composite_child Tear-off menu-items, plus many GTK settings The modern GTK drawing model	3.10.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.12	2014-03-25^[73]	Client-side decorations^[74] Support for Wayland 1.5 New widget: GtkPopover (an alternative to menus and dialogs)	3.12.2
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.14	2014-09-22^[75]	GtkInspector (a copy of gtkparasite) introduced^[76]^[77] Improved support for gestures/multi-touch merged^[78]^[79] Deprecated:^[80] GtkMisc GtkAlignment GtkArrow GdkColor Style regions support for .icon files gdk_window_flush drawing outside of begin/end paint Most widgets converted to use gestures internally Wayland supports GNOME Shell classic mode^[81]	3.14.15
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.16	2015-03-22^[82]	GDK supports rendering windows using OpenGL for X11 and Wayland using libepoxy New widgets: GtkGLArea GtkStackSidebar GtkModelButton GtkPopoverMenu Scrolling overhauled (scrollbar hidden by default^[83]) Experimental Mir backend^[84]	3.16.7
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.18	2015-09-23^[85]	Add CSS node infrastructure More filechooser design refresh and better filechooser search Dropped Windows XP support Model support for list and flow box Kinetic touchpad scrolling Touchpad gestures (Wayland) gtk-builder-tool utility Output-only windows	3.18.9
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.20	2016-03-21^[86]	Further Integration of CSS nodes^[87] Move drag and drop down to GDK New widget: GtkShortcutsWindow (shows keyboard shortcuts and gestures of an application)	3.20.10
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.22	2016-09-21^[88]	Last 3.x release^[26] Wayland tablet support is merged,^[89] support for graphics tablets is considered feature complete^[90] GTK 3.22 shall be as rock-stable (and hence "boring") as GTK 2^[33]^[91]^[92]	for 3+ years 3.22.29
Old version, yet still maintained: 3.24	2018-09-03^[93]	3.22 was supposed to be the last version of GTK 3 series 3.24 was mainly released to ease migrating from GTK+ 3.x to GTK+ 4 Dependency bumps – require: libepoxy 1.4 pango 1.41 New font chooser features: allow setting OpenType font features show examples for OpenType font features allow selecting OpenType font variations support levels of details for selection New Emoji features: support a completion popup for Emoji drop Ctrl-Shift-e shortcut Other new APIs: gdk_window_move_to_rect Wayland: use anonymous shared memory on FreeBSD Backported event controllers from GTK 4: GtkEventControllerScroll GtkEventControllerMotion GtkEventControllerKey GtkGestureStylus Deprecate a few APIs that are gone in GTK 4: focus chains in GtkContainer stepper sensitivity in GtkRange	3.23.0 3.23.1 3.23.2 3.23.3 3.24.0 ...3.24.5 3.24.14 ... 3.24.29
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.90	2017-03-31^[94]	GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) merged^[6] Remove any API marked as deprecated Heavy development break API & ABI^[91]^[92] A new Vulkan-renderer augments the old Cairo-renderer^[95]	3.89.1 3.89.2 3.89.4 3.89.5 3.90
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.92	2017-10-18^[96]^[97]	As GNOME 3.26 was released already on September 13, 2017,^[98] it was not based on GTK 3.92. GNU autotools was replaced with Meson.	3.91.0 3.91.1 3.91.2 3.92.1
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.94	2018-06-26^[99]	3.93 GdkScreen, GdkVisual removed GdkDeviceManager replaced by GdkSeat Clipboard handling is moved from GTK to GDK GdkEvent is converted to an opaque GObject the GL renderer in GSK is substantially completed, and is now on par with the Vulkan renderer the use of GdkPixbuf in APIs is reduced and the GskTexture object is moved to GDK as GdkTexture, to take its place the Wayland backend now implements the KDE server-side decoration protocol Broadway is ported to GSK. GdkWindow renamed to GdkSurface New abstraction for drawable content: GdkPaintable There is support for displaying media with: GtkVideo GtkMediaFile GtkMediaStream GtkMediaControls	3.93 3.94.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.96	2019-05-07^[100]	The gtk4-builder-tool `simplify` command has gained a `--3to4` option to convert GTK3 ui files to GTK4; though with AMTK menus, toolbars or other objects like GtkShortcutsWindow are created programmatically (not with a *.ui file), but with convenient APIs.^[101] GtkWidget can now use a GtkLayoutManager for size allocation layout managers can optionally use layout children holding layout properties GtkBinLayout, GtkBoxLayout, GtkGridLayout, GtkFixedLayout and GtkCustomLayout are currently available more layout manager implementations will appear in the future Focus handling has been rewritten, and focus-change event generation has been unified with crossing events Events have been simplified and are just used for input: expose events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::render signal configure events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::size-changed signal map events have been replaced by a GdkSurface::mapped property gdk_event_handler_set has been replaced by a GdkSurface::event signal key events no longer contain a string events on unmapped widgets are ignored	3.96.0
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.98	2020-02-10^[100]	Performance improvements Drag and drop refactoring Moving GDK towards Wayland Removals GtkMenu, GtkToolbar and similar classes have been replaced by GMenu. Additions Emoji chooser Text widgets now have undo stacks A new layout manager^[102]	3.98.5
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.99.0	2020-07-31^[103]	Introduced successor to Accessibility Toolkit (ATK).^[104] The new approach will implement WAI-ARIA (World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Accessibility Initiative – Accessible Rich Internet Applications). Updated headers to use standard C types instead of GLib types New widgets Fixes and improvements^[103]	3.99.4
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0	2020-12-16^[105]		4.0.2
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.2	2021-03-30^[106]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.4	2021-08-23^[107]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.6	2021-12-30^[108]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.8	2022-09-06^[109]
Current stable version: 4.10	2023-03-04^[110]	GtkFileChooser deprecated (use GtkFileDialog)^[111]

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v t e GNU Project
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