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{{Short description|Subfamily of plants}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{automatic taxobox
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| subdivision = See text
| subdivision = See text
}}
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The '''Asclepiadoideae''' are a [[subfamily]] of plants in the family [[Apocynaceae]]. Formerly, it was treated as a separate family under the name '''Asclepiadaceae''', e.g. by [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]], and known as the milkweed family.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=363 |access-date=25 January 2017 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{citation |author=Endress, M. E. and P. V. Bruyns |year=2000 |title=A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l. |journal=Botanical Review |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–56 |doi=10.1007/BF02857781|bibcode=2000BotRv..66....1E |s2cid=31739212 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/156540/1/ZORA_NL_156540.pdf }}</ref>
[[Image:asclepia syriaca3.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Asclepias syriaca]]'']]
[[File:Ceropegia stapelliformis.jpg|thumb|right|''Ceropegia stapelliformis'']]
[[Image:Caralluma acutangula Bild0685.jpg|thumb|right|''Caralluma acutangula, Burkina Faso'']]
[[Image:Leptadenia pyrotechnica Marco Schmidt 0771.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Leptadenia pyrotechnica]], Burkina Faso'']]
[[Image:Microloma_calycinum_PICT2490.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Microloma calycinum]], Richtersveld, South Africa'']]
According to [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]], the '''Asclepiadaceae''', commonly known as '''milkweed family''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=363 |access-date=25 January 2017 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archivedate=25 May 2017 }}</ref> is a former [[plant]] family now treated as a subfamily (subfamily '''Asclepiadoideae''') in the [[Apocynaceae]] (Bruyns 2000).


They form a group of perennial [[herb]]s, twining [[shrub]]s, [[liana]]s or rarely [[tree]]s but notably also contain a significant number of leafless [[stem succulent]]s. The name comes from the type [[genus]] ''[[Asclepias]]'' (milkweeds).
They form a group of perennial [[herb]]s, twining [[shrub]]s, [[liana]]s or rarely [[tree]]s but notably also contain a significant number of leafless [[stem succulent]]s. The name comes from the [[type genus]] ''[[Asclepias]]'' (milkweeds).


There are 348 [[genus|genera]], with about 2,900 [[species]]. They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics, especially in Africa and South America.
There are 348 genera, with about 2,900 [[species]]. They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spellenberg |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/347/ |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-375-40233-3 |edition=rev |pages=347 |orig-date=1979}}</ref> especially in Africa and South America.


The florally advanced tribe [[Stapelieae]] within this family contains the relatively familiar stem succulent [[genus|genera]] such as ''[[Huernia]], [[Stapelia]]'' and ''[[Hoodia]]''. They are remarkable for the complex mechanisms they have developed for pollination, which independently parallel the unrelated [[Orchidaceae]], especially in the grouping of their [[pollen]] into [[pollinia]]. The fragrance from the flowers, often called "carrion", attracts flies. The flies pollinate the flowers.
The florally-advanced tribe [[Stapelieae]] within this family contains several relatively familiar stem [[Succulent plant|succulent]] genera, such as ''[[Orbea (plant)|Orbea]]'', ''[[Huernia]], [[Stapelia]]'' and ''[[Hoodia]]''. They are remarkable for the complex mechanisms which they have developed for [[pollination]], independently parallel to the unrelated [[Orchidaceae]], such as the grouping of their pollen into [[pollinia]]. The "fragrance" (or odor) of the flowers, often called "carrion flowers", attracts flies, the chief pollinators for these plants. Additionally, the color, appearance and texture of the flowers often is thought to resemble decaying flesh or raw meat to further entice pollination by flies.


Many new [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.
Many new [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.


== Genera ==
==Taxonomy==
[[Gilbert Thomas Burnett]] in 1835 is considered to be the first botanist to recognize a primary division of the family Apocynaceae using the name Asclepiadeae,<ref name=Reve11>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Reveal |first1=James L. |date=2011 |contribution=Asclepiadoideae |title=Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium |publisher=Plant Biology section, Cornell University |contribution-url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileR.html |url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/famAA-AP.html |access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref> an ending now used for tribes rather than subfamilies. In 2014, Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve recognised five tribes within the subfamily.<ref name="Endress2014">{{cite journal | last1=Endress | first1=Mary E. | last2=Liede-Schumann | first2=Sigrid | last3=Meve | first3=Ulrich | title=An updated classification for Apocynaceae | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=159 | issue=3 | pages=175–194 | date=February 2014 | issn=1179-3163 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.2 }}</ref> A [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study in 2019 confirmed the distinctness of the five tribes, which were related as shown in the following cladogram:<ref name=NazaClarGoydKaky19>{{Citation |last1=Nazar |first1=N. |last2=Clarkson |first2=J.J. |last3=Goyder |first3=D. |last4=Kaky |first4=E. |last5=Mahmood |first5=T. |last6=Chase |first6=M.W. |date=2019 |title=Phylogenetic relationships in Apocynaceae based on nuclear PHYA and plastid trnL-F sequences, with a focus on tribal relationships |journal=Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=55–81 |doi=10.13128/cayologia-251 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
; Tribe [[Fockeeae]]
*''[[Cibirhiza]]''
*''[[Fockea]]''


{{clade
; Tribe [[Eustegieae]]
|label1=Asclepiadoideae
*''[[Eustegia]]''
|1={{clade
*''[[Emicocarpus]]''
|1=Fockeeae
|2={{clade
|1=Asclepiadeae
|2={{clade
|1=Eustegieae
|2={{clade
|1=Ceropegieae
|2=Marsdenieae
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


=== Tribes and genera ===
; Tribe [[Marsdenieae]]
[[Image:asclepia syriaca3.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Asclepias syriaca]]'']]
*''[[Anatropanthus]]''
[[Image:Microloma_calycinum_PICT2490.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Microloma calycinum]]'', Richtersveld, South Africa]]
*''[[Anisopus (plant)|Anisopus]]''
The assignment of genera to tribes is based on Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve (2014),<ref name="Endress2014"/> with synonyms from [[Plants of the World Online]] {{As of|2023|December|lc=yes}}.
*''[[Asterostemma]]''
*''[[Campestigma]]''
*''[[Cathetostemma]]''
*''[[Cionura]]''
*''[[Cosmostigma]]''
*''[[Dischidia]]''
*''[[Dolichopetalum]]''
*''[[Gongronema]]''
*''[[Gunnessia]]''
*''[[Gymnema]]''
*''[[Heynella]]''
*''[[Hoya]]''
*''[[Jasminanthes]]''
*''[[Lygisma]]''
*''[[Marsdenia]]''
*''[[Oreosparte]]''
*''[[Pycnorhachis]]''
*''[[Rhyssolobium]]''
*''[[Sarcolobus]]''
*''[[Stephanotis]]''
*''[[Stigmatorhynchus]]''
*''[[Telosma]]''
*''[[Treutlera]]''
*''[[Wattakaka]]''


====Asclepiadeae====
; Tribe [[Ceropegieae]]
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Anisotoma]]''
*''[[Anomalluma]]''
*''[[Araujia]]'' <small>Brot.</small>
*''[[Asclepias]]'' <small>L.</small>, including ''Aidomene'' <small>Stopp</small>, ''Odontostelma'' <small>Rendle</small>, ''Trachycalymma'' <small>(K.Schum.)</small>
*''[[Apteranthes]]''
*''[[Australluma]]''
*''[[Aspidoglossum]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''[[Aspidonepsis]]'' <small>Nicholas</small>
*''[[Baynesia]]''
*''[[Boucerosia]]''
*''[[Astephanus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Brachystelma]]''
*''[[Barjonia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Caralluma]]''
*''[[Blepharodon]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Caudanthera]]''
*''[[Calciphila]]'' <small>Liede</small>
*''[[Ceropegia]]''
*''[[Calotropis]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Cordylogyne]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''[[Conomitra (plant)|Conomitra]]''
*''[[Cynanchum]]'' <small>L.</small>, including ''Adelostemma'' <small>Hook.f.</small>, ''Glossonema'' <small>Decne.</small>, ''Metaplexis'' <small>R.Br.</small>, ''Pentarrhinum'' <small>E.Mey.</small>, ''Seshagiria'' <small>Ansari</small>, ''Sichuania'' <small>M.G.Gilbert</small>
*''[[Desmidorchis]]''
*''[[Diplolepis (plant)|Diplolepis]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Duvalia]]''
*''[[Duvaliandra]]''
*''[[Ditassa]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Echidnopsis]]''
*''[[Fanninia]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
*''[[Fischeria (plant)|Fischeria]]'' <small>DC.</small>
*''[[Edithcolea]]''
*''[[Funastrum]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''[[Emplectranthus]]''
*''[[Heterostemma]]''
*''[[Glossostelma]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Hoodia]]''
*''[[Gomphocarpus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Huernia]]''
*''[[Gonolobus]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
*''[[Larryleachia]]''
*''[[Graphistemma]]'' <small>(Champ.</small>
*''[[Lavrania]]''
*''[[Gyrostelma]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''[[Hemipogon (plant)|Hemipogon]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Leptadenia]]''
*''[[Monolluma]]''
*''[[Holostemma]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Hypolobus]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''[[Neoschumannia]]''
*''[[Ibatia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Notechidnopsis]]''
*''[[Ophionella]]''
*''[[Jobinia]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''[[Kanahia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Orbea (plant)|Orbea]]''
*''[[Lachnostoma (plant)|Lachnostoma]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
*''[[Orbeanthus]]''
*''[[Orthanthera]]''
*''[[Macroscepis]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
*''[[Mahawoa]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Pectinaria (plant)|Pectinaria]]''
*''[[Pentasachme]]''
*''[[Margaretta]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
*''[[Piaranthus]]''
*''[[Matelea]]'' <small>Aubl.</small>
*''[[Pseudolithos]]''
*''[[Metastelma]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Quaqua]]''
*''[[Microloma]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Minaria]]'' <small>T.U.P.Konno</small>
*''[[Rhytidocaulon]]''
*''[[Miraglossum]]'' <small>Kupicha</small>
*''[[Richtersveldia (plant)|Richtersveldia]]''
*''[[Riocreuxia]]''
*''[[Monsanima]]'' <small>Liede</small>
*''[[Sisyranthus]]''
*''[[Morrenia]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
*''[[Socotrella]]''
*''[[Nautonia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Stapelia]]''
*''[[Nephradenia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Stapelianthus]]''
*''[[Odontanthera]]'' <small>Wight</small>
*''[[Stapeliopsis]]''
*''[[Oncinema]]'' <small>Arn.</small>
*''[[Orthosia (plant)|Orthosia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Tavaresia]]''
*''[[Tridentea]]''
*''[[Oxypetalum]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Tromotriche]]''
*''[[Oxystelma]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[White-sloanea]]''
*''[[Pachycarpus]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''[[Parapodium (plant)|Parapodium]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''[[Pentacyphus]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>, including ''Tetraphysa'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Pentastelma]]'' <small>Tsiang</small>
*''[[Pentatropis]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Peplonia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Pergularia]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Petalostelma]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''[[Phaeostemma]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small>
*''[[Pherotrichis]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Philibertia]]'' <small>Kunth</small>, including ''Mitostigma'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Pseudolachnostoma]]'' <small>Morillo</small>
*''[[Raphistemma]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
*''[[Rhyssostelma]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Rhytidostemma]]'' <small>Morillo</small>
*''[[Rojasia]]'' <small>Malme</small>
*''[[Schizoglossum]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''[[Schizostephanus]]'' <small>Hochst.</small>
*''[[Schubertia]]'' <small>Mart.</small>
*''[[Scyphostelma]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
*''[[Solenostemma]]'' <small>Hayne</small>
*''[[Stathmostelma]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
*''[[Stelmagonum]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
*''[[Stenostelma]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Tassadia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>, including ''Stenomeria'' <small>Turcz.</small>
*''[[Tweedia]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
*''[[Tylodontia]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
*''[[Vincetoxicum]]'' <small>Wolf</small>, including ''Merrillanthus'' <small>Chun</small>, ''Oncostemma'' <small>K.Schum.</small>, ''Rhyncharrhena'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
*''[[Widgrenia]]'' <small>Malme</small>
*''[[Woodia]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Xysmalobium]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
{{div col end}}


====Ceropegieae====
; Tribe [[Asclepiadeae]]
[[file:Ceropegia candelabrum 11.jpg|thumb|''[[Ceropegia candelabrum]]'']]
*''[[Adelostemma]]''
[[Image:Caralluma acutangula Bild0685.jpg|thumb|right|''Caralluma acutangula'', Burkina Faso]]
*''[[Aidomene]]''
[[Image:Leptadenia pyrotechnica Marco Schmidt 0771.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Leptadenia pyrotechnica]]'', Burkina Faso]]
*''[[Araujia]]''
[[file:Aasblume Aug 2005.jpg|thumb|''[[Stapelia gigantea]]'']]
*''[[Asclepias]]''
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Aspidoglossum]]''
*''[[Aspidonepsis]]''
*''[[Anisotoma]]'' <small>Fenzl</small>
*''[[Apteranthes]]'' <small>J.C.Mikan</small>
*''[[Astephanus]]''
*''[[Barjonia]]''
*''[[Australluma]]'' <small>Plowes</small>
*''[[Blepharodon]]''
*''[[Baynesia]]'' <small>Bruyns</small>
*''[[Calciphila]]''
*''[[Boucerosia]]'' <small>Wight</small>
*''[[Calotropis]]''
*''[[Brachystelma]]'' <small>Sims</small>
*''[[Cordylogyne]]''
*''[[Caralluma]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Cynanchum]]''
*''[[Caudanthera]]'' <small>Plowes</small>
*''[[Ceropegia]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Diplolepis (plant)|Diplolepis]]''
*''[[Conomitra linearis|Conomitra]]'' <small>Fenzl</small>
*''[[Ditassa]]''
*''[[Fanninia]]''
*''[[Desmidorchis]]'' <small>Ehrenb.</small>
*''[[Duvalia]]'' <small>Haw.</small>
*''[[Fischeria (plant)|Fischeria]]''
*''[[Duvaliandra]]'' <small>M.G.Gilbert</small>
*''[[Funastrum]]''
*''[[Glossonema]]''
*''[[Echidnopsis]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''[[Glossostelma]]''
*''[[Edithcolea]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''[[Emplectanthus]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''[[Gomphocarpus]]''
*''[[Gonolobus]]''
*''[[Heterostemma]]'' <small>Wight</small>
*''[[Graphistemma]]''
*''[[Hoodia]]'' <small>Sweet</small>
*''[[Gyrostelma]]''
*''[[Huernia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Larryleachia]]'' <small>Plowes</small>
*''[[Hemipogon (plant)|Hemipogon]]''
*''[[Holostemma]]''
*''[[Lavrania]]'' <small>Plowes</small>
*''[[Hypolobus]]''
*''[[Leptadenia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Ibatia]]''
*''[[Monolluma]]'' <small>Plowes</small>
*''[[Neoschumannia]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Jobinia]]''
*''[[Notechidnopsis]]'' <small>Lavranos</small>
*''[[Kanahia]]''
*''[[Ophionella]]'' <small>Bruyns</small>
*''[[Lachnostoma (plant)|Lachnostoma]]''
*''[[Orbea (plant)|Orbea]]'' <small>Haw.</small>, including ''Orbeanthus'' <small>L.C.Leach</small>
*''[[Macroscepis]]''
*''[[Mahawoa]]''
*''[[Orthanthera]]'' <small>Wight</small>
*''[[Pectinaria (plant)|Pectinaria]]'' <small>Haw.</small>
*''[[Margaretta]]''
*''[[Matelea]]''
*''[[Pentasacme]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
*''[[Merrillanthus]]''
*''[[Piaranthus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Pseudolithos]]'' <small>P.R.O.Bally</small>, including ''Anomalluma'' <small>Plowes</small>
*''[[Metaplexis]]''
*''[[Metastelma]]''
*''[[Quaqua]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''[[Rhytidocaulon]]'' <small>P.R.O.Bally</small>
*''[[Microloma]]''
*''[[Richtersveldia columnaris|Richtersveldia]]'' <small>Meve</small>
*''[[Minaria]]''
*''[[Miraglossum]]''
*''[[Riocreuxia]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Monsanima]]''
*''[[Sisyranthus]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''[[Morrenia]]''
*''[[Socotrella]]'' <small>Bruyns</small>
*''[[Nautonia]]''
*''[[Stapelia]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Nephradenia]]''
*''[[Stapelianthus]]'' <small>Choux</small>
*''[[Odontanthera]]''
*''[[Stapeliopsis]]'' <small>Pillans</small>
*''[[Odontostelma]]''
*''[[Tavaresia]]'' <small>Welw.</small>
*''[[Oncinema]]''
*''[[Tridentea]]'' <small>Haw.</small>
*''[[Tromotriche]]'' <small>Haw.</small>
*''[[Orthosia (plant)|Orthosia]]''
*''[[Oxypetalum]]''
*''[[Whitesloanea]]'' <small>Chiov.</small>
{{div col end}}
*''[[Oxystelma]]''
*''[[Pachycarpus]]''
*''[[Parapodium (plant)|Parapodium]]''
*''[[Pentacyphus]]''
*''[[Pentarrhinum]]''
*''[[Pentastelma]]''
*''[[Pentatropis]]''
*''[[Peplonia]]''
*''[[Pergularia]]''
*''[[Petalostelma]]''
*''[[Phaeostemma]]''
*''[[Pherotrichis]]''
*''[[Philibertia]]''
*''[[Pseudolachnostoma]]''
*''[[Raphistemma]]''
*''[[Rhyssostelma]]''
*''[[Rhytidostemma]]''
*''[[Rojasia]]''
*''[[Schizoglossum]]''
*''[[Schizostephanus]]''
*''[[Schubertia]]''
*''[[Scyphostelma]]''
*''[[Seshagiria]]''
*''[[Sichuania]]''
*''[[Solenostemma]]''
*''[[Stathmostelma]]''
*''[[Stelmagonum]]''
*''[[Stenomeria]]''
*''[[Stenostelma]]''
*''[[Tassadia]]''
*''[[Trachycalymma]]''
*''[[Tweedia]]''
*''[[Tylodontia]]''
*''[[Vincetoxicum]]''
*''[[Widgrenia]]''
*''[[Woodia]]''
*''[[Xysmalobium]]''


====Eustegieae====
*''[[Emicocarpus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Eustegia]]'' <small>K.Schum. & Schltr.</small>


====Fockeeae====
*''[[Cibirhiza]]'' <small>Bruyns</small>
*''[[Fockea]]'' <small>Endl.</small>


====Marsdenieae====
;Genera not accepted within Asclepiadoideae by Endress et al.
[[File:Starr 080530-4659 Marsdenia floribunda.jpg|thumb|right|''Stephanotis floribunda'']]
*''[[Absolmsia]]''
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Belostemma]]''
*''[[Anatropanthus]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Biondia]]''
*''[[Blyttia (plant)|Blyttia]]''
*''[[Anisopus (plant)|Anisopus]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''[[Asterostemma (plant)|Asterostemma]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
*''[[Clemensiella]]''
*''[[Corollonema]]''
*''[[Campestigma]]'' <small>Pierre</small>
*''[[Cyathostelma]]''
*''[[Cionura]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
*''[[Dactylostelma]]''
*''[[Cosmostigma]]'' <small>Wight</small>
*''[[Dalzielia]]''
*''[[Dischidia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Dolichopetalum]]'' <small>Tsiang</small>
*''[[Decanema]]''
*''[[Diplostigma]]''
*''[[Gongronema]]'' <small>(Endl.)</small>
*''[[Gunnessia]]'' <small>P.I.Forst.</small>
*''[[Dischidanthus]]''
*''[[Dittoceras]]''
*''[[Gymnema]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Dregea]]''
*''[[Heynella]]'' <small>Backer</small>
*''[[Hoya (plant)|Hoya]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>, including ''Cathetostemma'' <small>Blume</small>, ''Clemensiella'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Frerea]]''
*''[[Gymnanthera]]''
*''[[Jasminanthes]]'' <small>Blume</small>
*''[[Gymnemopsis]]''
*''[[Lygisma]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''[[Hemidesmus]]''
*''[[Marsdenia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Huerniopsis]]''
*''[[Oreosparte]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Ischnostemma]]''
*''[[Pycnorhachis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Kerbera]]''
*''[[Rhyssolobium]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
*''[[Sarcolobus]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>, including ''Quisumbingia'' <small>Merr.</small>
*''[[Leichardtia]]''
*''[[Stephanotis]]'' <small>Thouars</small>, including ''Dregea'' <small>E.Mey.</small>, ''Wattakaka'' <small>Hassk.</small>
*''[[Lhotzkyella]]''
*''[[Stigmatorhynchus]]'' <small>Schltr.</small>
*''[[Macroditassa]]''
*''[[Manothrix]]''
*''[[Telosma]]'' <small>Coville</small>
*''[[Melinia]]''
*''[[Treutlera]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
{{div col end}}
*''[[Microdactylon]]''
*''[[Microstelma]]''
*''[[Mitostigma]]''
*''[[Oncostemma]]''
*''[[Orbeopsis]]''
*''[[Pachycymbium]]''
*''[[Papuastelma]]''
*''[[Periglossum]]''
*''[[Petopentia]]''
*''[[Pleurostelma]]''
*''[[Podostelma]]''
*''[[Polystemma]]''
*''[[Ptycanthera]]''
*''[[Quisumbingia]]''
*''[[Raphionacme]]''
*''[[Rhyncharrhena]]''
*''[[Sarcostemma]]''
*''[[Schistogyne]]''
*''[[Schistonema]]''
*''[[Seutera]]''
*''[[Sphaerocodon]]''
*''[[Telminostelma]]''
*''[[Tenaris (plant)|Tenaris]]''
*''[[Tetraphysa]]''
*''[[Trichosacme]]''
*''[[Tylophora]]''
*''[[Tylophoropsis]]''
*''[[Vailia]]''


====Other genera====
}}
These genera are not accepted within Asclepiadoideae by Endress ''et al.'' (2014),<ref name="Endress2014"/> but are accepted by Plants of the World Online. Tribal placements below are from [[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN-Global]], where given.
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Dalzielia]]'' <small>Turrill</small> – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of ''Marsdenia'')<ref name="GRIN_g3376">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Dalzielia'' Turrill |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=3376 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Decanema]]'' <small>Decne.</small> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of ''Cynanchum'')<ref name="GRIN_g3436">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Decanema'' Decne. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=3436 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Dischidanthus]]'' <small>Tsiang</small> – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of ''Marsdenia'')<ref name="GRIN_g3839">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Dischidanthus'' Tsiang |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=3839 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Gymnemopsis]]'' <small>Costantin</small> – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of ''Marsdenia'')<ref name="GRIN_g5233">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Gymnemopsis'' Costantin |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=5233 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Kerbera]]'' <small>E.Fourn.</small> – Asclepiadeae<ref name="GRIN_g6297">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Kerbera'' E.Fourn. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=6297 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Leichhardtia (plant)|Leichhardtia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Manothrix]]'' <small>Miers</small>
*''[[Periglossum]]'' <small>Decne.</small> – Asclepiadeae<ref name="GRIN_g9109">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Periglossum'' Decne. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=9109 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Polystemma]]'' <small>Decne.</small>, including ''Microdactylon''<ref name=POWO_77297239-1>{{Cite POWO|title=''Polystemma cordatum'' (Brandegee) L.O.Alvarado|id=77297239-1|access-date=2023-11-30|mode=cs1}}</ref> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of ''Matelea'')<ref name="GRIN_g16047">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Polystemma'' Decne. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=16047 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Ptycanthera]]'' <small>Decne.</small> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of ''Matelea'')<ref name="GRIN_g16180">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Ptycanthera'' Decne. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=16180 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Ruehssia]]'' <small>H.Karst. ex Schltdl.</small> – Marsdenieae (possible synonym of ''Marsdenia'')<ref name="GRIN_g16346">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Ruehssia'' H. Karst. ex Schltdl. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=16346 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Schistonema]]'' <small>Schltr.</small> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of ''Tweedia'')<ref name="GRIN_g10849">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Schistonema'' Schltr. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=10849 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
*''[[Vailia]]'' <small>Rusby</small> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of '' Blepharodon'')<ref name="GRIN_g12614">{{cite web |title=Gen. ''Vailia'' Rusby |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=12614 |access-date=2023-12-01 }}</ref>
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{citation |author=Endress, M. E. and P. V. Bruyns |year=2000 |title=A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l. |journal=Botanical Review |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–56 |doi=10.1007/BF02857781|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/156540/1/ZORA_NL_156540.pdf }}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 269: Line 241:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990222072311/http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/asclepia.htm Asclepiadaceae Family]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19990222072311/http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/asclepia.htm Asclepiadaceae Family]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070708221010/http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/research/databases/delta_as/index.htm The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070708221010/http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/planta2/research/databases/delta_as/index.htm The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)]
*[https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ASCL-1.html Asclepiadaceae] in [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/ BoDD &#8211; Botanical Dermatology Database]
*[https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ASCL-1.html Asclepiadaceae] in [https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/ BoDD &ndash; Botanical Dermatology Database]


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q8206302|from2=Q156689}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q8206302|from2=Q156689}}

Latest revision as of 20:49, 7 October 2024

Asclepiadoideae
Matelea denticulata[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae
Burnett
Genera

See text

The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Formerly, it was treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae, e.g. by APG II, and known as the milkweed family.[2][3]

They form a group of perennial herbs, twining shrubs, lianas or rarely trees but notably also contain a significant number of leafless stem succulents. The name comes from the type genus Asclepias (milkweeds).

There are 348 genera, with about 2,900 species. They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics,[4] especially in Africa and South America.

The florally-advanced tribe Stapelieae within this family contains several relatively familiar stem succulent genera, such as Orbea, Huernia, Stapelia and Hoodia. They are remarkable for the complex mechanisms which they have developed for pollination, independently parallel to the unrelated Orchidaceae, such as the grouping of their pollen into pollinia. The "fragrance" (or odor) of the flowers, often called "carrion flowers", attracts flies, the chief pollinators for these plants. Additionally, the color, appearance and texture of the flowers often is thought to resemble decaying flesh or raw meat to further entice pollination by flies.

Many new hybrids have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Gilbert Thomas Burnett in 1835 is considered to be the first botanist to recognize a primary division of the family Apocynaceae using the name Asclepiadeae,[5] an ending now used for tribes rather than subfamilies. In 2014, Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve recognised five tribes within the subfamily.[6] A molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 confirmed the distinctness of the five tribes, which were related as shown in the following cladogram:[7]

Asclepiadoideae

Fockeeae

Asclepiadeae

Eustegieae

Ceropegieae

Marsdenieae

Tribes and genera

[edit]
Asclepias syriaca
Microloma calycinum, Richtersveld, South Africa

The assignment of genera to tribes is based on Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve (2014),[6] with synonyms from Plants of the World Online as of December 2023.

Asclepiadeae

[edit]

Ceropegieae

[edit]
Ceropegia candelabrum
Caralluma acutangula, Burkina Faso
Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Burkina Faso
Stapelia gigantea

Eustegieae

[edit]

Fockeeae

[edit]

Marsdenieae

[edit]
Stephanotis floribunda

Other genera

[edit]

These genera are not accepted within Asclepiadoideae by Endress et al. (2014),[6] but are accepted by Plants of the World Online. Tribal placements below are from GRIN-Global, where given.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 363. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017 – via Korea Forest Service.
  3. ^ Endress, M. E. and P. V. Bruyns (2000), "A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l." (PDF), Botanical Review, 66 (1): 1–56, Bibcode:2000BotRv..66....1E, doi:10.1007/BF02857781, S2CID 31739212
  4. ^ Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  5. ^ Reveal, James L. (2011). "Asclepiadoideae". Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium. Plant Biology section, Cornell University. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  6. ^ a b c Endress, Mary E.; Liede-Schumann, Sigrid; Meve, Ulrich (February 2014). "An updated classification for Apocynaceae". Phytotaxa. 159 (3): 175–194. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.2. ISSN 1179-3163.
  7. ^ Nazar, N.; Clarkson, J.J.; Goyder, D.; Kaky, E.; Mahmood, T. & Chase, M.W. (2019), "Phylogenetic relationships in Apocynaceae based on nuclear PHYA and plastid trnL-F sequences, with a focus on tribal relationships", Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics, 72 (1): 55–81, doi:10.13128/cayologia-251
  8. ^ "Gen. Dalzielia Turrill". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  9. ^ "Gen. Decanema Decne". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  10. ^ "Gen. Dischidanthus Tsiang". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  11. ^ "Gen. Gymnemopsis Costantin". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  12. ^ "Gen. Kerbera E.Fourn". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  13. ^ "Gen. Periglossum Decne". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  14. ^ "Polystemma cordatum (Brandegee) L.O.Alvarado". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  15. ^ "Gen. Polystemma Decne". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  16. ^ "Gen. Ptycanthera Decne". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  17. ^ "Gen. Ruehssia H. Karst. ex Schltdl". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  18. ^ "Gen. Schistonema Schltr". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  19. ^ "Gen. Vailia Rusby". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
[edit]
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